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T he main
The p ro c e s s o f e le c tric ally c o nne c ting to the e arth its e lf is o fte n c alle d " e arthing " , p artic ularly in Euro p e whe re the te rm " g ro und ing " is us e d to d e s c rib e the ab o ve g ro und wiring .
reason f or doing earthing in electrical network is f or the saf ety. When all metallic parts in electrical equipments are grounded then if the insulation inside the equipments f ails there are no dangerous voltages present in the equipment case. If the live wire touches the grounded case then the circuit is ef f ectively shorted and f use will immediately blow. When the f use is blown then the dangerous voltages are away.
Purpose of Earthing
(1) Saf et y f or Human lif e/ Building/Equipment
To save human lif e f rom danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a f use i.e. To provide an alternative path f or the f ault current to f low so that it will not endanger the user To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under f ault conditions. To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential. To provide saf e path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
To provide stable platf orm f or operation of sensitive electronic equipments i.e. To maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .
Wood Coal Powder use as good conductor of electricity, anti corrosive, rust proves f or GI Plate f or long lif e. T he purpose of coal and salt is to keep wet the soil permanently. T he salt percolates and coal absorbs water keeping the soil wet. Care should always be taken by watering the earth pits in summer so that the pit soil will be wet. Coal is made of carbon which is good conductor minimizing the earth resistant. Salt use as electrolyte to f orm conductivity between GI Plate Coal and Earth with humidity. Sand has used to f orm porosity to cycle water & humidity around the mixture. Put GI Plate (EART H PLAT E) of size 500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm in the mid of mixture. Use Double GI Strip size 30 mm X 10 mm to connect GI Plate to System Earthling. It will be better to use GI Pipe of size 2.5 diameter with a Flange on the top of GI Pipe to cover GI Strip f rom EART H PLAT E to Top Flange. Cover Top of GI pipe with a T joint to avoid jamming of pipe with dust & mud and also use water time to time through this pipe to bottom of earth plate. Maintain less than one Ohm Resistance f rom EART H PIT conductor to a distance of 15 Meters around the EART H PIT with another conductor dip on the Earth at least 500 mm deep. Check Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to Neutral of Mains Supply 220V AC 50 Hz it should be less than 2.0 Volts. Top
down in dry weather conditions. T heref ore, it is essential to pour water in and around the earth pit to maintain moisture in dry weather conditions. Moisture signif icantly inf luences soil resistivity
If a number of electrodes could be installed and interconnected the desired resistance could be achieved. T he distance between the electrodes must be equal to the driven depth to avoid overlapping of area of inf luence. Each electrode, theref ore, must be outside the resistance area of the other.
In this method earth tester terminal C1 & P1 are shorted to each other and connected to the earth electrode (pipe) under test. Terminals P2 & C2 are connected to the two separate spikes driven in earth. T hese two spikes are kept in same line at the distance of 25 meters and 50 meters due to which there will not be mutual interf erence in the f ield of individual spikes. If we rotate generator handle with specif ic speed we get directly earth resistance on scale. Spike length in the earth should not be more than 1/20th distance between two spikes. Resistance must be Me as ure me nt o f Earth Re s is tanc e (Thre e p o int me tho d ) verif ied by increasing or decreasing the distance between the tester electrode and the spikes by 5 meter. Normally, the length of wires should be 10 and 15 Meter or in proportion of 62% of D. Suppose, the distance of Current Spike f rom Earth Electrode D = 60 f t, T hen, distance of Potential Spike would be 62 % of D = 0.62D i.e. 0.62 x 60 f t = 37 f t. Top
Suppose Copper Plate having of size 1.2m x 1.2m x 3.15mm thick. soil resistivity of 100 ohm-m, T he resistance of Plate electrode to earth (R)=( r/A)X under root( /A) = (100/2.88)X(3.14/2.88)= 36.27 ohm Now, consider a GI Pipe Electrode of 50 mm Diameter and 3 m Long. soil resistivity of 100 Ohm-m, T he resistance of Pipe electrode to earth (R) = (100r/2 L) X loge (4L/d) = (100X100/2X3.14X300) X loge (4X300/5) = 29.09 Ohm. From the above calculation the GI Pipe electrode of f ers a much lesser resistance than even a copper plate electrode. As per IS 3043 Pipe, rod or strip has a much lower resistance than a plate of equal surface area. Top
be driven into the particular soil conditions without bending or splitting. Large diameter electrode may be more dif f icult to drive than smaller diameter electrode. T he depth to which an earth electrode is driven has much more inf luence on its electrical resistance characteristics than has its diameter. Top