Budapest University of Technology and Economics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Report

Antnio Pietro Macedo Dantas De Morais Mateus Viana Diniz Rodrigo Junio Pereira de Barcelos Silvio Claudio Fernandes BSc in Mechanical Engineering

Report of Measurement III Hydraulic Aggregate

Budapest, April 2014

1. INTRODUCTION As a complementary requirement to get the mark on the subject called Fluid Machinery, an experimental practice was held on the fluid machinery laboratory on building L of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics on Friday 04.18.14. Under the supervision of Hegeds Ferenc, Dr. the students carried out the laboratory measurement about the Hydraulic Aggregator, following some pre-determined procedures, collecting some parameters to, after that, submit a report to such professor. Due to technical problems, this measurement replaced that one planned in the beginning, on the Vane Pump. The present report was made by Rodrigo Junio Pereira de Barcelos, and the measurements were made by him and the other students of the group C, named Mateus Diniz, Pietro Macdo and Silvo Fernandes as well.

2. AIMS OF THE MEASUREMENT

Using the test rig apparatus, the students should collect some parameters in order to find the following curves: = (), that means the pressure rise as a function of the flow rate; = (), that means the input power as a function of the flow rate; = (), that is the total efficiency as function of flow rate; = (), that is the volumetric efficiency as function of pressure rise.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM

A Hydraulic Aggregator is not alike a centrifugal or an axial pump, that are considered turbo machines. Differently, the first one is a positive displacement pump or a volumetric pump. A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. The most important difference between positive displacement pump and the turbo machines is that, while on the last ones the flow rate is strongly dependent of the pressure difference(), on the first ones these parameters are quite independently. On a gear pump, for example, the same flow rate can be

delivered in a wide range of pressure (0 to 300 bar). However, if the flow rate is continuously delivered for the system, the pressure starts to increase rapidly. Hence, a device capable to avoid the overload in the pipelines must be apply. This device is so called Relief Pressure Valve, and its influence can be easily notice on the curves that will be shown later on. The next figure shows a scheme of the system operation.

Figure 1 - Operation System Scheme

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The measurement has been started with an explanation about the system operation and the main components, by the professor. Each student was responsible for a specified task, as write down the data in a table, measure the flow rate using the metering tank and a stopwatch, the revolution number with the Jaquet indicator and also the pressure rise on the manometer; meanwhile the professor was setting up the throttling valve. Due to the variations on the throttling valve adjustment, we could notice a pressure increasing; nevertheless, the flow rate remained the same. However, when the opening pressure of the relief valve was achieved, a different noise appeared and the time to get the same displacement on the metering tank (100 mm), related to the flow rate, was getting larger and larger. At this moment, we could realize the theoretical basis of the operation in a practical way. As the theory states, the variation of the pressure does not affect the flow rate. However, when the pressure reaches the same value of the relief valve (protection against the overload in the pipeline), the system change drastically and once there is no variation on the pressure indicated in the manometer, something has to be changed. What happen is that the flow rate decreases. The relief valve is fitted in parallel with the pump, so when the pressure reach the opening value, there is a division of the flow rate and a certain

amount goes to the pipeline and the other one returns to the oil tank. The more the throttling valve is kept operating, trying to increases the pressure, the larger is the decreasing on the flow rate. All this information can be better perceive on both graphs and tables that will be shown soon. The most important equations can be seen as well. The opening pressure of the valve is a value that can be chosen, which allows a remote control, guarantee a safety operation and a simple protection against the overload. At this case, the chose pressure was 60 bar. The expected curve, regards the pressure increasing and the flow rate, should has the form as in the Figure 2. The frame on Figure 3, following as well, shows the most important equations utilized to fill up the tables and generate the graphics.

Figure 2 - Expected Curve for the System Operation ( )

Figure 3 - Most Important Equations

5. RESULTS

The following table shows the measured and calculated parameters. For the calculation, the software Excel was used. All the collected data were launched on the sheet and through the right equations, the interest values were got. The values are the ones used to calculate the flow rate; is a

coefficient also used to calculate the flow rate regards the tank characteristics; is a characteristic of the pump construction based on the capacity of fluid that it can convey or deliver in one revolution.
Table 1 - Measured and Computed Quantities (Excel)

No []
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1490 1500 1500 1490 1470 1480 1490 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 [/] 0,0523

[]
26,24 27,22 27,02 26,68 27,03 26,90 39,17 38,45 37,04 37,54 44,37 35,31

Measured [/] []
0,19931 0,19214 0,19356 0,19603 0,19349 0,19442 0,18693 0,13602 0,08472 0,04180 0,03536 0,04444 2 [] 140 4 10 20 30 40 50 58 60 60 60 60 60

[]
1,17 1,24 1,37 1,46 1,57 1,70 1,80 1,85 1,83 1,84 1,82 1,84

Computed [/]
0,20488 0,20625 0,20625 0,20488 0,20213 0,20350 0,20488 0,20625 0,20625 0,20625 0,20625 0,20625 4 [] 30 97,29% 93,16% 93,85% 95,68% 95,73% 95,54% 91,24% 65,95% 41,08% 20,26% 17,15% 21,54% [/] 0,00825

6,81% 15,50% 28,26% 40,28% 49,30% 57,18% 60,23% 44,11% 27,78% 13,63% 11,66% 14,49%

1 [] 100

3 [] 60

The first graphic shows the relation between the pressure increasing and the volumetric flow rate. As we can see on the Table 1, before the opening of the relief valve, despite the considerable range of pressure (4 58 bar), we cannot perceive a proportional variation on the flow rate, it means that, for a pressure 15 times higher, the variation of the flow rate is approximately 6,5%. However, the flow rate changes too much when the pressure reaches 60 bar, being 57,5% lower comparing by the initial value. From this point on, there is no any variation in the pressure even if the throttling valve position vary. Only the flow rate remains changing.

Pressure Rise as a Function of the Flow Rate P (bar) 70

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2 0,22

Q (/s)
Graphic 1 Variation of the Flow Rate Regards the Pressure Rise

The second graphic is based on the relation between the input power and the flow rate. Just in the beginning, it is possible to notice some dependence between these ones. However, when = 60 bar (adjustment pressure on the relief valve) it stops to vary and the input power is kept constant as well, showing that the input power is much more dependent of the pressure increasing. When the pressure achieves 60 bar, the input power reaches the peak and remains quite stable on ~1,85 kW.

Input Power as a Function of the Flow Rate ()

2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2 0,22

Q (/s)
Graphic 2 Influence of the Flow Rate on the Input Power

The third graphic shows how the total efficiency varies with the flow rate. As can be seen on the efficiency equation, both and are extremely important to increase the efficiency, once both terms are in the nominator of such equation. In the beginning of the system operation, there is a high flow rate and low pressure. Nearby the opening pressure of the relief valve, both high pressure and high flow rate are available and due to that, at = 58 bar, the efficiency () reaches the maximum value. From this point on, the relief valve starts to operate and the flow rate is split down. Consequently, the flow rate on the pipeline is reduced and the efficiency is drastically reduced (linearly) as well.

Graphic 3 Efficiency Variation Curve

Last, but not least, there is a forth graphic that takes into account the volumetric efficiency ( ). This parameter is about the amount of liquid that the pump is capable to convey (constant) and that one which is really delivered. As is possible to previse, when the relief valve opens and the flux is separated, the equipment conveys less fluid, therefore, the efficiency decreases. However, in the beginning, the efficiency is around ~95%.

Volumetric Efficiency as a Function of the Pressure Rise

100%

80%
60% 40% 20% 0%

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P (bar)
Graphic 4 Volumetric Efficiency

6. SUMMARY

After the measurements and coherent calculations, it is possible to say that the results that has been obtained are consistent with those ones expected under the theoretical point of view. The volumetric pump showed a flow rate almost independent of the pressure. Considering the first graphic, in the pressure range of 4 ~ 58 bar, the flow rate is rather constant, meanwhile, after 58 bar, the flow rates vary but the pressure remains the same. Under another point of view, this practical approach allowed the students to deal with a real machine under real conditions of operation, showing how to classify, operate and evaluate such equipment, which is very important in the engineering life. As a final comment, it is safe to say that all the proposed aims were reached and the results were satisfactory.