AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

MATS SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MATS UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Prepared By: - Mr. Kalpit P. Kaurase (Asst. Prof.)
Department of Aeronautical Engg,
MATS School of Engg & Tech,
MATS ni!ersit", #aipur
1

S. No. Name of the Experiments Page No.
1 STUDY OF SUBSONIC WIND TUNNE !
" FOW #ISU$I%$TION IN S&O'E TUNNE (
! STUDY OF SUPE)SONIC WIND TUNNE *
+
FOW #ISU$I%$TION USIN, W$TE) FOW C-$NNE
1!
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DETE)&IN$TION OF CO.EFFICIENT OF D)$, ON
-E&ISP-E)E
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DETE)&IN$TION OF CO.EFFICIENT OF D)$, ON )OUND
DISC
1*
*
DETE)&IN$TION OF C

$ND C
D
ON SY&&ET)IC$
$E)OFOI
10
1 DETE)&IN$TION OF C

$ND C
D
ON C$&BE)ED $E)OFOI ""
0
P)ESSU)E DIST)IBUTION O#E) $ S&OOT- CYINDE)
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12
P)ESSU)E DIST)IBUTION O#E) $ SY&&ET)IC$
$E)OFOI
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2
Exp.No-1 STUDY OF SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL
AIM
To st345 a6o3t the s36soni7 8in4 t3nne9 an4 o6ser:e the 7omponents of the same.
Standard Component
There are six ma;or 7omponents of a 8in4 t3nne9<
1. Fi9ter
". Sett9ing Cham6er
!. Contra7tion Cham6er
+. Test Se7tion
(. Diff3ser se7tion
/. Fan
F!"ter
Fi9ters are insta99e4 at the in9et se7tion of the t3r6ine 6efore sett9ing 7ham6er. $s the name s3ggests=
the5 are 3se4 to remo:e the 43st an4 sma99 4irt parti79es from the air. Dirt parti79es sho394 not enter
the s5stem 6e7a3se it 7a3ses 3n4esire4 t3r639en7e in the f9o8.
Sett"!n# C$am%er
$ir 79eane4 thro3gh the fi9ter enters the sett99ing 7ham6er. &ain p3rpose of ssett9ing 7ham6er is to
straighten the f9o8. T3r639en7e from sett9ing 7ham6er is transfere4 to test se7tion 8hi7h is ne:er
4esira69e as it 7an res39t in 3n4esire4 for7es experien7e4 in test se7tion. For 6etter sim39ation of
experimenta9 7on4itions= t3r639en7e sho394 6e >ept to mimim3m. Sett9ing 7ham6er se7tion genera995
7onsist of hone57om6 an4 8ire mesh s7reens. These ai4 in smoothing the f9o8. Sett9ing 7ham6er
sho394 6e 4esigne4 9ong eno3gh to a77omo4ate hone57om6 an4 mesh s7reens at appropriate
inter:a9s. $9so 9onger 9ength of sett9ing 7ham6er he9ps in >i99ing t3r639en75. $ :er5 9ong sett9ing
7ham6er ma5 res39t in 6o3n4ar5 9a5er separation.
&one'(om%
-one57om6 is 6asi7a995 a 8i4er mesh 8ith signifi7ant 7e99 9ength in f9o8 4ire7tion. O3t of the 7ross.
se7tion 7hoi7es of s?3are= 7ir739ar an4 hexagona9= 9ater is genera995 the preferre4 7hoi7e. -one57om6
re437es the 9arger e44ies an4 9atera9 t3r639en7e of the f9o8.The5 a9so re437es the 7ross f9o8
7omponent.
3
S(reen
S7reens are 8ire meshes are insta99e4 to re437e the mean f9o8 non3niformities an4 f937t3ations of
the f9o8. The5 a9so remo:e 9arger e44ies an4 7ross f9o8 7omponents simi9ar to hone57om6.
Contra(t!on C$am%er
Contra7tion is the ma;or part of a 8in4 t3nne9 6e7a3se this se7tion 4e7i4es the f9o8 properties in the
test se7tion. $rea of 7ontra7tion 7ham6er 4e7reases gra43a995 a9ong the 9ength. Contra7tion area ratio
is the sing9e most important fa7tor that 4e7i4es the f9o8 3niformit5= possi69it5 of f9o8 seperation an4
f9o8 spee4 in the test se7tion. For 8in4 t3nne9 4esigning= 7ontra7tion area ratio is 7hosen so as to
a:oi4 the f9o8 separation 6e7a3se this 4e7reases the effe7ti:e area a:ai9a69e for testing. Contra7tion
7ham6er 9ength is >ept s3ffi7ient 9ong to minimi@e 6o3n4ar5 9a5er separation at the exit.
Tet Se(t!on
This part of the 8in4 t3nne9 is 3se4 for 7arr5ing o3t experiements or sim39ating experimenta9
7on4itions. In this se7tion= f9o8 is a9most 9ongit34ina9 8ith neg9igi69e 9atera9 7omponents. Ea7h 8in4
t3nne9 has a 9imit on maxim3m f9o8 :e9o7it5. The 8ho9e 8in4 t3nne9 is 4esigne4 6ase4 on the test
se7tion area= test se7tion 9ength an4 maxim3m f9o8 spee4 4esire4.
D!))*er
This se7tion is 4esigne4 to re7o:er the stati7 press3re that o773rs from entr5 of 7ontra7tion 7ham6er
to exit of test se7tion. To a7hie:e this= the area of 4iff3ser in7reases gra43a995 a9ong the 9ength. $
9ong 4iff3ser se7tion res39ts in more press3re 9oss 43e to :is7o3s effe7ts. The re7o:er5 of stati7
press3re from >ineti7 energ5 re437es the po8er re?3ire4 to 4ri:e the 8in4 t3nne9.
Fan
$xia9 or ra4ia9 fans 7an 6e 3se4 to po8er the 8in4 t3nne9s. ,enera995 axia9 fans are preferre4
6e7a3se the5 pro437e stati7 press3re rise 8ith no signifi7ant 7hange in axia9 :e9o7it5.
RESULT
B5 theor5 an4 o6ser:ation the st345 of a 9o8 spee4 s36soni7 8in4 t3nne9 8as st34ie4.
E+,.NO-- FLOW .ISUALI/ATION IN SMO0E TUNNEL
4
AIM
This experiment is 4esigne4 to
1. gi:e 5o3 han4s on experien7e of the smo>e f9o8 :is3a9i@ation te7hni?3e= an4
". pro:i4e 5o3 8ith an opport3nit5 to 3se this te7hni?3e to st345 se:era9 8in4 t3nne9 f9o8s
T&EORY
$ero45nami7ists 3se 8in4 t3nne9s to test mo4e9s of propose4 air7raft an4 engine
7omponents. D3ring a test= the mo4e9 is p9a7e4 in the test se7tion of the t3nne9 an4 air is ma4e to
f9o8 past the mo4e9. In some 8in4 t3nne9 tests= the aero45nami7 for7es on the mo4e9 are meas3re4.
In some 8in4 t3nne9 tests= the mo4e9 is instr3mente4 to pro:i4e 4iagnosti7 information a6o3t the
f9o8 of air aro3n4 the mo4e9. In some 8in4 t3nne9 tests= f9o8 :is3a9i@ation te7hni?3es are 3se4 to
pro:i4e 4iagnosti7 information a6o3t the f9o8 aro3n4 the mo4e9. T8o of the o94est f9o8
:is3a9i@ation te7hni?3es are the 3se of smo>e an4 t3fting.
Smo>e is 3se4 to :is3a9i@e the f9o8 that is a8a5 from the s3rfa7e of the mo4e9. Smo>e 7an
6e 3se4 to 4ete7t :orti7es an4 regions of separate4 f9o8. On the fig3re= smo>e has 6een intro437e4 at
the 7orner of the f3se9age an4 9ea4ing e4ge extension AEBC to :is3a9i@e the :ortex generate4 65 the
EB at ang9e of atta7>. Smo>e has the a4:antage that is re9ati:e95 inexpensi:e to pro437e. Smo>e
7an 6e in;e7te4 from the s3rfa7e or 4isperse4 8ith a ho99o8 8an4 that 7an 6e mo:e4 thro3gh the
f9o8 fie94. The 4isa4:antage of smo>e is that it 4oes not 8or> 8e99 at higher spee4s Agreater than
D!22 mphC= the smo>e m3st 6e intro437e4 at the proper 9o7ation 8itho3t a9tering the f9o8= an4 the
smo>e 7an 9ea:e a resi43e in the t3nne9 or on the mo4e9= 4epen4ing on the t5pe of smo>e emp9o5e4.
Chemi7a9 metho4s for pro437ing smo>e in7934e titani3m tetra7h9ori4e an4 tin tetra7h9ori4e
8hi7h re.a7t 8ith 4amp air. -o8e:er= 6oth materia9s are 7orrosi:e. $nh54ro3s ammonia an4
h54rogen s39fi4e pro437e smo>e= 63t the5 a9so pro437e o4ors an4= 8ith 4amp air= s39f3ri7 a7i4.
Steam an4 9i?3i4 notrogen pro437e 4ense smo>e 8ith no i99 effe7ts. ight oi9s 7an a9so 6e 63rne4 to
pro437e smo>e 8ith some resi43e.
A,,ARATUS RE1UIRED
Smo>e t3nne9
Different mo4e9s
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
The for7e in4i7ators are set to @ero
The gi:en mo4e9 is fixe4 3sing :e9o7it5 string an4 is 9o7>e4
&o4e9s are >ept in the test se7tion an4 the f9o8 pattern aro3n4 the mo4e9s is ma4e :isi69e 65
smo>e. The 8in4 t3nne9 test se7tion is 8e99 arrange4 for the st345 of rea9 f9o8 aro3n4 the
5
three 4imensiona9 o6;e7ts. This t5pe of f9o8 :is3a9i@ation te7hni?3e is 3se4 to st345 the
effe7t of shape an4 mo4e9 8hen >ept in a stream9ine f9o8. The fo99o8ing mo4e9s are 3se4 for
f9o8 :is3a9i@ation
Cir739ar 759in4er
S5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9
Cam6ere4 aerofoi9
RESULT
Th3s the f9o8 o:er the 4ifferent mo4e9s has 6een :is3a9i@e4 3sing smo>e t3nne9.
Exp.No-2 STUDY OF SU,ERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
6
AIM
To st345 a6o3t the s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9
INTRODUCTION
$ s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9 is a 8in4 t3nne9 that pro437es s3personi7 spee4s
A1."E&E(C The &a7h n3m6er an4 f9o8 are 4etermine4 65 the no@@9e geometr5. The )e5no94s
n3m6er is :arie4 7hanging the 4ensit5 9e:e9 Apress3re in the sett9ing 7ham6erC. Therefore a high
press3re ratio is re?3ire4 Afor a s3personi7 regime at &F+= this ratio is of the or4er of 12C. $part
from that= 7on4ensation or 9i?3efa7tion 7an o773r. This means that a s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9 nee4s a
4r5ing or a pre.heating fa7i9it5.$ s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9 has a 9arge po8er 4eman4 9ea4ing to on95
intermittent operation
,OWER RE1UIREMENTS
The po8er re?3ire4 to r3n a s3personi7 8in4t3nne9 is enormo3s= of the or4er of (2 &W per s?3are
meter of test se7tion. For this reason most 8in4 t3nne9s operate intermittent95 3sing energ5 store4 in
high.press3re tan>s. These 8in4t3nne9s are a9so 7a99e4 intermittent s3personi7 69o84o8n 8in4
t3nne9s Aof 8hi7h a s7hemati7 pre:ie8 is gi:en 6e9o8C. $nother 8a5 of a7hie:ing the h3ge po8er
o3tp3t is 8ith the 3se of a :a733m storage tan>. These t3nne9s are 7a99e4 in4raft s3personi7 8in4
t3nne9s.Other pro69ems operating a s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9 in7934e<
Geno3gh s3pp95 of 4r5 air
G8a99 interferen7e effe7ts
Gfast instr3ments nee4e4 for intermittent meas3rements
T3nne9s s37h as a 348ieg t36e ha:e short test times A3s3a995 9ess than one se7on4C= re9ati:e95 high
)e5no94s n3m6er= an4 9o8 po8er re?3irements
O,ERATION
$ s7hemati7 of the s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9 is sho8n in fig3re. Compresse4 4r5 air is p3mpe4
into a storage tan>s 8ith a tota9 :o93me of a6o3t !(2 736i7 feet. These tan>s ho94 the 9arge amo3nt
of air that is ne7essar5 for r3ns of an5 3sef39 43ration= as the mass f9o8 thro3gh the t3nne9 is ?3ite
9arge. The air passes thro3gh se:era9 :a9:es an4 is reg39ate4 4o8n to the press3re 4esire4. The
reg39ate4 f9o8 then passes thro3gh a :a9:e= 8hi7h 7an 6e opene4 :er5 rapi495= an4 into the sti99ing or
p9en3m 7ham6er= 8here the t3r639en7e from the pipe f9o8 is re437e4. Be7a3se the :e9o7it5 of the
f9o8 in the p9en3m 7ham6er is :er5 sma99= the stati7 an4 tota9 :a93es in the p9en3m 7ham6er are
near95 e?3a9. -ere the5 8i99 6e assume$ to 6e e?3a9.
The f9o8 7on:erges to the first throat 8here it rea7hes the soni7 7on4ition. The f9o8 f3rther
expan4s an4 a77e9erates s3personi7a995 thro3gh the 4i:erging no@@9e 3nti9 it rea7hes the test se7tion=
a region of 7onstant area. In the test se7tion= the f9o8 is at a uniform :e9o7it5. $s the air expan4s
6ehin4 the first throat= the stati7 temperat3re 4e7reases 7onsi4era695. This is 8h5 the air m3st 6e
4r5. If it 8ere not= the 4e8 point 8o394 6e ?3i7>95 rea7he4 an4 a 7on4ensation sho7> 8o394 form at
the point 8here the temperat3re 4roppe4 6e9o8 the 7riti7a9 :a93e. The f9o8 thro3gh the 4i:erging
no@@9e is near95 isentropi7 43e to the shape of the no@@9e 69o7>. This shape ma5 6e 7omp3te4 65
3sing the metho4 of 7hara7teristi7s.
7
$s the f9o8 a77e9erates s3personi7a995 4o8n the no@@9e it en7o3nters the mo4e9. The mo4e9
is 9o7ate4 in the test se7tion so that the air is f9o8ing at a 3niform spee4 as it rea7hes the mo4e9. $
series of sho7> 8a:es an4 expansion fans 8i99 6e forme4 43e to the 4ist3r6an7e of the airf9o8 65 the
mo4e9. These sho7> 8a:es an4 expansion fans are :ie8e4 3sing a s7h9ieren s5stem.
Imme4iate95 6ehin4 the test se7tion is the se7on4 throat. The f9o8 is 7ompresse4 an4
4e7e9erate4 as the throat ne7>s 4o8n. The 7enter f9o8 4oes not 4e7e9erate to & F 1= ho8e:er.
Behin4 the se7on4 throat= the f9o8 starts to expan4 an4 a77e9erate. -o8e:er= sin7e tota9 press3re has
6een 9ost 6e7a3se of sho7>s in the test se7tion= the f9o8 7annot a77e9erate for 9ong. $ norma9 sho7>
forms some8here in the 4i:erging portion after the se7on4 throat. The f9o8 is s36soni7 6ehin4 the
norma9 sho7>= 8hi7h is 8hat is 4esire4. The p3rpose of the se7on4 throat is to 7ontro9 the position of
the norma9 sho7>= so that it is 4o8nstream of the test se7tion= an4 as 8ea> as possi69e. The 4iff3ser
4o8nstream of the se7on4 throat re437es the 9osses= so that 9ess tota9 press3re is re?3ire4 to r3n the
t3nne9. In o3r 7ase of a H69o8 4o8nH t3nne9= 9onger r3ns are then permitte4.
Sma99 press3re taps are 9o7ate4 a9ong the 8a99s of the no@@9e an4 on the mo4e9s. This a99o8s
the stati7 press3re a9ong the no@@9e an4 mo4e9s to 6e meas3re4.
T$e S($"!eren S'tem
$ s7h9ieren photographi7 s5stem is 3se4 to o6ser:e an4 photograph sho7> 8a:es in the
s3personi7 t3nne9. The s7h9ieren s5stem is an opti7a9 metho4 for 9o7ating sho7> 8a:es= expansion
fans= an4 other regions of si@ea69e 4ensit5 gra4ients. In the experiment= it 8i99 6e 3se4 to meas3re
the o69i?3e sho7> ang9e= = on a 8e4ge.
$ top.:ie8 s7hemati7 of the s7h9ieren s5stem is sho8n in Fig3re /. The >nife e4ge is 9o7ate4
at the so3r7e image an4 a 7amera is fo73se4 on the test se7tion. With no f9o8 thro3gh the test se7tion
the image of the 9ight so3r7e is a9igne4 so the 9ight goes e:en95 past the >nife e4ge gi:ing a 3niform
image. When f9o8 is starte4 in the 8in4 t3nne9= regions of rapi4 4ensit5 7hanges Asho7> 8a:es=
expansion fans= et7.C 6en4 the 9ight ra5s so that some ra5s no 9ong go thro3gh. The sho7> 8a:es et7.
sho8 3p as :ariations in 6rightness.
S*peron!( F"o3 T$ro*#$ No44"e
Fig3re sho8s the f9o8 thro3gh a 7on:erging.4i:erging no@@9e. $ss3me that the press3re
4ifferen7e 6et8een )egion I an4 )egion II is great eno3gh that the f9o8 in )egion I is s36soni7 an4
the f9o8 in )egion II is s3personi7. Tota9 ?3antities in the f9o8 are 4esignate4 65 the s36s7ript HoH.
The position a9ong the no@@9e 8ith the sma99est area is 7a99e4 the throat. Con4itions 8here the f9o8
is soni7 A& F 1C are 4enote4 8ith a HGH s3pers7ript.
From the 7ontin3it5= moment3m= an4 energ5 e?3ations an4 the perfe7t gas 9a8s the fo99o8ing
re9ationships 7an 6e fo3n4<
P
P
&
o
+

_
,

1
1
"
"
1

o
& +
+

_
,

1
1
"
"
1
1
T
T
&
o
+

1
1
"
"

$
$ &
&

_
,

+
+

_
,

1
]
1
"
"
"
1
1
1 "
1
1
1
"

8here
p F press3re at a parti739ar point a9ong no@@9e
F 4ensit5 at a parti739ar point a9ong no@@9e
T F temperat3re at a parti739ar point a9ong no@@9e
& F &a7h n3m6er at a parti739ar point a9ong no@@9e
$ F area at a parti739ar point a9ong no@@9e
F ratio of spe7ifi7 heats
Retr!(t!on )or *peron!( t*nne" operat!on
M!n!m*m re5*!red pre*re rat!o
Optimisti7 estimate< Press3re ratio the tota9 press3re ratio o:er norma9 sho7> at & in test se7tion<
Temperat*re e))e(t6 (ondenat!on
Temperat3re in the test se7tion<
8ith T
t
F !!2'< T
m
F *2' at M
m
F +
The &a7h range is 9imite4 65 reser:oir temperat3re
9
RESULT6
Th3s the theor5 a6o3t the s3personi7 8in4 t3nne9 8as st34ie4.
10
Schematic of Supersonic Wind Tunnel
11
Schematic of a schlieren System
12
Exp.No-7 FLOW .ISUALI/ATION USIN8 WATER FLOW
C&ANNEL
AIM
To :is3a9i@e the f9o8 o:er the t8o 4imensiona9 o6;e7ts 3sing 8ater f9o8 7hanne9.
T&EORY
F9o8 :is3a9i@ation is the st345 of metho4s to 4isp9a5 45nami7 6eha:ior in 9i?3i4s an4 gases.
The fie94 4ates 6a7> at 9east to the mi4.1+22Is= 8here eonar4o Da #in7i s>et7he4 images of fine
parti79es of san4 an4 8oo4 sha:ings 8hi7h ha4 6een 4roppe4 into f9o8ing 9i?3i4s. Sin7e then=
9a6orator5 f9o8 :is3a9i@ation has 6e7ome more an4 more exa7t= 8ith 7aref39 7ontro9 of the
parti739ate si@e an4 4istri63tion. $4:an7es in photograph5 has a9so he9pe4 exten4 o3r 3n4erstan4ing
of ho8 f93i4s f9o8 3n4er :ario3s 7ir73mstan7es.
&ore re7ent95= 7omp3tationa9 f93i4 45nami7s ACFDC has exten4e4 the a6i9ities of s7ientists to
st345 f9o8 65 7reating sim39ations of 45nami7 6eha:ior of f93i4s 3n4er a 8i4e range of 7on4itions.
The res39t of this ana95sis is 3s3a995 a ".D or !.D gri4 of :e9o7it5 :e7tors= 8hi7h ma5 6e 3niform95
or non.3niform95 spa7e4. The goa9 is then to ana95@e this :e7tor fie94 to i4entif5 feat3res s37h as
t3r639en7e= :orti7es= an4 other forms of str37t3re.
There are se:era9 :ariations on the str37t3re of the fie94 4ata 8hi7h is generate4 65 these
experiments. $ stati7 fie94 is one in 8hi7h there is on95 a sing9e= 3n7hanging :e9o7it5 fie94. Time.
:ar5ing fie94s ma5 either ha:e fixe4 positions 8ith 7hanging :e7tor :a93es or 6oth 7hanging
positions an4 7hanging :e7tors Afor examp9e= 8hen mo4e9ing rotating t3r6ine 69a4es or pit7hing
airfoi9sC. These 9atter t5pes are refere4 to as 3nstea45
DEFINITIONS
,at$"!ne6
The tra;e7tor5 of a parti79e re9ease4 into a f9o8 fie94J ass3mes m39tip9e time
instants. In experimenta9 :is3a9i@ation= this 7an 6e a7hie:e4 65 9ong.term fi9m expos3re.
Strea9"!ne6
Sim39taneo3s positions of a set of parti79es 7ontin3o3s95 re9ease4 from one or
more 9o7ations.
T!me"!ne6
Position at an instant of time of a 6at7h of parti79es 8hi7h ha4 6een re9ease4
sim39taneo3s95.
Stream"!ne6
$ 9ine thro3gh the :e9o7it5 fie94 8hi7h is tangent to the :e9o7it5 fie94 at e:er5 point.
Stead' F"o36
$ f9o8 fie94 8hi7h 4oes not 7hange 8ith time. For stea45 f9o8= strea>9ines=
path9ines= an4 stream9ines 7oin7i4e.
,art!("e Ad:e(t!on6
Comp3ting the motion of parti79es thro3gh a f9o8 fie94.
.ort!(!t'6
13
The 73r9 of the :e9o7it5 fie94= gi:ing the magnit34e an4 4ire7tion of ang39ar
:e9o7it5 for ea7h parti79e in the :e9o7it5 fie94.
A,,ARATUS RE1UIRED
Water f9o8 7hanne9
Different mo4e9s
,ROCEDURE
T8o 4imensiona9 mo4e9s are >ept in the test se7tion an4 the f9o8 pattern aro3n4 the mo4e9s is
ma4e :isi69e 65 sprin>9ing a93mini3m po84er or 7ha9> po84er. The 8ater f9o8 7hanne9 is 8e99
sit3ate4 for the st345 of rea9 f9o8 aro3n4 the t8o 4imensiona9 o6;e7ts. This t5pe of f9o8
:is3a9i@ation te7hni?3e is 3se4 to st345 the effe7t of shape an4 mo4e9 8hen >ept in a
stream9ine f9o8. The fo99o8ing mo4e9s are 3se4 for f9o8 :is3a9i@ation
Cir739ar 759in4er
S?3are prism
Triang39ar prism
Cam6ere4 aerofoi9
RESULT
Th3s the f9o8 o:er the 4ifferent mo4e9s has 6een :is3a9i@e4 3sing the 8ater f9o8 7hanne9.
14
Exp.No-; DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF
DRA8 ON &EMIS,&ERE
AIM
To 4etermine the 7oeffi7ient of 4rag on the gi:en hemisphere mo4e9.
A,,ARTUS RE1UIRED
Win4 t3nne9 set3p
&o4e9
FORMULAE USED
"DFC
4
GG:
"G
S
C
4
F"DK:
"
S
Where
D4rag for7e
C
4
7o.effi7ient of 4rag
Densit5 of air at sea 9e:e9 A1.""( 'gKm
!
C
: :e9o7it5 of air
S s3rfa7e area of mo4e9 Ain m
"
C
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
Fix the gi:en mo4e9 :erti7a995 3sing string an4 9o7> it.
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the 8in4 t3nne9 set 3p.
Set the for7e in4i7ators to @ero.
Set the air :e9o7it5 to a gi:en :a93e.
Note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es 8hi7h are in4i7ate4 in the 4isp9a5
15
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities an4 note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing
for7es
RESULT6
The 4rag 7o.effi7ient of the gi:en hemisphere is fo3n4.
Co.effi7ient of 4rag of the gi:en mo4e9FLLLLLLL
T$BU$TION
S9.no
#e9o7it5 of air
Ain mKsC
ift for7e
A'gC
Drag for7e Co.effi7ient
of 4rag
AC
4C in 'g in N
1
"
!
+
(
&ean C
4
F LLLLLLLLLLLL
16
Exp.No-< DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF
DRA8 ON ROUND DISC
AIM
To 4etermine the 7oeffi7ient of 4rag on the gi:en ro3n4 4is7 mo4e9.
A,,ARTUS RE1UIRED
Win4 t3nne9 set3p
&o4e9 A)o3n4 4is7C
FORMULAE USED
"DFC
4
GG:
"G
S
C
4
F"DK:
"
S
Where
D4rag for7e
C
4
7o.effi7ient of 4rag
Densit5 of air at sea 9e:e9 A1.""( 'gKm
!
C
: :e9o7it5 of air
S s3rfa7e area of mo4e9 Ain m
"
C
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
Fix the gi:en mo4e9 :erti7a995 3sing string an4 9o7> it.
17
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the 8in4 t3nne9 set 3p.
Set the for7e in4i7ators to @ero.
Set the air :e9o7it5 to a gi:en :a93e.
Note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es 8hi7h are in4i7ate4 in the 4isp9a5
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities an4 note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing
for7es
RESULT6
The 4rag 7o.effi7ient of the gi:en ro3n4 4is7 is fo3n4.
Co.effi7ient of 4rag of the gi:en mo4e9FLLLLLLL
T$BU$TION
S9.no
#e9o7it5 of air
Ain mKsC
ift for7e
A'gC
Drag for7e Co.effi7ient
of 4rag
AC
4C in 'g in N
1
"
!
+
(
&ean C
4
F LLLLLLLLLLLL
18
Exp.NO-= DETERMINATION OF C
L
AND C
D
ON
SYMMETRICAL AEROFOIL
AIM
To 4etermine the 7oeffi7ient of 4rag an4 the 7oeffi7ient of 9ift on the gi:en mo4e9
As5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9C
A,,ARTUS RE1UIRED
Win4 t3nne9 set3p
&o4e9 As5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9C
FORMULAE USED
"DFC
4
GG:
"G
S
Coeffi7ient of 4rag C
4
F"DK:
"
S
"FC

GG:
"G
S
Coeffi7ient of 9ift C

F"DK:
"
S
Where
19
D4rag for7e
Densit5 of air at sea 9e:e9 A1.""( 'gKm
!
C
: :e9o7it5 of air
S s3rfa7e area of mo4e9 Ain m
"
C
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
Fix the gi:en mo4e9 at a gi:en ang9e of atta7> 3sing string an4 9o7> it.
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the 8in4 t3nne9 set 3p.
Set the for7e in4i7ators to @ero.
Set the air :e9o7it5 to a gi:en :a93e.
Note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es 8hi7h are in4i7ate4 in the 4isp9a5
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
Change the ang9e of atta7> to the next gi:en :a93e.
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
20
RESULT6
The 4rag 7o.effi7ient an4 the 7o.effi7ient of 9ift of the gi:en s5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9 are fo3n4.
Co.effi7ient of 4rag of the gi:en mo4e9FLLLLLLL
Co.effi7ient of 9ift of the gi:en mo4e9FLLLLLLL
T$BU$TION
S9.no
$ng9e of
atta7
> Ain
4egr
eeC
#e9o7it5
of
air
Ain
mKs
C
ift for7e Drag for7e
Co.effi7ient
of 4rag
AC
4C
Co.effi7ient of
9ift
AC
C
'g N 'g N
1
21
"
!
+
(
&ean M C
4
F LLLLLLLLL C

FLLLLLLLLLLN
Exp.No-> DETERMINATION OF C
L
AND C
D
ON
CAMBERED AEROFOIL
AIM
To 4etermine the 7oeffi7ient of 4rag an4 the 7oeffi7ient of 9ift on the gi:en mo4e9 A7am6ere4
aerofoi9C
A,,ARTUS RE1UIRED
Win4 t3nne9 set3p
22
&o4e9 A7am6ere4 aerofoi9C
FORMULAE USED
"DFC
4
GG:
"G
S
Coeffi7ient of 4rag C
4
F"DK:
"
S
"FC

GG:
"G
S
Coeffi7ient of 9ift C

F"DK:
"
S
Where
D4rag for7e
Densit5 of air at sea 9e:e9 A1.""( 'gKm
!
C
: :e9o7it5 of air
S s3rfa7e area of mo4e9 Ain m
"
C
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
Fix the gi:en mo4e9 at a gi:en ang9e of atta7> 3sing string an4 9o7> it.
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the 8in4 t3nne9 set 3p.
Set the for7e in4i7ators to @ero.
Set the air :e9o7it5 to a gi:en :a93e.
Note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es 8hi7h are in4i7ate4 in the 4isp9a5
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
Change the ang9e of atta7> to the next gi:en :a93e.
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
23
RESULT6
The 4rag 7o.effi7ient an4 the 7o.effi7ient of 9ift of the gi:en 7am6ere4 aerofoi9 are fo3n4.
Co.effi7ient of 4rag of the gi:en mo4e9FLLLLLLL
Co.effi7ient of 9ift of the gi:en mo4e9FLLLLLLL
T$BU$TION
24
S9.no
$ng9e of
atta7
> Ain
4egr
eeC
#e9o7it5
of
air
Ain
mKs
C
ift for7e Drag for7e
Co.effi7ient
of 4rag
AC
4C
Co.effi7ient of
9ift
AC
C
'g N 'g N
1
"
!
+
(
&ean M C
4
F LLLLLLLLL C

FLLLLLLLLLLN
25
Exp.NO-? ,RESSURE DISTRIBUTION O.ER A SMOOT&
CYLINDER
AIM
To 4etermine the press3re 4istri63tion o:er the gi:en 759in4er of smooth 7onto3r
A,,ARTUS RE1UIRED
Win4 t3nne9 set3p
Smooth 759in4er 8ith press3re taping
&39ti.6an> manometer
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
C9ean the mo4e9.
Fix the gi:en mo4e9 at a gi:en ang9e of atta7> 3sing string an4 9o7> it.
Conne7t the press3re tapings of the mo4e9 to the 7orrespon4ing point in the m39ti.6an>
manometer.
S8it7h on the 8in4 t3nne9 set 3p.
Set the for7e in4i7ators to @ero.
Set the air :e9o7it5 to a gi:en :a93e.
Note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es 8hi7h are in4i7ate4 in the 4isp9a5
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
Change the ang9e of atta7> to the next gi:en :a93e.
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
8RA,&
Press3re :ers3s position of press3re tapping on the 759in4er
26

)ESUT<
Th3s the press3re 4istri63tion o:er the smooth 759in4er 8as 4etermine4 an4 the graph 8as
p9otte4.
Exp.No-1@ ,RESSURE DISTRIBUTION O.ER A
SYMMETRICAL AEROFOIL
AIM
To 4etermine the press3re 4istri63tion o:er the gi:en s5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9 mo4e9.
A,,ARTUS RE1UIRED
Win4 t3nne9 set3p
s5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9 8ith press3re tapping
&39ti.6an> manometer
,ROCEDURE
Che7> the three phase po8er s3pp95
S8it7h on the three phase po8er s3pp95
C9ean the mo4e9.
Fix the gi:en mo4e9 at a gi:en ang9e of atta7> 3sing string an4 9o7> it.
Conne7t the press3re tapings of the mo4e9 to the 7orrespon4ing point in the m39ti.6an>
manometer.
S8it7h on the 8in4 t3nne9 set 3p.
Set the for7e in4i7ators to @ero.
Set the air :e9o7it5 to a gi:en :a93e.
Note 4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es 8hi7h are in4i7ate4 in the 4isp9a5
27
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
Change the ang9e of atta7> to the next gi:en :a93e.
)epeat the same pro7e43re for the 4ifferent :e9o7ities at the same ang9e of atta7> an4 note
4o8n the 7orrespon4ing for7es for 4ifferent :e9o7ities.
8RA,&
Press3re :ers3s position of press3re taping on the s5mmetri7a9 airfoi9.

)ESUT<
Th3s the press3re 4istri63tion o:er the s5mmetri7a9 aerofoi9 8as 4etermine4 an4 the graph 8as
p9otte4.
28
8rap$6
29
The press3re 7oeffi7ient Cp on the s3rfa7e of a 7ir739ar 759in4er in a 3niform f9o8.
F9o8 o:er a 759in4er
30