Murthi Katherason

Mathematics
Worksheet
Differentiation 2
This is one of a series of worksheets designed to help you increase your confidence
in handling Mathematics. This worksheet contains both theory and exercises which
cover:-
1. Exponential functions 2. Logarithmic functions
3. Implicit Differentiation 4. Logarithmic Differentiation
5. Parametric Equations
There are often different ways of doing things in Mathematics and the methods
suggested in the worksheets may not be the ones you were taught. If you are
successful and happy with the methods you use it may not be necessary for you to
change them. If you have problems or need help in any part of the work then there
are a number of ways you can get help.
For students at the University of Hull
Ask your lecturers
Contact the Study Advice Service in the Brynmor Jones Library where you can
access the Mathematics Tutor, or contact us by email.
Come to a Drop-In session organised for your department
Look at one of the many textbooks in the library.
For others
Ask your lecturers
Access your Study Advice or Maths Help Service
Use any other facilities that may be available.
If you do find anything you may think is incorrect (in the text or answers) or want
further help please contact us by email.
Email: murthi.katherason@taylors.edu.my
Tel: 0193502214
1
Some proofs are given in this worksheet - others may be found in a number of
mathematics textbooks. If you have problems please ask.
1. Exponential Functions
It can be shown that
x
e is the function such that
, |
x
x
e
dx
e d

Examples
Differentiate the following (i)
x
e y
2
(ii)
) (x f
e y (iii)
x
e
x
y
2
1 +

(i)
x
e y
2
is a function of a function
Writing 2 2
dx
du
e
du
dy
x u e y
u u
and where
giving
x u
e e
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
2
2 2
(ii)
, | x f
e y is a function of a function
Writing , | , | x f
dx
du
e
du
dy
x f u e y
u u
' and where
giving , | , |
, | x f u
e x f x f e
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
' '
Remembering , |
, |
, | x f
x f
e x f
dx
e d
'
) (

will enable you to differentiate most

exponential functions!
(iii)
x
e
x
y
2
1+
is a quotient
writing
x
e v x u
2
, 1 + gives
x
e v u
2
2 ' , 1 '
, |
, |
, | , |
x x
x
x
x x
e
x
e
e x
e
e x e
dx
dy
v
uv v u
dx
dy
2 4
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 1 2 2 1
2 1 1
' '
+

gives
using
Exercise 1
Differentiate the following
x
x
e x
e
2
7
5
1
.
.
3
1
6
2
x
e
e
x
x
+
.
.
cos
, |
x
x
x x
e
e
e e e
1
7
3 2 3
2
2

+
.
.
, |
x
e
e
x
x x
2
8
4
.
.
cos sin +
2
2. Logarithmic functions
The inverse function of
x
e is x
e
log which is usually written as x ln (shorthand for
natural or Napierian logarithms after Napier who developed them). For more
information see the logs booklet.
Given x y ln then, from the definition of logarithms,
y
e x which gives
y
e
dy
dx

x
e
dx
dy
y
1 1

hence
, |
x dx
x d 1

ln
Extending this to differentiate , | } x f y ln which is a function ( ln) of the function ( ) f x .
write , | x f u u y where ln , | x f
dx
du
u du
dy
'
1
and
using the chain rule
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy

giving
, |
, |
, |
, | x f
x f
x f
x f dx
dy '
'
1

Another important result to learn
, | }
, |
, | x f
x f
x f
dx
d
) ( ln
Examples
Differentiate the following functions
(i) , | 6 5
2
x y ln (ii)
,
_

+
+

3
2
x
x
y ln (iii)

,
_

x
x
y
cos
sin
ln
2
(i) Using the above
, | 6 5
2
x y ln gives
6 5
10
2

x
x
dx
dy
(ii) Simplifying the expression gives
, | ) ln( ln ln 3 2
3
2
+ +
,
_

+
+
x x
x
x
y
, | , |
, | , | , | , | 3 2
1
3 2
2 3
3
1
2
1
+ +

+ +
+ +

x x x x
x x
x x dx
dy
Hence
Note you could do this without simplifying but it is more difficult!
3
(iii) Simplifying the expression gives
, | , |
, | , |
, | 1
1 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
+
+

,
_

x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
dx
dy
x x
x x
x
x
y
sin cos using
cos sin
cos
cos sin
sin cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos ln sin ln
cos ln sin ln
cos
sin
ln
Exercise 2
Differentiate the following
, |

,
_

+
x x
x
x x
x
cos
sin
ln .
ln .
ln .
7
1 2 4
7 1
2
, |

,
_

,
_

1
1
8
3 2
5
5
6 2
2
x
x
x
x
x
ln .
ln .
ln . , |

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
+
2
3
2
2
2 5
4
9
1
6
3 3
x
x
x
x
x
ln .
ln .
ln .
3. Implicit Functions
A function such as 5 3
3 5
+ + x x x y is called an explicit function as y is explicitly
given in terms of x .
A function such as 15 3 5 3
2 3 5
+ + x y xy y x x is called an implicit function as y is
not given explicitly in terms of x nor x in terms of y .
An implicit function can be differentiated with respect to x as it stands.
Consider 15 3 3
2 2
+ + x xy y y x
Differentiating each term with respect to x we get:
, | , |
dx
d
dx
x d
dx
xy d
dx
y d
dx
y d
dx
x d 15 ) 3 ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) (
2 2
+ +
To differentiate a function of y with respect to x we need
to use the chain rule
, | } , | }
dx
dy
dy
y f d
dx
y f d

giving
, | , |
dx
dy
dx
dy
dy
y d
dx
y d
3
3 3
and
dx
dy
y
dx
dy
dy
y d
dx
y d
2
) ( ) (
2 2

4
using the product formula
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy x y
dx
x d
dx
xy d
+ +
1 1
) ( ) (
Putting these together we have:
, | , | , | , |
, |
x y
x y
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
y
dx
dy
x
dx
d
dx
x d
dx
xy d
dx
y d
dx
y d
dx
x d
+

+
+ + +
+ +
2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
0 3 2 3 2
15 3 3
2 2
) ( ) (
Example
Find the gradient of the curve 10 3 5 2
2 2
+ + + y x xy y x at the points where 1 x
First we need to find the values of y when 1 x
Putting 1 x we get 0 14 5 10 3 5 2 1
2 2
+ + + + y y y y y
which gives , | , | 7 2 0 7 2 + y y y y or
notice that there are two points to consider (1, 2) and (1, -7)
Differentiating the function 10 3 5 2
2 2
+ + + y x xy y x
gives
, | , | , | , |
dx
d
dx
y d
dx
x d
dx
xy d
dx
y d
dx
x d 10 3 5 2
2 2
+ + +
) ( ) (
0 3 5 2 2 2 2 + + + +
dx
dy
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
y x
giving
3 2 2
2 2 5
+ +

x y
y x
dx
dy
5 2 4 1
at (1, 2)
4 2 3 9
5 2 14 17
at (1, 7)
14 2 3 9
dy
P
dx
dy
Q
dx


+ +
+

+ +
Note you could substitute in and find
the value of
dx
dy
without making it the
subject.
The sketch of the graph shows the two points P and Q. From the sketch you can
see that the gradient is negative in both cases.
y
x
1
P
Q
5
Exercise 3
1. In the following find
dx
dy
in terms of x and y
(i) 10
2 2
+ y x (ii) y x y x 7 10 3 2 2
2 2
+ + +
(iii) 6 3
2 2
+ xy y x (iv) 0 3 2
3 2 3
+ y xy x
2. Find the gradient of the curve 10 6
2 2
+ y x at the points where 2 x .
3. Find the gradient of the curve 15 4
2 3
+ + y xy x at the points where 2 x .
4. Logarithmic Differentiation
The function
x
a y cannot be differentiated by any of the methods developed so far.
But taking the natural logarithm of both sides overcomes the problem!
To solve
x
a y
take logs , | a x a y
x
ln ln ln
differentiate
, | , |
dx
a x d
dx
y d ln ln

By the chain rule the left hand side gives

, | , |
dx
dy
y dx
dy
dy
y d
dx
y d 1

ln ln
the right hand side gives
, | , |
a
dx
x d
a
dx
a x d
ln ln
ln

putting these together gives a
dx
dy
y
ln
1
hence , | , |
x
a a y a
dx
dy
ln ln
This method can simplify differentiation in a number of cases, as shown in the
following examples.
Examples (The first two could be differentiated as quotients.)
1. Find
dx
dy
given the function
x
x
y
cos
sin
(ie tanx)
Taking logs gives x x y cos ln sin ln ln
sec
cos
cos
sin
cos sin cos sin
cos sin cos sin
sin cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
ate Differenti
x
x
x
x
x x
y
x x dx
dy
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
dx
dy
y
2
2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1

6
The result should be known x x
dx
d 2
sec ) (tan
2. Find
dx
dy
given the function
, | x x
x x
y
cos
sin
1 +

, |
, |
, | , | }
, | , | , | , | x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
y
cos ln ln sin ln ln
cos ln sin ln
cos
sin
ln ln
+ +
+

,
_

1
1
1
Differentiating gives
, |

]

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
y
dx
dy
x
x
x x
x
x dx
dy
y
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
which is a lot easier than using the quotient method. It could be simplified but this
rarely needs to be done.
3. Find
dx
dy
given the function
x
x y
Take natural logs , | , | , | x x x y
x
ln ln ln
Differentiate , | , | x x
x
x
dx
dy
y
ln ln + + 1
1 1
(using the product rule)
, | } , | } x x x y
dx
dy
x
ln ln + + 1 1
Exercise 4
Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the following:
, |
, |
, | , | 4 3 2
1
7
4
2 1
2
+
+

x x
x
y
u v
r
u
.
sin .
.

, | 1
1
. 5
. 2
+
+

x e
xe
y
x y
x
x
x
, |
x
x
y
t t s
t t
cos
sin
.
sin sin .
+

1
6
3
2
7
5. Parametric Differentiation
When a function is given in parametric form it means that x and y are given in terms
of another variable, the parameter. i.e. ( ) x f t , ( ) y g t .
t y t x 2 ,
2
are parametric equations. Frequently the parameter can be eliminated.
, |
parabola a of equation the , or
hence but
x y
y y x t x
y t t y
4
2
2
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
2
1

To find the gradient of such a function in parametric form we need to use the chain
rule

or as written be can which

x
y
dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
dy
dx
dt
dt
dy
dx
dy

t t dx
dy
dt
dy
t
dt
dx
t y t x
1
2
2
2 2
2
2



hence
, have we
, Given
In this case we can also find the gradient using the Cartesian equations:
y y dx
dy
dx
dy
y
x y
2
2
4
4
4

hence
= 2 have we
Given
2
Comparing the two answers, as
2 1
2 then y t
y t
so the two answers are the same
(as expected!)
Examples
1. Find the gradient of the curve given by
3
2

t t y t x when cos , sin .
8
Find
dt
dy
and
dt
dx
and use
dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
dy
=
'
'
x
y
Finally substitute for t
, |
, |
3 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
2
3

,
_

cos
sin
, when
cos
sin

sin , cos
cos , sin
dx
dy
t
t
t
x
y
dx
dy
t
dt
dy
t
dt
dx
t y t x
Notes a) It would be possible to eliminate t and obtain the Cartesian equation
2
2 1 x y which will give the same value for the gradient.
b) By putting , cos sin sin x x x 2 2
t
t
dx
dy
cos
sin2 2
can be simplified to
sin
cos
cos sin
t
t
t t
dx
dy
4
4

if necessary.
2. Find the gradient of the curve given by cos , sin + 1 y x when
2

and
when .

sin cos ; cos sin + +

d
dy
y
d
dx
x 1 1

cos
sin

+

1 x
y
dx
dy
when
, |
, |
,
cos
sin
1
0 1
1
1
2
2
2

+

dx
dy
tangent at 45
o
when, ,
cos
sin

+

1 1
0
1

dx
dy
tangent vertical
(really the value is indeterminate)
Notes a) sin + x and cos 1 y cannot be made into a simple Cartesian
equation!
b)

cos
sin
+

1 dx
dy
can be simplified by putting , | , |
2 2
2

cos sin sin
and , | 1 2
2
2


cos cos giving
, | , |
, |
, | , |
, |
, |
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 2 1
2

tan
cos
cos sin
cos
cos sin

+

dx
dy
Exercise 5 In questions 1 to 8 find
dx
dy
in terms of the given parameter.
9
1
1
,
1
. 7
1 , . 5
1 , 4 1 . 3
3 , 3 1 . 1
2
2

+

+
+
+
s
s
y
s
x
y e x
s y s x
t y t x

t
t
y
t
x
e e y e e x
y x
t t y t t x
u u u u
+

+
+
+

1 1
1
8
6
1 2 4
2 3 2
2
2 2
, .
, .
cos , sin .
, .

In questions 9 to 14 find the gradient of the curve at the given point.
1 1 13
2 11
2 2 3 3 1 9
3
2
+

+
s s s y s x
y x
t t y t x
); ln( , ln .
; sin , cos .
; , .

0 2 14
0 1 1 12
2 2 10
2
2 2
+
+

r r e y e e x
y x
t t t y t t x
r r
; , .
; cos , sin .
; , .

ANSWERS
Exercise 1
, |
, |
2
2
4
2
2 7
1 2
8
1
7
3 3
6 2 5
4 6 4 3 2 7 1
2
x
x e
e
e
x
e xe
e x x
e x x xe e xe e
x
x
x
x x
x
x x x x x x

+
+

+
. . . .
) sin (cos . . sin . .
) cos (sin cos
Exercise 2
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
1 1 1
7
1
2
1
1 2
6
3 2
3
3 2
2 1
5
1 2
2 2
4
3
2
3
1
2
1
1
2 2
+
+
+

+
+
+

sin cos
tan cot .
) (
.
) (
. . . . .
8. Simplify to ) ln( ) ln( 1 1 2
2
1
+ x x ; answer
, | , | , | 1 1 2
5 3
1 2
1
1
2
+
+

x x
x
x x
9. Hint first simplify as above; answer
, |
, |
, | , |
4 5 7
2 10
4 3 5 2 3 4 5 2
x
x x x x

+ + + +
Exercise 3
1. (i)
y
x
(ii)
y
x
4 7
4 3

+
(iii)
x y
x y
3 2
2 3

+
(iv)
, | x y y
y x
xy y
y x
2
2
6 3
3 6
2 2
2
2 2

+
2.
1
2 1 grad
6 3
dy x
x y
dx y

10
3.
2
3 4 8 20
2 1, 7 grad ,
2 4 3 3
dy x y
x y
dx y x
+

Exercise 4
, | , | , | , | , |, |
, | , | , |
2 2
2
2
3 2 4
1 2 4
7 6
1
2
5
1 4 3 1 2 2 2 1
+
+ +
+

+
,
_

+ +
x x
x x
x
x e
x e
u u u t
t
t t
t s x x
x
x
u u t x
. sin . .
ln cos . sin
sin
cos
sin ln . ln . ln .

Exercise 5
3
8
. 9
. 5
3
2
. 1

e
t
5
6
. 10
. 6
3 2
2 2
. 2

+
+

u u
u u
e e
e e
t
t
, |
3
2
. 11
1
2
. 7
2
. 3
2
2

s
s
s
, |
2
1
14 2
2
1
13 0 12
2 8
4
2 2
4
2
. ln . .
.
sin
cos
sin
.
+
+

t t

11