Basics[edit] Math markup goes inside <math>...</math>.

The TEX code has to be put literally: MediaWiki templates, predefined templates, and parameters cannot be used within math tags: pairs of double braces are ignored and "#" gives an error message. owever, math tags work in the then and else part of #if, etc. !ee m:Template:"emo of attempt to use parameters within Te# $backlinks, edit% for more information. LaTeX commands[edit] &aTe# commands are case'sensitive, and take one of the following two formats:

They start with a backslash ( and then have a name consisting of letters only. )ommand names are terminated by a space, a number or any other "non'letter". They consist of a backslash ( and e*actly one non'letter.

!ome commands need an argument, which has to be given between curly braces + , after the command name. !ome commands support optional parameters, which are added after the command name in s-uare brackets ./. The general synta* is: \commandname[option1,option2,...]{argument1}{argument2}... Special characters[edit] The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under &aTe# or are unavailable in all the fonts. 0f you enter them directly in your te*t, they will normally not render, but rather do things you did not intend. # $ % ^ ! { } " \

These characters can be entered by adding a prefi* backslash: \# \$ \% \te#ta$ciicircum{} \ \! \{ \} \"{} \te#t%ac&$'a$h{}

The other symbols and many more can be rendered with special commands in mathematical formulae or as accents. The backslash character ( can not be entered by adding another backslash in front of it $((%1 this se-uence is used for line breaking. 2or introducing a backslash in math mode, you can use (backslash instead. The command (3 produces a tilde which is placed over the ne*t letter. 2or e*ample (3n gives 4. To produce 5ust the character 3, use (3+, which places a 3 over an empty bo*. 6lternatively (sim produces a large centred 3 which may be more appropriate in some situations, but may not render properly in simple e*pressions which are converted to TM&.

!imilarly, the command (7 produces a hat over the ne*t character, for e*ample (7+o, produces 8. 0f you need in te*t to display the 7 symbol you have to use (te*tasciicircum. Spaces[edit] "Whitespace" characters, such as blank or tab, are treated uniformly as "space" by &aTe#. !everal consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one "space". !ee below for commands that produces spaces of different si9e. LaTeX environments[edit] Environments in &aTe# have a role that is -uite similar to commands, but they usually have effect on a wider part of formula. Their synta* is: \%egin{en(ironmentname} te#t to %e in)'uenced \end{en(ironmentname} :nvironments supported by Wikipedia include matrix, align, etc. !ee below. Rendering[edit]

;y default, the <=> images are rendered black on white, with a transparent background. ?n darker backgrounds, the characters may show white edges. To remove these, match the <=> background color with the background color of the page using \pageco'or. owever, black te*t on a dark background is hard to read and should be avoided altogether where possible. The colors, as well as font si9es and types, are independent of browser settings or )!!. 2ont si9es and types will often deviate from what TM& renders. @ertical alignment with the surrounding te*t can also be a problem $see bug ABCDE%. The css selector of the images is img.te#. The alt te*t of the <=> images, which is displayed to visually impaired and other readers who cannot see the images, and is also used when the te*t is selected and copied, defaults to the wikite*t that produced the image, e*cluding the <math> and </math>. Fou can override this by e*plicitly specifying an a't attribute for themath element. 2or e*ample, <math a't*+,-uare root o) pi+>\$-rt{\pi}</math> generates an image whose alt te*t is "!-uare root of pi". This should not be confused with the title attribute that produces popup te*t when the hovering over the <=> image, for e*ample <math tit'e*+pi+>\pi</math> generates an image whose popup te*t is "pi". 6part from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics, variables and letters are in italics1 digits are not. 2or other te*t, $like variable labels% to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \te#t, \m%o#, or \mathrm. Fou can also define new function names using \operatorname{...}. 2or e*ample,\te#t{a%c} gives .

&ate* does not have full support for Gnicode characters and not all characters render. Most &atin characters with accents render correctly. owever some do not, in particular those that include multiple diacritics $e.g. with &atin letters used in @ietnamese% or that cannot be precomposed into a single character $such as the uppercase &atin letter W with ring%, or that use other diacritics $like the ogonek or the double grave accent, used in )entral :uropean languages like <olish, or the horn attached above some vowels in @ietnamese%, or other modified letter forms $used in 0<6 notations, or 6frican languages, or in medieval te*ts%, some digram ligatures $like H in "utch%, or &atin letters borrowed from >reek, or small capitals, as well as superscripts and subscript letters. 2or e*ample \te#t{.} or \m%o#{.}, and \te#t{/} or \m%o#{/} $used in 0celandic% will give errors.

TEX syntax

TEX renderin g

HTML syntax

HTML rendering

\ a'pha\,\0

{{math1<VAR> a'pha2</VAR>}}

)3#4 * #^2\,\0

{{math155)553<var>#</var>4 {{*}} <var>#</var>²}}

f(x) = x2

\$-rt{2}

{{math1{{radica'12}}}}

\$-rt{16 e^2} \$-rt{16 7^8}

{{math1{{radica'11

minu$2 55e55²}}}} 1 e2

{{%igmath1{{radica'11 5⁸}}}}

minu$2 5575

1 z3

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikite*t, e*cept for IJK.

Syntax

Rendering LMNOPQ RSTUVWX YZ[\]^

a'pha2 %eta2 gamma2 de'ta2 ep$i'on2 7eta2 eta2 theta2 iota2 &appa2 'am%da2 mu2 nu2

#i2 omicron2 pi2 rho2 $igma2 tau2 up$i'on2 phi2 chi2 p$i2

$igma)2 omega2

_`abcd

9amma2 ,igma2

:e'ta2 ;heta2 <am%da2 >hi2 >$i2 ?mega2

=i2

>i2

efghij klmn

opqrstu int2 $um2 prod2 radic2 minu$2 p'u$mn2 in)in2 vJwxyz a$@mp2 prop2 * e-ui(2 ne2 'e2 ge2 time$2 middot2 $dot2 di(ide2 part2 prime2 >rime2 { | } ~ na%'a2 permi'2 deg2 thereA2 empt@2

i$in2 notin2 cap2 cup2 $u%2 $up2 $u%e2 not2 and2 or2 e#i$t2 )ora''2 rBrr2 hBrr2 rarr2 harr2 uarr2 darr2 a'e)$@m2 6 nda$h2 mda$h2

$upe2

'

Functions, symbols, special characters[edit]

Accents/diacritics[edit] \dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \gra(e{a} \chec&{a}, \%re(e{a}, \ti'de{a}, \%ar{a} \hat{a}, \Cidehat{a}, \(ec{a} Standard numerical unctions[edit] \e#p_a b = a^b, \e#p b = e^b, 10^m \'n c, \'g d = \'og e, \'og_{1D} f \$in a, \co$ b, \tan c, \cot d, \$ec e, \c$c f \arc$in h, \arcco$ i, \arctan j \$inh k, \co$h l, \tanh m, \coth n \operatorname{$h}\,&, \operatorname{ch}\,', \operatorname{th}\,m, \operatorname{coth}\,n \operatorname{arg$h}\,o, \operatorname{argch}\,p, \operatorname{argth}\,\$gn , \'e)t\(ert ! \right\(ert \min(",#), \ma#(",#) !ounds[edit] \min ", \ma# #, \in) !, \$up $ \'im %, \'imin) &, \'im$up ' \dim (, \deg ), \det m, \&er\phi "ro#ections[edit]

\>r j, \hom l, \'Eert * \rEert, \arg * $i erentials and derivatives[edit] d$, \operatorname{d}\+$, \partia' $, \na%'a\p$i d@/d#, \operatorname{d}\0@/\operatorname{d}\0#, {d@ \o(er d#}, {\operatorname{d}\0@\o(er\operatorname{d}\0#}, {\partia'^2\o(er\partia' #!1\partia' #!2}@ \prime, \%ac&prime, f^\prime, f,, f,,, f^{384}, \dot #, \ddot # Letter%li&e sym'ols or constants[edit] \in)t@, \a'eph, \comp'ement, \%ac&ep$i'on, \eth, \Fin(, \h%ar \Gm, \imath, \Hmath, \I%%&, \e'', \mho, \Cp, \Je, \circ'ed, Modular arithmetic[edit] !_k \e-ui( 0 \pmod{m} a\,\%mod\,b \gcd(m, n), \operatorname{'cm}(m, n) \mid, \nmid, \$hortmid, \n$hortmid Radicals[edit] \$urd, \$-rt{2}, \$-rt[n]{}, \$-rt[8]{#^8K@^8 \o(er 2} (perators[edit] -, ., \pm, \mp, \dotp'u$ \time$, \di(, \di(ideontime$, /, \%ac&$'a$h \cdot, 0 \a$t, \$tar, \circ, \%u''et \%o#p'u$, \%o#minu$, \%o#time$, \%o#dot \op'u$, \ominu$, \otime$, \o$'a$h, \odot \circ'edda$h, \circ'edcirc, \circ'eda$t \%igop'u$, \%igotime$, \%igodot Sets[edit] \{ \}, \? \empt@ \empt@$et, \(arnothing \in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni \cap, \Lap, \$-cap, \%igcap \cup, \Lup, \$-cup, \%igcup, \%ig$-cup, \up'u$, \%igup'u$ \$etminu$, \$ma''$etminu$, \time$ \$u%$et, \,u%$et, \$-$u%$et \$up$et, \,up$et, \$-$up$et \$u%$ete-, \n$u%$ete-, \$u%$etne-, \(ar$u%$etne-, \$-$u%$ete\$up$ete-, \n$up$ete-, \$up$etne-, \(ar$up$etne-, \$-$up$ete-

\$u%$ete--, \n$u%$ete--, \$u%$etne--, \(ar$u%$etne-\$up$ete--, \n$up$ete--, \$up$etne--, \(ar$up$etne-Relations[edit] =, \ne, \ne-, \e-ui(, \not\e-ui( \dote-, \dote-dot, \o(er$et{\under$et{\mathrm{de)}}{}}{*}, M* \$im, \n$im, \%ac&$im, \thic&$im, \$ime-, \%ac&$ime-, \e-$im, \cong, \ncong \appro#, \thic&appro#, \appro#e-, \a$@mp, \propto, \(arpropto <, \n'e$$, \'', \not\'', \''', \not\''', \'e$$dot >, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot \'e \'e-, \'ne-, \'e--, \n'e--, \'ne--, \'(ertne-\ge \ge-, \gne-, \ge--, \nge--, \gne--, \g(ertne-\'e$$gtr \'e$$e-gtr \'e$$e--gtr \gtr'e$$ \gtre-'e$$ \gtre--'e$$ \'e-$'ant, \n'e-$'ant, \e-$'ant'e$$ \ge-$'ant, \nge-$'ant, \e-$'antgtr \'e$$$im, \'n$im, \'e$$appro#, \'nappro# \gtr$im, \gn$im, \gtrappro#, \gnappro# \prec, \nprec, \prece-, \nprece-, \precne-\$ucc, \n$ucc, \$ucce-, \n$ucce-, \$uccne-\preccur'@e-, \cur'@e-prec \$ucccur'@e-, \cur'@e-$ucc \prec$im, \precn$im, \precappro#, \precnappro# \$ucc$im, \$uccn$im, \$uccappro#, \$uccnappro# )eometric[edit] \para''e', \npara''e', \$hortpara''e', \n$hortpara''e' \perp, \ang'e, \$pherica'ang'e, \mea$uredang'e, 12^\circ \Io#, \%'ac&$-uare, \diamond, \:iamond \'o7enge, \%'ac&'o7enge, \%ig$tar \%igcirc, \triang'e \%igtriang'eup, \%igtriang'edoCn \(artriang'e, \triang'edoCn \%'ac&triang'e, \%'ac&triang'edoCn, \%'ac&triang'e'e)t, \%'ac&triang'eright Logic[edit] \)ora'', \e#i$t$, \ne#i$t$ \there)ore, \%ecau$e, \Bnd \or \'or \(ee, \cur'@(ee, \%ig(ee

\and \'and \Cedge, \cur'@Cedge, \%igCedge \%ar{-}, \%ar{a%c}, \o(er'ine{-}, \o(er'ine{a%c}, \'not \neg, \not\operatorname{J}, \%ot, \top \(da$h \da$h(, \(:a$h, \Eda$h, \mode'$ \E(da$h \n(da$h \nEda$h \n(:a$h \nE:a$h \u'corner \urcorner \''corner \'rcorner Arro*s[edit] \JrightarroC, \<'e)tarroC \JightarroC, \nJightarroC, \<ongrightarroC \imp'ie$ \<e)tarroC, \n<e)tarroC, \<ong'e)tarroC \<e)trightarroC, \n<e)trightarroC, \<ong'e)trightarroC \i)) \NparroC, \:oCnarroC, \NpdoCnarroC \rightarroC \to, \nrightarroC, \'ongrightarroC \'e)tarroC \get$, \n'e)tarroC, \'ong'e)tarroC \'e)trightarroC, \n'e)trightarroC, \'ong'e)trightarroC \uparroC, \doCnarroC, \updoCnarroC \nearroC, \$CarroC, \nCarroC, \$earroC \map$to, \'ongmap$to \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondoCn \'e)tharpoonup \'e)tharpoondoCn \upharpoon 'e)t\upharpoonright \doCnharpoon'e)t \doCnharpoonright \right'e)tharpoon$ \' e)trightharpoon$ \cur(earroC'e)t \circ'earroC'e)t \<$h \upuparroC$ \rightrightarroC$ \right'e )tarroC$\rightarroCtai' \'ooparroCright \cur(earroCright \circ'earroCright \J$h \doCndoCnarroC$ \'e)t'e)tarroC$ \'e) trightarroC$\'e)tarroCtai' \'ooparroC'e)t \hoo&rightarroC \hoo&'e)tarroC \mu'timap \'e)tright$-uigarroC \right$-uigarr oC\tCoheadrightarroC \tCohead'e)tarroC Special[edit] \ama'g \> \, \% \dagger \ddagger \'dot$ \cdot$ \$mi'e \)roCn \Cr \triang'e'e)t \triang'eright \diamond$uit, \heart$uit, \c'u%$uit, \$pade$uit, \9ame, \)'at, \natura', \$harp +nsorted ,ne* stu -[edit] \diagup \diagdoCn \centerdot \'time$ \rtime$ \'e)tthreetime$ \rightthreetime $ \e-circ \circe- \triang'e- \%umpe- \Iumpe- \dote-dot \ri$ingdot$e- \)a''ingd ot$e\interca' \%arCedge \(ee%ar \dou%'e%arCedge \%etCeen \pitch)or& \(artriang'e'e)t \ntriang'e'e)t \(artriang'eright \ntriang'eright \triang'e'e)te- \ntriang'e'e)te- \triang'erighte- \ntriang'erighte2or a little more semantics on these symbols, see the brief Te# )ookbook.

Larger expressions[edit]
Su'scripts. superscripts. integrals[edit]
/eature !uperscript !ubscript a^2 a!2 1D^{8D} a^{2K2} >rouping a!{i,H} %!{)5} Syntax Ho* it loo&s rendered

)ombining sub super without and with hori9ontal separation

#!2^8

{#!2}^8

!uper super

1D^{1D^{O}}

\$ide$et{!1^2}{!8^A}\prod!a^% <receding andor additional sub super {}!1^2\0\?mega!8^A

\o(er$et{\a'pha}{\omega}

\under$et{\a'pha}{\omega} !tacking \o(er$et{\a'pha}{\under$et{\gamma} {\omega}} \$tac&re'{\a'pha}{\omega}

#5, @55, )5, )55 "erivatives #^\prime, @^{\prime\prime}

"erivative dots

\dot{#}, \ddot{#} \hat a \ \%ar % \ \(ec c \o(errightarroC{a %} \ \o(er'e)tarroC{c d} \ \Cidehat{d e )}

Gnderlines, overlines, vectors

\o(er'ine{g h i} \ \under'ine{H & '}

6rc $workaround%

\o(er$et{\)roCn} {BI}

6rrows

B \#'e)tarroC{nK\mu61} I \#rightarroC[;]{n\pm i61} L

?verbraces

\o(er%race{ 1K2K\cdot$K1DD }^{PDPD}

Gnderbraces

\under%race{ aK%K\cdot$K7 }!{2Q}

!um

\$um!{&*1}^R &^2

!um $force \te#t$t@'e%

\te#t$t@'e \$um!{&*1}^R &^2

!um in a fraction \)rac{\$um!{&*1}^R &^2}{a} $default \te#t$t@'e%

!um in a fraction $force \di$p'a@$t@' \)rac{\di$p'a@$t@'e \$um!{&*1}^R &^2}{a} e%

!um in a fraction \)rac{\$um\'imit$^{^R}!{&*1} &^2}{a} $alternative limits style%

<roduct

\prod!{i*1}^R #!i

<roduct $force \te#t$t@'e%

\te#t$t@'e \prod!{i*1}^R #!i

)oproduct

\coprod!{i*1}^R #!i

)oproduct $force \te#t$t@'e%

\te#t$t@'e \coprod!{i*1}^R #!i

&imit

\'im!{n \to \in)t@}#!n

&imit $force \te#t$t@'e%

\te#t$t@'e \'im!{n \to \in)t@}#!n

0ntegral

\int\'imit$!{1}^{8}\)rac{e^8/#}{#^2}\, d#

0ntegral $alternative limits style%

\int!{1}^{8}\)rac{e^8/#}{#^2}\, d#

0ntegral $force \te#t$t@'e%

\te#t$t@'e \int\'imit$!{6R}^{R} e^#\, d#

0ntegral \te#t$t@'e \int!{6R}^{R} e^#\, d# $force \te#t$t@'e, alternative limits style%

"ouble integral

\iint\'imit$!: \, d#\,d@

Triple integral

\iiint\'imit$!S \, d#\,d@\,d7

uadruple integral

\iiiint\'imit$!F \, d#\,d@\,d7\,dt

&ine or path integral

\int!{3#,@4\in L} #^8\, d# K A@^2\, d@

)losed line or path integral

\oint!{3#,@4\in L} #^8\, d# K A@^2\, d@

0ntersections

\%igcap!{i*!1}^n S!i

Gnions

\%igcup!{i*!1}^n S!i

/ractions. matrices. multilines[edit]

/eature Syntax Ho* it loo&s rendered

2ractions

\)rac{2}{A}*D.P or {2 \o(er A}*D.P

!mall fractions

\t)rac{2}{A} * D.P

&arge $normal% fractions

\d)rac{2}{A} * D.P \--uad \d)rac{2}{c K \d)rac{2}{d K \d)rac{2}{A}}} * a

&arge $nested% fractions

\c)rac{2}{c K \c)rac{2}{d K \c)rac{2}{A}}} * a

)ancellations in fractions =ote does not work with Matha*

\c)rac{#}{1 K \c)rac{\cance'{@}}{\cance'{@}}} * \c)rac{#}{2}

;inomial coefficients

\%inom{n}{&}

!mall binomial coefficients

\t%inom{n}{&}

&arge $normal% binomial coefficients

\d%inom{n}{&}

\%egin{matri#} Matrices # 7 @ \\ (

\end{matri#} \%egin{(matri#} # 7 @ \\ (

\end{(matri#} \%egin{Ematri#} # 7 @ \\ (

\end{Ematri#} \%egin{%matri#} D \cdot$ D \\ \(dot$ \\

\(dot$ D

\ddot$ D

\cdot$

\end{%matri#}

\%egin{Imatri#} # 7 @ \\ (

\end{Imatri#} \%egin{pmatri#} # 7 @ \\ (

\end{pmatri#} \%ig'3 \%egin{$ma''matri#} a %\\ c d \end{$ma''matri#} \%igr4 )3n4 * \%egin{ca$e$} )ase distinctions n/2, 8nK1, \te#t{i) }n\te#t{ i$ e(en} \\ \te#t{i) }n\te#t{ i$ odd}

\end{ca$e$} \%egin{a'ign} )3#4 * 3aK%4^2 \\

* a^2K2a%K%^2 \\ \end{a'ign} Multiline e-uations \%egin{a'ignat}{2} )3#4 * 3a6%4^2 \\

* a^262a%K%^2 \\ \end{a'ignat} \%egin{arra@}{'c'} Multiline e-uations $must define number of

columns used $+lcr,% $should not be used unless needed%

a \\ * # K @ K 7

)3#,@,74 \end{arra@}

\%egin{arra@}{'cr} Multiline e-uations $more% 7 * a \\ * # K @ K 7

)3#,@,74 \end{arra@} <noCi&i> ;reaking up a long e*pression so that it wraps when necessary, at the e*pense of destroying correct spacing

<math>)3#4 \,\0</math> <math>* \$um!{n*D}^\in)t@ a!n #^n </math> <math>* a!DKa!1#Ka!2#^2K\cdot$</math> </noCi&i> \%egin{ca$e$} 8# K P@ K 7 \\

!imultaneous e-uations

T# 6 2@ K A7 \\ 6Q# K 8@ K 27 \end{ca$e$}

\%egin{arra@}{1c1c11c1} a \h'ine D D 1\\ 6rrays D 1 1\\ 1 D 1\\ 1 1 D\\ \end{arra@}

, \\

"arenthesi0ing 'ig expressions. 'rac&ets. 'ars [edit]

/eatur e Syntax Ho* it loo&s rendered

;ad

3 \)rac{1}{2} 4

>ood

\'e)t 3 \)rac{1}{2} \right 4

Fou can use various delimiters with (left and (right:

/eature

Syntax

Ho* it loo&s rendered

<arenth \'e)t 3 \)rac{a}{%} \right 4 eses

;racket \'e)t [ \)rac{a}{%} \right ] \-uad \'e)t \'%rac& \)rac{a}{%} \right \r%rac& s

\'e)t \{ \)rac{a}{%} \right \} \-uad ;races \'e)t \'%race \)rac{a}{%} \right \r%race

6ngle bracket \'e)t \'ang'e \)rac{a}{%} \right \rang'e s ;ars \'e)t 1 \)rac{a}{%} \right \(ert \-uad and double \'e)t \Eert \)rac{c}{d} \right \1 bars

2loor and \'e)t \')'oor \)rac{a}{%} \right \r)'oor \-uad ceiling \'e)t \'cei' \)rac{c}{d} \right \rcei' function s: !lashes and \'e)t / \)rac{a}{%} \right \%ac&$'a$h backsla shes Gp, down, \'e)t \uparroC \)rac{a}{%} \right \doCnarroC \-uad and up' \'e)t \NparroC \)rac{a}{%} \right \:oCnarroC \-uad \'e)t \updoCnarroC \)rac{a}{%} \right \NpdoCnarroC down arrows "elimite rs can be mi*ed, \'e)t [ 0,1 \right ) as long \'e)t \'ang'e \p$i \right 3 as (left and (right match Gse (left. and (right. if you \'e)t . \)rac{B}{I} \right \} \to = do not want a delimite r to appear !i9e of ( \%ig'( \Iig'( \%igg'( \Iigg'( \dot$ \Iiggr] \%iggr] \Iigr] \%igr] ] the delimite rs $add

\{ \%ig'\{ \Iig'\{ \%igg'\{ \Iigg'\{ \dot$ \Iiggr\rang'e \%iggr\rang'e \Iigr\rang'e \%igr\rang'e \ra ng'e

\3 \%ig\3 \Iig\3 \%igg\3 \Iigg\3 \dot$ \Iigg3 \%igg3 \Iig3 \%ig 33

\')'oor \%ig'\')'oor \Iig'\')'oor \%igg'\')'oor \Iigg'\') "l" or "r" 'oor\dot$ \Iiggr\rcei' \%iggr\rcei' \Iigr\rcei' \%igr\rcei' \cei' to indicate the side for \uparroC \%ig\uparroC \Iig\uparroC \%igg\uparroC \Iigg\up proper arroC\dot$ spacing \Iigg\:oCnarroC \%igg\:oCnarroC \Iig\:oCnarroC \%ig\:oCna % rroC\:oCnarroC \updoCnarroC \%ig\updoCnarroC \Iig\updoCnarroC \%igg\updo CnarroC\Iigg\updoCnarroC \dot$ \Iigg\NpdoCnarroC \%igg\NpdoCnarroC \Iig\NpdoCnarroC\%ig\ NpdoCnarroC \NpdoCnarroC / \%ig/ \Iig/ \%igg/ \Iigg/ \dot$ \Iigg\%ac&$'a$h \%igg\%ac&$'a$h \Iig\%ac&$'a$h \%ig\%ac&$ 'a$h\%ac&$'a$h

12uation num'ering[edit]
The templates ++=um;lk,, and ++:-uationef,, can be used to number e-uations. The template ++:-uation=ote,, can be used to refer to a numbered e-uation from surrounding te*t. 2or e*ample, the following synta*:

{{RumI'&1M1<math>#^2 K @^2 K 7^2 * 1 \,</math>1{{S-uationJe)11}}}}

produces the following result $note the e-uation number in the right margin%: (1) &ater on, the te*t can refer to this e-uation by its number using synta* like this: 4! !een in e)%a$i5n ({{S-uationRote11}}), blah blah blah666 The result looks like this: 6s seen in e-uation $3%, blah blah blah... =ote that the e-uation number produced by ++:-uation=ote,, is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited e-uation.

Alphabets and typefaces[edit]

Te*vc cannot render arbitrary Gnicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the e*pressions below. 2or others, such as )yrillic, they can be entered as Gnicode or TM& entities in running te*t, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

)ree& alpha'et \B'pha \Ieta \9amma \:e'ta \Sp$i'on \Ueta \Sta \;heta \Gota \Vappa \<am%da \Wu \Ru \=i \>i \Jho \,igma \;au \Np$i'on \>hi \Lhi \>$i \?mega \a'pha \%eta \gamma \de'ta \ep$i'on \7eta \eta \theta \iota \&appa \'am%da \mu \nu \#i \pi \rho \$igma \tau \up$i'on \phi \chi \p$i \omega \(arep$i'on \digamma \(ar&appa \(arpi \(arrho \(ar$igma \(artheta \(arphi He're* sym'ols \a'eph \%eth \gime' \da'eth !lac&'oard 'old/scripts \math%%{BIL:SF9XG} \math%%{YV<WR?>ZJ} \math%%{,;NE[=\U} !old ace \math%){BIL:SF9XG}

\math%){YV<WR?>ZJ} \math%){,;NE[=\U} \math%){a%cde)ghiH&'m} \math%){nop-r$tu(C#@7} \math%){D128APQTO]} !old ace ,)ree&\%o'd$@m%o'{\B'pha\Ieta\9amma\:e'ta\Sp$i'on\Ueta\Sta\;heta} \%o'd$@m%o'{\Gota\Vappa\<am%da\Wu\Ru\=i\>i\Jho} \%o'd$@m%o'{\,igma\;au\Np$i'on\>hi\Lhi\>$i\?mega} \%o'd$@m%o'{\a'pha\%eta\gamma\de'ta\ep$i'on\7eta\eta\theta} \%o'd$@m%o'{\iota\&appa\'am%da\mu\nu\#i\pi\rho} \%o'd$@m%o'{\$igma\tau\up$i'on\phi\chi\p$i\omega} \%o'd$@m%o'{\(arep$i'on\digamma\(ar&appa\(arpi} \%o'd$@m%o'{\(arrho\(ar$igma\(artheta\(arphi}

4talics ,de ault or Latin alpha'et\mathit{D128APQTO]} )ree& italics ,de ault or lo*ercase )ree&-

\mathit{\B'pha\Ieta\9amma\:e'ta\Sp$i'on\Ueta\Sta\;heta} \mathit{\Gota\Vappa\<am%da\Wu\Ru\=i\>i\Jho} \mathit{\,igma\;au\Np$i'on\>hi\Lhi\>$i\?mega} Roman type ace \mathrm{BIL:SF9XG} \mathrm{YV<WR?>ZJ} \mathrm{,;NE[=\U} \mathrm{a%cde)ghiH&'m} \mathrm{nop-r$tu(C#@7} \mathrm{D128APQTO]} Sans seri \math$){BIL:SF9XG} \math$){YV<WR?>ZJ} \math$){,;NE[=\U} \math$){a%cde)ghiH&'m} \math$){nop-r$tu(C#@7} \math$){D128APQTO]}

Sans seri )ree& ,capital only\math$){\B'pha \Ieta \9amma \:e'ta \Sp$i'on \Ueta \Sta \;het a} \math$){\Gota \Vappa \<am%da \Wu \Ru \=i \>i \Jho} \math$){\,igma \;au \Np$i'on \>hi \Lhi \>$i \?mega} 5alligraphy/script \mathca'{BIL:SF9XG} \mathca'{YV<WR?>ZJ} \mathca'{,;NE[=\U} /ra&tur type ace \math)ra&{BIL:SF9XG}

\math)ra&{YV<WR?>ZJ}

\math)ra&{,;NE[=\U}

\math)ra&{a%cde)ghiH&'m}

\math)ra&{nop-r$tu(C#@7} \math)ra&{D128APQTO]}

Small scriptstyle text

{\$cript$t@'e\te#t{a%cde)ghiH&'m}}

Mixed text aces[edit]

/eature Syntax Ho* it loo&s rendered

0talicised characters $spaces are ignored% =on'italicised characters Mi*ed italics $bad% Mi*ed italics $good% Mi*ed italics $alternative: 3 or "( " forces a space% Color[edit]

# @ 7 \te#t{# @ 7} \te#t{i)} n \te#t{i$ e(en} \te#t{i) }n\te#t{ i$ e(en} \te#t{i)}"n\ \te#t{i$ e(en}

:-uations can use color with the \co'or command. The default Te*vc renderer and the Matha* renderers have different synta*es to support both use {\co'or{I'ue} {te#t}}. 2or e*ample {\co'or{I'ue}{#^2}}K{\co'or{?range}{2#}}6{\co'or{<ime9reen}{1}} #!{1,2}*\)rac{{\co'or{I'ue}{6%}}\pm\$-rt{\co'or{Jed}{%^26Aac}}} {\co'or{9reen}{2a}}

?ther methods only work with one renderer and will not work for readers with the other renderer

{\co'or{I'ue}#^2}K{\co'or{?range}2#}6{\co'or{<ime9reen}1} work s with Te*vc but not Matha*

\co'or{I'ue}#^2\co'or{I'ac&}K\co'or{?range}2#\co'or{I'ac&}6\co'or{<ime9reen}1 works with Te*vc but not Matha*

\co'or{I'ue}{#^2}K\co'or{?range}{2#}6\co'or{<ime9reen}{1} works with Matha* but not Te*vc

!ome color names are predeclared according to the following table, you can use them directly for the rendering of formulas $or for declaring the intended color of the page background%.

5olors supported

: These colors are defined in Te# but are not )!! color names they should work on Wikipedia. ?ther installations may need to ensure the Te* color e*tension is installed. !ee bug CAE =ote that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black'and'white media or for color'blind people. !eeWikipedia:Manual of !tyle $accessibility%#)olor. &ate* does not have a command for setting the background color. The most effective of setting a background color is by setting a )!! styling rules for a table cell {1 c'a$$*+Ci&ita%'e+ 16 1 $t@'e*+%ac&groundM gra@+ 1 <math>\pageco'or{9ra@}#^2</math> 11 $t@'e*+%ac&groundM 9o'denrod+ 1 <math>\pageco'or{9o'denrod}@^8</math> 1} endered as

The \pageco'or{9o'denrod} command is necessary for the Te*vc renderer to use the correct anti'aliasing around the edges of the semi'transparent images. )ustom colours can be defined using \de)ineco'or{m@co'or}{J9I}{2PP,1QP,1DD}\pageco'or{m@co'or} e^{i \pi} K 1 * D. This should be avoided as it does not work with the Matha* renderer. Formatting issues[edit] Spacing[edit] =ote that TEX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control. /eature Syntax Ho* it loo&s rendered

double -uad space

a \--uad b a \-uad b a\ b a \m%o#{ } b a\7b a\<b a\,b

-uad space

te*t space

te*t space without <=> conversion

large space

medium space

.not supported/

small space

tiny space $use for multiplication of factors% no space $use for multi'letter variables%

ab

\mathit{a%} a\+b

small negative space

6utomatic spacing may be broken in very long e*pressions $because they produce an overfull hbo* in TEX%: 0-1-2-3-1-2-8-9-:-;-10-11-12-13-11-12-18-19-1:-1;-20-\cdot$ This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces + , around the whole e*pression: {DK1K2K8KAKPKQKTKOK]K1DK11K12K18K1AK1PK1QK1TK1OK1]K2DK\cdot$} Alignment *ith normal text lo*[edit] "ue to the default )!! img.te# { vertical-alignM midd'e2 } an inline e*pression like should look good.

0f you need to align it otherwise, use !$#le=<&e $ical.ali=n>. 100%;">... and play with the &e $ical.ali=n argument until you get it right1 however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings. 6lso note that if you rely on this workaround, ifwhen the rendering on the server gets fi*ed in future releases, as a result of this e*tra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. !o use it sparingly, if at all.

6uadratic polynomial[edit] <math>a#^2 K %# K c * D</math> 6uadratic ormula[edit]

<math>#*{6%\pm\$-rt{%^26Aac} \o(er 2a}</math> Tall parentheses and ractions[edit]

<math>2 * \'e)t3 \)rac{\'e)t386#\right4 \time$ 2}{86#} \right4</math>

<math>,!{\te#t{neC}} * ,!{\te#t{o'd}} 6 \)rac{ \'e)t3 P6; \right4 ^2} {2}</math> 4ntegrals[edit]

<math>\int!a^# \0\0\0\int!a^$ )3@4\,d@\,d$ * \int!a^# )3@43#6@4\,d@</math> Matrices and determinants[edit] <math>\det3\math$){B}6\'am%da\math$){G}4 * D</math> Summation[edit]

<math>\$um!{i*D}^{n61} i</math>

<math>\$um!{m*1}^\in)t@\$um!{n*1}^\in)t@\)rac{m^2\,n} {8^m\'e)t3m\,8^nKn\,8^m\right4}</math> $i erential e2uation[edit] <math>u55 K p3#4u5 K -3#4u*)3#4,\-uad #>a</math> 5omplex num'ers[edit] <math>1\%ar{7}1 * 171, 13\%ar{7}4^n1 * 171^n, \arg37^n4 * n \arg374</math> Limits[edit]

<math>\'im!{7\rightarroC 7!D} )374*)37!D4</math> 4ntegral e2uation[edit]

<math>\phi!n3\&appa4 * \)rac{1}{A\pi^2\&appa^2} \int!D^\in)t@ \)rac{\$in3\&appa J4}{\&appa J} \)rac{\partia'}{\partia' J} \'e)t[J^2\)rac{\partia' :!n3J4}{\partia' J}\right]\,dJ</math> 1xample[edit]

<math>\phi!n3\&appa4 * D.D88L!n^2\&appa^{611/8},\-uad \)rac{1}{<!D}\''\&appa\''\)rac{1}{'!D}</math> 5ontinuation and cases[edit]

<math> )3#4 * \%egin{ca$e$}

1 61 \'e # < D \\ \)rac{1}{2} # * D \\ 1 6 #^2 \te#t{otherCi$e} \end{ca$e$} </math> "re ixed su'script[edit]

<math>{}!pF!-3a!1,\dot$,a!p2c!1,\dot$,c!-274 * \$um!{n*D}^\in)t@ \)rac{3a!14!n\cdot$3a!p4!n}{3c!14!n\cdot$3c!-4!n} \)rac{7^n}{n0}</math> /raction and small raction[edit]

<math>\)rac{a}{%}\ \t)rac{a}{%}</math> Area o a 2uadrilateral[edit] <math>,*d:\,\$in\a'pha\0</math> 7olume o a sphere%stand[edit]

<math>E*\)rac1Q\pi h\'e)t[8\'e)t3r!1^2Kr!2^2\right4Kh^2\right]</math> Multiple e2uations[edit]

<math>\%egin{a'ign} u * \t)rac{1}{\$-rt{2}}3#K@4 \--uad ( * \t)rac{1}{\$-rt{2}}3#6@4 \--uad \end{a'ign}</math>

# @

* \t)rac{1}{\$-rt{2}}3uK(4 \\ * \t)rac{1}{\$-rt{2}}3u6(4