Chapter6 Frequency Planning and Anti-Interference Technology

Wireless Network Planning Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 6 Frequency Planning and Anti-interference Technology..........................................1

6.1 Frequency Planning..........................................................................................................1
6.1.1 Frequency Division and C/I Requirements.............................................................1
6.1.2 Principles of the Frequency Planning.....................................................................3
6.1.3 Basic Frequency Reuse..........................................................................................4
6.1.4 Compact Frequency Reuse....................................................................................6
6.2 Anti-interference Technology..........................................................................................16
6.2.1 Frequency hopping Technology............................................................................16
6.2.2 Power Control.......................................................................................................21
6.2.3 Discontinuous Transmission.................................................................................22
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 6 Frequency Plan and Anti-
interference Technology
Chapter 6 Frequency Planning and Anti-

6.1 Frequency Planning

Today, for the development of the cellular system, its capacity is limited by the given
frequency bandwidth. The frequency may satisfy the requirements of the capacity in a
certain area only by reusing. However, the frequency reuse, especially the compact
frequency reuse pattern, will certainly cause the problem how to reduce the common
adjacent frequency interference with which we must be faced: in the equivalent areas,
the more incompact the frequency reuse interval is, the less the common adjacent
frequency interference is, with less capacity; with more compact frequency reuse, the
capacity is promoted to a certain content, but with the promotion of the common
adjacent frequency interference. How to obtain the balance between the capacity and
the voice quality is the problem that must be settled by the frequency plan, in other
word, a good frequency plan may realize the promotion of the network capacity on the
basis of maintaining a good voice quality.
6.1.1 Frequency Division and C/I Requirements
The cellular system is generally divided into the GSM900M and DCS1800M systems
with the carrier frequency interval of 200 kHz, based on the frequencies. The division
of its uplink and downlink frequencies is as follows:
Frequency bandwidth (uplink/downlink)
Network type
(MHz)
GSM900 890～915/935～960
DCS1800 1710～1785/1805～1880
I. GSM900
It has total 124 frequency bands, the sequence numbers (ARFCN) are 1-124, with
200kHz of protective band on each end. According to the national regulation, the
Mobile occupies 890-909/935-954MHz, while Unicom occupies 909-915/954-
960MHz. The relation between the frequency and the sequence number (n) is as
follows:
Base station receiving: f1(n)＝890. 2＋(n-1)×0. 2 (MHz)
Base station sending: f2(n)＝f1(n)＋45 (MHz)
II. DCS1800
It has total 374 frequency bands, the sequence numbers (ARFCN) are 512-885. The
relation between the frequency and the sequence number (n) is as follows:
Base station receiving: f1(n)＝1710. 2＋(n-512)×0. 2 (MHz)
Base station sending: f2(n)＝f1(n)＋95 (MHz)
The Mobile occupies 1710MHz-1720MHz, with the corresponding frequency
sequence numbers of 512-561; while the Unicom occupies 1745 MHz-1755MHz, with
1
the corresponding sequence numbers of 687-736.
III. C/I requirements
In the cellular system, since the frequency resource is limited, the replicated use of
the frequency is an effective approach for promoting the frequency availability. The
replicated use of the frequency would cause the interference with each other, so-
called common frequency interference. The closer the interval between both
frequencies is, the higher the frequency availability, but with higher interference.
Figure 6-1 describes the distribution of the interference. For the convenience of
analysis, the cell is indicated by the regular hexagon. In the figure, D is the reuse
interval, and [fn] is the reuse frequency. The strength of the interference power is
dependent on the effective emission power, reuse interval and path fading. By the
derivation, the reuse frequency cluster number K is obtained:
K=i2+ij+j2
where i, j are integers.
Figure 6-1 Interference schematic diagram
Let:
D
q= R = 3 K (1)
then the analysis of the common frequency interference is:
C C
I =
 Ik (2)
where Ik is number k interference signal, K=1,2,. . . N.
The above expression may also be:
C 1
=
I
 (q k ) − (3)
2
where q k is number K common frequency interference factor,  is the path fading

offset determined by the actual geographic environment, in the mobile environment,
the path fading value =3-5, generally it is 4.
For the base station with the omnidirectional antenna, the first level of the interference
source includes six (since the interference over the second level is small, it may be
omitted), if the conditions of the six interference cells are the same, the one with the
largest interference is to be taken into consideration, then
1
C
q −1 = (6  I ) (4)
For the 120 degrees of directional base station, it is theoretically thought that there
are two interference sources, however, considering the influences of the antenna side
and back lobes, the interference sources are still calculated by six (the worst
condition), it can be obtained from the expression (4)
C (q −1 ) 
I = 6 (5)
The relation between C/I and q can be obtained from the above expression, and
further the relation between C/I and K. If the cellular arrangement is not proper, each
base station will undertake more interference sources.
GSM is an interference limited system, according to the demodulation requirements
of the signal in the air interface, GSM specifies that the common adjacent frequency
protective ratio should meet the following requirements:
Common frequency C/I: C/I≥9dB; it has 3dB allowance in engineering, i. e. ,
C/I≥12dB;
Adjacent frequency suppression ratio: C/A≥-9dB; it has 3dB allowance in engineering,
i. e. , C/A≥-6dB
Second adjacent suppression ratio: C/A2≥-41dB.
6.1.2 Principles of the Frequency Planning
A good network structure is the basis of a good frequency planning. When the
frequency plan is carried out in a certain area, it is done in a geographic division
mode, but some frequency bands must be reserved (when the frequency is sufficient
for use) at the division junctures or the frequency bands are to be divided. The
selection of the juncture should be away from the hotspot area or complicated
networking area. Generally, the plan is carried out beginning from the place where the
base stations are closely packed. Due to the irregularity of the site distribution, it is
difficult to guarantee that the frequencies of the same level of carrier frequencies can
be planed fully according to the common pattern of 4×3 or 3×3, it is needed to be
adjusted according to the actual situations. Whatever patterns may be used for the
frequency plan, the following principles should be observed:
(1) It is not allowed that there are cofrequency frequency bands in the same base
station;
(2) In the same cell, the frequency interval between BCCH and TCH is preferably
over 400K;
(3) When the frequency hopping is not used, the frequency interval between TCHs in
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the same cell is preferably over 400K;
(4) In non 1×3 reuse pattern, the direct adjacent base stations should avoid
cofrequency (even though the directions of their antenna main lobe are different, the
influences of the side lobes and back lobes may be difficult to be estimated due to the
reasons of the antenna and environment);
(5) Considering the complexity of the suspending antenna and propagation
environment, the base stations with closer distance should prevent from the opposite
cofrequency (including diagonal opposite) as possible;
(6) Generally, for the 1×3 reuse, it is ensured that the frequency hopping band should
double the number of the hopping carrier frequencies or over;
(7) Pay attention to the cofrequency reuse, the case that there are the same BCCH
and the same BSIC in the adjacent areas should be avoided.
(8) Enabling the PBGT handover, after the adjacent frequency suppression ratio is
determined via the parameter adjusting, the adjacent frequency may be employed in
the direct adjacent opposite cells. Since the PBGT handover algorithm is judged
based on the BCCH field density (path dissipation), when the BCCH frequency and
the TCH frequency are alternatively allocated, after the downlink power control is
enabled, the new adjacent frequency interference problem may be occur: for
example, when a mobile phone makes a call on the number 50 TCH of the cell A, the
BCCH of its adjacent cell B is 51, and the PBGT handover may not be occur because
the field density is less than that of the cell A; however, the downlink timeslot of the
call on the number 50 of the cell A may be less than BCCH of its adjacent cell B
because of the power control, which causes the new adjacent frequency interference.
The solution is: respectively allocating the independent frequency range to the BCCH
frequency and the TCH frequency without any interleaving as possible; reducing the
overlapped coverage between the cells; properly increasing the expected level of the
downlink power control.
6.1.3 Basic Frequency Reuse
The most basic frequency reuse pattern of GSM is the 4×3 frequency reuse, which is
the basis of other frequency reuse patterns. "4" refers to 4 sites, "3" indicates that
each site has 3 cells, total 12 cells are the frequency cluster. For various cells in the
same cluster, their frequencies are different. Figure 6-2 shows the 4×3 frequency
reuse cell cluster.
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Figure 6-2 Basic frequency reuse 4×3 reuse cluster
For the 12 cells shown in the figure, their frequencies are different, covering other
cells in the figure, and reusing one grouplink of frequencies in the 12 frequency
cluster. An example is used to describe the 4×3 frequency reuse. It is assumed that
the available bandwidth is 12. 2MHz, the channel number is 34-95, the assignment of
the 12 channel groups is shown in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1 4×3 frequency reuse assignment table
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
It can be seen from the table, in the case of 12. 2MHZ, the average largest site type is
S5/5/5. When allocating the frequencies to the base stations, the rule {A1, A2, A3} or
{B1, B2, B3} or {C1, C2, C3}, or {D1, D2, D3} is selected, the co-frequency or
adjacent frequency may not occur in the same cell and the adjacent cell.
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6.1.4 Compact Frequency Reuse
When the network construction is developed to certain content, it will certainly bring
along the rapid increase of the capacity, and put forward more strict requirements for
the network construction in turn. With the application of cell splitting, micorcell and
distributive antenna system, how to appropriately plan the frequencies becomes a
challenging question, and various frequency compact reuse technologies emerge
accordingly. Currently, the most used are MRP, IUO and FRACTIONAL REUSE (1×3)
technologies.
Different frequency reuse technologies need the corresponding software and
hardware technology supports, and subsequently the handover, power control,
channel assignment algorithm and the functions such as DTX and frequency hopping
are improved and developed; it is put forward more strict requirements for the
selection of the antennas. In other words, as the frequency reuse is very compact,
how to reduce the interference is the key to guarantee the system service quality. For
the planning, it appears as the appropriate selection of the base station position and
the cell direction, the appropriate setting of the height and declination angle of the
antenna for reducing the cross-cell coverage; for the system function, it appears as
the utilization of the DTX and frequency hopping technologies, and of the PBGT
handover, uplink/ downlink power control, optimized channel assignment algorithm,
and the like. For the parameter settings, it includes the appropriate settings of various
thresholds of the base station static power and handover, and of the frequency
hopping parameters for reducing the possibility of the collision of the common
adjacent frequencies to the maximum extent; in addition, for the equipment, it puts
forward more strict requirements with regard to the stray indexes of the base station
equipment and the selective indexes of the adjacent channel.
Various compact reuse technologies utilize the multi-layer concept on the whole,
planning the BCCH and TCH in multi-layer, various layers utilize different frequency
reuse pattern. Considering that BCCH must at intervals send the system message for
the detection and contact of the mobile phones, so that the mobile phones can
decode correctly and the report correctness of the mobile phones may be increased,
BCCH should be assigned with at least 12 frequency bands. During the actual
assignment, considering the irregularity of the base station distribution and the
change of the directional angles of the cells, over 14 of frequency bands are generally
assigned to BCCH, and the frequency plan is to be made generally by utilizing the
4×3 or more incompact frequency reuse pattern. TCH frequency plan is made by
utilizing patterns such as 3×3, 2×3, 1×3 and the like. It is to be mentioned here, the
purpose for various carrier layers to utilizing different reuse degrees is to prevent the
interference as possible, which is embodied in the following aspects:
 In the case of the non-uniform network site types, as not each of cells is
to utilize TRXs of the last layer or layers, TRXs of the last layer or
layers of TRXs may realize the more compact reuse degree (even
though in the case of no frequency hopping).
 Since each carrier layer is to utilize the different reuse patterns as

possible, the frequency bands of any two of the cells in the network are
not the same, that is, there are no thoroughly co-frequency cells.
 After the multiple frequency reuse is realized, while the interference is

increased, the TRXs are also increased in the cell, so that the
frequencies participated in the hopping are increased, increasing the
gain.
 If there are the frequency band with smaller interference and the
frequency band with larger interference simultaneously in a cell, after
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the hopping technology is utilized, the frequency band with smaller

interference and the frequency with larger interference will be merged.
According to the characteristics of the Viterbi decoder, the interfered
frequency band may still be utilized normally. Although the interference
is variable with regard to each burst, the voice quality will be dependent
on the average value of the interference with regard to a specific
connection.
I. Multiple compact reuse pattern (MRP)
The multiple compact reuse technology is also called MRP (Multiple Reuse Pattern),
allowing the simultaneous existence of several different frequency reuse patterns,
which is put into operation, in the same GSM network. For example: BCCH utilizes
the 4×3 reuse pattern, TCH utilizes 3×3 and 2×3 patterns, Figure 6-3 shows the
schematic diagram of its structure.
Figure 6-3 Schematic diagram of multiple compact reuse
In the figure, the same color refers to the same grouplink of frequencies that are
reused, the size of the circle refers to the coverage range. L 1, L2, …, Lm refer to the
frequency layers in the cell, it can be seen from the figure, the reuse of the layer that
is closer to the top layer is more compact. In the case of the given frequency,
comparing the multiple compact reuse with the same reuses in various layers, the
number of the channels in the unit area will be increased significantly.
Essentially, MRP is a frequency planning method, without putting forward any special
software/hardware requirements. It is established based on the concept of a carrier
multi-layer. That is to say, all of available frequency bands are divided into several
groups, each of which acts as a carrier layer. According to the compact reuse rules,
the frequency bands arranged in each layer which are illustrated by way of the
following example, conform to the following expression: n1≥n2≥n3≥n4≥. . . . . . ≥nm.
Layer Number of frequency band
BCCH n1
TCH1 n2
7
TCH2 n3
.....................
TCHm-1 nm
For example, assuming that the available frequency bandwidth is 10MHz and the
signal channel numbers are 46-94, the rules of the BCCH and TCH carrier layers may
utilize the continuous grouping pattern. For the continuous grouping pattern, the
BCCH frequency band is preferably added with 1-2 additional frequency bands for
planning, i. e. , total 12-14 frequency bands for planning. Table 6-2 has no reserved
frequency band.
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Table 6-2 Continuously assigning MRP

Absolute carrier
Number of the
number of the
Carrier type available frequency
available frequency
bands
band
BCCH 46～57 12
TCH1 58～66 9
TCH2 67～74 8
TCH3 75～82 8
TCH4 83～88 6
TCH5 89～94 6
It can be seen from the above table, the above frequency bands are thus divided into
6 groups, the carrier layer where the broadcasting channel (BCCH) is located has 12
frequency bands for reusing, the service channel is divided into TCH1-TCH5, total 5
groups of the carrier layers, each grouplink is assigned with different numbers of
frequency bands for reusing.
Thus, in the case of 10MHz of the bandwidth, the base station configuration is made
to S6/6/6. According to the above assignment of the frequency bands for various
carrier types, the frequency plan is carried out in the entire network. In the case of the
traditional 4/12 reuse pattern, the maximum configuration of the base station can be
made to S4/4/4.
With regarding to the continuous grouping pattern, there may be the
cofrequency/adjacent interference in the base station frequency layer, and the
interference between the base station frequency layers occurs at the frequency
boundary point.
In addition to the continuous assignment, the interval assignment may be utilized,
Figure 6-4 shows the schematic diagram of the interval assignment. In the figure, it is
assumed that the frequencies that may be assigned to BCCH are 1, 3, 5, …, 37, from
which, 12 frequency bands are obtained for BCCH, the rest frequencies are assigned
to TCH1, THC2, THC3 and MICRO, each layer of frequencies are selected at regular
intervals. In the case that there are the adjacent frequency interference within the
layer instead of between the layers, when the traffic is not very busy, this pattern is
useful for reducing the network interference.
Figure 6-4 Discontinuous frequency assignment
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The reason that MRP may realize the frequency compact reuse layer by layer so as
to realize the increase of TRX is: since not every cell needs the last layer of TRX
during the initial stage, the last layer of TRX may realize the more compact reuse.
Further, after MRP is utilized, while the interference is increased, TRXs are also
increased in the cell, so that the frequencies participated in the hopping is increased,
increasing the gains. If there are the frequency point with smaller interference and the
frequency point with larger interference simultaneously in a cell, after the hopping
technology is utilized, the frequency point with smaller interference and the frequency
with larger interference will be merged. The Viterbi decoder can still demodulate the
code element correctly. The interference appears in the concept of the average value,
which does not affect the normal operation of the base station.
It should be mentioned here, when the MRP frequency assignment is carried out, the
minimum frequency reuse degree of the TCH layer is recommended not less than 6;
and the average frequency reuse degree of the TCH layer is at least between 7-8. If
the frequency resources are available, in the initial frequency planning, it is very
effective to reserve a given frequency bands for the microcell and for settling the
troublesome problems in optimization.
II. Ordinary concentric circle technology
The ordinary concentric circle technology is to divide the ordinary cell into two service
layers, i. e. , the great circle and the small circle, to divide the frequency bands into
two parts, the TRX powers corresponding to some of the frequency bands are adjust
down, so that two concentric circles with different coverage in the coverage range.
For the mobile phones in the great circle, the frequency bands with more incompact
frequency reuse such as the BCCH frequency band, as possible; for the mobile
phones in the small circle, the frequency bands with the more compact frequency
reuse such as the frequency bands except BCCH, as possible, the system capacity
can be effectively increased by utilizing the compact frequency reuse pattern for the
frequency bands across the small circle. It is seen from Figure 6-5, since the mobile
phones in the small circle is far away from the interference source, the voice quality
can still be guaranteed, even though the frequency with the compact reuse is used.
Also, since the mobile phones in the great circle utilize the frequency with the
incompact reuse, the voice quality can be guaranteed.
Cell A Cell B
Signal Interference
Big Small
circle circle
Figure 6-5 Schematic diagram of the compact frequency reuse in the
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concentric circle cell
If the inner circle is overlapped with the excircle or inner circle of the other cell, the
inner circle can be switched to another cell directly, which can effectively reduce the
congestion condition in the excircle.
When the ordinary concentric circle technology is utilized, as the inner circle of the
concentric circle can utilize the more compact frequency reuse pattern, comparing to
MRP, it can increase the network capacity to the larger extent, and the network quality
is also guaranteed. In some special case, for example, when the excircle of the
concentric circle cell is configured with only one carrier BCCH, using 4×3 frequency
reuse pattern, and other TCH carriers are all configured on the inner circle with the
1×3 frequency reuse pattern, the concentric circle cell is just the same as the 1×3,
and the average frequency reuse degree is the same as the 1×3, therefore, the
concentric circle in this case can effectively reduce the interference in the entire
network without reducing the network capacity, so as to realize the network quality
higher than 1×3.
The problem caused by the use of the ordinary concentric circle is that the traffic
control, i. e. , the handover control, between the inner circle and the excircle. Based
on the feature that the coverage ranges of the inner circle and excircle are different,
the signal level threshold and TA value threshold are generally regarded as the
handover basis; based on this feature, this technology may be used to guide the
traffic in the cell in which the coverage ranges of some carriers are different.
III. Intelligent underlay/overlay (IUO)
To guarantee that the coverage ranges of all the carriers in the base station are
identical, the intelligent underlay/overlay (IUO) technology is introduced, in which, all
the TRXs in the cell are the same. The design philosophy of the IUO is shown in
Figure 6-6.
Figure 6-6 Schematic diagram of the IUO structure
It is seen from the figure, the IUO philosophy is to divide the base station frequencies
into two parts, or so-called two layers, one layer is called "REGULAR layer", and the
other "SUPER layer". For "REGULAR layer", the interval of the frequency reuse is
larger, utilizing the incompact frequency reuse pattern; for "SUPER layer", the interval
of the frequency reuse is smaller, utilizing the compact reuse pattern. The frequency
assignment of IUO is described by way of an example, assuming that the assignable
frequency band is 10. 4MHz. Figure 6-7 shows the example of IUO frequency
assignment.
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Figure 6-7 Example of IUO frequency assignment
BCCH reuse: 15
R TCH TRX reuse: 12
S TCH TRX reuse: 6
BCCH selects 15 frequency bands, utilizing the 4×3 reuse pattern. REGULAR layer
utilizes 24 frequency bands. The 4×3 reuse pattern is utilized. SUPER utilizes 12
frequency bands and the 2×3 reuse pattern. After the IUO technology is utilized, the
maximum site type is S5/5/5, if the 4×3 reuse pattern is utilized, the maximum site
type is only S4/4/4.
The problem caused by the use of IUO is that SUPER interference is larger, the
specific handover algorithm is needed to be provided by the equipment to judge the
interference in the network; once it is found that C/I goes beyond a given standard,
the system will switch the user to the REGULAR layer. Both of the judgment and
handover are completed automatically. When C/I>good threshold, the frequencies of
the S layer are used; when C/I<bad threshold, the frequencies of the R layer are
used. For example: when the frequency hopping is not used, C/I>17db, the
frequencies of the S layer are used, C/I<12db, the frequencies of the R layer are
used; when the frequency hopping is used, C/I>11db, the frequencies of the S layer
are used, C/I<7db, the frequencies of the R layer are used. The traffic of the R/S
layers can be controlled by adjusting the threshold value.
C/I detection is based on the RXLEV and RXQUAL of the BCCH channel in the
adjacent cell reported by MS, the cofrequency reuse cell is predefined in the system,
forcing it as the adjacent cell. The mobile phones report the best and strongest signal
of the six measurements, the base station judges the component of the cofrequency
cell, calculates the C/I, and obtains the criterion for the R/S layer handover.
IV. Fractional reuse technology (1×3 or 1×1 fractional reuse)
The fractional reuse technology and the 1×3 or 1×1 reuse technology are combined
with each other; for the 1×3 or 1×1 reuse, the reuse interval is smaller and the
interference is larger, the RF hopping technology should be utilized, the collection of
the available hopping frequencies is far lager than the number of TRXs, and the MA,
HSN, MAIO parameters should be set, so as to avoid the collision of the frequencies.
Assuming 10MHz bandwidth, 50 frequency bands, BCCH occupies 14 frequency
bands, and TCH utilizes 36 frequency bands. If the 4×3 reuse pattern is utilized for
planning, each cell is assigned with 3 TCH frequency bands, with the site type of
S4/4/4. If the fractional reuse 1×3 is used, the TCH frequency bands that may be
used by each cell are 12, and the actual available frequencies used by the cell are
dependent on the fractional reuse ratio; specifically, if FR LOAD is 50%, then
TRX=12×50%=6, with the maximum site type of S7/7/7.
According to the previously obtained relational expression of C/I and K and the
relation between K and FR, the curve chart 6-8 of FR and C/I is obtained, from which
it can be seen, the better C/I ratio (12dB) can be guaranteed when the average load
factor is 0. 5, and C/I is unbearably deteriorated when the average load factor is 1, i.
e. , the true 1X3 pattern; on the other hand, it is recommended that the actual
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average frequency reuse degree is not less than 6, which is the bottom line of the
current frequency reuse degree.
In this reuse pattern, the interference may be expressed as the collision probability of
the common adjacent frequencies; the result of the simulation shows that the collision
probability is only relative to FR, independent from how much the available
frequencies are and how much the available TRXs are.
Figure 6-8 Relation graph of FR and C/I
It should also be mentioned, when this pseudo spread spectrum pattern is used, if the
initial plan is incorrectly made, comparing to the small traffic, the quality is seriously
deteriorated when the traffic increases. The preferred method is to simulate the
interference conditions with the large traffic by sending the idle Burst function when
the network is initially established, and perform the adjustment for optimization.
Figure 6-9 1×3 fractional reuse frequency assignment
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Figure 6-9 shows the base station frequency arrangement in the case of the 1×3
fractional reuse pattern visually. Total N (>12) BCCH frequency bands and 18 TCH
frequency bands. The frequency bands assigned in a cell is to be described now,
TRX1 utilizes one of the N BCCH carriers, at a certain time, TRX2, TRX3 and TRX4
that are using the 1×3 pattern are assigned to the 3 frequency bands of the 6 TCH
carriers. Each TRX (2-4) is configured with the same MA and HSN, but MAIO is
different.
Now the specific application of the 1×3 reuse pattern will be described by an example
of the Unicom GSM900 network somewhere.
 Unicom 900 frequency band: 96-124
 Carrier configuration: S3/3/3
 BCCH carrier layer: 96-109 reuse pattern: 4×3
 TCH carrier layer: 110-124 reuse pattern: 1×3

(1) Sequence grouping solution
TCH is grouped in sequence, the three cells in the same base station utilize the same
HSN, different sites utilize different HSNs, all the carrier of the same layer in the
network utilize the same MAIO. Assuming that the frequency hopping groups are
allocated as follows:
Grouplink one: 110 111 112 113 114
Grouplink two: 115 116 117 118 119
Grouplink three: 120 121 122 123 124
HSN of the site A is 1, MAIOs of the two carriers TCH1 and TCH2 in each cell are 0
and 2 respectively, HSN of the site B is 2, MAIOs of the two carriers TCH1 and TCH2
are 0 and 2 respectively, and so on; in this way, the cofrequencies among the three
different cells in the same site are avoided; comparing to the TCH interval grouping,
the possible collision of the cofrequencies in the adjacent cells opposite to the
different sites are reduced; however, comparing to the TCH interval grouping, the
possible collision of the cofrequencies between the cells parallel to the different sites
in direction is increased.
(2) Interval grouping solution
TCH utilizes the interval grouping, the three cells in the same base station utilize the
same HSN, the different sites utilize the different HSNs, and the carriers of the same
layer in the same base station utilize the different MAIO. Assuming that the frequency
hopping groups are allocated as follows:
Grouplink one: 110113 116 119 122
Grouplink two: 111 114 117 120 123
Grouplink three: 112 115 118 121 124
HSN of the site A is 1, MAIOs of the two carriers TCH1 and TCH2 in the grouplink one
cell are 0 and 1 respectively; MAIOs of the two carriers TCH1 and TCH2 in the
grouplink two cell are 2 and 3 respectively, MAIOs of the two carriers TCH1 and
TCH2 in the grouplink three cell are 4 and 0 respectively, HSN of the site B is 2, and
so on. In this way, the cofrequencies among the three different cells in the same site
are avoided; comparing to the TCH sequence grouping, the possible collision of the
cofrequencies in the adjacent cells opposite to the different sites are increased;
however, comparing to the TCH sequence grouping, the possible collision of the
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cofrequencies between the cells parallel to the different sites in direction is reduced.
With respect to the question how to grouplink TCH so that the 1×3 frequency hopping
interference is relatively smaller, both sequence grouping and interval grouping
patterns have some defects; however, generally, the adjacent frequency influence of
the adjacent cell opposite to the central area where the base stations are compact
dense and are regularly distributed is larger than that of the adjacent cell parallel to
the central area in direction, it is obviously advantageous to utilize the sequence
grouping pattern; however, in the areas around the dense base stations, as the
irregularity of the base station distribution, it is useful for homogenizing the influence
caused by the interference by utilizing the interval grouping pattern. Therefore, which
grouping pattern being utilized should be considered together with the actual
environment situations. After the new channel allocation algorithm in the compact
reuse pattern is realized, it is recommended that the sequence grouping solution is to
be utilized, thus, the better guarantee of the service quality in the entire network will
be actually implemented.
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6.2 Anti-interference Technology
6.2.1 Frequency hopping Technology
I. Several concepts
(1) Frequency hopping

Frequency hopping means that the carrier frequencies with useful information hop
with the time sequence under the control of a sequence called hopping sequence
number (HSN). A hopping sequence is an array that uniquely specifies all (N)
frequencies, in the set of the frequencies (MA) including N frequencies, by the
hopping sequence number (HSN), mobile allocation index offset (MAIO) and frame
number(FN) through a given algorithm. N channels in the different timeslots may
utilize the same hopping sequence, the different channels in the same timeslot in the
same cell utilize the different mobile allocation index offset (MAIO).
(2) Hopping mode
Hopping mode is divided into the frame hopping and slot hopping in terms of the time
domain, and into the RF hopping and baseband hopping in the carrier realization
mode.
 Frame hopping:hopping by the unite of TDMA frame, in this mode, each

carrier may be regarded as a channel; the TCH on the TRX carrier
where the BCCH is located during the frame hopping in a cell can not
participate in the hopping, other different carriers should have different
MAIOs, this is the special case of the slot hopping.
 Slot hopping: every slot frequency band of every TDMA frame changes
once, the TCH in the TRX where the BCCH is located during the slot
hopping may participate in the hopping, however, it is currently realized
only during the baseband hopping.
 RF hopping: both of the transmitting TX and receiving RX of the TRX

participate in the hopping. The number of the frequencies that
participate in the hopping in a cell may be larger than the number of the
TRXs in this cell.
 Baseband hopping: each transmitter works at a fixed frequency, TX

does not participate in the hopping, and the transmission hopping is
implemented through the switching of the baseband signal, but RX
must participate in the hopping. Therefore, the number of the hopping
frequencies in a cell may not be larger than the number of TRXs in this
cell.
(3) Frequency hopping algorithm
Now several parameters will be described first:
 CA: cell allocation table, it is the set of the frequencies used in the cell;
 FN: TDMA frame number, it is broadcast in the synchronous channel.

BTS and MS are synchronized through FN (0-2715647);
 MA: a set of the wireless frequenc channels numbers used for the
16
mobile station, it is a subset of CA. MA includes N frequency channel

numbers, 1≤N≤64
 MAIO: mobile allocation index offset (0-N-1); during the communication,

the wireless frequency sequence number used in the air interface is
one element of the set MA. MAI (mobile allocation index, 0-N-1) is used
to determine one specific element of the set MA, in other words, the
actually used frequencies are specified by the MAI. MAIO is a initial
offset of the MAI, its purpose is to prevent multiple channels from
scrambling for the same carrier in the same time.
 HSN: hopping sequence (generator) number (0-63); it is the sequent

hopping when HSN=0; and it is the random hopping when HSN≠0.
Only after the actual functions of various parameters in the hopping algorithm and the
hopping mechanism are well understood, the relative parameters may be reasonably
set, so as to put the system in the optimized operation. Figure 6-9 is the flow chart of
calculating the actual operation frequency of the carrier at every hopping slot. Among
them: MAI=(S+MAIO) MOD N,RFCHN=MA (MAI); S is obtained by calculating
according to the frame number and hopping sequence number, and MAI is obtained
from S plus S hopping offset moding the number of the carriers in the MA set.
17
M A I M A IO FN H SN FN FN
(m 0 ¡« m N -1 ) (0 ¡« N -1 ) T 3 (0 ¡« 5 0 ) (0 ¡« 6 3 ) T 1 (0 ¡« 2 0 4 7 ) T 2 (0 ¡« 2 5 )
N B IN b its 6 b its 6 b its 1 1 b its 5 b its

T1R = R e p re sen t
T1 M O D 64 in 7 b its
6 b its 7 b its
E x c lu s iv e O R
6 b its
A d d itio n
7 b its
L o o k -u p ta b le
7 b its
A d d itio n
8 b its
T=T3 m od
M '= M m o d 2 ^ N B IN
2 ^ N B IN
N B IN b its N B IN b its
N Y
M '< N
S = ( M '+ T ) m o d N S=M '

N B IN b its
M A I= (S + M A IO ) m od N
N B IN b its
R F C N = M A £ ¨M A I£ ©
Figure 6-10 Hopping algorithm
In Figure 6-10:
mod: mode
^: power
NBIN: INTEGER (log2N+1)
Table:
18
Address Cont ent s

000-009 48 98 63 1 36 95 78 102 94 73
010-019 0 64 25 81 76 59 124 23 104 100
020-029 101 47 118 85 18 56 96 86 54 2
030-039 80 34 127 13 6 89 57 103 12 74
040-049 55 111 75 38 109 71 112 29 11 88
050-059 87 19 3 68 110 26 33 31 8 45
060-069 82 58 40 107 32 5 106 92 62 67
070-079 77 108 122 37 60 66 121 42 51 126
080-089 117 114 4 90 43 52 53 113 120 72
090-099 16 49 7 79 119 61 22 84 9 97
100-109 91 15 21 24 46 39 93 105 65 70
110-113 125 99 17 123
(4) Concept of the synchronous cell

The concept of the synchronous cell is very important for the establishment of the
hopping strategy and the effective reduction of the interference in the network. BTS
and MS are synchronized through the appointment of the frame number. In the
synchronous cells, since the frame number used by each TRX in various cells are the
same, the same HSN may be used in various hopping group, and the MAIO is
properly set, so as to avoid the collisions of the common or adjacent frequencies of
various cells in the same base station or the collisions of the common adjacent
frequencies in one cell.
II. Frequency hopping function
The frequency hopping is introduced in the GSM system, because the frequency
hopping provides two functions: frequency diversity and interference averaging.
(1) Frequency diversity
The frequency hopping can reduce the influence of signal strength variations caused
by the multipath fading, this function may be equivalent to the frequency diversity. In
the mobile communication, due to the influence of the Rayleigh fading, the wireless
transmission signal may change rapidly in the large amplitude, and this change is
relative to the frequency. As the difference between the frequencies is larger, the
fading will be more independent; for the mobile communication band, 200KHz
frequency interval basically guarantee the noncorrelation of the fading characteristics
between the frequencies, and 1MHz can thoroughly guarantee this noncorrelation. By
the hopping, all of the burst pulses containing the same voice frame code word will
not be damaged by the Rayleigh fading in a manner, as shown in Figure 6-11.
19
Received signal level
Distance
Figure 6-11 Fading
The statistics shows that the frequency hopping gain is relative to the environment
factor, especially to the movement speed of the mobile station. When MS moves in a
high speed, the position change of two burst pulses in the same channel will be
subjected to the influence of other fading; the higher the speed is, the lower the gain
is. However, for the numerous users who move slowly with the mobile phones, the
frequency diversity is advantageous.
Further, the hopping gain is also relative to the number of the frequencies , when the
number of the frequencies is reduced, the gain is reduced, too. The relation between
the number of the frequencies and the hopping gain in such a way that the hopping is
the pseudo spread spectrum, the obtained gain is the processing gain obtained from
the useful signal spread transmission frequency band. The basic method for actually
measuring the hopping gain is that, on the prerequisite that the same FER is required,
the receiver will require for different C/Is at various numbers of the frequency hopping
bands, and the difference between these C/I is the gain obtained from the hopping.
Some documents list the relation between the number of the frequency hopping
bands and the hopping gain (the actual gain will be subjected to the environmental
influence):
The number of the carriers that
Frequency diversity gain
participate in the hopping
〈=1 0
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 5. 5
6 6
7 6. 3
8 6. 5
9 6. 8
10 6. 9
>=11 7
(2) Interference averaging
The frequency hopping provides the difference of the interference in the transmission
path, so that all the burst pulses that contain a part of the code words may not be
20
damaged by the interference in the same manner, and the original data can be
recovered from other part of the receiving stream through the correction coding and
interleaving of the system. Obviously, the frequency hopping may obtain a certain
gain only when the interference is distributed in a narrow band; if the interference is
distributed in a wide band, all the burst pulses will be damaged, and the original data
can not be recovered, so that no gain can be obtained. In the actual network, the
interference is generally distributed in a narrow band.
In the state of the hopping, it is found that the error bit ratio tends to upward in the
test, however, people subjectively feel that the voice quality is improved. The reason
is that, though the error bit ratio is increased, but the index of the voice frame erase
ratio (FER) is improved, in the view of the voice communication, it is understood that
the voice quality is improved; however, in the view of the data service, it may have
some defects, especially, when the data speed rate is very high, the frequency
hopping becomes harmful. This result will be seen from the simulation of the GPRS
later.
6.2.2 Power Control
I. Mobile station power control
The mobile station power control is divided into two adjusting stages, i. e. , the stable
adjusting stage and the initial adjusting stage. The stable adjusting is the normal
method for performing the power control algorithm, while the initial adjusting is used
in the time when the call connection is initially started. When a connection is
performed, MS is output as the nominal power of the cell where it is located (the
nominal power indicates that the MS transmitting power is the MS maximum
transmitting power MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH in the broadcast system messages on
the BCCH channel of the cell where it is located. If MS does not support this power
class, the supported power class that is nearest to it will be utilized, such as the
maximum output power class supported by the reported MS Classmark in the
establishment indication message). However, since BTS may simultaneously support
multiple calls, the receiving signal intensity should be reduced in a new connection as
quick as possible, otherwise, the quality of other call supported by this BTS may be
deteriorated due to the saturation of the BTS multi-coupler, and the call quality of
other cells may be affected due to the high interference. Therefore, the purpose of the
initial stage power control adjusting is to reduce the MS transmitting power as quick
as possible until the stable measurement report is obtained, so that the MS can be
adjusted according to the stable power control algorithm.
The parameters that must be selected in the uplink power control, such as the
expected desirable uplink receiving level, desirable uplink receiving quality, etc. , are
all set by the O&M data management console, the data configuration can be
dynamically carried out according to the actual situations of the cell. After a given
number of the uplink measurement reports is received, by the processing methods
such as interpolation and filtering, the actual uplink receiving level and the receiving
quality are obtained, then they are compared with the desirable uplink receiving level
and the receiving quality, with the power control algorithm, the power class to which
the MS should be adjusted is calculated; if it is different from the current MS output
power class and meets a given application restricted conditions (such as the power
adjusting step length restriction, MS output power range restriction), the power
adjusting command is sent. The essence of the uplink power control adjusting is to
enable the actual uplink receiving level and receiving quality obtained from
interpolation and filtering to progressively approach the desirable uplink receiving
level and receiving quality set by O&M. The purpose for the interpolation and filtering
of the measurement reports is to process the lost measurement report, clear the
21
temporary nature (spilliness), so as to ensure the stability of the power control

algorithm.
The difference between the initial stage power control and the stable stage power
control is that the expected uplink receiving level and receiving quality in the initial
stage is different from that in the stable stage, the length of the filters are also
different, and only the downward adjustment is performed in the initial stage.
II. Base station power control
The base station power control is an optional function. The base station power control
is basically identical to the MS power control, except that the base power control
utilizes only the stable power control algorithm. The parameters that must be selected
in the power control include the receiving level threshold (lower limitation) to be
performed the power control and the receivable maximum sending level threshold
(upper limitation). The receiving level RXLEV is divided into 64 classes, with numbers
from 0 to 63, class 0 of the receiving level is the lowest, while the class 63 of the
receiving level is the highest.
The base station power control is divided into the static power control and the
dynamic power control, the later is the fine adjusting based on the former. The 0505
protocol specification specifies that the base station static power class is divided into
6 (2dB/per class), when the maximum power output by the base station is 46dBm
(40W), the class 6 is 34 dBm. The static power level is defined in the cell attribute
table of the data management console, i. e., the maximum output power value Pn of
the current dynamic power control is specified. As the dynamic power control classes
are set to 15, the range of the dynamic power control is Pn-Pn-30dB. If the
requirements cannot be satisfied when the dynamic power control reaches its
maximum value, the static power control classes should be adjusted to increase the
maximum output power value Pn of the dynamic power control.
III. Power control process
(1) Interpolation of the measurement report

The actual measurement report (MR) will be lost, which is divided into several cases.
First, the MR message numbers reported by the BTS are discontinuous; second, the
MR message optional items reported by the BTS will cause the discontinuity of some
measurement reports no longer; third, the MR message is lost due to the error of the
MR message format reported by the BTS. In engineering, the first order interpolation
formula is used to estimate the lost measurement report, the purpose for doing so is
to avoid the call loss due to the lower power.
(2) Filtering of the measurement report
The purpose for the filtering of the measurement report is to clear the temporary
nature, so as to ensure the stability of the algorithm.
(3) Power control adjusting
The power adjusting calculation is made according to the difference degree between
the current receipt conditions and the expected value, so as to determine the power
value to be adjusted to.
6.2.3 Discontinuous Transmission
During a communication process, the mobile users are making calls only in 40% of
times, in most of times, no voice message is transmitted, thus, the system resources
22
are wasted greatly. With respect to this case, the discontinuous DTX mechanism is
introduced into the GSM, it prohibits the wireless signals that is thought to be
unwanted by the users to reduce the interference level, so as to increase the
efficiency of the system.
Whether the downlink DTX in the network is used is to be set by the network operator
in the switching side, generally, it is controlled taking BSC as the unit, the control
message is transmitted to the base station baseband processing part through the
special signaling channel, and then to TC through the inband signaling of the TRAU
frame, notify whether the downlink DTX is used. Whether the downlink DTXs of some
manufacturers are used may also be set taking the cell as the unit.
The uplink DTX is set by the network operator in the wireless side, i. e. , setting the
DTX parameter in the system message, this parameter is composed of 2 bits, its
coding mode is shown as the follows:
DTX Meaning
0 The mobile station may use DTX
1 The mobile station must use DTX
10 The mobile station is not allowed to use
DTX
11 Reserved
The parameter DTX is included in the information unit "Cell options", and transmitted
regularly in the system message of each cell broadcast, the mobile phone is to
determine whether the uplink DTX function is enabled according to this message.
To implement this mechanism of the DTX, the source must be able to indicate when
the transmission is required and when is not. When the DTX mode is activated, the
voice encoder must detect it is either voice or noise, which uses the voice detection
VAD technology. By calculating some signal parameters and according to some
thresholds, VAD can determine whether the receiving signal is either voice or noise.
This judgment is based on a energy law: the energy of the noise is less than that of
the voice. The VAD technology is to generate a group of thresholds in every 20ms
voice block time, determining whether the next 20ms voice block is either voice or
noise. However, when the background noise is very high, the noise signal will be
regarded as the voice by the VAD and be encoded for sending. The downlink VAD is
in TC, while the uplink VAD is in the mobile phone.
DTX may be used in both uplink and down link, but they are two programs that is no
relative to each other. They may be activated by the system parameter according to
the respective situations, whether the other party activates this function. There are
two measuring methods in the GSM: one is called global measurement, which is to
average the level and quality in the 104 slots of the entire measuring period (26 multi-
frames of 4 TCHs); the other is called the local measurement, which is to measure
and average the level and quality of the 12 slots, including the 8 continuous TCH
burst pulses (for the TCH/F channel, 0-103 TDMA frames are taken as a circulation,
these 8 burst pulse frame numbers are 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 respectively;
when no voice and signaling are transmitted, they have the description information of
the comfortable noise, called SID) and 4 SACCH burst pulses carrying the
measurement report (0-103 TDMA frames are taken as a circulation, these 4 burst
pulse frame numbers are 12, 38 , 64, 90 respectively). For the conformity, whether
the uplink/downlink of the system activate the DTX function, the base station and
mobile station will complete both measuring methods; and whether the discontinuous
transmission mode is utilized during the last measurement report period is indicated
in every SACCH measurement report of the BTS ad mobile station, according to this
indication, BSC is to decide that either global measuring or local measuring is used
for judging.
23
The discontinuous transmission is applicable for the voice as well as the opaque data
transmission, however, the carrier where the BCCH is located does not use this
technology. DTX should be realized in every cell.
The main functions of the DTX technology in the uplink/downlink are: the uplink can
save the mobile phone battery and reduce the interference in the system; the
downlink can reduce the power consumption of the base station, reduce the
interference and reduce the crosstalk in the base station.
When the downlink DTX is utilized together with the uplink DTX, the C/I cofrequency
interference ratio of the system will be improved. This improvement may be applied to
the cell planning with the compact frequency reuse, especially, when it is used
together with the frequency hopping, larger system capacity may be obtained.
24

Chapter6 Frequency Planning and Anti-Interference Technology

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Chapter6 Frequency Planning and Anti-Interference Technology

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Wireless Network Planning Table of Contents

Chapter 6 Frequency Planning and Anti-interference Technology..........................................1

Chapter 6 Frequency Planning and Anti-

6.1 Frequency Planning

6.1.1 Frequency Division and C/I Requirements

the corresponding sequence numbers of 687-736.

III. C/I requirements

Figure 6-1 Interference schematic diagram

where q k is number K common frequency interference factor,  is the path fading

6.1.2 Principles of the Frequency Planning

the same cell is preferably over 400K;

6.1.3 Basic Frequency Reuse

Figure 6-2 Basic frequency reuse 4×3 reuse cluster

6.1.4 Compact Frequency Reuse

 Since each carrier layer is to utilize the different reuse patterns as

 After the multiple frequency reuse is realized, while the interference is

the hopping technology is utilized, the frequency band with smaller

I. Multiple compact reuse pattern (MRP)

Figure 6-3 Schematic diagram of multiple compact reuse

Table 6-2 Continuously assigning MRP

Figure 6-4 Discontinuous frequency assignment

II. Ordinary concentric circle technology

Figure 6-5 Schematic diagram of the compact frequency reuse in the

concentric circle cell

III. Intelligent underlay/overlay (IUO)

Figure 6-6 Schematic diagram of the IUO structure

Figure 6-7 Example of IUO frequency assignment

IV. Fractional reuse technology (1×3 or 1×1 fractional reuse)

Figure 6-8 Relation graph of FR and C/I

Figure 6-9 1×3 fractional reuse frequency assignment

 Unicom 900 frequency band: 96-124

 Carrier configuration: S3/3/3

 BCCH carrier layer: 96-109 reuse pattern: 4×3

 TCH carrier layer: 110-124 reuse pattern: 1×3

6.2 Anti-interference Technology

6.2.1 Frequency hopping Technology

(1) Frequency hopping

 Frame hopping:hopping by the unite of TDMA frame, in this mode, each

 RF hopping: both of the transmitting TX and receiving RX of the TRX

 Baseband hopping: each transmitter works at a fixed frequency, TX

 FN: TDMA frame number, it is broadcast in the synchronous channel.

mobile station, it is a subset of CA. MA includes N frequency channel

 MAIO: mobile allocation index offset (0-N-1); during the communication,

 HSN: hopping sequence (generator) number (0-63); it is the sequent

N B IN b its 6 b its 6 b its 1 1 b its 5 b its

S = ( M '+ T ) m o d N S=M '

Figure 6-10 Hopping algorithm

Address Cont ent s

(4) Concept of the synchronous cell

II. Frequency hopping function

Received signal level

Figure 6-11 Fading

6.2.2 Power Control

I. Mobile station power control

temporary nature (spilliness), so as to ensure the stability of the power control

II. Base station power control

III. Power control process

(1) Interpolation of the measurement report

6.2.3 Discontinuous Transmission

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