Exception Handling - Exception are runtime unusual events.

- The term exception is shorthand for the phrase "exceptional event." (Sun Defin ition) - An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instructions. (Sun Definition) Example : Disk full, out of memory, divide by zero, arrayindex out of bounds, - Exception will immediately crash/abort the program. Example: Divide by zero class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]); int y=9/i; System.out.println(y); System.out.println("End of main"); } } Note: Dividing by zero is beyond the power of a processor. ........................................................................ Example 2: Null pointer Exception Accessing Object method with object instanciation class Car{ private int price; public Car(){price=4000;} public void m() {System.out.println("I am car "+price);} } class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); Car c=null; System.out.println(" i m going to call m() method"); c.m(); //null pointer exception System.out.println("end of main"); } } ............................................... Reliability issue - A program with unhandled exceptions are called highly - Unethical programmer : who can't manage exceptions. - Major Issue in Software Industry .................................................... Example: Plugins or APIs *API: Application Programmer Interface; in simple words, readymade functions or classes.

unreliable program.

- Two companies: A and B. Company A developed F function and marketed it. Compan y B wants to use F function in their applications. // Company A Software class FClass{ static void f(int i){ System.out.println("Start of Function F"); int y=9/i; System.out.println(y); System.out.println("End of Function F"); } } // Company B Software class F1Class{ static void f1(int n){ System.out.println("Start of Function F1"); FClass.f(n); System.out.println("End of Function F1"); } } class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]); F1Class.f1(i); System.out.println("end of main"); } } - Such types of aborts are known as cascade aborts. (see stack diagram on board) - Cascade Aborts mean abort whole hierarchy from stack. ................................................... How to Handle Exceptions? Step 1: Diagnose all risky statements from your code. Step 2: Diagnose all dependant statements whose execution depends on risky state ments. Step 3: Mark risky plus dependant statements into try catch block. (sandbox) try{ Risky Statements + Dependant Statements }catch(...){action} Example: Divide By Zero class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]);//risky Stmt try{

int y=9/i; //risky statement System.out.println(y); //dependant statement }catch(Exception e) {System.out.println("Divide by zero");} System.out.println("end of main"); } } Exception class--- it will catch all types of exceptions. ..................................................... class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; try{ i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]);//risky Stmt try{ int y=9/i; //risky statement System.out.println(y); //dependant statement }catch(Exception e) {System.out.println("Divide by zero");} }catch (Exception e ) { } System.out.println("end of main"); } } ............................................................. try with multiple catch Same Example ...................................................... class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; try{ i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]);//risky Stmt int y=9/i; //risky statement System.out.println(y); //dependant statement }catch (ArrayIndexOutofBoundsException e1) {System.out.println("Array Index out of Bounds");} catch (ArithmeticException e2) {System.out.println("/ by zero);} catch (Exception e3) {System.out.println("Any Other Exception");} finally {//common code } System.out.println("end of main"); } } ..................................................... Ethical Programming

- Ethical programmer handles exceptions using two techniques: Method 1. Handle all exceptions by try catch block. Method 2. Inform others about the exceptions without handling exceptions. ............................................................................... Example: Method 1 // Company A Software class FClass{ static void f(int i){ System.out.println("Start of Function F"); try{ int y=9/i; System.out.println(y); }catch(Exception e) {System.out.println("Divide by Zero");} System.out.println("End of Function F"); } } // Company B Software class F1Class{ static void f1(int n){ System.out.println("Start of Function F1"); FClass.f(n); System.out.println("End of Function F1"); } } class Test { public static void main(String o[]){ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]); F1Class.f1(i); System.out.println("end of main"); } } ................................................................................ . Example : Method 2 A method that specifies that it can throw the exception. The method must provide a throws clause that lists the exception, as described in Specifying the Except ions Thrown by a Method. ................................................................................ class FClass{ static void f(int i) throws Exception{ System.out.println("Start of Function F"); int y=9/i; System.out.println(y); System.out.println("End of Function F"); } } // Company B Software class F1Class{ static void f1(int n) throws Exception{ System.out.println("Start of Function F1");

FClass.f(n); System.out.println("End of Function F1"); } } class Test { public static void main(String o[]) throws Exception{ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]); F1Class.f1(i); System.out.println("end of main"); } } ................................................. Muti throw ................................................ // Company A Software class FClass{ static void f(int i) throws Exception{ System.out.println("Start of Function F"); try{ int y=9/i; System.out.println(y); }catch (Exception e ) {System.out.println("F function Handle Exception"); System.out.println(e); e.printStackTrace(); throw e; } System.out.println("End of Function F"); } } // Company B Software class F1Class{ static void f1(int n) throws Exception{ System.out.println("Start of Function F1"); try { FClass.f(n); }catch (Exception e ) {System.out.println("F1 function Handle Exception"); throw e; } System.out.println("End of Function F1"); } } class Test { public static void main(String o[]) throws Exception{ System.out.println("Start of main"); int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]); try { F1Class.f1(i); }catch (Exception e ) {System.out.println("main function Handle Exception"); throw e; } System.out.println("end of main"); }

} ............................................................. Types of Exceptions 1. System Exceptions 2. Business Exceptions (User-defined Exceptions) System Exception Examples: Divide by zero, disk full, null pointer exception, ou t of memory. Business Exception Example(s): ATM withdrawal ( when requested amount > current balance ) ................................................. class BankException extends Exception{ private String msg; public BankException(){} public BankException(String n){msg=n;} public void setMsg(String n){msg=n;} public String getMsg(){return msg;} } class Account{ private int balance; public Account(){} public Account(int b){balance=b;} public void deposit(int b){balance=balance+b;} public boolean withdraw(int amt)throws BankException { if(amt<=balance){ balance=balance-amt; return true; } else{ throw new BankException("Out of Balance"); } } } class Test{ public static void main(String o[]){ int i; i=Integer.parseInt(o[0]); Account obj=new Account(5000); try{ if(obj.withdraw(i)) System.out.println("Successfully withdrawn."); }catch(BankException ob) {System.out.println(ob.getMsg());} System.out.println("End of Main"); } } ............................................................................ Kinds of Exceptions by java ............................................................................ Java Support three Kinds of Exceptions 1) Checked Exceptions 2) error

3) runtime 1) Checked Exceptions - Checked exceptions are subject to the Catch or Specify Requirement 2) error These are exceptional conditions that are external to the application, and that the application usually cannot anticipate or recover from 3) runtime These are exceptional conditions that are internal to the application, and that the application usually cannot anticipate or recover from. e.g. NullPointerException Runtime exceptions are not subject to the Catch or Specify Requirement. Runtime exceptions are those indicated by RuntimeException and its subclasses. Errors and runtime exceptions are collectively known as unchecked exceptions. ................................................................................ .......