La Vida y Obra Del Cuco PDF

Tell me about your body
1 WORD POWER Digestive System

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A DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Write the name of each organ. Then do the crossword.
1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________ 5. ______________________________ 6. ______________________________ 7. ______________________________ 8. ______________________________ 9. ______________________________ 10. ______________________________ 11. ______________________________ 12. ______________________________
2 6
1 P A R O T I D G L A N D U
9 12 5 7 11
10
8 3
Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes
B DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Complete the statements with one of the words from the picture.
1.
______________________________: Its the opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces exit the body.
2. ______________________________: Its a small sac located near the start of the large intestine. It has no real function in humans. 3. ______________________________: Its the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. 4. ______________________________: Its a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine. 5. ______________________________: Its the long, wide tube that food goes through after it goes through the small intestine. It absorbs water and salts. 6. ______________________________: Its a large organ located above and in front of the st omach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins. 7. ______________________________: Its the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes in it are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food). 8. ______________________________: Its an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from it help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine. It produces insulin. 9. ______________________________: Its the long, thin winding tube that food goes through after it leaves the stomach. It absorbs nutrients. 10. ______________________________: Its a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. When food enters it, it is churned in an acid bath.
Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 2
C DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

1. What is the digestive system? a. The body's breathing system b. The body's system of nerves c. The body's food-processing system d. The body's blood-transporting system
2. Digestion begins in the mouth. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT? a. The tongue aids in the digestion of the food. b. The saliva changes some of the starches in the food to sugar. c. The tongue keeps the food in place in the mouth while the food is being chewed. d. The digestive juices can react more easily with the food when chewed. 3. Where does food pass through between the mouth and the stomach? a. The gullet b. The rectum c. The small intestine d. The large intestine 4. Our throat divides into two separate tubes: the windpipe and the gullet. What prevents food from entering the windpipe? a. The uvula b. The tongue c. The trachea d. The epiglottis 5. What happens when food reaches the stomach? a. Nothing. No digestion occurs in the stomach. b. The food moves quickly into the small intestine. c. Juices mix with the food and stomach muscles squeeze it. d. The food is completely digested and is absorbed by tiny blood vessels in the walls of the stomach. 6. Where does the partly-digested food (in liquid form) go after it leaves the stomach? a. The gullet b. The appendix c. The small intestine d. The large intestine 7. How does digested food finally reach the bloodstream? a. It passes through the gullet into the blood. b. It is absorbed into the blood through blood vessels. c. It is absorbed into the blood through the walls of the lungs. d. It passes from the small intestine into the large intestine, then into the blood. 8. The digestive system processes food into usable and unusable materials. The usable materials are sent to the body's cells as food. What happens to unusable materials? a. It goes into the pancreas to await disposal. b. It goes to the right ventricle to await disposal. c. It goes into the large intestine to await disposal. d. It goes into the small intestine to await disposal. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 3
WORD POWER Urinary System

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A URINARY
the picture.
SYSTEM: Label the picture and then complete the statements with one of the words from
1. _______________________ It is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for removal out of the body. In males, it travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, it is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. 2. _______________________ It is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. It is a muscular and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor. It collects the urine via the ureters and exits it via the urethra. 3. _______________________ They are an essential part of the urinary system. They regulate electrolytes, maintain the acid-base balance, and regulate the blood pressure. They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. They excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium. They also reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids, and produce hormones including calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin. 4. _______________________ They are muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
B URINARY
SYSTEM: Write the number of each organ next to the correct word or words. Then
highlight the words in the word search puzzle.

7 1 9 2
Adrenal Gland Human Urinary System Inferior Vena Cava Kidney Renal Artery and Renal Vein Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urethra Abdominal Aorta Iliac Artery and Iliac Vein Large Intestine Liver Pelvis Urinary Bladder
R E D D A L B Y R A N I R U R Y N A R I B L E A D R E N A L G L A N D E N T I H S T S A N D R E S A N T O S E F R A N C I U A D A D R R E N T A A A R I C E L V I D A M I S C D E E N A U R L R I N A R I I S A N A N E A E N N A L L T I T R E V I L L E S O N U E S R A A L A A H Z H E V L O A L I N S U W R A U L L L R R E A E R I O R S U E I A R R T R R P I A T G R W E A L R V R D X E K I D N E Y E N M E E Y O C D L O E E E I V M N L C N N L E A R I U A U A Y T N N L L C U A E O A O V K U Y N R D A U E R A A P O A C R D N L R I Y R R T E R D R H U C C A P I H Y S G V Y S D I E E N I O E E J A E D H L A S O O E B A N R N S A N R T M I V R R O I C Y R E I L L Y N O T R A Q H E L A E E N O H S G N N O S O A L I E L U R N L O N E E T A T E E E D O S R A N N O I A O O S L N S E S E N L I E S I V L E P I S A T R O A L A N I M O D B A 5
C URINARY SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

1. Which organs and structures make up the urinary system? a. Kidneys, bladder, aorta and seminal vesicle. b. Kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra. c. Bladder, lungs, bowel and pancreas.
2. What is a ureter? a. The slender tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. b. A tube that leads from each kidney to the bladder. c. The inner lining of the bladder. 3. What is the urethra? a. The slender tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. b. The collective name for the thousands of nephrons contained in each kidney. c. The main vein that transports deoxygenated blood from the kidney back to the heart. 4. How many kidneys does the human body usually have? a. Two. b. Four. c. Seven. 5. What are three main roles of the kidney? a. Regulating the water and salt content of blood, removing waste products and making a hormone that helps to control blood pressure. b. Regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, removing waste products and making a hormone that helps to control the menstrual cycle. c. Regulating water and salt content in the blood, removing diseased or damaged blood cells and making a hormone that helps to control body temperature. 6. What are nephrons? a. Cysts that develop on the surface of the kidney after certain infections. b. The major arteries that supply blood to each kidney. c. Tiny filters within each kidney. 7. How does the bladder prevent stored urine from leaking out? a. The urethra is sealed at the bladder by a tricuspid valve that can be opened at will to allow the flow of urine. b. There is a ring of muscle at the point where the urethra joins the bladder and this muscle ring can be voluntarily relaxed to allow the flow of urine. c. The urethra is positioned at the top of the bladder and only allows the flow of urine when the bladder is almost full. 8. What are the main components of urine? a. Water, urea and ammonia. b. Water, bile and carbon dioxide. c. Water, gastric acid and bilirubin.
WORD POWER Respiratory System

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Write the name of each organ. Then do the crossword.
1 Nasal passage 2.. 3.. 4..
5..
6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10..
11..
9 5 3 P 11
S 4
E 10
8 6
B RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Complete the statements with one of the words below.
Bronchi Larynx Pharynx Diaphragm Lungs Ribs Heart Nose Trachea
1. _________________________Its a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. It branches into smaller tubes which in turn become bronchioles. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs. 2. _________________________Its commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck of an organism involved in protecting the trachea and sound production. It manipulates pitch and volume. It houses the vocal folds, which are an essential component of phonation. 3. _________________________Its the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and flows air into the lungs. 4. _________________________Its the organ in the left side of the chest that pumps blood around the body. 5. _________________________Its the primary muscle of inspiration. It is a thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that inserts into the lower ribs. When it contracts, it pushes downward and spreads out, increasing the vertical dimension of the chest cavity and driving up abdominal pressure. 6. _________________________Its the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. Its shape is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils. 7. _________________________Its the soft area at the top of the throat where the passages to the nose and mouth connect with the throat. 8. _________________________Theyre any of the curved bones that are connected to the spine and surround the chest. 9. _________________________Theyre the essential respiration organ in an organism. They are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.
C RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

1. What happens when you breathe in? a. your diaphragm expands and your ribcage contracts b. your diaphragm contracts and your ribcage expands c. your diaphragm explodes and your ribcage contradicts Air enters your lungs through the... 3. How many lungs do humans have? a. trachea a. three b. esophagus b. four c. alveoli c. two What are bronchial tubes 5. What muscle allows you to breathe in and out? a. air passages inside your lungs a. the trachea b. blood vessels inside your body b. the diaphragm c. tiny air sacs that deliver oxygen to the blood c. the tongue How many lobes does your right lung have? 7. How many lobes does your left lung have? a. 4 a. 4 b. 2 b. 2 c. 3 c. 3 When you breathe out, what gas does your body get 9. Which of the following is not a part of the upper rid of? respiratory system? a. nitrogen a. esophagus b. carbon monoxide b. pharynx c. carbon dioxide c. nose Which of the following is not one of the most important muscles involved in respiratory movement? a. glottis b. diaphragm c. external intercostal muscles Which of the following is not one of the accessory 12. Inhalation begins with the... respiration muscles? a. diaphragm a. external and internal oblique b. nose b. trachea c. esophagus c. transversus abdominis Which of these doesnt occur when air flows into the 14. Blowing out a candle is an example of... lungs? a. the air is filtered a. forced inhalation b. the air is cooled b. liking the dark c. the air is humidified c. forced exhalation What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the c. The hydrogen is exchanged for the oxygen. nose? a. To fight disease. b. To keep dust out of the lungs. c. To tickle the nose and cause sneezes. What important activity takes place in the lungs? a. Liquid waste is filtered from the blood. b. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. 9
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
11.
13.
15.
16.
WORD POWER Circulatory System
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Write the number of each organ next to the correct
word or words.
____Jugular Vein ____Carotid Artery
____ Superior Vena Cava

____ Renal Vein ____ Renal Artery ____ Pulmonary Vein ____ Pulmonary Artery ____ Mesenteric Arteries ____ Inferior Vena Cava ____ Iliac Vein ____ Iliac Artery ____ Hepatic Vein ____ Hepatic Portal Vein ____ Aorta
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B CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

1. How many chambers does the heart have? a. Five b. Four 2. The movement of the blood through the heart and the body is called: a. Circulation b. Transportation 3. The beating sound your heart makes come from: a. Valves beating b. Valves closing c. Oxygenation c. Three
4. The atria are the upstairs chambers of the heart and the downstairs chambers are the: a. Ventricles b. Auricles c. Utricles a. Atrium c. Latium a. Valves b. Salves c. Halves 7. These are tubes that carry blood back to the heart? a. Veins b. Arteries
c. Valves opening
5. What wall separates the left side and right side of the heart? b. Septum 6. What parts act like doors that control blood flow in the heart?
c. Capillaries 8. It pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. a. Heart b. Valves
c. Septum 9. It brings deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. a. Jugular Vein b. Carotid Artery c. Superior Vena Cava
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C CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Label the human heart.
_____Aorta _____Inferior Vena Cava _____Left Ventricle _____Pulmonary Artery _____Pulmonary Vein _____Right Ventricle
_____Aortic Valve _____Left Atrium _____Mitral Valve _____Pulmonary Valve _____Right Atrium _____Superior Vena Cava _____Tricuspid Valve
D CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Read the following text and then answer the questions that follow.
The heart is the organ that helps supply blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is divided by a partition or septum into two halves, and the halves are in turn divided into four chambers. The heart is situated within the chest cavity and surrounded by a fluid filled sac called the pericardium. This amazing The heart and the circulatory system together form the cardiovascular system. -
The heart
muscle produces electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract, pumping blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). layer) and the Endocardium (the inner layer).
The heart wall is made up of the Epicardium (the outer layer), Myocardium (the muscular middle 12
The Cardiac Conduction is the rate at which the heart conducts electrical impulses. The following
structures play an important role in causing the heart to contract: Atrioventricular Bundle (bundle of fibers that carry cardiac impulses), Atrioventricular Node (a section of nodal tissue that delays bundle) and Sinoatrial Node (a section of nodal tissue that sets the rate of contraction for the heart). and relays cardiac impulses), Purkinje Fibers (fiber branches that extend from the atrioventricular
The Cardiac Cycle is the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. Below are the two blood) and Systole Phase (the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries).
phases of the cardiac cycle: Diastole Phase (the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with The heart also has four valves, which are flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction. Below are the four valves of the heart: Aortic Valve (prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta), Mitral Valve (prevents the back flow of blood as it is
pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle), Pulmonary Valve (prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery) and Tricuspid Valve (prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle). 1. How many chambers does the human heart contain? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4
d) 5
2. The fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart is called the a) Myocardium b) Pericardium
c) Ventricle
d) Septum
3. The audible sounds (referred as the lub-dupp sounds) that can be heard from the heart are made by the heart. a) Nodes b) Ventricles c) Atria d) Valves
4. Which of the following is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart? a) Sinoatrial Node b) Purkinje Fibers c) Endocardium
d) Atrioventricular Node
5. It helps supply blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. a) Heart b) Coronary Artery
c) Endocardium
d) Pericardium
6. It happens when the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood. a) Systole b) Diastole c) Circulation
d) Pumping
7. It prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle. a) Aortic Valve b) Tricuspid Valve c) Mitral Valve d) Pulmonary Valve
8. It prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle. a) Aortic Valve b) Tricuspid Valve c) Mitral Valve
d) Pulmonary Valve 13
WORD POWER Skeletal System

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A SKELETAL SYSTEM: Use the words from each list to label the bones on the diagram.
______Carpals ______Cervical Vertebra ______Clavicle ______Coccyx
______Cranium
______Femur ______Fibula ______Humerus ______Mandible ______Maxilla
______Metacarpals
______Metatarsals ______Patella ______Pelvic Girdle ______Phalanges ______Phalanges ______Radius ______Rib ______Sternun ______Tarsals ______Tibia ______Ulna
B SKELETAL SYSTEM: Complete the statements with one of the words from exercise 1.
1. _____________________Its also known as the braincase (or sometimes skull), protects the brain from injury. It serves as the framework for the head.
2. _____________________Its the upper jaw bone. It is somewhat pyramidal in shape and has a large cavity called the maxillary sinus. 3. _____________________Theyre located at the back of the neck region. There are seven vertebrae and Atlas is the first one. 4. _____________________Its also known as the collar bone. It is a slender rod shaped bone located in the collar region. 5. _____________________Its is located in the upper arm. The head of this bone fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form a ball and socket joint. 6. _____________________There are 12 pairs of these bones. The last pair of these bones is called as the floating ones because they are not attached to the sternum. 7. _____________________Its the bone located at the lateral side of the forearm. It extends from the elbow to the wrist. It along with Ulna constitutes the forearm.
8. _____________________Its the bone in the forearm that is aligned with the little finger. It along with Radius constitu tes the forearm. 9. _____________________Its a bony ring located at the base of the spine. It is composed of 2 hip bones which support the lower limbs. 10. _____________________Its located in front of the knee joint. It is commonly known as the kneecap. It pr otects and covers the knee joint. 11. _____________________Its located in the thigh region. The head of this bone fits into the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle to form a ball and socket joint. It is the longest and the heaviest bone. It supports the weight of the body. 12. _____________________Its located in the shin region of the leg. It along with Fibula constitutes the lower leg. It is the la rger of the two bones.
C SKELETAL SYSTEM: Label the cranium.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
D SKELETAL SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

1. All of the following are functions of the skeletal system EXCEPT a. support c. calcium storage 2. The shaft of a long bone is called a. epiphysis. c. periosteum. 3. Osteoclasts a. deposit calcium into bone. c. are a type of white blood cell. 4. Fat is stored in a. compact bone. c. red bone marrow. 5. All of the following are facial bones EXCEPT a. nasal bone c. mandible 6. Which of the following is a cranial bone? a. vomer bone c. zygomatic bone a. vomer bone. c. hyoid bone. a. clavicle c. true ribs 9. The pelvic girdle consists of the a. humerus and radius. c. hip bones. 10. The bone of the upper arm is the a. radius. c. humerus.
b. blood cell production d. excretion b. diaphysis. d. endosteum. b. destroy bone matrix. d. A and C are correct. b. spongy bone. d. yellow bone marrow. b. maxilla d. ethmoid bone b. lacrimal bone d. sphenoid bone b. zygomatic bone. d. ethmoid bone. b. sternum d. false ribs b. ulna and radius. d. clavicle and scapula. b. ulna. d. femur.
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7. The bone that does not articulate with any other bone is the
8. All of the following are bones of the thorax EXCEPT
READING Muscular System

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A MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Read the text.

The muscular system produces movement. There are over 600 different muscles in your body. Muscles cover the skeleton. They also line the walls of some organs, such as the heart and stomach. Tendons attach muscles to bone. Muscles can be voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are the ones that you can control. You can tell them when to move. Most voluntary muscles are attached to bones. Involuntary muscles, like those of the heart, move without your having to think about them. The muscles that control your eyelids may seem like voluntary muscles. You can blink your eyes when you want to. However, you cannot keep your eyes from blinking when they need to! You do not have complete control over them. Muscles cause movement by contracting or getting shorter and firmer. This action pulls on the bones or other body structures. Muscles move the blood through your body. They also move food and wastes through your body. Muscle tone is achieved through exercise. If a person has good muscle tone, the muscles do not completely relax. They are always slightly contracted. For you to have good muscle tone, plenty of blood needs to reach the muscle cells. This requires exercise. There are three types of muscles in the body. Each type of muscle cell looks different. The smooth muscles are long and thin and pointed at each end. The stomach has smooth muscle cells. Cardiac muscles make up the heart. They branch out and weave together. Skeletal muscles are long and shaped like cylinders (similar to straws). Unlike the other muscle cells, the skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei. The tongue and lips are skeletal muscles, as are the biceps and triceps in your arms.
B MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Match each description with the correct word.

______ 1. Muscles that make up the heart. ______ 2. Muscles over which you have complete control. ______ 3. What muscles do to cause movement? ______ 4. Necessary for muscle tone. ______ 5. Muscle cells with many nuclei. ______ 6. Attach muscles to bone. ______ 7. Muscles that move without conscious effort.
A. Tendons B. Involuntary C. Contract D. Cardiac E. Exercise F. Skeletal G. Voluntary

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C MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Identify and label each letter with the correct muscle group.
_______Sternocleidomastoid
A B I K J
_______Rectus femoris _______Sartorius _______Tibialis anterior _______Deltoid
_______Soleus
_______Trapezius
C G
_______Rectus abdominis _______Gastrocnemius
D E
_______Biceps brachii _______Pectoralis major
_______Semitendinosus _______Gluteus maximus

B A
_______Biceps femoris _______Latissimus dorsi _______Triceps _______Achilles tendon
_______Gastrocnemius _______Trapezius _______Deltoid

F
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D MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Label the names of the muscles.

1. _______Deltoid 2. _______Pectoralis major 3. _______Pectoralis minor
4. _______Rectus abdominis
5. _______Sternocleidomastoid 6. _______Trapezius
1. _______Trapezius
2. _______Teres major 3. _______Supraspinatus 4. _______Levator scapulae
5. _______Latissimus dorsi
6. _______Intraspinatus 7. _______Deltoid 8. _______Rhomboideus major
WORD POWER Reproductive System

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A MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Identify and label each name of the reproductive organs.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 11 . 12 13
B FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Identify and label each name of the reproductive organs.
1 2
8 4 7 3
1 . 3 . 5 . 7 .
3. 1. 2.
2 . 4 . 6 . 8 .
4.
5.
6.
7. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 21
C REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Complete the statements with one of the words from the pictures below.
1.
_________________A gland within the male reproductive system that is located just below the bladder. Chestnut shaped, it surrounds the beginning of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder. It is actually not one but many glands, 30-50 in number, between which is abundant tissue containing many bundles of smooth muscle. The secretion of it is a milky fluid that is discharged into the urethra at the time of the ejaculation of semen.
2. _________________The external male sex organ used to copulate and ejaculate semen and to convey urine outside the body. It contains two chambers, the corpora cavernosa, which run the length of the organ. These are filled with spongy tissue and surrounded by a membrane called the tunica albuginea. The spongy tissue contains smooth muscles, fibrous tissues, spaces, veins, and arteries. The urethra, which is the channel for urine and ejaculate, runs along the underside of the corpora cavernosa. The urethra emerges at the glans, the rounded tip of it. It is the counterpart of the clitoris in the female. 3. _________________The female gonad, it is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each of it is about the size and shape of an almond. They produce eggs (ova) and female hormones. During each monthly menstrual cycle, an egg is released from one. The egg travels from it through a fallopian tube to the uterus. They are the main source of female hormones, which control the development of female body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. 4. _________________The muscular canal extending from the cervix to the outside of the body. It is usually six to seven inches in length, and its walls are lined with mucus membrane. It includes two vaults like structures, the anterior (front) vaginal fornix and the posterior (rear) vaginal fornix. The cervix protrudes slightly into it, and it is through a tiny hole in the cervix (the os) that sperm make their way toward the internal reproductive organs. It also includes numerous tiny glands that make vaginal secretions. 5. _________________They are also called testes or gonads and are the male sex glands. They are located behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. They produce and store sperm, and they are also the body's main source of male hormones (testosterone). These hormones control the development of the reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such as body and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders. 6. _________________They are two, one on each side, transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus (the womb). They have small hair-like projections called cilia on the cells of the lining. These tubal cilia are essential to the movement of the egg through the tube into the uterus. If the tubal cilia are damaged by infection, the egg may not get 'pushed along' normally but may stay in it. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 22
WORD POWER Endocrine System

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A ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Identify and label each name of the endocrine glands.
The endocrine system is a complex collection of hormone-producing glands that control basic body functions such as metabolism, growth and sexual development. The endocrine glands consist of: pituitary; pineal; thyroid and parathyroid; adrenals; pancreas; thymus; testes (male); and ovaries (female). 1 2
3
4 5 6 7 8
B ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Complete the statements with one of the words from exercise A.
1. ________________________This female gland produces two sex hormones, the estrogens and progesterone. 2. ________________________This male gland produces sex hormones, called androgens. The principal androgen is testosterone. 3. ________________________This gland produces Thymosin, which plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system. 4. ________________________This gland has an exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes. Here glucagons and insulin are secreted. 5. ________________________This gland is paired with one gland located near the upper portion of each kidney. Adrenaline is produced here. 6. ________________________They secrete parathormone, which is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels. 7. ________________________It is a very vascular organ that is located in the neck. It consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea, just below the larynx or voice box. 8. ________________________It consists of portions of neurons, neuroglial cells, and specialized secretory cells called pinealocytes. Here Melatonin is produced, which affects reproductive development and daily physiologic cycles. 9. ________________________also called Hypophysis is a small gland that is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain. It stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by promoting protein synthesis. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 23
I feel really sick!

WORD POWER Human Body
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A HUMAN BODY: Label the parts of the human body. Use the words from the box.
1 ---------------------------2 ---------------------------3 ---------------------------4 ---------------------------5---------------------------6---------------------------7----------------------------
8----------------------------
9----------------------------
10--------------------------
11-------------------------12-------------------------13--------------------------
14-------------------------15-------------------------16------------------------17------------------------18------------------------19------------------------20-------------------------
21-------------------------
22-------------------------
23-------------------------
24------------------------25------------------------26-------------------------
Vagina Shin Neck Knee Foot Ears
Wrist Toe Nose Leg Groin Elbow Breast
Palm Mouth Head Eyes Cheek Abdomen Calf
Penis Navel Heel Finger Chest Arm
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WORD POWER Ailments

A headache A sore throat Head lice A temperature A rash A stomach ache
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: Match the signs or symptoms to the correct picture.
1 ..
2 ..
4 .
5 .
6 .
B SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: Now write a sentence for each picture. Remember to use a capital letter
and a full stop.
1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 ..
C SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: Answer the questions. Work with a partner.
A: Whats wrong? B: He has a backache.
A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: __________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: __________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: _________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: _________________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: _______________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: _________________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________________. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes
A: Whats wrong? B: __________________.
A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________________. 26
D AILMENTS: Match the ailments to the correct pictures. Then write sentences.
___Bruise ___Burn ___Fever ___Sprained ankle ___ Toothache ___Stomach ache ___Cough ___Dizziness ___Backache ___Cut ___High blood pressure ___Rash ___Earache ___Sore throat ___Cold ___Headache
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E AILMENTS: Find out the right answers. Then do the crossword.

1. Its a blue, brown or purple mark that appears on the skin after somebody has fallen, been hit, etc. 2. Its a common illness that affects the nose and/or throat; making you cough, sneeze, etc. 3. Its a continuous pain in the back. 4. Its a continuous pain in the head. 5. Its a medical condition in which a person has a temperature that is higher than normal. 6. Its a pain in or near your stomach. 7. Its a pain in your teeth or in one tooth. 8. Its a pain in your throat, especially very painful, red and swollen.
1 15 3 13 4 10 12 8 5 2 16 14 11
7 9 6
9. Its a pain inside the ear. 10. Its an area of red spots on a person's skin, caused by an illness or a reaction to something. 11. Its an illness or infection that makes you force out air suddenly and noisily through your throat. 12. Its an injured joint in your body, especially your ankle, by suddenly twisting it. 13. Its an injury or a mark caused by fire, heat or acid. 14. Its an opening or a wound, especially with a sharp tool such as a knife or scissors. 15. Its the blood pressure that is higher than is normal. 16. Its the feeling as if everything is spinning around you and that you are not able to balance.
LISTENING Ailments
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A AILMENTS and REMEDIES: Listen and circle what the medical condition is. Then match them to the right remedies.
1. Whats wrong?
Sore hands 2. Whats wrong?
Sore Feet
Sore throat
Stomachache 3. Whats wrong?
Headache
Backache
Heart attack 4. Whats wrong?
Insomnia
Anorexia
Burned face
Burned arm
Burned hand
________He should drink some herbal tea. ________He should put on some ointment. ________She should put on some cream and place a bandage over it. ________She should take some pills.
READING Malaria
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A PRE-READING: Identify and name the pictures. Use the words below.
Anti-malaria drugs Liver Red blood cells
Headache Malaria victim Repeated attacks of shaking
High fever Profuse perspiration The Anopheles mosquito
30
Malaria, though not getting as much publicity as cancer or AIDS, is nonetheless the world's major infectious disease. There are about a hundred million cases of malaria each year and more than two million die of the disease. The disease is caused by a parasite known as Plasmodium which is carried by the female anopheles mosquito. When the infected mosquito bites a person, the parasite enters the bloodstream and quickly invades the liver. There it begins to divide. It then goes into the red blood cells and multiplies quickly. The symptoms of the disease are then felt by the victim. Such symptoms include repeated attacks of shaking, high fever, headache and profuse perspiration. Travelers to malaria infected countries are required to take anti-malaria drugs to safeguard themselves. Our government is very concerned with the problem of mosquito-breeding in Singapore. Mosquitoes not only spread malaria but also cause dengue fever, another dangerous disease that has claimed many lives in the past few years. We must do our part to get rid of mosquitoes to minimize the risk of being infected with such diseases. Mosquitoes need only a little stagnant water to lay and develop their eggs. Water left standing in our plant pot holders, flower vases and pails; roof gutters and drains clogged with leaves all serve as ideal breeding grounds for them. Unless and until all of us make a conscious effort to solve the problem of mosquito breeding, the danger of contacting malaria or dengue fever will always be present.
B POST-READING: Read the text and answer the questions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is malaria? How is it spread? What happens when an infected mosquito bites a person? When does the parasite multiply? Which word used in the passage means the same as 'signs'? What are some of the symptoms of malaria? What must tourists do before they visit malaria infected countries? Why are mosquitoes regarded as pests? What is an ideal mosquito breeding ground?
10. How can we help to prevent mosquitoes from breeding? Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes
31
READING Chlamydia Infection

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A CHLAMYDIA INFECTION: Read the text.
It comes from the Greek word, meaning "cloak". It is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in
humans caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The term Chlamydia infection can also refer to infection caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family Chlamydiaceae. C. trachomatis is found only in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease. Chlamydia infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.
C. trachomatis is naturally found living only inside human cells. Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Between half and three-quarters of all women who have a chlamydia infection of the neck of the womb (cervicitis) have no symptoms and do not know that they are infected. In men, infection of the urethra (urethritis) is usually symptomatic, causing a white discharge from the penis with or without pain on urinating (dysuria). Occasionally, the condition spreads to the upper genital tract in women (causing pelvic inflammatory disease) or to the epididymis in men (causing epididymitis). If untreated, chlamydial infections can cause serious reproductive and other health problems with both short-term and long-term consequences. Chlamydia conjunctivitis or trachoma is a common cause of blindness. B CHLAMYDIA INFECTION: Check whether the statements are true or false. 1. Chlamydia Infection isnt found in human beings. 2. It is a contagious disease. 3. It is a major infectious cause of the whole human body. 4. It cant be transmitted if you have safe sex. 5. It cant be transmitted during childbirth. 7. Chlamydia in men is asymptomatic. T T T T T T T T T F F F F F F F F F
6. 95 % of women dont know that they have Chlamydia Infection. 8. Chlamydia Conjunctivitis can cause blindness. 9. Urethritis is the inflammation of the ureters.
C CHLAMYDIA INFECTION: Complete with a right word from the text: 1. It is when you cannot see. 2. It is the inflammation of the epididymis. 3. It is a kind of pain when you urinate. 4. It is the inflammation of the urethra. 5. It is the inflammation of the cervix. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ 32
6. It is the process of giving birth to a child.
WORD POWER Medical Conditions

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS: Match the illnesses to the correct definitions.
Hepatitis Enteritis Peptic ulcer Cirrhosis Diarrhea Constipation Dysentery Cholera Dyspepsia Diabetes
1.
_____________________It is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules (lumps that occur as a result of a process in which damaged tissue is regenerated), leading to loss of liver function. It is most commonly caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, and fatty liver disease, but has many other possible causes. _____________________It is a disease of the liver. There are several kinds of it, the most common are A, B and C. Most cases of it are caused by viruses. It can also be caused by alcohol. About one in four people who drink more than three alcoholic drinks a day, (over a period of 10-15 days) will have some form of it caused by alcohol. Various drugs and chemicals can also cause it, most notably Paracetamol (overdose), yellow phosphorous, and others. It may also be caused by other diseases. _____________________It is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). There are three main types of it: Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational. _____________________It is also known as costiveness, dyschezia, and dyssynergic defecation and refers to bowel movements that are infrequent and/or hard to pass. It is a common cause of painful defecation. _____________________It is also known as upset stomach or indigestion, refers to a condition of impaired digestion. It is a medical condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the upper abdomen, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected when eating. It can be accompanied by bloating, belching, nausea, or heartburn. It is a common problem, and is frequently due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastritis, but in a small minority may be the first symptom of peptic ulcer disease (an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum) and occasionally cancer. _____________________It is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food. The severity of it and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. _____________________It is an inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and/or blood in the feces with fever and abdominal pain. If left untreated, it can be fatal. _____________________It is an ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm) of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. As many as 70-90% of them are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach; however, only 40% of those cases go to a doctor. They can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as Aspirin, Plavix (Clopidogrel), Ibuprofen, and others. _____________________It is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through it can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. _____________________It refers to inflammation of the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by the ingestion of substances contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, dehydration, fever, and inflammation of related organs of the gastrointestinal system.
33
B CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS: Match the illnesses to the correct definitions.

Myocardial Infarction Leukemia Heart Failure Varicose Veins Hemorrhaging Anemia Hypertension Angina Epistaxis Coronary Thrombosis
1. _____________________It is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system. Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body or externally, either through a natural opening such as the vagina, mouth, nose, ear or anus, or through a break in the skin. The complete loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination, and desanguination is a massive blood loss. 2. _____________________It is severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood, hence a lack of oxygen supply) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). 3. _____________________It is generally defined as inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs. Common causes of it include myocardial infarction (heart attacks) and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. It can cause a number of symptoms including shortness of breath (typically worse when lying flat, which is called orthopnea), coughing, chronic venous congestion, ankle swelling, and exercise intolerance. 4. _____________________It is commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium). 5. _____________________It is also known as nosebleed. It is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage from the nose, usually noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils. There are two types: anterior (the most common), and posterior (less common, more likely to require medical attention). Sometimes in more severe cases, the blood can come up the nasolacrimal duct and out from the eye. Fresh blood and clotted blood can also flow down into the stomach and cause nausea and vomiting. It is rarely fatal 6. _____________________It is also known as high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. It is the opposite of hypotension. It is classified as either primary (essential) or secondary. About 9095% of cases are termed "Primary HTN", which refers to high blood pressure for which no medical cause can be found. The remaining 510% of cases (Secondary HTN) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system. 7. _____________________It is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells. It is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is part of the even broader group of diseases called hematological neoplasms. Clinically and pathologically, it is subdivided into a variety of large groups. 8. _____________________It is a form of thrombosis affecting the coronary circulation. It is associated with stenosis subsequent to clotting. The condition is considered as a type of ischemic heart disease. 9. _____________________It is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin deficiency. 10. _____________________are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although they can occur elsewhere.
34
C RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS: Match the illnesses to the correct definitions.

Asphyxia Influenza Asthma Pneumonia Common Cold Pertussis Cough Rhinorrhea Diphtheria Tuberculosis
1.
_____________________It is also known as nasopharyngitis, acute viral rhinopharyngitis, or a cold) is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, caused primarily by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. Common symptoms include a cough, sore throat, runny nose, and fever. There is currently no known treatment that shortens the duration; however, symptoms usually resolve spontaneously in 7 to 10 days, with some symptoms possibly lasting for up to three weeks. _____________________It is also known as TB (short for tubercles bacillus). It is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium TB in humans. It usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. The classic symptoms are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. _____________________It is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. An example of it is choking. It causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs. _____________________It is a disease of the lungs and the respiratory system. The lung contains many small bulbs, or sacs, called alveoli. These help to take out oxygen from the air. In the case of pneumonia, these bulbs become inflamed. They fill up with a fluid, and can no longer absorb as much oxygen as before. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It can also be caused by chemical or physical damage done to the lungs. Other illnesses, like alcohol abuse or lung cancer, can also result in it. People with it usually have difficulty breathing. They may also cough, or have pains in the chest area. _____________________It is a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. It reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. It can happen voluntarily as well as involuntarily. _____________________It is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane (a pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. A milder form of it can be restricted to the skin. Uncommon consequences include myocarditis and peripheral neuropathy. It is a contagious disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing the aerosolized secretions of infected individuals. _____________________It is commonly referred to as runny nose. It consists of a significant amount of nasal fluid. It is a symptom of the common cold and of allergies. _____________________It is also known as whooping cough. It is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella Pertussis. Symptoms are initially mild, and then develop into severe coughing fits, which produce the namesake high-pitched "whoop" sound in infected babies and children when they inhale air after coughing. The coughing stage lasts for approximately six weeks before subsiding. In some countries, this disease is called the 100 days' cough or cough of 100 days because of its length. _____________________It is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. _____________________It is commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). The most common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort. It is a more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus. Typically, it is transmitted through the air by coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted by direct contact or nasal secretions, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.
35
D MUSCULAR and SKELETAL PROBLEMS: Match the illnesses to the correct definitions.
Tetanus Muscular Dystrophy Osteoarthritis Arthritis Myalgia Osteoporosis Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. _____________________It means "muscle pain" and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. The most common causes are the overuse or over-stretching of a muscle or group of muscles. It without a traumatic history is often due to viral infections. Longer-term of it may be indicative of a metabolic myopathy, some nutritional deficiencies or chronic fatigue syndrome. 2. _____________________It is a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body. There are over 100 different forms of it. The most common form is osteoarthritis. Other forms are rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and related autoimmune diseases. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Pain is often a constant and may be localized to the joint affected. The pain from it occurs due to inflammation that occurs around the joint, damage to the joint from disease, daily wear and tear of joint, muscle strains caused by forceful movements against stiff, painful joints and fatigue. 3. _____________________It is the weakening of bones in the body. It is caused in lack of calcium. Some side effects are limping. Some symptoms late in the disease include pain in the bones, living in a wheel chair (as a result of), and lower back pain due to spinal bone fractures. 4. _____________________It is also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion. A variety of causes hereditary, developmental, metabolic, and mechanical - may initiate processes leading to loss of cartilage. When bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, bone may be exposed and damaged. As a result of decreased movement secondary to pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax. 5. _____________________It refers to a group of hereditary muscle diseases that weaken the muscles that move the human body. It is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue. 6. _____________________It is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks synovial joints. The process produces an inflammatory response of the synovium (synovitis) secondary to hyperplasia of synovial cells, excess synovial fluid, and the development of pannus in the synovium. The pathology of the disease process often leads to the destruction of articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joints. It can also produce diffuse inflammation in the lungs, pericardium, pleura, and sclera, and also nodular lesions, most common in subcutaneous tissue. 7. _____________________It is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw and elsewhere in the body.
36
E NERVOUS and MENTAL PROBLEMS: Match the illnesses to the correct definitions.
1. _____________________It is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. It can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency. The most common symptoms of it are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia). _____________________It is an eating disorder. People with it think that they are fat, or desperately fear becoming fat even if they are very skinny. To try to lose weight, anorexics do not eat enough. When they do eat. They do not eat the amount of food their body needs, in an effort to avoid gaining weight. This causes them to lose too much weight too quickly. _____________________It is a disease and a type of eating disorder. It is when a person wants to starve his or her self. People who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny. When they are hungry, they eat a lot of food. Then, they try to take it back by vomiting, exercising, or using drugs. _____________________It is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that impairs motor skills, cognitive processes, and other functions. The most obvious symptoms are motor-related, including tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. Among non-motor symptoms are autonomic dysfunction and sensory and sleep difficulties. Cognitive and behavioral problems, including dementia, are common in the advanced stages of the disease. _____________________It is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. It is usually the result of spinal cord injury or a congenital condition such as spina bifida which affects the neural elements of the spinal canal. The area of the spinal canal which is affected in it is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If both arms are also affected by paralysis, quadriplegia is the proper terminology. If only one limb is affected the correct term is monoplegia. _____________________It is previously known medically as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). It is the rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood). As a result, the affected area of the brain is unable to function, leading to inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or an inability to see one side of the visual field. _____________________It is the irreversible end of all brain activity (including involuntary activity necessary to sustain life) due to total necrosis of the cerebral neurons following loss of brain oxygenation. It should not be confused with a persistent vegetative state. _____________________It is a state of deep unconsciousness. People who are in that state cannot be woken up. They also do not react to pain or light. It usually do not last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disastrous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to recover some of these functions. Some of it can last years, but these are usually not woken up from.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Coma Parkinsons Disease
Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
Paraplegia Stroke
Meningitis Brain Death
37
F REPRODUCTIVE and SEXUAL PROBLEMS: Match the illnesses to the correct definitions.
1. It is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. It can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. The term most commonly refers to the induced one of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous ones are usually termed miscarriages. It is also known as spontaneous abortion. It is the spontaneous end of a pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving, generally defined in humans at prior to 20 weeks of gestation. It is the most common complication of early pregnancy. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. It is a viral disease caused by both herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) and Type 2 (HSV2). Infection with the herpes virus is categorized into one of several distinct disorders based on the site of infection. Oral herpes, the visible symptoms of which are colloquially called cold sores or fever blisters, infects the face and mouth. Oral herpes is the most common form of infection. Genital herpes, known simply as herpes, is the second most common form of herpes. It is also colloquially known as the clap. It is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge. Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. In both men and women if it is left untreated, it may spread locally causing epididymitis or pelvic inflammatory disease or throughout the body, affecting joints and heart valves.
______Syphilis ______Miscarriage ______Menopause ______HIV ______Herpes Simplex ______Gonorrhea ______Chancroid ______AIDS ______Abortion
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with it occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, it is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). It is a term used to describe the permanent cessation of the primary functions of the human ovaries: the ripening and release of ova and the release of hormones that cause both the creation of the uterine lining and the subsequent shedding of the uterine lining. It typically (but not always) occurs in women in midlife, during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life. It is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal bacteria Treponema Pallidum. The primary route of transmission of it is through sexual contact however it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth resulting in congenital one. The signs and symptoms of it vary depending on which of the four stages it presents in (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). The primary stage typically presents with a single chancre, secondary syphilis with a diffuse rash, latent with little to no symptoms, and tertiary with gummas, neurological, or cardiac symptoms It is also known as Soft chancre and Ulcus Molle. It is a sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia. It is known to be spread from one to another individual through sexual contact.
7.
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38
I am a healthy person!
WORD POWER Health
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A HEALTH: Look at the pictures. What can you say about them?
B PAIR-WORK: Write the answers to the questions.

1. What is she doing? What musical instrument is she playing? What other musical instruments can you name? .. Do you play any musical instrument? Which one? .. 2. What are they? Are they healthy, arent they? .. Are they part of your daily diet? .. What other fruit and vegetables can you name? .. Why are fruit and vegetables so important? .. 3. What is he doing? .. What other sports or exercises can you name? .. Do you play any sport? or Do you do any exercise? Which one? ..
C GIVING DEFINITIONS: What is health?

..
D HEALTH ITEMS: Match the pictures to their correct meanings. Use the words in the box.
A dental exam Overweight Sick A physical exam
An eye exam In shape Nourishment Exercise
Stress Nonalcoholic drinks A cigarette & a cigar Alcoholic drinks
1..
2 .
3 .
4 ...
5 ..
6 .
7 ...
8 .
9 ....
10 ..
11 ..
12 ....
40
E FOOD ITEMS: Give examples related to the items. Say which ones are healthy and which ones arent.
Cereals
Dairy Products
Desserts
Alcoholic Beverages
Beverages
Fish & Seafood
Vegetables
Fruit
F FOOD ITEMS: Classify the words in two groups.

Salad Beer Wheat Rum Toast Soda Chocolate Wine Strawberries Carrots Hamburguer Yogourt Candies Milk Icecream Rice Cheese Bananas French fries Vodka
Healthy Food Unhealthy Food
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
READING Healthy Eating During Pregnancy

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A HEALTHY EATING: Scan the reading passage, and then answer the questions that follow.
FOLIC ACID is also called: Folacin, Folate, Pteroylglutamic acid, Vitamin B9. Folic acid is a B vitamin. It helps the body make healthy new cells. Everyone needs folic acid. For women who may get pregnant, it is really important. When a woman has enough folic acid in her body before and during pregnancy, it can prevent major birth defects of her baby's brain or spine.
Foods with folic acid in them include leafy green vegetables, fruits (bananas, pineapples, grapefruit and oranges), dried beans, pulses, peas, lentils and nuts. Enriched breads, cereals (whole grains) and other grain products also contain folic acid as well as milk, yogurt, yeast (marmite) and malt extracts. If you don't get enough folic acid from the foods you eat, you can also take it as a dietary supplement.
B FOLIC ACID: Which ones contain folic acid? Cross the foods with folic acid.
C FOLIC ACID: Answer the following questions.

a. b. c. d. e. What is folic acid? Who is it really important for? What does it prevent? Where can you find it? How can you take it if you dont get it in your diet? 42
READING Healthy Eating Campaigns

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A HEALTHY EATING: Read the passage on Healthy Eating Campaigns.
Fruit and vegetables are part of a balanced diet and can help us stay healthy. Thats why it so important that we get enough of them. 5 A DAY highlights the health benefits of getting five portions of fruit and vegetables every day. Thats five portions of fruit and vegetables altogether, not five portions of each. Five reasons to get five portions: Fruit and vegetables taste delicious and there's so much variety to choose from. They're a good source of vitamins and minerals, including Folate, Vitamin C and Potassium. They're an excellent source of dietary fiber, which helps maintain a healthy gut and prevent constipation and other digestion problems. A diet high in fiber can also reduce your risk of bowel cancer. They can help reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke and some cancers. Fruit and vegetables contribute to a healthy and balanced diet.
Fruit and vegetables are also usually low in fat and calories (provided you dont fry them or roast them in lots of oil). Thats why eating them can help you maintain a healthy weight and keep your heart healthy. 5 A DAY is based on advice from the World Health Organization, which recommends eating a minimum of 400g of fruit and vegetables a day to lower the risk of serious health problems, such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and obesity.
B HEALTHY EATING CAMPAIGNS: Scan the text and then complete the table.
STATEMENTS 1. If you consume fruit and vegetables, you wont get sick. 2. You should eat five portions of fruit and vegetables each. 3. Fruit and vegetables help people stay in shape. 4. Fruit and vegetables are good only for vegetarians/veggies. 5. People need to eat more than 200g of fruit and vegetables every day. 6. Fruit and vegetables reduce the risk of getting heart disease and cancer. 7. Fruit can help you maintain a healthy weight because they are low in calories. 8. You dont get constipated if you consume fruit and vegetables. 9. All kinds of fruit and vegetables are rich in Folate, Vitamin C and Potassium. 10. There is a large variety of fruit and vegetables to choose from.
Right Wrong
WORD POWER Healthy Checks

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A HEALTHY CHECKS: Match the correct words to the correct picture.
Blood test Operation X-ray Eyes test Scan Examination
1. .
2.
3.
4.
5. .
6. .
B HEALTHY CHECKS: Where do you go for the different health checks? Complete the chart.
HOSPITAL DOCTORS SURGERY OPTICIAN
C HEALTHY CHECKS: Complete the sentences with one of the words from exercise A.
1. ___________________________The process of cutting open a part of a person's body in order to remove or repair a damaged part.
2. ___________________________A close look at somebody, especially to see if there is anything wrong or to find the cause of a problem. 3. ___________________________To get an image of a part of somebody's body on a computer by passing a beam of X-RAYS, ULTRASOUND waves or ELECTROMAGNETIC waves over it in a special machine. 4. ___________________________A photograph made by X-rays, especially one showing bones or organs in the body. 5. ___________________________An examination of a small amount of your blood by doctors in order to make judgments about your medical condition. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 44
WORD POWER Giving Pieces of Advice

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A GIVING ADVICE TO BE HEALTHY: Make a conversation. Use the sentences in the box.
Speaker A Yes, I do. I have aspirin and vitamin C. How are you feeling? Do you have a fever? Speaker B Im tired, I have a bad headache and Im sneezing. Yes, I do. Do you have anything for it? Oh! Thank you.
1.
A: How are you feeling? B: ____________________________________ ___________________________________.
2. A: ___________________________________ ___________________________________. B: ___________________________________ ___________________________________. 3. A: ___________________________________ ___________________________________. B: ___________________________________ ___________________________________.
B GIVING ADVICE: Listen and complete the dialog between a boss and his employee.
Boss Employee Boss Employee Boss Employee Boss Employee
: Hello? : Hi. This is Roger. : How are you doing? : Bad. Im.... I have ....and.... : It sounds like you have .... ............ : I cant come in to work today. : Im sorry. ................and..... : Thats what Im going to do.
45
WORD POWER Medicines to Be Healthy

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A MEDICINES: Everyone knows what medicines are for - to make you feel better when you are sick.
WHAT IS YOUR MEDICINE CALLED?
Complete the paragraphs below with The Brand Name or The Generic
Name.
Each medicine has an approved name called ___________________. These names do not change. A group of medicines that work in a similar way often have similar sounding this name. For example, penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin are the names for a group of antibiotics. Many medicines also have one or more _________________________. These names are chosen by the company that makes it. Several companies may make the same medicine, each with their own name. A product from the same company may also be called by different names in different countries.
C WHAT IS YOUR MEDICINE CALLED? Complete the table below.

GENERIC MEDICINES Chlorpheniramine Panadol Acyclovir Antibiotic Alpaz Antifungal Albendazole Tetralan Antipyretic Amoxicillin Apronax Anticonvulsant Ranitidine
WHAT IS IT FOR?
BRAND MEDICINES
D WHAT IS IT FOR? Fill in the gaps. Use the words from the box.
Antifungal Antipyretic Anxiolytic Sedative Antidepressant Antihistamine Antiseptic Contraceptive Diuretic Anticonvulsant Anesthetic Antihypertensive Antispasmodic Vasodilators Decongestant Antibiotic Analgesic Anti-inflammatory Antiviral Tranquilizer Anti-diarrheal Antiarryhthmic
1.
: Its a substance that reduces pain. the body.
2. : Its a drug that makes a person unable to feel anything, especially pain, either in the whole body or in a part of 3. : Its a drug that is employed to alter abnormal rhythms of the heart. 4. : Its a substance, for example penicillin that can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections. 5. : Its a drug class that has its major actions on convulsions or seizures. 6. : Its a drug used to treat depression and helps relieve anxiety and sadness 7. : Its a medication that helps relieve diarrhea. 8. : Its a substance that can destroy or prevent the growth of fungi. 9. : Its a drug used to treat allergies, especially Hay fever. 10. : Its a medication that helps relieve blood pressure. 11. : Its a medication that helps relieve inflammations. 12. : Its medication that helps relieve fever. 13. : Its a substance that helps to prevent infection in wounds by killing bac teria. 14. : Its medication that helps relieve spasms. 15. : Its a substance that can destroy or prevent the growth of viruses. 16. : Its a drug which reduces anxiety. . 17. : Its a drug, device or practice used to prevent a woman becoming pregnant. 18. : Its a medicine that helps s omebody with a cold to breathe more easily. 19. : Its a substance that causes an increase in the flow of urine. 20. : Its a drug that reduces agitation or excitement. 21. : Its a relatively outdated term that refers to drugs that bring about sedation, quieting, reduce anxiety and agitation. 22. : Its a group of drugs that are used for the treatment of heart failure, angina and hypert ension.
47
E DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICINES: Complete the paragraphs with the words in bold.
There are three broad categories of medicines Prescription Medicines, Complementary Medicines and Over-The-Counter Medicines.
___________________________You can only purchase them if you have them from your doctor. Examples of these include contraceptive pills, antibiotics and strong painkillers. ___________________________They include cough and cold products, mouthwash and sunscreen. You dont need a prescription to obtain these products. Some of them can only be purchased from a pharmacy, and many are also available from supermarkets and health food shops. ___________________________They (also known as 'traditional' or 'alternative' medicines) include vitamin, mineral, herbal, aromatherapy, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, physiotherapy and homoeopathic products. These products are available without a prescription.
F DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICINES: Label the pictures.

Medicine looks like:
1 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8. 9.
10. ..
5
11.
12. . 13. . 14. .

6
15. ....
48
G HOW TO TAKE YOUR MEDICINE? 5 Complete the paragraphs with a proper word.
Topically Rectally By injection By inhalation By mouth
1. ____________________This is the most common way of taking medicines. The medicine is swallowed and passes from the stomach or intestine into the bloodstream and is carried to all parts of the body. 2. ____________________Medicines may be put into a person using a syringe to produce an effect on the entire body. Medicines are often put in this way when people are unable to take medicines by mouth (or other routes into the body are inconvenient or inappropriate), when a very rapid effect is needed or for medicines that aren't absorbed well when given orally. There are several ways of injecting medicines: Intramuscular (IM), Intravenous (IV) and Subcutaneous (SC)
___________________: the medicine is injected directly into the bloodstream, usually via a vein near the surface of the body (e.g. in the hand). Medicines injected in this way enter the bloodstream directly and reach their site of action almost immediately (e.g. anesthetics). ___________________: the medicine is injected just beneath the skin. Medicines that are inactivated by the stomach acid or medicines that need to be absorbed slowly may be injected in this way (e.g. insulin).
___________________: the medicine is injected into muscle, usually the thigh, upper arm or the buttock. These kinds of injections provide a very steady level of absorption and are used, for example, for antibiotics such as penicillin.
3. ____________________: the lower end of the large intestine (rectum) that leads to the anus will absorb many medicines. The medicine passes through the cells lining the rectum and into the bloodstream. This method is useful for people who are unable to take medicines by mouth, such as those suffering from nausea and vomiting. Suppositories and enemas are given in this way. 4. ____________________: medicines that are applied directly to the part of the body which is being treated, e.g. the skin, eyes, ears or nose are called topical medicines. Various types of these preparations are available, including: - creams - ointments - lotions - suppositories - ear, eye & nasal drops - sticky patches, e.g. hormone & nicotine patches 4. ____________________: medicines may be breathed in through the mouth or nose to produce a rapid effect on the lungs and airways (e.g. asthma inhalers and nebulizer solutions for chronic airway disease). Some medicines which have an effect on the whole body (e.g. general anesthetics) may also be inhaled. Migraine medicines and medicines used to relieve nasal congestion may also be given by a nasal spray, to provide rapid relief of symptoms.
WORD POWER Complementary Medicines

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINES: Do you see a doctor or do you try other healing forms when you are ill?
Why / Why not? Match the pictures to the correct healing forms.
B COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINES: Read and find out what the text is about.
Many people use alternative healing forms of health care and believe strongly that they are as effective as the system of medical practice. Here are some examples:
A. Acupuncture: Its a 3000-year-old Chinese medical system. Acupuncturists insert hair-thin needles at certain points in the body to treat various diseases or to relieve pain. B. Reflexology: It is similar to acupuncture but focuses on treating certain disorders through massage of the soles of the feet. C. Herbalism: It is the worlds oldest and most widely used healing form. Herbalists use herbs to treat illnesses such as depression, anxiety and hypertension. D. Ayurveda: It takes a preventive approach and focuses on the whole person. It is effective especially in treating headaches and chronic sinusitis. E. Naturopathy: Proponents of naturopathy believe that the mind and body are in balance. With a healthy diet, adequate rest and minimal stress, the bodys own vital forces are sufficient to fight off diseases. F. Homeopathy: It uses doses of herbs, minerals or even poisons to stimulate the bodys curative powers. Homeopathy is based on th e theory that if large doses of a substance can cause a problem, tiny doses can help healing of that same problem.
C COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINES: Which of the healing forms above?

1. Involves the injection of needles into the body at various points? 2. Can help someone who has headaches and chronic sinusitis? 3. Gives small quantities of a substance? 4. Uses the sense of touch? 5. Focuses on the balance between the body and the mind? 6. Requires plants as medicine? 7. Is used for problems with nervous system?
................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................

50
WORD POWER Home Care Kit

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A HOME CARE KIT: Read the flyer. Circle the answers.
1 What do you take for a cough? a. aspirin b. heating pad c. cough drops d. vitamin C 2. What do you take for headaches? a. aspirin b. heating pad c. cough drops d. vitamin C
3. What do you use for a backache? a. aspirin b. heating pad c. cough drops d. vitamin C 4. What do you take for a cold? a. aspirin b. heating pad c. cough drops d. vitamin C
B VERBS: Complete the sentences. Use have or has.

1. They________colds. 2. She _______ a fever. 3. He _______ a cough.
4. I _______ a sore throat. 5. They _______ headaches. 6. You _______ a broken arm.
C VERBS: Complete the sentences. Use take or takes.

1. They________an aspirin for headaches. 2. She_______ vitamin C for a cold. 3. He_______ cough drops for cough. 4. I _______ ibuprofen for the pain and inflammation. 5. Charles and Peter _______ Paracetamol for the pain and fever.
WORD POWER Home Care Kit

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A HOME CARE KIT PROJECT: Prepare and present an HCK.
52

La Vida y Obra Del Cuco PDF

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Tell me about your body

1 WORD POWER Digestive System

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

C DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

WORD POWER Urinary System

highlight the words in the word search puzzle.

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

C URINARY SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

WORD POWER Respiratory System

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

C RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

WORD POWER Circulatory System

____ Superior Vena Cava

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

B CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

C CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Label the human heart.

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

WORD POWER Skeletal System

C SKELETAL SYSTEM: Label the cranium.

D SKELETAL SYSTEM: Choose the right answer.

8. All of the following are bones of the thorax EXCEPT

READING Muscular System

A MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Read the text.

B MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Match each description with the correct word.

A. Tendons B. Involuntary C. Contract D. Cardiac E. Exercise F. Skeletal G. Voluntary

_______Rectus femoris _______Sartorius _______Tibialis anterior _______Deltoid

_______Rectus abdominis _______Gastrocnemius

_______Biceps brachii _______Pectoralis major

_______Semitendinosus _______Gluteus maximus

_______Biceps femoris _______Latissimus dorsi _______Triceps _______Achilles tendon

_______Gastrocnemius _______Trapezius _______Deltoid

D MUSCULAR SYSTEM: Label the names of the muscles.

WORD POWER Reproductive System

7. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes 21

WORD POWER Endocrine System

I feel really sick!

Vagina Shin Neck Knee Foot Ears

Wrist Toe Nose Leg Groin Elbow Breast

Palm Mouth Head Eyes Cheek Abdomen Calf

Penis Navel Heel Finger Chest Arm

Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

WORD POWER Ailments

C SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: Answer the questions. Work with a partner.

A: Whats wrong? B: He has a backache.

A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: __________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: __________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: _________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: _________________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: _______________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: _________________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________________. Lic. Oscar Ivn Cerna Reyes

A: Whats wrong? B: __________________.

A: Whats wrong? B: ___________________________. 26

E AILMENTS: Find out the right answers. Then do the crossword.

Sore hands 2. Whats wrong?

Stomachache 3. Whats wrong?

___Rectus femoris _Sartorius _Tibialis anterior ___Deltoid

_Rectus abdominis _Gastrocnemius

_Biceps brachii _Pectoralis major

_Semitendinosus _Gluteus maximus

___Biceps femoris _Latissimus dorsi _Triceps ___Achilles tendon

___Gastrocnemius _Trapezius _____Deltoid

32

A: How are you feeling? B: __ _.