:V b E A

RNul,No, F,,,ff=l,N Ei
generally expand when heat is absorbed; and contract

en

, liquids and gases heat is given out.

Gases

and solids.

expand or contract the most when heated or cooled, followed by liquids

Different

or contraction of solids, liquids and gases incrudes the ti n j; y t9",so.i"s ;l;;;. ;;;';,.: ffi L:' :i",.'l'J; H:?_,f Li l: at "h" witt that is heated its merting ..rv "r-,\-,!,fL pornt vyrrr s.r\F,qrrLJ expand orrLr uguomgs a llqul o While this is generally true, there is an important ""u-0""o--lr-Jli""ra. exception for water. Water actually expands when it coors from 4 .c io 0 .c. This'lnrrr"r property of water explains why ice floats on water instead of sinking to the bottom. e effects of thermal, expansion v/\l.',qrrorLrtt qttLr and uullLlatul.lon contraction arg are lls listed sreq petow: below: Railway tracks are bent due to the thermal expansion o of the steel rails on a very hot day

and cooled. The expansion

solids, liquids and gases expand or contract

ifferently when heated

l;

#:::
L

- -.-,..v

To

calculations need to be made to determine wr,at tlre maiimum possible that it will not pose a danger. I Land and sea breezes r During the night, the sea is hotter than the land. Hence the air above the sea rises. The cool air from the land comes in and replaces the hot air that rises from the sea. This movement of air is known breeze. o During the day, the land is hotter than ""-lrna the sea. Hence the air above the land rises' The cool air from the sea comes in and replaces the hot air that rises from the tand. This movement of air is known ;;; breeze. ln addition, the effects of thermal expansion ";; and contraction can be used to our advantage in our daily lives.
sag is, such

0verheat telephone lines and power cables sag on a hot day

overcome this, gaps have to be incorporated into the tracks.

A hot rivet is inserted through hores in two metar prates. The open end of the rivet is hammered to form a new rivet head. wh"n the hot rivet coors down, it contracts and hords the two metar prates together. 0 Fixing an axle to a wheel o The axle of a wheel is cooled such that it contracts and become smaller. lt is then fitted into the wheel. when it is warmed, it expands and fits tightly with the wheel. t Thermometer o The expansion and contraction of mercury in a mercury-in-glass thermometer is commonly used for measuring temperature. > The thermometer is praced in contact with the object to be measured. The temperature wiil then be indicated on a scare that depends on the length of the mercury, which in turn depends on the expansion or contraction of the mercury.

Riveting

ErrEcrs

'
.

Thermostat

Irlff;,ffi"j3ilHl"vice

A thermostat can be made from brass and iron joined together two different pieces of metars, such as lengthwise. This is known strip. ,l , bimetallic

that can be used to keep the temperature oran

t,

':n?: ks n p p icatio n of th rm t i=t:n ^"_!rj,!yr!,t11 expansion.,, jil;.j ;;;::":,:::' :"' ::f :: *-:;:,":-:1:l':^ {r an application of An appliiatiion of thermal ":o'r': lhe_rm"l.
c
is. a a
t

"Tpansion. human beings in general.

expansion needs to be

us

';?flzzi.:.rand more than

sotids and

tiquids

because they are befter cond,

Gases are actuaty poorer conductors_of liquids' The reason *t,v g"r;"-Jr;nd heat as compared to sorids and

li:gT:$"1"r"r^":::_:i:-f,3.;;ve those or sorids riq,iJ". ##;?"":l,l'#:ff:.ntffi:,Tsil:lJ rapidly away from "nothe source Jt-tif i"",, causing it to expand.

il;

more .t,"" ..iii, and riquids is br about at high speed as enryrn.r6,,

-To ttct or

"

open a ilghtty scywed iam jar with a mebr rid, we can either coot the stass jar._ o.in heat the iZti.,js witt be just as easv.,, than coorinb the qtass iar T b e ca u s e m eta s ffii,*r"tl"*r:.::g,ytiiT'.:^"Iv"[" rj;$ "".i", s e n e ra v e' p- ; ;i not to touch the hot metal il:"ff . Jl'i i;"i"'?il.:x'.i f iO *iif, Voui O"r" handsl
r

rr

;;

iil

Hprecrs

clF H Eny

TJC U

Iffi

n A: Multiple-choice Ouestions
I question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the most appropriate and write its letter in the brackets prorided.
objects expand, expand,
the same

contract

".rr*

wh":t"Tff::,
D
expand contract, contract

when cooled.

m temperatu re),
A

amount of heat is supplied to the following objects (which are all at which of it will expand the least?

lron

Oxygen

B D

Water Carbon dioxide

the temperature of an object measured by a mercury thermometer? ABv observing the length of the mercury in the thermometer BBv observing the time the mercury takls to traver in the thermometer cBv observing the colour change in the thermometer DBv observing the pressure exerted by the mercury (
,How is

diagram below shows a liquid at room temperature in a round-bottomed Which of the following actions will result in the water level in the tube falling ?
e
sk.

Tube

Round-bottomed flask

A
B

c
D

Heating the flask

Holding the flask in your hands Moving the setup into a refrigerator

Placing the setup into a basin

of hot water

with a Bunsen burner

ErrEcrs

5.

Which of the foilowing is not an apprication of the effects of heat? A Riveting B Fixing the axle of a wheel lVleasuring temperature with a thermometer 9 D The bending of 'rails due to thermat expansion Thermostats work by.

6.

I B C D
7.

using a bimetallic strip measuring the temperature breaking the circuit when the temperature is too hot or cold expanding when it is hot and contracting when it is cold

1l

Where are bimetallic strips found? (l) Fire alarms (lt1 Air conditioners (lll) Convectional ovens (lV1 lndicator lights in a car A
B

c
D

I and lV only ll and lll only l,lll and lV only All of the above

8.

The diagram below shows an inverted flask containing air. A tube is placed the flask and,then placed in a beaker of water as shown.
lnverted flask

Tu

be

Beaker

what will be observed if ice is placed in contact with the bottom of the flask? A Nothing wiil be observed. B The water level in the tube will drop. C The water level in the tube will rise. D Bubbles will be formed in the water.

Given

that Metal A expands more than Metal B, which of the following circuit

diagrams correctly shows the their usage in a fire alarm?

Metal

Contact

Contact

Contact

A plastic bottle completely

freezer.The next day, the bottle was found

The bottle cracked because of

filled with water was capped and placed in the to be cracked.

A B C D

the contraction of the plastic bottle the expansion of the plastic bottle the contraction of water upon freezing the expansion of water upon freezing

How does the volume and density

of a gas change upon heating?

A
B

Volume lncreases
Decreases

c
D

lncreases
Decreases

Density lncreases lncreases Decreases Decreases

[,, A l
t

How is an axle fitted into a wheel?

B C D

The axle is first heated and inserted into the hub of the wheel. The axle is first cooled and then inserted into the hub of the wheel. The axle and wheel are heated and then inserted into each other' The axle and wheel are cooled and then inserted into each other'

rrEsrs

13. The following shows the length of four different metals before and after
Metal A Metal

heating,

Original length
H e a te

ffi
tl:l:l:l=-=-:l:r:l:l:l:l=-:--:l:l:j:l:l:li:lJ

Original lensth
Heated length

ffi Metal
D

engt

Metal

ungrnar rengtn
Heated

ffi length ffi

m

Original length
Heated length

W
:

Which metal has the greatest expansion upon heating?

A C

Metal A Metal C

B D

Metal Metal

14. Liquid X, Liquid

Y and Liquid Z are placed in a hot water bath.

LiquidX LiquidY

LiquadZ

lnitial level of liquids

Hot water bath

Which of the following statements regarding the liquids is true?

A B C D

LiquidY expanded more than Liquid X but less than Liquid Z. All of the liquids expanded. Liquid Z is actually Liquid X. They all expanded by the same amount.

nF H Eer

n does a sea breeze occur?

sea breeze occu rs

during the night because of the air blowing from the sea during the day because of the air blowing irom land because the land is warmer than the sea in the day because the sea is warmer than the land in the night
0bject Z has a melting point
the
rA
B

c
D

of 200 oc and a boiling point of 250 following situations does ObjectZ have the gr"-rt"st density? Object Z at 249 oC Object Z at S0 'C Object Z at 300 "C Object Z at 180 "C

ln which of

Errecrs

Section B: Short-answer
1.

Ouestions

write your answers in the spaces provided.

The following shows a bimetallic strip made up of two different metals at temperature and when heated.

Metal X

MetalY When heated

(a)

Based on the observations, suggest

material for Metal X and Metaly

(bl

Explain the principle behind the operation of a bimetallic strip.

(cl

lf the bimetallic strip is cooled, draw in the space below what you will expect to see.

(dl

Give two uses of bimetallic strips.

Errecrs

Explain the

following observations: on bridges along the expressways.

(al

Gaps are found

(b)

Telephone lines are installed with some slack instead of being taut.

(cl

A test tube that has just been heated cracks when placed under cold water.

(a) What

is the principle behind the operation of a mercury thermometer?

(b) A mercury thermometer has its markings worn off after many years of use.
When it is placed in ice, its length is 3 cm long. When it is placed in steam, the length is 15 cm long. lf it is placed in a liquid and the length is 9 cm, what is the temperature of the liquid?

(cl

What is the assumption made in your calculation in (b)?

HrrEcrs r:F Hear

(d)

Mercury is poisonous and can be lethal if ingested. Given this fact, why solids not used in place of mercu rY?

are

4.

Refer to the diagram below

to answer the following questions.

Round-bottomed flask

(al

When the flask is heated directly with a Bunsen burner, the water level the tube drops initially. Why?

in

(bl

After a while, the water level in the tube rises. Why?

(cl

What can be done such that the water level in the tube drops less initial

(d)

The liquid in the round-bottomed flask is replaced with a gas. The liquid the tube remains. What will happen now if the flask is heated with a Bu
burn er? Explain.

t).

rf,F H Eer

t
il

ion G:
la)

Free-response

I Structured

Ouestions

your answers

in the spaces provided.

Compare the effects of heat on solids, liquids and gases.

(b)

Based on your answer in (a), explain why liquids are commonly used in thermometers as opposed to solids.

(cl

What would the benefit of using

gas in a thermometer be? Explain.

2. (al

State and explain two undesirable effects of heat.

Ib)

State and explain two applications of effects of heat.

Errecrs EF Hear

3.

Describe an experiment to measure the amount of expansion of a gas when it is heated. Explain how you would use the results and experiment setup to measure temperature. lnclude a diagram of your experiment setup. (Hint:You do not need to measure the volume of the gas directly.)

Hrrecrs sF

enr

Tng,ilrsrfirssroilr oE'IIuAT
KEY
0

LEARNINtri FtrIINTS
form of energy.

Heat is a

Conduction The transmission of heat through a material from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature without any visible movement of the material. > A material that allows heat to flow through it quickly is known as a good conductor of heat; whereas a material that does not allow heat to flow through it quickly is known as an insulator of heat. e Convection > The transmission of heat through a fluid from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by the movement of the fluid itself. r Radiation > The transmission of heat through space from a body that emits heat and does not require any medium. lt can be transmitted through a vacuum. > This is done in the form of infra-red radiation (a type of electromagnetic radiation). > Shiny, silvery and smooth surfaces are poor emitters and absorbers'of heat. > Dull, black and rough surfaces are best emitters and absorbers of heat. Conduction, convection and radiation can be used to explain phenomenon and everyday applications such as: I The formation of sea or land breezes. 0 The use of insulators, such as plastics and wood for handles of cooking utensils; while metals are used for the base of them as they are good conductors of heat. 0 Vacuum flasks have a shiny, silvery and smooth surface.

lt moves from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperatu re. There are three ways by which heat can be transmitted:

>

TrunNrsMtssrcsN

C*

NuMlffi*

1,

$;

"Conduction only happens in solids.', Conduction occurs in liquids. However, the effects of convection are much ' greater than that of conduction in liquids. ln gases, however, conduction is usually neglected because the partictes of tnJ gases are far aparu hence they collide and transfer their energy less often thai that in solids and liquids.
"

lf

th-ere are

one."

two obiects, onty the hotter one will radiate heat towards the colder

All objects emit radiation except those that are at absolute zero (the lowest temperature possible, whereby the atoms/moiecutes do not move at all)' However, the overall direction of flow of heat is from that of higher temperature to that of the lower temperature.

"

Infra-red radiation is the only form of radiation.,, lnfra-red radiation happens to be the one that causes things to heat up. Besides this, there are other forms of radiation such as ultraviolet radiation and gamma radiation. ln fact, all the different parts of the electro."gn"ii.' spectrum such as radiowaves, visibre right, and microwaves, can be considered radiation as well.

TnaNsMtsstilr{

-B&ffi:TICG Q,U;#,CT|i $
Section A: Multiple-choice
For each question,

Ouestions

answer and write its letter

four suggested answers are given. Choose the most appropdate in the brackets provided.
(t)

1.

A silvery surface is the best (ll) surface is the worst

(uflu

of radiatior, while a dull black of radiation.

A
B

ref lecto r ref lecto r

a
a

ref lecto r
a

bso rbe r

c
D

bsorber
bso rbe r

ref lecto r
a

bsorber

2.

Which of the following is not a way by which heat is transferred?

A Conduction C Diffusion
13.
I

B D

Convection Radiation

i i
I

Convection occurs more readily in gases as compared to liquids. Which of the following statements best explains this?

i
I I

A B C D

Liquids are denser than gases. Liquids have particles that are more closely packed together compared to particles in gases. Gases expand more than liquids for the same rise in the temperature. Gases expand less than liquids for the same rise in temperature. (

ln
I

The following diagrams show pieces of wax on different positions of a metal rod. The metal rod is heated at one end as shown. ln which setup will the wax

melt first?
A
B

fi :
H-

wax

TnaNsMrsEitCIN

5.

of heat? Which of the following is not a good insulator

A B C D
6.

Air
Vacuum

Aluminium
Cork

The base of an electric iron is made of metal because A it is a good insulator of heat ' B it is a good conductor of heat C it is a good radiator of heat D it is a Poor radiator of heat is on the table. which is the Edward is seated at his desk. A cuP of hot water to him? fastest waY the heat in the cup can be transferred

7.

A B C D
8.

Conduction Convection Radiation amount of time All the methods of heat transfer will take the same

ln what forms of matter can convection occur?

(l) (ll) A B C D
9.

(lll)

Solids Liquids
Gases

I and ll onlY ll and lll onlY I and lll onlY

All of the above

Radiationisthetransferofheatfromoneplacetoanotherbymeansof
A
B

c
D

ultraviolet radiation visible radiation infra-red radiation gamma radiation

;1

Tnn NsMlSSlclN

trrF H Enr

A beaker of water is heated as shown. Which diagram best illustrates the convection cu rrentS in the beaker of water?
A B

fl$

Which of

the following is not an application of dull, black surfaces? in solar panels in cooling fins of refrigerators in vacuum flasks in radiators in cars

Dull black surfaces are

A B C D A B C D

used used used used

Heat is a

form of energy that is transferred from of of of of

high temperature to all directions high temperature to a region of lower temperature lower temperature to all directions lower temperature to a region of higher temperature

a a a a

region region region region

TmarusMrEiEircrN

difference in the setuPs 13. The following setups are placed under the sun. The only will the thermometer setup which ln is the surface of the container as indicated. register the highest reading after 30 minutes?
B

White

Shiny
black

Dull black

Silvery

14. How does the heat energy from the

Sun reach us on Earth?

A B G D

BY conduction BY convection BY radiation

BY

convection and radiation

true?

15. Which of the following statements regarding radiation is not

depends on The heat lost or gained by an object through radiation A

B

c
D

the temPerature of the object the surface area of the obiect the nature of the surface of the object the medium in which the radiation arrives or leaves

same 16. ln which of the substances will heat be transferred through the process(es)?

(l)
A C

(ll)

(lll)

Aluminium Water Nitrogen gas

I and ll onlY I and lll onlY

B D

ll and lll onlY All of the above

r:F t{ ner

ring the
e

(l)

formation of

(ll)
ruT
La nd

the land is hot and the sea is cold and this results in
breeze.

(Il

A B C D
The

Day Day

Sea
La nd

Night Nisht

Sea

diagram below shows the cross-section of a typical vacuum flask. A vacuum is found between the outer and inner walls of the flask.

Outer wall

lnner wall
Vacuum

The vacuum between

(t)

the walls of the flask helps to reduce heat transfer via

(il)
(il t)

Conduction Convection Radiation

lll only ll and lll only

B D

I and ll only All of the above.

TneNsMtsstclN

section B: short-answer o,uestions

write your answers in the spaces provided'
1.

Explain the following observations:

(a)

made of plastic or wood' Handles of pots and pans are usually

(b)

of metal' The base of pots and pans are usually made

(c)

in colour' Solar panels are usually painted black

2.(a)Classifythefollowinglistofitemsas'Goodconductorofheat'or'Good
insulator of heat''
copper gold, water, air, silver, Styrofoam, wood, vacuum,

Good conductor of heat

Good insulator of heat

(b) why is styrofoam packaging

i:

usually used to pack food?

ciF H Esr

The

following diagram shows the flow of air into and out of a box.

(al Draw on the diagram above, the position of a

result in the flow of air as shown.

candle in the box that will

(bl

What can you do to make this flow of air visible to the naked eye? lllustrate your answer in the diagram above if required.

(c)

Draw in the diagram below the convection currents formed in the solution when it is heated as shown.

.:

Bea

ker

Bunsen burner

TnaNsMrEisttf

4.

The diagram below shows two similar containers, A and B filled with water. of them has a dull black surfac, while the other one has a silvery surface.

E
(al
bases? Why?

E!::i:ii:iii!l
AB

lF!i!i:+i:!i:il

ls it important for containers A and B to use the same material for

(b)

Assuming the bases of A and B are made of the same material and the setup is placed in the Sun for 30 minutes, which thermometer will regi higher reading? Why?

(cl

Assume that both of the surfaces of A and B are dull black, but the base of A is made of styrofoam, while the base of B is made of aluminium. lf they are placed in the sun on a hot tarmac road for 30 minutes, which thermometer will register a higher reading? Why?

TnerusMtsstclN oF H Enr

n G: Free ResPonse t Structured Ouestions

your answers

in the sPaces provided.

conductioh, convection and radiation.

in the processes of Briefly explain how heat energy is transferred

,ll

.l

(b)

ThefigurebelowshowsaVacuumflaskfilledwithwater'Thesurfacesofthe
outer

ind inner walls are silvery'

Outer wall lnner wall

Vaccum Vacuum flask

energy lost? Explain your answer' Through which Process is most of the heat

TneNsMlsisloN

2.

(a)

to shown in the diagram below help How does a window like the one inside and outside of the house? reduce heat tra n sfe r between the

lnside of the house

Window Panes

Layer of air

Outside of the house

(b)

between the house and the roof How does the presence of the fibre the inside and outside of the hou help to reduce heat transfer between

Roof space Roof Fibre Ceiling

'l

TneNsMIssltsN r3F H Eer

F
F

I r i I

(c) A piece of ic'e is wrapped in wire gauze

and placed in a test tube.The test ice is seen to melt very slowly as shown.The the spot is heated at tube Explain. heated. is being tube the test although

h i

lce wrapped wrre gauze

(al Explain how the sea and land breezes are formed.
expla natioh, a diagram showing the

Include in your flow of air in each case.

(b)

(i)

lf an air conditioner is installed in the house, where should it be installed? Draw the location in the cross section of the house below.

TnaruEiMlsstctN

(ii)

lf a heater is installed in a hous, where should it be installed? the location in the cross section of the house belo\M.

Air conditioner

Heater

(iii)

Explain the difference in your answer in b(i) and b(ii)

^4.A
?

beaker of water is heated using a Bunsen burner as shown:

Beaker

Bu

nsen bu rner

(a)

Explain how heat energy is transferred through the bottom of the the water.

beaker

(b)

Explain how energy is transferred through the water.

(cl
{

Peter places his hand 20 cm away from the Bunsen burner. What is the process by which the heat energy is transferred to his hand?

TranNsMtsstttN fiF H Enr

ffi##ffi* *r* firrunnrs*$

KEY LEARNINE PEINTS
chemical reaction is a process whereby the products of the reaction a re 0 L::::::l: ur." the substances used in a chemicar reacti Products are the
A

chemically different from those that are used.

I o
o

.i::'::,

r_"rcr.ion can be represented usins: A word equation, such as:

A chemical equation, such as:

be balanced, which means that the number of atoms for each erement present on the left hand side should be the same as that on the right hand side of the reaction. 0 Afew examples of chemical reactions are: oBy heating: Combination: By heating different substances together can cause these substances to together to form a new compound. For exampte: when h"ai i" lron + sulphur --> iron sulphide Combustion (burning): The process invorvei the combination of the substance with oxygen. Light and heat is given off during the proces". iti"r.rnpl", r Carbon + oxygen ____> carbon OioxiOe > Oxidation: oxidation is when a substance combines with oxygen to form a new substance' combustion is an example of oxidation]orioution can occur without light and heat given off. For r lron + oxygen _____> being "r"rnpf",. iron ox-ide ln this process, iron is oxidised to give iron oxide (rust). > Thermal decomposition: This occurs when a substance breaks down into simprer substances upon heating. For exampre, most carbon"t", r Calcium carbonate __+ carbon dioxide o"ao"r'po"" on heating: + calcium oxide ln this reaction, carcium carbonate decomposes'to carcium oxide with the release of carbon dioxide. By mixing: > when different substances are mixed together, they can react to give new substances. For example: r Acid + metal --> hydrogen + metal salt r Acid + carbonate _____> dioxide + water + salt r Acid + alkali _____+ salt +"rrbon water r Reactive metal + water _> alkali + hydrogen

>

.^

ililil;:

ffi r.*wwstrAi*

ffi *-*,ql*,i{sns

By passing an electric current: > When an electric current is passed through substances, a new su can be formed through combination of these substances. > At the same time, an electric current can also cause the substances decompose into simpler substances. This is known as electrolysis. By exposure to light: > Light is a form of energy. When it is absorbed, it can cause a chemi change. > ln photosynthesis, light energy is used to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen. > Light energy is also used to convert silver bromide into silver in photographic films and these will display as dark areas on the film. is the principle behind photography.

C.
0

],,.{,1}-#+@*N;:

$ulu

lN

E"Riif'l{, N$;

" When

wax melts, there is a chemical change." The melting of wax itself is a physical change - a change from its so Iid to its liquid state. However, when wax burns, there is combustion and he there is a chemical change.

'Digital cameras nowadays do not work on the same principle as film cam o Photography is based on one principle: The capturing of light. ln film cam light is captured by a film that converts silver bromide to silver, which s up as dark areas on the film. ln digital cameras, the light is captured by a sensor which converts the energy into an electrical voltage and is interp as a pixel on the image.

E r.rEMts.A,L ffi

F{A^!r.tffiHs

ction A: Multiple-choice ouestions

each

most aPProPriate question, four suggested answers are given. choose the wer and write its letter in the brackets provided. the formed in a solution for various reasons. ln which of reaction? sign of a chemical following situations is the formation of bubbles a A A beaker of water is heated to 100 'C B A can of carbonated drink is opened
Bubbles can be

cAbeakerofhvdrogenperoxidedecomposingintooxygenandhydrogen

A swimmer exhaling

underwater

light. Magnesium burns in air with a brilliant white formed after burning?

what is the substance that is

A B C D A B C D

Magnesium Magnesium oxide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium hYdroxide

process of combustion? which of the following equations describes the Water

+ hYdrogen + oxygen + oxygen carbon dioxide + wate r + carbon dioxide + water Carbon + oxygen + carbon dioxide potassium chloride + water Potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid -+
(

Which of the

following is a physical change?

A B c D A B C D

ElectrolYsis PhotosYnthesis

Sublimation of dry ice to carbon dioxide Frying of an egg

gas is burnt what is / are the product(s) when hydrogen

Water Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide and water

in air?

carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen

C xEt*tc,A,L E

rteNr;Es

6.

Methane + oxygen

water + carbon dioxide

Which are the reactants and products in this reaction?

Reactants Oxygh, Water Methane, Oxygen Water, Carbon dioxide Oxygen, Carbon dioxide Products Methane, Carbon dioxide Water, Carbon dioxide Methane, Oxygen Methane, Water

->

A
B

c
D
7.

Which of the following is not an example of thermat decomposition? A Cooking of food B Heating of wax C Heating of sugar D Heating of carbon carbonate

8.

Photosynthesis and photography both involve chemical changes that reguire

A C 9'

electrical energy sound energy

B D

light energy heat energy

which of the following processes involve chemical reactions? (f) Baking of a cake (ll1 Distillation of seawater (lll) Electroplating of jewellery (lv1 Filtration of a mixture of sand and water

A C
10.

lll onty ll and lV only

B D

I and lll only l, ll and lll only

I
t

B C D
11.

oxidation occurs in ail of the foilowing situations except during A electrolysis of water
respiratio n

the rusting of nails the burning of fossil fuels

Chemical changes

which of the foilowing statements regarding chemicar changes is true?

are easily reversible happen very quickty involves the rearrangement of atoms do not result in the iotmation of new substances

A I c D

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which of the foilowing is not an exampre of a physical change? A An ice-cream melting B A matchstick being f i"t C Dissolving salt in water D A piece oi metar expanoing when heated

copper chtoride

chrorine + copper

A thermat decomposition B oxidation C combustion D etectrolysis

I

-> The reaction illustrated by the equation above is an example

of

following shows a list of raw materials and products. is not an example which of the fotowing of a physical change from the raw materiar to product?
The

A B C D A B C D
Four

Raw Materials

Air Seawater lron ore Crude oil

Product Helium Table salt

lro n

Petrol

which of the

fotowing is not produced during the burning of fossir fuers? Carbon dioxide

Sulphur dioxide
Carbon monoxide

Sulphur

carbonate
(

different pairs of substances are risted berow. ln which a chemicar change of the following will occur when the two of them are mixed togeth er? A Salt and sugar B lron filings anO sulphur C Sodium and water D Water and alcohol
(

Which
by an

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of the foilowir is an example of a chemical reaction that electri" can be caused "urr"natn Sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide _> sodium sulphate water T"", u m i n i u m ch ro ri de + + hyd ros en lron + sulphur __> iron "ulpf.,it"

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Section B: Short-answer
1.

Ouestions

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

For each of the following, state whether a chemical or physical change place.
has

(al (b) (cl

Heating of wax: Frying an egg:

A matchstick being struck:

(d) Adding ice to a cup of water: (e) 2.

Mixing flour with yeast:

Write a word equation for each of the following scenarios.

(a)

Carbon burns completely to produce carbon dioxide.

(b)

when carbon is not completely burnt, carbon monoxide is produced.

(cl

water can be broken down into its constituent elements through

electrolysis.

(d)

when copper carbonate is heated, copper oxide is observed and dioxide gas is given off.

carbon

(e)

Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide will neutralise to form potassium chloride and water.

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Explain with the aid of a labelled diagram how an iron rod can be plated with copper by electrolysis.

(a) Hydrogen peroxide solution is often kept in dark bottles and not exposed to
light. Give a reason and write a word equation to support your answer.

(bl

State one application of hydrogen peroxide solution.

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Section G: Free Response I

1' (al

Structured Ouestions

write your answers in the spaces provided.

State two differences between a physical change and a chemical change.

(bl

Heating of water is a physical change while electrolysis of water is chemical change. Explain why it is so.

{c)

Define the following terms and give an example of a chemical reaction is due to it.
(i)

that

Oxidation:

(ii1 Thermal decomposition:

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place in plants. osynthesis is a chemicar reaction that takes

for the survival of living state two reasons why photosynthesis is essential things.

come from? where and in what form does the energy for photosynthesis

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

What are the products in photosynthesis?

write down a word equation that represents photosynthesis.

uses the same form of Give another example of a chemical reaction that energy.

harmful products. Nitric acid is ,rChemical reactions can Produce both useful and causes acid rain' needed to make fertilisers while sulphur dioxide

(al write down the chemical formula of nitric acid.

(bl

needed to form nitric Besides nitrogen, what are the other raw materials
acid?

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(c)

What is the source of nitrogen?

(d) What is the process that produces

sulphur dioxide?

(e)

Besides causing acid rain, state another harmul effect of sulphur dioxide.

(f)

Name two other air pollutants and its effects.

4.

(a)

One common substance found in the food we eat is glucose. The energy glucose is released for use in our bodies in a process known as respirati Write down the word equation for respiration.

(b)

Given that the chemical formula for glucose is cuH,rou, write down balanced chemical equation for respiration.

(cl

Food is often mixed before consumption. Give an example of a chemical and physical change as a result of this.

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