Section 1 Listening Comprehension 1. (A) Her notebook is missing. (B) Her handwriting is difficult to read.

(C) She wasn t in class this morning! either. (") She s alread# lent her notes to someone else. $. (A) %et a schedule of e&ents at the athletic center. (B) 'efer to the bus schedule. (C) (ait for the shuttle in the student lounge . )) (") Borrow a schedule from another student . *. (A) She looks good in blue. (B) She ne&er wears sweaters. (C) She might prefer another color. (") She en+o#s recei&ing gifts. ,. (A) Someone painted it for her. (B) She finall# had time to paint it. (C) She decided to paint it later. (") Some friends will help her paint it. -. (A) .oda# s seminar was informati&e. (B) Another seminar will take place the following week. (C) /e0t week s seminar is on a different topic . (") .here will be two seminars ne0t week. 1. (A) He s usuall# happ#. (B) He listens to music when he s in a good mood. (C) He had to pa# a high price for his stereo. (") He s pleased with his purchase. 2. (A) He can send the woman additional information. (B) .he woman recei&ed the wrong bill. (C) He agrees that the charges are too high. (") He ll credit the woman s account.

3. (A) Answer her calls. (B) .ake her home. (C) (rite out a list of his calls. (") .elephone her later in the da#. 4. (A) .aking a test. (B) %i&ing Spanish tests to students. (C) 5a#ing for pri&ate lessons. (") Stud#ing. 16. (A) .he window is broken. (B) He s ner&ous about opening the window. (C) 7t s not possible to open the window. (") 7t s too cold to open the window. 11. (A) He wasn t offered the +ob he had talked about . (B) He didn t reall# want to work in the bookstore . (C) He didn t know where the bookstore was. (") He didn t refuse the bookstore +ob. 1$. (A) She needed to change the letter before mailing it. (B) She didn t know how much postage was needed. (C) She didn t ha&e the right coins to bu# stamps. (") .he stamp machine has been mo&ed . 1*. (A) .he# should go to lunch soon. (B) He needs to make more coffee for lunch . (C) .here is enough coffee for se&eral more cups. (") He won t drink an# more coffee toda#. 1,. (A) .here are too man# shopping centers alread#. (B) .he# aren t reall# going to build a shopping center. (C) He knew about the planned construction . (") He hasn t been to the other shopping center . 1-. (A) She has to do some work tomorrow. (B) She ll attend tomorrow s performance . (C) She doesn t intend to go to the pla#. (") She can t work at the theater tomorrow. 11. (A) She hasn t seen 8ate. (B) 8ate has changed her plans.

(C) .he man had misunderstood her. (") .he man should go to /ew 9ork ne0t week. 12. (A) He doesn t want to attend the graduation ceremon#. (B) He s attended onl# one graduation ceremon#. (C) .he woman doesn t ha&e to attend the graduation ceremon#. (") Attendance is taken at the graduation ceremon#. 13. (A) Someone from the housing office fi0ed the faucet. (B) Allen called the housing office for her. (C) She replaced the faucet. (") Allen repaired the faucet. 14. (A) He didn t know that the woman was class treasurer. (B) He doesn t want to be treasurer. (C) He doesn t think the woman should run for office. (") He didn t know the elections were toda#. $6. (A) He doesn t ha&e much time for tennis . (B) He s enthusiastic about his new courses. (C) He pla#s tennis better than she does . (") He s not &er# interested in his school work. $1. (A) He ll dri&e the woman to the paint store. (B) He doesn t reall# like the painting . (C) He ll hold the painting for the woman . (") He doesn t know where the painting is . $$. (A) .he man hurried through breakfast. (B) .he room is too warm for a sweater. (C) .he man will be late if he doesn t hurr#. (") .he man s appearance shows that he was rushed. $* .(A) .he doctor wasn t feeling well . (B) He didn t see the new doctor. (C) .he doctor isn t new to the infirmar#. (") He met the doctor at a conference. $,. (A) 5a# :arsha for the bookshelf. (B) Ask :arsha where the bookshelf is. (C) Check for the book on :arsha s shelf. (") Ask :arsha if she has an e0tra bookshelf.

$-. (A) .he man can get some paper at the new store. (B) She +ust opened a new bo0 of paper. (C) She ll t#pe the man s paper at her place . (") .he man can bu# toda# s paper at the newsstand. $1. (A) She saw onl# part of it. (B) She couldn t go to see it. (C) She wasn t in charge of it. (") She didn t understand it. $2. (A) He doesn t like old mo&ies. (B) He didn t see a large number of mo&ies . (C) He saw more mo&ies than the woman did. (") His children ha&e seen man# mo&ies. $3. (A) .he airport is closed due to bad weather. (B) An earlier closure affected the airport s schedule. (C) .he flight is following its regular schedule. (") .he plane will return to its point of departure. $4. (A) She hadn t begun to stud# biolog#. (B) She hadn t liked the pre&ious biolog# course. (C) She did &er# well in elementar# biolog#. (") She d alread# taken all the biolog# courses . *6. (A) She recentl# mo&ed to :iami. (B) She needed a &acation. (C) She ll lea&e for :iami soon. (") She was pleased to get his postcard. 5art B ;uestions *1<*, *1. (A) 7t s too nois#. (B) 7t s not con&enient to the uni&ersit#. (C) .he heating s#stem is defecti&e. (") .he owner is unpleasant. *$. (A) .ell the owner two months in ad&ance that she s mo&ing. (B) Alert the housing authorities to her problem. (C) :o&e to another apartment in the same building. (") Lea&e b# the end of the month.

**. (A) 7t must be on a higher floor. (B) 7t must ha&e =uiet surroundings. (C) 7t must be within dri&ing distance of the uni&ersit#. (") 7t must be in a new building. *,. (A) 'ent would be &er# e0pensi&e. (B) 5ublic transportation wouldn t be a&ailable. (C) Apartment comple0es in (indsor are old. (") Apartments in (indsor tend to be nois#. ;uestions *-<*3 *-. (A) Start a new program at State College. (B) Stud# at a different school. (C) >ind a summer +ob. (") 7mpro&e her grades. *1. (A) ?ournalism. (B) Science. (C) :anagement. (") Art. *2. (A) 7ts reputation isn t as good as State College s . (B) She can t get a good recommendation there . (C) .he registration office hasn t answered her letters #et . (") She ma# not get accepted there . *3. (A) @se her professors as references. (B) Stud# more to impro&e her grades . (C) .hink more positi&el# about the State College program . (") (rite to the head of the art department . 5art C ;uestions *4<,1 *4. (A) Summer &acation. (B) .he housing office. (C) 'esident ad&isers. (") Check<out procedures. ,6. (A) 'egister for summer school. (B) 'epair holes in room walls. (C) 'eturn their ke#s to the housing office. (") Call the housing office.

,1. (A) .heir summer addresses. (B) An# damage to their rooms. (C) (hen the# plan to lea&e. (") ;uestions for the housing office. ;uestions ,$<,,$. (A) .he li=uefaction of gas. (B) .echni=ues used for refrigeration. (C) :aterials used to make industrial containers . (") .he cost of transporting natural gas ,*. (A) 7t becomes brittle. (B) 7t e0pands. (C) 7t o0idiAes. (") 7t bends. ,,. (A) 7t has a low melting point. (B) 7t s e0pensi&e. (C) 7t often contains impurities. (") 7ts properties are unpredictable. ,-. (A) B0#gen. (B) Aluminum. (C) /ickel. (") Boron. ;uestions ,1<-6 ,1. (A) Beha&ior of owls in the wild. (B) C0periments at the London Doo. (C) An in&estigation of accidental animal deaths. (") An increase in insects at the Aoo. ,2. (A) Bwl cages. (B) 7nsecticide spra#. (C) Sawdust. (") :ousetraps. ,3. (A) 'ats. (B) Bwls. (C) :ice. (") 7nsects.

,4. (A) .he# choked on sawdust. (B) .he# were fed contaminated mice. (C) .he# were bitten b# deadl# insects. (") .he# escaped from the Aoo. -6. (A) .o illustrate a principle about en&ironmental poisons. (B) .o demonstrate the usefulness of chemicals. (C) .o show how bookkeepers raise mice in capti&it#. (") .o pro&e a point about the building industr#. Section $ S.'@C.@'C A/" ('7..C/ CE5'CSS7B/ 1 . Han#a Holm is a dancer! choreographer and FFFFF . (A) dance that she teaches (B) her teaching of dance (C) to teach dancing (") dance teacher $. "uring an eclipse of the Sun! FFFFFF in the shadow of the :oon. (A) the Carth lies (B) the Carth when l#ing (C) that the Carth lies (") the l#ing Carth *. @nder the influence of CAra 5ound! Hilda "oolittle became associated with the 7magists! and FFFFFF into one of the most original poets of the group. (A) de&eloped (B) to be de&eloping (C) who de&eloped (") de&eloping it ,. FFFFF all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the groundG some of it is lost through e&aporation. (A) /owhere (B) /ot (C) /o (") /one -. 7n an area first e0plored b# Samuel de Champlain! FFFFFF . (A) establishment of the cit# of Halifa0 in 12,4 (B) in 12,4 the cit# of Halifa0 established (C) in 12,4! establishing the cit# of Halifa0 (") the cit# of Halifa0 was established in 12,4

1. A nation s merchant marine is made up of its commercial ships and the people FFFFFF them. (A) the# operate (B) who operate (C) the# operate of (") do the# operate 2. FFFFFF /at .urner who led a re&olt against sla&er# in Hirginia in 13*1. (A) (here was (B) 7t was (C) He was (") .hat he was 3. .he most elaborate of all bird nests FFFFFF ! domed communal structure built b# social wea&erbirds. (A) larger (B) largel# is (C) the large (") is the large 4. (illiam (alker s mural! I(all of 'espect!I FFFFFF an outdoor wall in Chicago! deals with social issues. (A) co&ers (B) co&ers it (C) which co&ers (") which it co&ers 16. Studies of the gra&it# field of the Carth indicate FFFFFF #ield when unusual weight is placed on them. (A) although its crust and mantle (B) its crust and mantle to (C) that its crust and mantle (") for its crust and mantle to 11. .he columbine flower! FFFFFF to nearl# all of the @nited States! can be raised from seed in almost an# garden. (A) nati&e (B) how nati&e is (C) how nati&e is it (") is nati&e 1$. .he photoperiodic response of algae actuall# depends on the duration of darkness! FFFFFF . (A) the light is not on (B) and not on light

(C) but is not on the light (") is not on light 1*. FFFFFF! the first Black denomination in the @nited States. (A) 'ichard Alien founded the African :ethodist Cpiscopal Church (B) 'ichard Alien! who founded the African :ethodist Cpiscopal Church (C) .he African :ethodist Cpiscopal Church founded b# 'ichard Alien (") .he foundation of the African :ethodist Cpiscopal Church b# 'ichard Alien 1,. .he annual worth of @tah s manufacturing is greater than FFFFFF . (A) that of its mining and farming combined (B) mining and farming combination (C) that mining and farming combined (") of its combination mining and farming 1-. .he wallflower FFFFFF because its weak stems often grow on walls and along ston# cliffs for support. (A) so called is (B) so is called (C) is so called (") called is so 11. .he tongue is capable of man# motions and configurations and pla#s a &ital role in FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF A B C chewing! swallowed! and speaking. FFFFFFFF " 12. 7nstead of being housed in one central bank in (ashington! ".C.! the >ederal FFFFFFF FFFF A B 'eser&e s#stem is di&ision into twel&e districts. FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFF C " 13. 5hilodendrons of &arious kinds are culti&ated for their beautifull# foliage. FFFFF FFFF FFFFFFF FFFFFFF A B C " 14. 8iwi birds mainl# eat insects! worms! and snails and to search for their food b# probing FFFFF FFFFFFF FFFFFFFF A B C the ground with their long bills. FFFFFF "

$6. (illiam 5enn founded the cit# of 5hiladelphia in 113$! and he =uickl# grew to be FF FFFFF A B the largest cit# in colonial America. FFFFFFFF FFFFFF C " $1. >ewer people reside in /ewfoundland than in other an# Canadian pro&ince e0cept FFFFF FFFFFF FFF FFFFFFF A B C " 5rince Cdward 7sland. $$. "r. :ar# :cLeod Bethune! the founder of Bethune<Cookman College! ser&ed as FFFFFF FFFFF A B ad&ice to both >ranklin "elano 'oose&elt and Harr# .ruman. FFFFF FFF C " $*. Some plant produce irritating poisons that can affect a person e&en if he or she merel# FFF FFFF FFFF FFFFF A B C " brushes against them. $,. .he rotation of the Carth on its a0is is responsible the alternation of periods FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFF A B C of light and darkness. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF " $-. Anne CliAabeth :c"owell is best remembered for a weekl# +ournal! Woman's ___ ____________ _____ A B C Advocate! who she launched in ?anuar# 13--. FFF " $1. 7n e&er# societ# there are norms that sa# indi&iduals how the# are supposed to beha&e. FFFFFF FF FFF FFFFFFFFFF A B C " $2. An erupting &olcano or an earth=uake sometimes affects the featured of the surrounding F FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFFF A B C region and can e&en cause lakes to disappear.

FFFFFFFF " $3. :ost tree frogs change color to harmoniAe with its background. FFFF FFFFF FFFFFFF FF A B C " $4. "ue to the refraction of light ra#s! this is impossible for the naked e#e to determine the FFFFF FF FFFFFFFFF A B C e0act location of a star close to the horiAon. FFFF " *6. :odern poets ha&e e0perimented with poetic de&ices such alliteration and assonance. FFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF FFFFF FFFFFFFFFFF A B C " *1. Birds eggs &ar# greatl# of siAe! shape! and color. FFF FFF FF FFFF A B C " *$. Social reformer >rederick "ouglass dedicated his life to working for the abolish of FFFFFFF FFFFF A B sla&er# and the fight for ci&il rights. FFF FFFF C " **. :ount Cdith Ca&ell! a peak in the Canadian 'ockies! is named after a famous nurses. FFFF FFFFFFF FFF FFFFFFFFFFF A B C " *,. Eanthines ha&e both good and bad effects on the bod#! and these effects are generall# FFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFF A B determined on the siAe and regularit# of dosage. FFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFF C " *-. (hen a se&ere ankle in+ur# forced herself to gi&e up reporting in 14$1! :argaret :itchell FFFFF FFFF FFFFF A B C began writing her no&el %one with the (ind. FFFFF "

*1. Bne of the most difficult problems in understanding sleep is determining what the FFF FFFFFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF A B C functions of sleep is. FF " *2. .he :illicent 'ogers :useum houses fi&e thousands pieces of Hispanic and American FFFFFFFFFFF A 7ndian +ewelr#! te0tiles! and other ob+ects documenting the &ibranc# of these cultures. FFFF FFFFFFFFF FFFFFFFFFF B C " *3. Se&en of planets rotate in the same direction as their orbital motions! while Henus and FFFFFFF FF FFFF A B C @ranus rotate in the opposite direction. FFFFFFFFFFFFF " *4. 7n the @nited States &oters election representati&es to the national legislature! which FFFF FFFFFF FFFFFFFFFFF A B C consists of the House of 'epresentati&es and the Senate. FFFFFF " ,6. 7t is the interaction between people! rather than theJ e&ents that occur in their li&es! FFF FFFFFFF A B that are the main focus of social ps#cholog#. FFFFFF FFFF C " Section * 'CA"7/% CB:5'CHC/S7B/ ;uestions 1<11 (ith its radiant color and plantlike shape! the sea anemone looks more like a flower than an animal. :ore specificall#! the sea anemone is formed =uite like the flower for which it is named! with a bod# like a stem and tentacles like petals in brilliant shades of blue! green! pink! and red. 7ts diameter &aries from about si0 millimeters in some species to more than ninet# centimeters in the giant &arieties of Australia. Like corals! h#dras! and +ell#fish! sea

anemones are coelenterates. .he# can mo&e slowl#! but more often the# attach the lower part of their c#lindrical bodies to rocks! shells! or wharf pilings. .he upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded b# tentacles that the animal uses to capture its food. Stinging cells in the tentacles throw out tin# poison threads that paral#Ae other small sea animals. .he tentacles then drag this pre# into the sea anemone s mouth. .he food is digested in the large inner bod# ca&it#. (hen disturbed! a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its bod# so that it resembles a lump on a rock. Anemones ma# reproduce b# forming eggs! di&iding in half! or de&eloping buds that grow and break off as independent animals. 1. (hich of the following is the main topic of the passageK (A) .he &arieties of ocean life (B) .he characteristics of the sea anemone (C) A comparison of land and sea anemones (") .he defenses of coelenterates $. .he work IshapeI in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) length (B) grace (C) form (") nature *. .he author compares a sea anemone s tentacles to a flower s. (A) stem (B) petals (C) lea&es (") roots ,.7t can be inferred from the passage that h#dras (A) were named after a flower (B) are usuall# found in Australia (C) pre# on sea anemones (") are related to sea anemones -. 7t can be inferred from the passage that sea anemones are usuall# found (A) attached to stationar# surfaces (B) hidden inside c#lindrical ob+ects (C) floating among underwater flowers (") searching for food 1. .he word IcaptureI in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) catch (B) control (C) co&er (") clean

2. .he word IretractsI in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) pulls back (B) rela0es (C) reproduces (") lifts up 3. According to the passage! when a sea anemone is bothered it (A) hides under a rock (B) alters its shape (C) changes colors (") e+ects a poisonous substance 4. .he sea anemone reproduces b# (A) budding onl# (B) forming eggs onl# (C) budding or di&iding onl# (") budding! forming eggs! or di&iding 16. Based on the information in the passage! all of the following statements about sea anemones are true CECC5. that the# (A) are usuall# tin# (B) ha&e fle0ible bodies (C) are related to +ell#fish (") arc usuall# brightl# colored 11. (here does the author mention the! sea anemone s food<gathering techni=ueK (A) Lines 1<$ (B) Lines ,<1 (C) Lines 2<16 (") Lines 11<1, ;uestions 1$<$* Barbara 8asten is an artist who makes photographs of constructions that she creates for the purpose of photographing them. 7n her studio she arranges ob+ects such as mirrors! solid forms! and flat surfaces into what could be called large still life arrangements! big enough to walk into .She lights the construction! then rearranges and rephotographs it until she arri&es at a final image. She also photographs awa# from her studio at &arious architectural sites! bringing camera! lights mirrors! and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image. 8asten starts a studio construction with a simple problem! such as using se&eral circular and rectangular mirrors . She puts the first ob+ects in place! sets up a camera! then goes back and forth arranging ob+ects and seeing how the# appear in the camera. C&entuall# she makes instant color prints to see what the image looks like. At first she works onl# with ob+ects!

concentrating on their compositionG then she lights them and adds color from lights co&ered with colored filters . Awa# from the studio! at architectural sites! the cost of the crew and the e=uipment rental means she has to know in ad&ance what she wants to do. She &isits each location se&eral times to make sketches and test shots. @ntil she brings in the lights! howe&er! she cannot predict e0actl# what the# will do to the image! so there is some impro&ising on the spot. 1$. (hat does the passage mainl# discussK (A) .he techni=ues of a photographer (B) .he ad&antages of studio photograph# (C) 7ndustrial construction sites (") An architect who appreciates fine art 1*. (hich of the following would be an e0ample of one of the IconstructionsI referred to in line 1K (A) A still life arrangement (B) /atural landscapes (C) An instant color print (") A colored filter 1,. 7n line $! wh# does the author mention mirrorsK (A) .he# are part of the camera. (B) 8asten uses them as sub+ects. (C) .he crew needs them. (") 5hotograph# mirrors life. 1-. .he word ItransformI in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) mo&e (B) e0tend (C) change (") interpret 11. 7t can be inferred from the passage that 8asten makes instant prints to (A) gi&e awa# (B) sell as sou&enirs (C) include as part of the construction (") see what the construction looks like at that stage 12. .he word IcompositionI in line 1$ is closest in meaning to (A) arrangement (B) brightness (C) =ualit# (") siAe

13. .he word IthemI in line 1$ refers to (A) prints (B) lights (C) ob+ects (") filters 14. .he word IshotsI in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) in+ections (B) photographs (C) loud noises (") effecti&e remarks $6. .he word Ithe#I in line 12 refers to (A) architectural st#les (B) sketches (C) colored filters (") lights $1. (h# does 8asten &isit the location of outdoor work before the da# of the actual shootingK (A) .o plan the photograph (B) .o purchase film and e=uipment (C) .o hire a crew (") .o test the lights $$. How is 8asten s studio work different from her work at architectural sites K (A) She does not use lights outdoors. (B) Her work outdoors is more unpredictable. (C) She works alone outdoors. (") She makes more mone# from her work outdoors . $*. (here in the passage does the author suggest that the constructions that 8asten photographs are life<siAedK (A) Lines$<, (B) Lines -<2 (C) Lines 1$< 1, (") Lines 11<72 ;uestions $,<** .he temperature of the Sun is o&er -.666 degrees >ahrenheit at the surface! but it rises to perhaps more than 11 million degrees at the center. .he Sun is so much hotter than the Carth that matter can e0ist onl# as a gas ! e0cept at the core. 7n the core of the Sun! the pressures are so great against the gases that! despite the high temperature! there ma# be a small solid core. Howe&er! no one reall# knows! since the center of the Sun can ne&er be directl# obser&ed.

Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is di&ided into fi&e la#ers or Aones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun! the Aones are the corona! chromosphere ! photo< sphere! con&ection Aone! and finall# the core. .he first three Aones are regarded as the Sun s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface! it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main bod# of the Sun begins. .he Sun s outermost la#er begins about 16!666 miles abo&e the &isible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. .his is the onl# part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in >ebruar# 1424. At an# other time! the corona can he seen onl# when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun s ra#s. .he corona is a brilliant! pearl# white! film# light! about as bright as the full :oon. 7ts beautiful ra#s are a sensational sight during an eclipse. .he corona s ra#s flash out in a brilliant fan that has wisp# spikelike ra#s near the Sun s north and south poles. .he corona is thickest at the Sun s e=uator . .he corona ra#s are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than $ million degrees >ahrenheit. .he ra#s of gas thin out as the# reach the space around the planets< B# the time the Sun s corona ra#s reach the Carth! the# are weak and in&isible. $,. .he word IgreatI in line , is closest in meaning to (A) dangerous (B) unknown (C) &ariable (") strong $-. (ith what topic is the second paragraph mainl# concernedK (A) How the Sun e&ol&ed (B) .he structure of the Sun (C) (h# scientists stud# the Sun (") .he distance of the Sun from the planets $1. A1l of the following are 5arts of the Sun s atmosphere CECC5. the (A) corona (B) chromosphere (C) photosphere (") core $2..he word IoneI in line 1* refers to (A) the Sun (B) the corona (C) an eclipse (") the surface

$3. .he purpose of the special instruments mentioned in line 1, is to (A) magnif# the image of the Sun (B) block out the Sun s intense light (C) measure the amount of energ# emitted b# the Sun (") photograph the Sun $4. 7t can be inferred from the passage that a clear &iew of the Sun s outer la#er is usuall# pre&ented b# (A) the Sun s ra#s (B) an eclipse (C) lack of light (") the great distance *6. .he word Isensational in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) spectacular (B) predictable (C) biAarre (") constant *1 . According to the passage! as the corona ra#s reach the planets! the# become (A) hotter (B) clearer (C) thinner (") stronger *$. .he paragraphs following the passage most likel# discuss which of the followingK (A) .he remaining la#ers of the Sun (B) .he e&olution of the sun to its present form (C) .he eclipse of >ebruar# 1 424 (") .he scientists who stud# astronom# **.(here in the passage does the author compare the light of the Sun s outermost la#er to that of another astronomical bod#K (A) Lines $<* (B) Lines 4<16 (C) Line 11 (") Lines $$<$* ;uestions *,<,$ . :an# of the computing patterns used toda# in elementar# arithmetic! such as those for performing long multiplications and di&isions! were de&eloped as late as the fifteenth centur#. .wo reasons are usuall# ad&anced to account for this tard# de&elopment! namel#! the mental difficulties and the ph#sical difficulties encountered in such work.

.he first of these! the mental difficulties! must be somewhat discounted. .he impression that the ancient numeral s#stems are not amenable to e&en the simplest calculations is largel# based on lack of familiarit# with these s#stems. 7t is clear that addition and subtraction in a simple grouping s#stem re=uire onl# abilit# to count the number s#mbols of each kind and then to con&ert to higher units. /o memoriAation of number combinations is needed .7n a ciphered numeral s#stem ! if sufficient addition and multiplication tables ha&e been memoriAed ! the work can proceed much as we do it toda# . .he ph#sical difficulties encountered! howe&er! were =uite real . (ithout a plentiful and con&enient suppl# of some suitable writing medium! an# &er# e0tended de&elopment of the arithmetic process was bound to be hampered .7t must be remembered that our common machine<made pulp paper is little more than a hundred #ears old. .he older rag paper was made b# hand and was conse=uentl# e0pensi&e and scarce. *,.(hat is the main purpose of the passageK (A) .o emphasiAe the importance of the mental process in performing calculations (B) .o e0plain wh# some elementar# computing s#stems were not de&eloped until the fifteenth centur#. (C) describe how ancient counting s#stems differ from those of the twentieth centur# (") .o compare the mental and ph#sical processes used in arithmetic *-. .he word Itard#I in line* is closest in meaning to (A) historical (B) basic (C) unusual (") late *1. .he word ItheseIin line - refers to (A )patens (B) reasons (C) s#stems (")calculations *2. .he word IdiscountedI in line - is closest in meaning to (A) reduced (B) contradicted (C) disregarded (") interpreted *3. .he author states that doing calculations in a simple grouping s#stem re=uires (A) memoriAing numerical combinations (B) using an adding machine (C) producing large =uantities of a writing medium (") con&erting number s#mbols to higher units

*4. .he word IencounteredI in line 1$ is closest in meaning to (A) faced (B) caused (C) increased (") discussed ,6. .he word IhamperedI in line l, is closest in meaning to (A) impeded (B) concluded (C) unnoticed (") re+ected ,1 . .he author describes old rag paper as all of the following CECC5. (A) handmade (B) costl# (C) scarce (") delicate ,$. .he passage supports which of the following conclusion K (A) 5h#sical difficulties hindered the de&elopment of computing patterns . (B) :emoriAing addition and multiplication tables is necessar# for most elementar# arithmetic processes . (C) :ost people e0perience mental difficulties in learning long di&isions and in multiplications. (") /umeral s#stems in&ented before the fifteenth centur# could not ha&e been used to perform elementar# calculations . ;uestions ,*<-6 . .he ecos#stems of the Carth pro&ide an arra# of free public ser&ices that are essential for the support of ci&iliAations . .he# maintain the =ualit# ofL the atmosphere ! pro&ide food from the sea. :anufacture and replenish soils! rec#cle wastes and nutrients! control the o&erwhelming ma+orit# of crop pests and disease &ectors! and so on.. 5eople ha&e no idea how to take o&er these acti&ities satisfactoril#. .he# do know! howe&er! that the theor# once ad&anced in the nineteenth centur# < that the producti&it# of the land can he infinitel# increased b# the application of capital! labor! and science< is wrong. Histor# has shown that once the natural life<support s#stems of a ci&iliAation ha&e been sufficientl# damaged! the# cannot usuall# be repaired. .he ancient deforestation and o&ergraAing of the :editerranean region is a famous e0ample. And toda# !a global ci&iliAation is ruining the global en&ironment. ,1! (hat is the main topic of this passageK (A) >ree public ser&ices (B) Support needed for ci&iliAations (C) .he &aule of ecos#stems (") .he &astness of the Carth

,,. .he word Iarra#I in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) large number (B) e0cess (C) re=uirement (") model ,-..he word I.he#I in line $ refers to (A) ecos#stems (B) ci&iliAations (C) sea (") people. ,1. (hich of the following could /B. be included under the Ifree public ser&icesI listed in lines $<,K (A) 5re&enting o&ergraAing b# domestic animals (B) 5ro&iding natural animals for harmful insects (C) Creating and enriching material for plant growth (") Suppl#ing air for breathing ,2. .he word Iad&ancedI in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) debated (B) ignored (C) pro&ed (") proposed ,3. .he author mentions the :editerranean region as an e0ample of (A) the abilit# of nature to remed# human destruction (B) the abilit# of people to make use of natural resources (C) the manner in which people replenish the en&ironment (") the effects or human abuse of natural resources ,4. .he author suggests that ci&iliAations can sur&i&e onl# if the# (A) greatl# e0pand scientific research (B) do not destro# the balance of natural processes (C) replant the forests in the :editerranean region (") in&ent new procedures to replace obsolete ecos#stems -6. .he author suggests that the difference between the ancient and the modern situation is that toda# the problem is (A) worldwide (B) better understood (C) more manageable (") economic