Greasing the Rails to a Cyborg Future By John Zerzan

From Adbusters #35 When I sat down with the Adbusters Cyborg Manifesto at home in Eugene, Oregon, I read it as intended: as a hoa ! "ot a #rue$ %ran& on the unsus%e#ting reader, but a too$ for drawing out our 'arying faiths in and sym%athies for the ideo$ogi#a$ %ro(e#t of shifting human #u$ture, with fina$ity, from the rea$ and #on#rete to the 'irtua$ and te#hno$ogi#a$! If many fai$ed to see through the hoa or, more frightening$y, re#ogni)ed it but sti$$ ga'e it #onditiona$ su%%ort, then the reason $ies in the reigning #u$tura$ ethos of our times: %ostmodernism! With its shar%$y narrowed ambitions #on#erning thought, its tenden#y to shade into the #yni#a$, %ostmodernism has be#ome a term both %er'asi'e and fa#e$ess! *ut it does ha'e a fa#e! +he theory of %ostmodernism began in $arge %art as Fren#h rea#tion against the grand and tota$ #$aims of Mar ism! Emerging and s%reading about ,years ago, in a %eriod of rea#tion with a$most no so#ia$ mo'ements, %ostmodernism bears the im%rint of #onser'atism and $owered e %e#tations! It has a$so risen in $o#&ste% with the unfo$ding $ogi# of an in#reasing$y te#hno$ogi#a$ .#yborg. so#iety! /ostmodernism te$$s us that we #an0t gras% the who$e, indeed that the desire for an o'er'iew of what0s going on out there is unhea$thy and sus%e#t, e'en tota$itarian! We ha'e seen, after a$$, how grand systems 1 .metanarrati'es,. as they are fashionab$y referred to 1 ha'e %ro'en o%%ressi'e! 2a'ing hit on this e%i%hany, the %omo troo%s were 3ui#& to throw out the baby with the bathwater! 4&e%ti#a$ about the #$aims and resu$ts of %re'ious systems of thought, %ostmodernism has in fa#t (ettisoned near$y a$$ desire or ho%e of ma&ing sense of what we e %erien#e! It abandons the .arrogan#e. of trying to figure out the origins, $ogi#, #ausa$ity, or stru#ture of the wor$d we $i'e in! Instead, %ostmodernists fo#us on surfa#es, fragments, margins! 5ea$ity is too shifting, #om%$e , and indeterminate to de#i%her or (udge! +oo .messy,. too .interesting. to a$$ow for fi ed #on#$usions, as 6onna 2araway %uts it in her own we$$7&nown .Cyborg Manifesto!. +he %ostmodern sty$e is notorious for its dense $anguage and games of #ontradi#tion! In 2araway0s manifesto, for e am%$e, she #on#edes that .the main troub$e with #yborgs, of #ourse, is that they are the i$$egitimate offs%ring of mi$itarism and %atriar#ha$ #a%ita$ism. 1 but that in no way dims her enthusiasm for a %art human, %art ma#hine, high7te#h future8 In a te#hnified so#iety, we are in#reasing$y .#onne#ted. from iso$ation, our e %erien#es fi$tered through the Internet, te$e'ision, and the s%e#ta#$es of #onsumer #u$ture! 4hared and dire#t e %erien#e, whi#h on#e he$%ed us understand the meaning and te ture of $ife, are two ma(or #asua$ties of this #yborg im%erati'e! +hings grow star& and mena#ing in e'ery s%here, and sti$$ 2araway and the %ostmodern #rowd insist that #on#$usions be a'oided! Of #ourse, on#e one renoun#es any attem%t to #om%rehend the o'era$$ situation, it0s easy to embra#e the end$ess #om%$e of %ie#emea$ .so$utions. offered by te#hno$ogy and #a%ita$!

, /ostmodernism #e$ebrates e'anes#ent f$ows, a state of no boundaries, the transgressi'e! If this sounds fami$iar, it9s be#ause these 'a$ues are shared by the most ardent ar#hite#ts of both #onsumerism and #a%ita$ist g$oba$i)ation! As the dimensions of %ersona$ so'ereignty and #ommunity steadi$y erode, a$ong with meaning and 'a$ue, a #onsumer so#iety in #ybers%a#e be#omes the un#ontested ne t stage of human e isten#e! 6i'ision of $abor, stru#tures of #ontro$, the nature of te#hno$ogy 1 not to mention $ess abstra#t fa#tors $i&e drudgery, to i#ity, the steady destru#tion of nature 1 are integra$ to the high7te#h tra(e#tory! +hey are a$so of no #on#ern, e'ident$y, to %ostmodernists, who #ontinue to #$ing to the subt$e, the tentati'e, the narrow$y fo#used! :irtua$ rea$ity mirrors the %ostmodern fas#ination with surfa#es, e %$i#it$y re(oi#ing in its own de%th$essness 1 one ob'ious way in whi#h the %ostmodernists are the a##om%$i#es of the *ra'e "ew Wor$d! As we re(e#t any %ossibi$ity of understanding shared or e'en %ersona$ e %erien#e, no #ha$$enge to that e %erien#e seems %$ausib$e! +he %o$iti#a$ #ounter%art of %ostmodernism is %ragmatism; we find ways of a##ommodating ourse$'es to the debased norm! +he de#ay of meaning, %assion, and inner 'ibran#y has been going on for a whi$e! +oday it is a (uggernaut, in the fa#e of whi#h %ostmodernism is the #u$ture of no resistan#e! +he good news is that there are signs of $ife, signs that fo$&s in 'arious %$a#es are beginning to sus%e#t our #u$ture0s greatest hoa !

John Zerzan

Rank-and-File Radicalism within the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

In the following article are presented some unusual features of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, the only period in which the KKK was a mass movement. In no way should this essay be interpreted as an endorsement of any aspect of this version of the Klan or of any other parts of Klan activity. onetheless, the loathsome nature of the KKK of today should not blind us to what too! place within the Klan "0 years ago, in various places and against the wishes and ideology of the Klan itself. In the <!4! at $east, ra#ism is #ertain$y one of the most #rude$y reified %henomena! +he =u =$u =$an of the >?,-s is one of the two or three most im%ortant @ and most ignored @ so#ia$ mo'ements of ,-th #entury Ameri#a! +hese two data are the essentia$ %refa#e to this essay! Writing at the beginning of >?,A, 4tan$ey Frost a##urate$y sur'eyed the =$an at the #rest of its %ower: B+he =u =$u =$an has be#ome the most 'igorous, a#ti'e and effe#ti'e organi)ation in Ameri#an $ife outside business!CD>E 6e%ending on one0s #hoi#e of sour#es, === membershi% in >?,A #an be estimated at anywhere between two and eight mi$$ion!D,E And yet, the nature of this mo'ement has been $arge$y une %$ored or misunderstood! In the fair$y thin $iterature on the sub(e#t, the =$an %henomenon is usua$$y des#ribed sim%$y as Fnati'ism0! A fa'orite in the $e i#on of orthodo historians, the term refers to an irrationa$ity, ra#ism, and ba#&wardness su%%osed$y endemi# to the %oorer and $ess7edu#ated #$asses, and tending to brea& out in e%isodi# bouts of 'io$ent$y7 e %ressed %re(udi#e! Emerson Gou#&s0 #he Ku Klux Klan in $ennsylvania% & 'tudy of ativism is a ty%i#a$ e am%$e! Its %refa#e begins with, B+he re'i'ed === and its stormy #areer is but one #ha%ter in the history of Ameri#an nati'ism,C the first #ha%ter is entit$ed, B4ome *eginnings of "ati'ism,C and in the boo&0s #on#$uding %aragra%h we $earn that B"ati'ism has shown itse$f to be a %erennia$!CD3E =enneth Ha#&son, with his #he Ku Klux Klan in the (ity, has been one of a 'ery few #ommentators to go beyond the amor%hous Fnati'ism0 thesis and a$so #ha$$enge se'era$ of the %re'ai$ing ste7 reoty%es of the =$an! 2e argues for#efu$$y that Bthe In'isib$e Em%ire of the >?,-s was neither %redominant$y southern, nor rura$, nor white su%rema#ist, nor 'io$ent!CDAE Car$ 6eg$er0s su##in#t #omments #orroborate the non7southern #hara#teri)ation 3uite ab$y: B4ignifi#ant$y, the sing$e %ie#e of indis%utab$e =$an $egis$ation ena#ted anywhere was the s#hoo$ $aw in Oregon; the state most thorough$y #ontro$$ed by the =$an was Indiana; and the $argest =$an membershi% in any state was that in Ohio! On the other hand, se'era$ southern states

A $i&e Mississi%%i, :irginia, and 4outh Caro$ina hard$y saw the =$an or fe$t its inf$uen#e!CD5E Ha#&son0s statisti#s show #$ear$y the =$an0s northern base, with on$y one southern state, +e as, among the eight states with the $argest membershi%!DIE It wou$d be diffi#u$t to e'en begin to #ite Ha#&son0s e'iden#e in fa'or of terming the =$an an urban %henomenon, inasmu#h as his who$e boo& testifies to this #hara#teri)ation! It may be interesting to note, howe'er, the ten urban areas with the most =$ansmen! /rin#i%a$$y industria$ and a$$ but one of them outside the 4outh, they are, in des#ending order: Chi#ago, Indiana%o$is, /hi$ade$%hia7Camden, 6etroit, 6en'er, /ort$and, At$anta, Gos Ange$es7Gong *ea#h, Joungstown7Warren, and /ittsburgh7Carnegie!DKE +he notion of the === as an essentia$$y ra#ist organi)ation is simi$ar$y #ha$$enged by Ha#&son! As 5obert Moats Mi$$er %ut it, Bin great areas of the #ountry where the =$an was %owerfu$ the "egro %o%u$ation was insignifi#ant, and in fa#t, it is %robab$e that had not a sing$e "egro $i'ed in the <nited 4tates, a =$an7ty%e order wou$d ha'e emerged!CDLE And 5obert 6uffus, writing for the Hune >?,3 )orld*s )ee!, #on#eded: Bwhi$e the ra#ia$ situation #ontributed to a state of mind fa'orab$e to =u =$u ism, #urious$y it did not figure %rominent$y in the =$an0s #areer!CD?E +he =$an in fa#t tried to organi)e B#o$ored di'isionsC in Indiana and other states, to the ama)ement of historian =ath$een *$ee!D>-E 6eg7 $er, who wrong$y #onsidered 'igi$antism to be the #ore trait of the =$an, admitted that su#h 'io$en#e as there was Bwas dire#ted against white, Ang$o74a on /rotestants rather than against the minorities!CD>>E Whi#h brings us to the fourth and $ast %oint of Ha#&son0s thesis, that the === was not %redominant$y 'io$ent! Again, his #on#$usions seem 'a$id des%ite the wides%read image of a $yn#h7mad, terroristi# =$an! +he %ost7war ra#e riots of >?>? in Washington, Chi#ago, and East 4t! Gouis, for e am%$e, o##urred before there were any =$ansmen in those #ities,D>,E and in the >?,-s, when the =$an grew to its great strength, the number of $yn#hings in the <!4! dro%%ed to $ess than ha$f the annua$ a'erage of %re7war yearsD>3E and a far sma$$er fra#tion than that by #om%arison with the immediate$y %ost7war years! In the words of /reston 4$osson, B*y a #urious anoma$y, in s%ite of!!!the re'i'a$ of the =u =$u =$an, the o$d Ameri#an #ustom of $yn#h $aw fe$$ into a$most #om%$ete disuse!CD>AE A sur'ey of +iterary ,igest M#onser'ati'eN and #he ation M$ibera$N for >?,,1>?,3 re'ea$s se'era$ re%orted instan#es in whi#h the =$an was b$amed for 'io$en#e it did not %er%etrate and unfair$y de%ri'ed of its rights!D>5E Its enemies fre3uent$y in#$uded $o#a$ or state estab$ishments, and were genera$$y far from being mee& and %ower$ess 'i#tims! If the =u =$u =$an, then, was not %redominant$y southern, rura$, ra#ist, or 'io$ent, (ust what was the nature of this strange for#e whi#h grew to su#h %ower so ra%id$y and s%ontaneous$y in the ear$y7midd$e 0,-s @ and de#$ined at $east as 3ui#&$y by >?,5O +he orthodo Fnati'ism0 answer asserts that it was (ust another of the %eriodi#, unthin&ing and rea#tionary efforts of the ignorant to turn ba#& the #$o#&, and therefore futi$e and short7$i'ed! A %ost7Ha#&son, Fneo7nati'ist0 %osition might e'en #on#ede the %oints about ra#ism and 'io$en#e not being determinant, and sti$$ essentia$$y maintain this %oint of 'iew, of re#urrent, b$ind efforts to restore an in#hoate but rightist 'ersion of the %ast! *ut a 'ery strong %attern regarding the =$an introdu#es doubts about this out$oo&, name$y, that mi$itant$y %rogressi'e or radi#a$ a#ti'ities ha'e often #$ose$y %re#eded, #oin#ided with, or #$ose$y fo$$owed strong === efforts, and ha'e in'o$'ed the same

5 %arti#i%ants! O&$ahoma, for e am%$e, e %erien#ed in a mere ten years the growth and de#$ine of the $argest state bran#h of the 4o#ia$ist /arty, and the rise of one of the strongest =$an mo'ements!D>IE In Wi$$iamson County, I$$inois, an interra#ia$ #rowd of union #oa$ miners stormed a mine being wor&ed by stri&e7brea&ers and &i$$ed twenty of them! +he #ommunity su%%orted the miners0 a#tion and refused to #on'i#t any of the %arti#i%ants in this so7#a$$ed 2errin Massa#re of >?,,, whi#h had #a%tured the nation0s attention! Within two years, 2errin and the rest of Wi$$iamson County ba#&ed one of the 'ery strongest $o#a$ =$an organi)ations in the #ountry!D>KE +he 'io$ent$y su%%ressed stri&es of the southern A%%a$a#hian /iedmont te ti$e wor&ers in >?,?, among the most bitter$y fought in twentieth #entury $abor history,D>LE too& %$a#e at the time of or immediate$y fo$$owing great =$an strength in many of the same mi$$ towns! +he rubber wor&ers of the huge tire7bui$ding %$ants of A&ron, the first to wide$y em%$oy the effe#ti'e sit7down stri&e wea%on in the ear$y >?3-s, formed a $arge %art of that #ity0s 'ery si)eab$e =$an membershi%,D>?E or had #ome from A%%a$a#hian regions where the === was a$so strong! In >?3A, the 'ery mi$itant and interra#ia$ 4outhern +enant Farmers <nion was formed, and wou$d fa#e the f$ight of its $eaders, the indifferen#e of organi)ed $abor, and the ma#hine7guns of the $arge $andho$ders! Many of its a#ti'e members were former =$ansmen!D,-E And obser'ers of the <nited Auto Wor&ers ha'e #$aimed that some of the most mi$itant a#ti'ists in auto were former =$ansmen!D,>E +he &ey to a$$ these e am%$es of a%%arent$y dis%arate $oya$ties is a sim%$e one! As I wi$$ show, not on$y did some =$ansmen ho$d re$ati'e$y radi#a$ o%inions whi$e members of the In'isib$e Order, but in fa#t used the =$an, on o##asion, as a 'ehi#$e for radi#a$ so#ia$ #hange! +he re#ord in this area, though not ina##essib$e, has remained #om%$ete$y unde'e$o%ed! +he rise of the =$an began with the shar% e#onomi# de%ression that stru#& in the fa$$ of >?,-! In the 4outh, des%erate farmers organi)ed under the =$an banner in an effort to for#e u% the %ri#e of #otton by restri#ting its sa$e! BA$$ throughout the fa$$ and winter of >?,-1,, mas&ed bands roamed the #ountryside warning ginneries and warehouses to #$ose unti$ %ri#es ad'an#ed! 4ometimes they set fire to estab$ishments that defied their edi#t!CD,,E It was from this start that the =$an rea$$y began to grow and to s%read to the "orth, #rossing the Mason76i on $ine in the winter of >?,-1,>! D,3E +he === $eadershi% Bdisa'owed and a%%arent$y disa%%ro'ed ofCD,AE this aggressi'e e#onomi# a#ti'ism, and it is im%ortant to note that more often than not there was tension or o%%osition between offi#ia$s and members, a %oint I wi$$ return to $ater! In a southern union ha$$ in >?33, 4herwood Anderson 3ueried a $o#a$ re%orter about the use of the =$an for e#onomi# strugg$es: B+his %arti#u$ar ha$$ had former$y been used by a =u =$u =$an organi)ation and I as&ed the news%a%er man, F2ow many of these %eo%$e Dte ti$e wor&ersE were in on thatO0 FA good many,0 he said! 2e thought the =u =$u =$an had been rather an out$et for the wor&ers when Ameri#a was outward$y so %ros%erous! F+he boom mar&et ne'er got down to these,0 he said, ma&ing a swee%ing mo'ement with his arm!CD,5E =$an offi#ia$s ne'er s%o&e in fa'or of su#h uses of the =$an, but it was the e#onomi# and so#ia$ needs that often drew %eo%$e to the =$an, rather than re$igious, %atrioti#, or stri#t$y fraterna$ ones!D,IE +his is not to say that there wasn0t a mu$ti%$i#ity of #ontributing fa#tors usua$$y %resent as the new =$an rose to %rominen#e! +here was a wides%read fee$ing that the BP$orious CrusadeC of Wor$d War I had been a swind$e! +here was the des%erate boredom and monotony of regimented wor&7$i'es! +o this $atter frustration, a ===

I news%a%er a%%ea$ed for new members with the banner, BH<4+ +O /E/ </ +2E PAME! +2I4 4GOW GIFE I4 =IGGI"P ME!CD,KE And with these fee$ings, too, it is 3uite easy to imagine a form of %rogressi'e so#ia$ or %o$iti#a$ a#ti'ism being the resu$t! As 4tan$ey Frost #ommented in >?,A, Bthe =$an mo'ement seems to be another e %ression of the genera$ unrest and dissatisfa#tion with both $o#a$ and nationa$ #onditions @ the high #ost of $i'ing, so#ia$ in(usti#e, ine3ua$ity!!!!CD,LE Or, as Arthur 4#h$esinger, Hr! offhanded$y re'ea$ed in a #omment about 2uey Gong, Bdes%ite his %oor white sym%athies, he did not, $i&e 2ugo *$a#& in A$abama, (oin the =$an!CD,?E +he a#ti'ities of the =$an ha'e 'ery #ommon$y been referred to as Bmora$ reform,C and #ertain$y this &ind of effort was #ommon! Arti#$es su#h as, B*ehind the White 2oods: +he 5egeneration of O&$ahoma,C and B"ight75iding 5eformers,C from Fa$$ >?,3 issues of +he Out$oo& bes%ea& this side of =$an moti'ation!D3-E +hey te$$ how the =$an #$eaned u% gangs of organi)ed #rime and #ombated 'i#e and %o$iti#a$ #orru%tion in O&$ahoma and Indiana, a%%arent$y with a minimum of 'io$en#e or 'igi$antism! A$so wides%read were =$an attem%ts to %ut boot$eggers out of business, though we might re#a$$ here that %rohibition has fre3uent$y been endorsed by $abor %artisans, from the o%inion that the often high a$#oho$ #onsum%tion rates among wor&ers wea&ened the $abor mo'ement! In fa#t, the =$an not infre3uent$y atta#&ed $i3uor and sa$oon interests e %$i#it$y as for#es that &e%t wor&ing %eo%$e down! It is on the %$ane of Fmora$0 issues, furthermore, that another stereoty%e regarding the === @ that of its tota$ mora$ into$eran#e @ disso$'es at $east somewhat under s#rutiny! Char$es *ow$es, the a$most su##essfu$ write7in =$an #andidate in the >?,A 6etroit may7 ora$ty ra#e, was a di'or#e $awyer Mas we$$ as being %ro7%ub$i# wor&sN!It #annot be denied that anti7Catho$i#ism was a ma(or %$an& of =$an a%%ea$ in many %$a#es, su#h as Oregon! *ut at $east %art of this attitude stemmed from a Bbe$ief that the Catho$i# Chur#h was a ma(or obsta#$e in the strugg$e for women0s suffrage and e3ua$ity!CD3>E Margaret 4anger, the birth #ontro$ %ioneer, ga'e a $e#ture to =$answomen in 4i$'er Ga&e, "ew Hersey, a s%ea&ing engagement she a##e%ted with no $itt$e tre%idation! 4he feared that if she But7 tered one word, su#h as abortion, outside the usua$ 'o#abu$ary of these women they wou$d go off into hysteria!C A#tua$$y, a rea$ ra%%ort was estab$ished and the e'ening was a great su##ess! BA do)en in'itations to s%ea& to simi$ar grou%s were %rofferred! +he #on'ersation went on and on, and when we were fina$$y through it was too $ate to return to "ew Jor&!CD3,E At any rate, a #onne#tion #an be argued between Fmora$0 reform and more fundamenta$ reform attem%ts! BI wonder if anybody #ou$d e'er find any #onne#tion between this town0s e'ident immora$ities and some of the %$ant0s e'ident dissatisfa#tionOCD33E %ondered Whiting Wi$$iams in >?,>! 2e de#ided in the affirmati'e, that 'i#e in the #ommunity is the resu$t of anger in the mi$$ or fa#tory! And =$an members often showed an interest in a$so #ombating what they saw as the #auses of Fimmora$ities0 rather than sim%$y their manifestations! 2iram E'ans, a head of the =$an, admitted in a rare inter'iew in >?,3 that B+here has been a wides%read fee$ing among =$ansmen that in the $ast few years the o%eration of the "ationa$ Po'ernment has shown wea&ness indi#ating a %ossib$e need of rather fundamenta$ reform!CD3AE A >?,3 $etter to the editor of #he ew -epublic detai$s this awareness of the need for dee%7seated #hanges! Written by an o%%onent of the =$an, the %assage e %resses B+he Why of the =$anC:

K BFirst: +hroughout a$$ #$asses there is a growing s&e%ti#ism of demo#ra#y, es%e#ia$$y of the #urrent Ameri#an brand! Many Ameri#ans be$ie'e there is $itt$e e'en7handed (usti#e administered in the #ourts; that a %oor man has $itt$e #han#e against a ri#h one; that many (udges %ra#ti#a$$y buy their %$a#es on the ben#h or are %ut there by %owerfu$ interests! +he strong, ab$e young man #omes out of #o$$ege ready to do his %art in %o$iti#s, but with the sett$ed #on'i#tion that un$ess he #an gi'e fu$$ time there is no use Fbu#&ing u% against the ma#hine!0 Furthermore he be$ie'es the ma#hines to be e3ua$$y #orru%t! +he miner in West :irginia sees the %ower of the state en$isted on the side of the mine owner!CD35E +hroughout the $iterature there is a strong$y %re'ai$ing tenden#y to dea$ with the so#ia$ #om%osition of =$an membershi% by ignoring it a$together, or, more #ommon$y, by referring to it in %assing as Bmidd$e #$ass!C +his a%%roa#h enab$ed Hohn Me#&$in, whose #he Ku Klux Klan% & 'tudy of the &merican .ind M>?,AN is regarded as a #$assi#, to say that B+he a'erage =$ansman is far more in sym%athy with #a%ita$ than with $abor!CD3IEIn $arge %art this stems from $oo&ing at the to% =$an offi#ia$s, rather than at the ran& and fi$e members! Wi$$iam 4immons, 6!C! 4te%henson, and 2iram E'ans, the men who %resided o'er the =$an in the 0,-s had been, res%e#ti'e$y, a minister, a #oa$ dea$er, and a dentist! *ut the membershi% defi7 nite$y did not share this who$$y Bmidd$e #$assC ma&eu%! =enneth Ha#&son on$y %artia$$y a'oids the error by terming the =$an a B$ower midd$e7 #$ass mo'ement,CD3KE a 'ague a%%e$$ation whi#h he #orre#ts short$y thereafter: B+he greatest sour#e of =$an su%%ort #ame from ran& and fi$e non7union, b$ue7#o$$ar em%$oyees of $arge businesses and fa#tories!CD3LE 5eturning to the sub(e#t of so#io7%o$iti#a$ attitudes of =$an members, a'ai$ab$e e'iden#e stri&ing$y #onfirms my #ontention of a sometimes 3uite radi#a$ frame of mind! In the s%ring of >?,A, #he /utloo! maga)ine #ondu#ted a B/$atform of the /eo%$eC %o$$ by mai$! When it was found that an organi)ationa$ re3uest for ten thousand ba$$ots #ame from the "ew Hersey and /ennsy$'ania =u =$u =$an, %in& ba$$ots were su%%$ied so that they #ou$d be se%arate$y tabu$ated! +o 3uote the arti#$e, B/in& *a$$ots for the =u =$u =$anC: B+he ba$$ots returned a$$ #ame from towns and sma$$ #ities in "ew Hersey and /ennsy$'ania! Of the tota$ of >,>3? 'oters, A?- $isted themse$'es as 5e%ub$i#ans, on$y ?K as 6emo#rats, and 55, as Inde%endents! Among them are ,A3 women!CD3?E A%%ro imate$y two7thirds Mo'er K--N res%onded regarding their o##u%ations! B+he $argest sing$e grou% M,-?N is that of s&i$$ed wor&men; the ne t M>>5N is of $aborers!C +he rest in#$udes wor&ers Me!g! Brai$way menCN and farmers, %$us a s#attering of %rofessiona$s and mer#hants! +he women who $isted their o##u%ations were main$y housewi'es! 6es%ite the genera$$y high %er#entages of abstention on most of the issues, the resu$ts on the fo$$owing se$e#ted to%i#s show #$ear$y radi#a$ $eanings:DA-E

Percent BCom%u$sory freight redu#tionC B"ationa$i)ation of the rai$roads with #oo%erati'e administration by wor&ers, shi%%ers, and %ub$i#C BFedera$ Aid for FarmersC Co7o%erati'esC BFedera$ %ur#hase of wheatC B/ri#e fi ing of sta%$e farm %rodu#tsC BFurther e tension of farm #reditC BE3ua$ so#ia$, $ega$, and industria$ rights for womenC BAmendment enab$ing Congress to %re'ent e %$oitation of #hi$dren in industryC BFedera$ Anti7Gyn#hing GawC BEstab$ish Federa$ Em%$oyment *ureauC BE tension of %rin#i%$e of Federa$ aid for edu#ationC BAbo$ition of in(un#tions in $abor dis%utesC B"ationa$i)ation, and demo#rati# administration by te#hni#ians, wor&ers, and #onsumers, of #oa$ minesC BPo'ernment #ontro$ and distribution of high7 %ower transmissionC

Approved: Ignored: Condemned: 3KK 3 ,A 3,,3 3, A> A5 3L 3K ?> ,,3 33 K, IL IL K5 IK 5I 5A II? K3 K, IA A , , 5 > 3 > , 3 K 5 3

A$so fa'ored were immigration restri#tion and %rohibition! #he /utloo!, ob'ious$y dis%$eased with the res%onse, #ategori)ed the =$an %arti#i%ants as Bmore in#$ined to a##e%t %ana#eas at fa#e 'a$ue, wi$$ing to go farther! In genera$,C they #on#$uded, Bthis $eads to greater radi#a$ism, or F%rogressi'ism!0CDA>E +he =$an mo'ement de#$ined ra%id$y within a year of the %o$$, and resear#h substantiates the enduring 'a$idity of #he /utloo! editors0 #$aim that B+he %resent tab$e %ro'ides the on$y ana$ysis that has e'er been made of the %o$iti#a$ 'iews of members of the =u =$u =$an!CDA,E With this &ind of data, it is $ess sur%rising to find, for e am%$e, that the 4o#ia$ist /arty and the =$an formed a >?,A e$e#tora$ a$$ian#e in Mi$wau&ee to e$e#t Hohn =$eist, a 4o#ia$ist and a =$ansman, to the Wis#onsin 4u%reme Court!DA3E 5obert O! "esbitt %er#ei'ed, in Wis#onsin, a Btenden#y for Perman 4o#ia$ists, whose most #ons%i#uous o%%onents were Catho$i# #$ergy, to (oin the =$an!CDAAE +he e#onomi# %o%u$ist Wa$ter /ier#e was e$e#ted go'ernor in Oregon in >?,, by a strong agri#u$tura$ %rotest 'ote, in#$uding the endorsement of the =$an and the 4o#ia$ist /arty! =$an #andidates %romised to #ut ta es in ha$f, redu#e %hone rates, and gi'e aid to distressed farmers! DA5E A re#ent study of the =$an in GaPrande, Oregon re'ea$ed that it B%$ayed a substantia$ ro$e in su%%orting the stri&ersC during the nationwide rai$wor&ers0 stri&e of >?,,!DAIE

? In fa#t, the === a%%ea$ed not infre3uent$y to mi$itant wor&ers, des%ite the %ersistent stereoty%e of the =$an0s anti7$abor bent! An August >?,3 )orld*s )or! arti#$e des#ribed strong wor&er su%%ort for the =$an in =ansas; during the state7wide rai$road stri&e there in >?,,, the stri&ers Ba#tua$$y did f$o#& into the =$an in what seems to ha'e been $arge numbers!CDAKE Char$es A$e ander, who wrote the high$y regarded +he =u =$u =$an in the 4outhwest, though genera$$y subs#ribing to the anti7$abor =$an re%utation, #onfessed his own inabi$ity to #onfirm this image! 5eferring to himse$f, he said, Bthe writer has #ome a#ross on$y two instan#es of dire#t #onf$i#t between southwestern =$ansmen and union organi)ers, one in Ar&ansas and one in Gouisiana!CDALE Writing of O&$ahoma, Carter *$ue C$ar& (udged that B'io$en#e against the Internationa$ Msi#N Wor&ers of the Wor$d and radi#a$ farm and $abor grou%s was rare!!!CDA?E 2e found si ty7eight in#idents of =$an7re$ated 'io$en#e between >?,> and >?,5, on$y two of whi#h be$onged to the B<nioni)ationQ5adi#a$ismC #ategory!D5-E Po$dberg0s study of the === in Co$orado found that Bdes%ite #oa$ stri&es in >?,>, >?,,, and >?,K, whi#h %rimari$y in'o$'ed foreign @ born miners, the =$an ne'er resorted to the $anguage of the 5ed 4#are!C 6uring the Wobb$y7$ed stri&e of >?,K, in fa#t, the Canon City =$an formed an a$$ian#e with the IWW against their #ommon enemy, the ru$ing e$ite!D5>E :irginia 6urr, who was 2enry Wa$$a#e0s /rogressi'e /arty running mate in >?AL, gi'es us a %i#ture of the =$an of the 0,-s and $abor in the *irmingham area: B+he unions were bro&en!!!4o, the =u =$u =$an was formed at that %oint as a &ind of underground union and un$ess you were there and &new it, nobody wi$$ be$ie'e it! +hey wi$$ say, FOh, but the =$an was against the unions!0 We$$, it wasn0t!CD5,E Pera$d 6unne found that Bninety %er#ent of *irmingham0s union members were a$so in'o$'ed with the =$an,CD53E and that the =$an in the state at $arge atta#&ed the A$abama /ower Com%any and the inf$uen#e of the ru$ing *an&head fami$y whi$e #am%aigning for %ub7 $i# #ontro$ of the Mus#$e 4hoa$s dam %ro(e#t and go'ernment medi#a$ insuran#e!D5AE In the 0,-s the #orru%t and inert offi#ia$dom of the <nited Mine Wor&ers was %resided o'er by the auto#rati# Hohn G! Gewis! =u =$u ers in the union, though they had been offi#ia$$y barred from membershi% in >?,>, formed a #oa$ition with $eftists at the >?,A #on'ention in a fight for union demo#ra#y: B+hen the radi#a$7 s!!!#ombined with the sym%athi)ers of the hooded order to stri% Mr! Gewis of the %ower to a%%oint organi)ers!CD55E +hough this #ombination was narrow$y defeated, BGewis was out'oted in a first test of the 3uestion as to whether $o#a$ e e#uti'es and organi)ers shou$d be a%%ointed by the nationa$ offi#ia$s or by the ran& and fi$e! +he insurgents, headed by the de%osed A$e ander 2owat and s%urred on by the members of the =u =$u =$an, who e erted a $obbying inf$uen#e from the #on'ention doorways, #ombined to #arry the first 'ote!CD5IE +hough offi#ia$$y denied membershi%, strong$y %ro7<MW sour#es ha'e admitted that, in fa#t, a great many union members were =$ansmen! M#6ona$d and Gyn#h, for e am%$e, estimated that in >?,A eighty %er#ent of <MW 6istri#t >> MIndianaN members were enro$$ed in the ===D5KE! An e amination of the $roceedings of the >?,A union #on'ention su%%orts this %oint; areas of =$an strength, su#h as Indiana, I$$inois and /ennsy$'ania 'oted 'ery de#isi'e$y against Gewis, in fa'or of the e$e#tion of organi)ers by the ran& and fi$e! D5LE

>A ew -epublic arti#$e in Mar#h, >?,A to$d of the strength of the =$an in Wi$$iamson County, I$$inois, s#ene of the B2errin Massa#reC referred to abo'e! +he anti7=$an %ie#e sad$y shoo& its head at this turn of e'ents in an area of Bone hundred %er#ent unionism!CD5?E *uried in the midd$e of the a##ount is the &ey to the situation, an a##urate if grudging #on#ession that Bthe ina#tion of their $o#a$ $abor $eaders ga'e to the =u =$u =$an a fo$$owing among the miners!CDI-E +he fo$$owing ora$ history a##ount by Aaron *ar&ham, a West :irginia miner, is a %erfe#t i$$ustration of the =$an as a 'ehi#$e of #$ass strugg$e @ and of the reason for its offi#ia$ denun#iation by the <MW! It is worth 3uoting at $ength: BAbout that time >?,?, in Gogan County, West :irginia, a bun#h of stri&e7brea&ers #ome in with shotguns and a e hand$es! +ried to brea& u% union meetings! +he <MW deteriorated and went ba#& to a$most no e isten#e! It didn0t %arti#u$ar$y get fu$$ strength ti$$ about >?A?! And it don0t mu#h today in West :irginia! 4o most %eo%$e ganged u% and formed the =u =$u#& =$an!C +he =u =$u was the rea$ #ontro$$in0 fa#tor in the #ommunity! It was the $aw! It was in %ower to about >?3,! My dad was one of the $eaders ti$ he died! +he #om%any #a$$ed in the army to get the =u =$u out, but it didn0t wor&! +he union and the =u =$u was about the same thing!C +he su%erintendent of the mine got the big idea of ma&in0 it rougher than it was! +hey hau$ed him off in a meat wagon, and about ten more of the #om%any offi#ia$s! 2ad the mine shut down! +hey didn0t &i$$ Fem, but they didn0t #ome ba#&! +hey whi%%ed one of the foremen and got him out of the #ounty! +hey ga'e him twe$'e hours to get out, get his fami$y out!C +he <MW had a fie$d re%resentati'e, he was a $awyer! +hey tarred and feathered Fim for tryin0 to edge in with the #om%any! 2e #ome around, got mad, tryin0 to te$$ us we were wrong, when we #a$$ed a wi$d#at! 2e was ta&in0 the side of the #om%any! I used a sti#& to he$% tar Fim! And it wasn0t the first time!C +he =u =$u was formed on beha$f of %eo%$e that wanted a de#ent $i'ing, both b$a#& and white! 2a$f the #oa$ #am% was #o$ored! It wasn0t anti7 #o$ored! +he b$a#& %eo%$e had the same res%onsibi$ities as the white! +heir $awn was (ust as green as the white man0s! +hey got the same rate of %ay! +here was two #o$ored who be$onged to it! I remember those two niggers #omin0 around my father and as&in0 3uestions about it! +hey (oined! +he %astor of our #ommunity #hur#h was a #o$ored man! 2e was =u =$u ! It was the on$y %rote#tion the wor&in0 man had!C 4ure, the #om%any tried to %$ay one agin0 the other! *ut it didn0t wor&! +he #o$ored and the whites $i'ed side by side! It was somethin0 $i&e a #he#&erboard! +here0d be a white fami$y and a #o$ored fami$y! "o sir, there was no ra#ia$ %rob$em! Jeah, they had a #ertain fee$in0 about the #o$ored! +hey sure did! And they had a #ertain fee$in0 about the white, too! Anyone #ome into the #om7 munity had unsatisfa#tory dea$in0s, if it was #o$ored or white, he didn0t stay!CDI>E

>> Why ha'e the few, standard a##ounts of the =$an been seeming$y so far offO /rin#i%a$$y be#ause they ha'e fai$ed to $oo& at the =$an %henomenon Bfrom the bottom u%,C to see === %arti#i%ants as histori#a$ sub(e#ts! One resu$t of this is to ha'e o'er$oo&ed mu#h materia$ a$together! As most $abor attention fo#uses on the unions at the e %ense of the indi'idua$ wor&ers, so has the =$an been ig7 nored as a mo'ement re$e'ant to the history of wor&ing %eo%$e! #he +ean 0ears% & 1istory of the &merican )or!er, 192021933, by Ir'ing *ernstein, is wide$y regarded as the best treatment of $abor in the >?,-s! It does not mention the =u =$u =$an! 4imi$ar$y, the Gynds0 Midd$etown, that %remier so#io$ogi#a$ study of Mun#ie, Indiana in the 0,-s, bare$y mentions the =$anDI,E and then on$y in terms of a most margina$ area, re$igious %referen#e!DI3E Certain$y no one wou$d serious$y maintain that the === of the 0,-s was free from bigotry or in(usti#e! +here is truth in the #hara#7 teri)ation of the =$an as a moment of soured %o%u$ism, fermented of %ost7war disi$$usion! *ut it is a$so true that when $arge numbers of %eo%$e, fee$ing Ba sense of defeatCDIAE in an in#reasing$y urban 4outh, or their northern #ounter%arts, B#ons#ious of their growing inferiority,CDI5E turned to the =$an, they did not ne#essari$y ena#t some &ind of si#&, ra#ist sa'agery! On o##asion, they e'en turned, as we ha'e seen, to a fair$y radi#a$ a#ti'ism @ to the #hagrin of their #orru%t and #onser'ati'e $eadershi%! In fa#t, it was interna$ dissension @ %$us, to a $esser e tent, the return of re$ati'e %ros%erity in >?,5DIIE @ that brought about the %re#i%itous de#$ine of the =$an! 6ona$d Crowno'er0s study of the === in Gan#aster County, /ennsy$'ania dis#ussed some of the aborti'e efforts to form state and e'en nationa$ organi)ations a$ternati'e to the 'i#e and auto#ra#y %re'ai$ing at the to% of the In'isib$e Em%ire!DIKE B5e'o$t from within, not #riti#ism from without, bro&e the =$an!CDILE More fundamenta$$y, the mid7>?,-s, against the ba#&ground of a de#isi'e deformation %ro'ided by Wor$d War I,DI?E saw the rea$ arri'a$ of the #onsumer so#iety and the #u$tura$ dis%$a#ement of mi$itan#y it re%resented!DK-E +he abo'e resear#h, $imited and unsystemati# as it is, wou$d seem to raise more 3uestions than it answers! "onethe$ess, it may be %ossib$e to dis#ern here something of re$e'an#e #on#erning ra#ism, s%ontaneity and %o%u$ar 'a$ues in the #onte t of a 'ery im%ortant so#ia$ mo'ement!DK>E D>E 4tan$ey Frost, #he (hallenge of the Klan M"ew Jor&, >?I?N, %!>! D,E *etween fi'e and si mi$$ion is %robab$y the soundest figure! Morrison and Commager found Bgarnered in the "ortheast and Midwest an a$$7time %ea& of si mi$$ion members!C #he 4rowth of the &merican -epublic M"ew Jor&, >?5-N, 'o$! II, %!55I! Honathon 6anie$s estimated that Bthe su%%osed$y 4outhern organi)ation had s%raw$ed #ontinenta$$y from beginnings in At$anta in >?>5, u% from >--,--- members in >?,> to 5,---,--- in >?,A!C #he #ime 5etween the )ars MParden City, "ew Jor&, >?IIN, %! >-L! D3E Emerson Gou#&s, #he Ku Klux Klan in $ennsylvania% & 'tudy of ativism M"ew Jor&, >?3IN, %%! 'i, >, >?L! DAE =enneth Ha#&son, #he Ku Klux Klan in the (ity, 191621930 M"ew Jor&, >?IKN, %! i!

>, D5E Car$ 6eg$er, BA Century of the =$ans: A 5e'iew Arti#$e,C 7ournal of 'outhern 1istory M"o'ember >?I5N, %%! AA,1AA3! DIE Ha#&son, o%!#it!, %! ,3K! DKE Ibid!, %! ,3?! DLE 5obert Moats Mi$$er, B+he =u =$u =$an,C from #he #wenties% (hange and (ontinuity, Hohn *raeman, 5obert 2! *remner and 6a'id *rody, eds! MCo$umbus, >?ILN, %! ,>L! D?E 5obert G! 6uffus, B2ow the =u =$u =$an 4e$$s 2ate,C )orld*s )ee! MHune, >?,3N, %! >K?! D>-E =ath$een M! *$ee, )omen of the Klan M*er&e$ey, >??>N, %! >I?! D>>E 6eg$er, o%!#it!, %! A3K! D>,E Wi$$iam 4immons, head of the =$an in >?,>, testified @ without #ha$$enge @ that the %ost7war ra#e riots in Washington, East 4t! Gouis and Chi#ago too& %$a#e before there were any =$an members in those #ities! 4ee 1earings 5efore the (ommittee on -ules% 1ouse of -epresentatives, 'ixty8'eventh (ongress MWashington, >?,>N, %! K5! D>3E 6anie$ 4nowman, <4A: #he #wenties to 9iet am MGondon, >?ILN, %!3K! D>AE /reston W! 4$osson, #he 4reat (rusade and &fter M"ew Jor&, >?3-N, %! ,5L! D>5E 4ee +iterary ,igest: BRuaint Customs and Methods of the ===,C MAugust 5, >?,,N A 6efense of the =u =$u =$an,C MHanuary ,-, >?,3N, es%! %%! >L1>?; B+he =$an as the :i#tim of Mob :io$en#e,C M4e%tember L, >?,3N, %! >,; #he ation: BE'en the =$an 2as 5ights,C M6e#ember >3, >?,,N, %! I5A! D>IE 4ee Parin *urban0s BAgrarian 5adi#a$s and +heir O%%onents: /o$iti#a$ Conf$i#ts in 4outhern O&$ahoma, >?>-1>?,A,C 7ournal of &merican 1istory MHune >?K>N! *urban& argues that the 4o#ia$ist /arty and the =$an had different #onstituen#ies in O&$ahoma, but mu#h of his own data #ontradi#ts this #on#$usion! Es%! %%! ,-1,>! D>KE 4ee /au$ M! Ang$e0s 5loody )illiamsonM"ew Jor&, >?5,N, es%! %%! A, ,>- ,L1 ,?, >3K1>3L! D>LE 4ee Ir'ing *ernstein0s #he +ean 0ears% & 1istory of the &merican )or!er, 192021933 M*a$timore, >?IIN, %%! >1A3! D>?E Ha#&son, o%!#it, %! ,3?! A&ron had the eighth $argest member7 shi% of <!4! #ities! D,-E 4ee +homas 5! *roo&s0 #oil and #rouble M"ew Jor&, >?K>N, %! 3IL, and Hero$d 4! Auerba#h0s +abor and +iberty% #he +a:ollette (ommittee and the ew ,eal MIndiana%o$is, >?IIN, %! 3L! D,>E Ir'ing 2owe and *!H! Widi#&, #he ;&) and )alter -euther M"ew Jor&, >?A?N, %! ?! D,,E Hohn 2igham, 'trangers in the +and M"ew Jor&, >?ILN, %%! ,L?7 ,?-! D,3E 6ona$d A! Crowno'er, B+he =u =$u =$an in Gan#aster County, >?,31>?,A,C 7ournal of the +ancaster (ounty 1istorical 'ociety M>?IA, "o!,N, %! IA! D,AE 2igham, o%!#it, %! ,?-! D,5E 4herwood Anderson, $u<<led &merica M"ew Jor&, >?35N, %! >>A!

>3 D,IE "ei$$ 2erring, a 'eteran %rogressi'e and s#ho$ar from At$anta, has testified to this &ind of uti$i)ation of =$an organi)ation as enab$ed by a stru#ture that B$eft a fair measure of $o#a$ inde%en7 den#e of a#tion!C Getter to author, Mar#h ,5, >?K5! D,KE Mi$$er, o%!#it!, %! ,,A! D,LE Frost, o%!#it!, %! ,K-! D,?E Arthur M! 4#h$esinger, Hr!, #he $olitics of ;pheaval M*oston, >?I-N, %! A5! D3-E 4tan$ey Frost, B"ight75iding 5eformers,C #he /utloo! M"o'ember >A, >?,3N; Frost B*ehind the White 2oods; +he 5egeneration of O&$ahoma,C #he /utloo! M"o'ember ,>, >?,3N! D3>E 5obert =$an Po$dberg, 1ooded =mpire% the Ku Klux Klan in (olorado M<rbana, >?L>N, %! ,3! D3,E Margaret 4anger, &n &utobiography M"ew Jor&, >?3LN, %%! 3II7 3IK! D33E Frost, o%!#it!, %! LI! D3AE Frost, o%!#it!, %! LI! D35E Mary 2! 2erring, Bthe Why of the =$an,C MCorres%onden#eN #he ew -epublic MFebruary ,3, >?,3N, %! ,L?! D3IE Hohn Moffat Me#&$in, #he Ku Klux Klan% & 'tudy of the &merican .ind M"ew Jor&, >?,AN, %! ?L! D3KE Ha#&son, o%!#it!, %! ,A-! D3LE Ibid!, %! ,A>! D3?E B/in& *a$$ots for the =u =$u =$an,C #he /utloo! MHune ,5, >?,AN, %%! 3-I13-K! DA-E Ibid!, %! 3-K13-L! My %er#entages in'o$'e s$ight a%%ro ima7 tions; they are based on a'eraging the %er#entages gi'en for 5e%ub$i#ans, 6emo#rats, and Inde%endents %ro%ortiona$$y! DA>E Ibid!, %! 3-I! DA,E Ibid!, %! 3-L! DA3E Ha#&son, o%!#it!, %! >I,! DAAE 5obert O! "esbitt, )isconsin% & 1istory MMadison, >?K3N, %! AIK! DA5E Peorge 4! +urnbu$$, &n /regon (rusader M/ort$and, >?55N, %! >5-! B/romises and Gies,C Meditoria$N (apital 7ournal M4a$em, O#tober 3>, >?,,N! DAIE 6a'id A! 2orowit), B+he =u =$u =$an in GaPrande, Oregon,C #he Invisible =mpire in the )est, ed! 4hawn Gay M<rbana, >??,N, %! >?5! DAKE 5obert G! 6uffus, B+he =u =$u =$an in the Midd$e West,C )orld*s )or! MAugust, >?,3N, %! 3I5! DALE Char$es A$e ander, #he Ku Klux Klan in the 'outhwest MGouis7 'i$$e, >?I5N, %! ,5! DA?E Carter *$ue C$ar&, & 1istory of the Ku Klux Klan in /!lahoma! /h!6! 6issertation M<ni'ersity of O&$ahoma, >?KIN, %! >>5! D5-E Ibid!, %! >AK!

>A D5>E Po$dberg, o%!#it!, %%! >,,, >AI! D5,E :irginia 6urr, Inter'iew M#ondu#ted by 4usan +hrasher and Ha#3ue 2a$$, May >31>5, >?K5N, <ni'ersity of "orth Caro$ina Ora$ 2istory %ro(e#t! D53E Pera$d +! 6unne, 1ugo 5lac! and the 7udicial -evolution M"ew Jor&, >?KKN, %! >>A! D5AE Ibid!, %%! >>I, >>L, >,>! D55E Ce#i$ Carnes, 7ohn +. +ewis M"ew Jor&, >?3IN, %! >>I! D5IE Ibid!, %! >>A! D5KE 6a'id H! M#6ona$d and Edward A! Gyn#h, (oal and ;nionism M4i$'er 4%ring, Md, >?3?N, %! >I>! D5LE <nited Mine Wor&ers of Ameri#a, $roceedings of the #wenty8 inth (onsecutive and 'ixth 5iennial (onvention MIndiana%o$is, >?,AN, %! ILI! D5?E B=u =$u ing in the Miners0 Country,C #he ew -epublic MMar#h ,I, >?,AN, %! >,3! DI-E Ibid!, %! >,A! DI>E 4tuds +er&e$, 2ard +imes M"ew Jor&, >?K-N, %%! ,,?1,3-! DI,E 5obert and 2e$en Gynd, .iddletown M"ew Jor&, >?,?N! %%! 333, 3IA13II, AK?! DI3E Peorge *rown +inda$$, +he Emergen#e of the "ew 4outh M*aton 5ouge, >?IKN, %! >?I: B#arefu$ historians ha'e found that neither the ma(or #hur#h bodies and %eriodi#a$s nor fundamenta$ist $eaders e'er wor&ed #$ose$y with the =$an!C +here seems to ha'e been e'en $ess of a #onne#tion between the #hur#hes and the =$an in the "orth! DIAE Ibid, %! >?>! DI5E Peorge E! Mowry, #he ;rban ation M"ew Jor&, >?I5N, %! 3A! DIIE 6eg$er, o%!#it!, %! AA>! DIKE Crowno'er, o%! #it!, %%! I?1K-! DILE Gou#&s, o%!#it!, %! >I5! DI?E Ser)an, BOrigins and Meaning of Wor$d War I,C +e$os A?, es%! %%! >-K1>-L! DK-E 4tewart Ewen, (aptains of (onsciousness% &dvertising and the -oots of the (onsumer 'ociety M"ew Jor&, >?KKN! For e am%$e, %%! >L?1>?-, ,->! DK>E 4%e#ia$ than&s to "ei$$ 2erring of At$anta, 4usan +hrasher of "ew Mar&et, +ennessee, and *ob 2a$$ of #ha%e$ 2i$$, "orth Caro$ina!

>5

SEIZE THE DAY by John Zerzan

+he ra%id$y mounting to$$ of modern $ife is worse than we #ou$d ha'e imagined! A metamor%hosis rushes onward, #hanging the te ture of $i'ing, the who$e fee$ of things! In the not7so7distant %ast this was sti$$ on$y a %artia$ modifi#ation; now the Ma#hine #on'erges on us, %enetrating more and more to the #ore of our $i'es, %romising no es#a%e from its $ogi#! +he on$y stab$e #ontinuity has been that of the body, and that has be#ome 'u$nerab$e in un%re#edented ways! We now inhabit a #u$ture, a##ording to Furedi M>??KN, of high an iety that borders on a state of outright %ani#! /ostmodern dis#ourse su%%resses arti#u$ations of suffering, a fa#et of its a##ommodation to the ine'itabi$ity of further, systemati# deso$ation! +he %rominen#e of #hroni# degenerati'e diseases ma&es a #hi$$ing %ara$$e$ with the %ermanent erosion of a$$ that is hea$thy and $ife7affirming inside industria$ #u$ture! +hat is, maybe the disease #an be s$owed a bit in its %rogression, but no o'era$$ #ure is imaginab$e in this #onte t77whi#h #reated the #ondition in the first %$a#e! As mu#h as we yearn for #ommunity, it is a$$ but dead! M#/herson, 4mith7Go'in and *rashears M&merican 'ociological -eview ,--IN te$$ us that >? years ago, the ty%i#a$ Ameri#an had three #$ose friends; now the number is two! +heir nationa$ study a$so re'ea$s that o'er this %eriod of time, the number of %eo%$e without one friend or #onfidant has tri%$ed! Census figures show a #orres%onding$y shar% rise in sing$e7 %erson househo$ds, as the te#hno#u$ture 77 with its 'aunted .#onne#ti'ity. 77 grows steadi$y more iso$ating, $one$y and em%ty! In Ha%an .%eo%$e sim%$y aren9t ha'ing se . M=itamura ,--IN and the sui#ide rate has been rising ra%id$y! 1i!i!imori, or se$f7iso$ation, finds o'er a mi$$ion young %eo%$e staying in their rooms for years! Where the te#hno#u$ture is most de'e$o%ed, $e'e$s of stress, de%ression and an iety are highest! Ruestions and ideas #an on$y be#ome #urrents in the wor$d insofar as rea$ity, e terna$ and interna$, ma&es that %ossib$e! Our %resent state, de'o$'ing toward #atastro%he, dis%$ays a rea$ity in unmista&ab$e terms! We are bound for a head7on #o$$ision between urgent new 3uestions and a tota$ity77g$oba$ #i'i$i)ation77that #an %ro'ide no answers! A wor$d that offers no future, but shows no signs of admitting this fa#t, im%eri$s its own future a$ong with the $ife, hea$th, and freedom of a$$ beings on the %$anet! Ci'i$i)ation9s ru$ers ha'e a$ways s3uandered whate'er remote #han#es they had to %re%are for the end of $ife as they &now it, by #hoosing to ride the #rest of domination, in a$$ its forms! It has be#ome #$ear to some that the de%th of the e %anding #risis, whi#h is as massi'e$y dehumani)ing as it is e#o#ida$, stems from the #ardina$ institutions of #i'i$i)ation itse$f! +he dis#redited %romises of En$ightenment and modernity re%resent the %inna#$e of the gra'e mista&e &nown as #i'i$i)ation! +here is no %ros%e#t that this Order wi$$ renoun#e that whi#h has defined and maintained it, and a%%arent$y $itt$e $i&e$ihood that its 'arious ideo$ogi#a$ su%%orters #an fa#e the fa#ts! If #i'i$i)ation9s #o$$a%se has a$ready begun, a %ro#ess now unoffi#ia$$y but wide$y assumed, there may

>I be grounds for a wides%read refusa$ or abandonment of the reigning tota$ity! Indeed, its rigidity and denia$ may be setting the stage for a #u$tura$ shift on an un%re#edented s#a$e, whi#h #ou$d unfo$d ra%id$y! Of #ourse, a %aradigm shift away from this entren#hed, but 'u$nerab$e and fata$$y f$awed system is far from una'oidab$e! +he other main %ossibi$ity is that too many %eo%$e, for the usua$ reasons Mfear, inertia, manufa#tured in#a%a#ity, et#!N wi$$ %assi'e$y a##e%t rea$ity as it is, unti$ it9s too $ate to do anything but try to dea$ with #o$$a%se! It9s noteworthy that a growing awareness that things are going wrong, howe'er in#hoate and indi'idua$i)ed, is fue$$ed by a dee%, 'is#era$ unease and in many #ases, a#ute suffering! +his is where o%%ortunity resides! From this new %ers%e#ti'e that is #ertain$y growing, we find the wor& of #onfronting what fa#es us as a s%e#ies, and remo'ing the barriers to %$anetary sur'i'a$! +he time has #ome for a who$esa$e indi#tment of #i'i$i)ation and mass so#iety! It is at $east %ossib$e that, in 'arious modes, su#h a (udgment #an undo the death7ma#hine before destru#tion and domesti#ation inundate e'erything! A$though what9s gone before he$%s us understand our #urrent %$ight, we now $i'e in ob'ious sub(e#tion, on a %$ain$y greater s#a$e than heretofore! +he en'e$o%ing te#hno7 wor$d that is s%reading so ra%id$y suggests mo'ement toward e'en dee%er #ontro$ of e'ery as%e#t of our $i'es! Adorno9s assessment in the >?I-s is %ro'ing 'a$id today: .E'entua$$y the system wi$$ rea#h a %oint77the word that %ro'ides the so#ia$ #ue is 9integration977where the uni'ersa$ de%enden#e of a$$ moments on a$$ other moments ma&es the ta$& of #ausa$ity obso$ete! It is id$e to sear#h for what might ha'e been a #ause within a mono$ithi# so#iety! On$y that so#iety itse$f remains the #ause!. M egative ,ialectics, %! ,IKN! A tota$ity that absorbs e'ery .a$ternati'e. and seems irre'ersib$e! +ota$itarian! It is its own (ustifi#ation and ideo$ogy! Our refusa$, our #a$$ to dismant$e a$$ this, is met with fewer and fewer #ounter'ai$ing %rotests or arguments! +he bottom7$ine res%onse is more a$ong the $ines of .Jes, your 'ision is good, true, 'a$id; but this rea$ity wi$$ ne'er go away!. "one of the su%%osed 'i#tories o'er inhumanity ha'e made the wor$d safer, not e'en (ust for our own s%e#ies! A$$ the re'o$utions ha'e on$y tightened the ho$d of domination, by u%dating it! 6es%ite the rise and fa$$ of 'arious %o$iti#a$ %ersuasions, it is a$ways %rodu#tion that has won; te#hno$ogi#a$ systems ne'er retreat, they on$y ad'an#e! We ha'e been free or autonomous insofar as the Ma#hine re3uires for its fun#tioning! Meanwhi$e, the usua$ idioti# (udgments #ontinue! .We shou$d be free to use s%e#ifi# te#hno$ogies as too$s without ado%ting te#hno$ogy as $ifesty$e!. M:a$o'i# ,---N! .+he wor$ds #reated through digita$ te#hno$ogy are rea$ to the e tent that we #hoose to %$ay their games!. M6owns ,--5N! A$ong with the #ho&eho$d of %ower, and some $ingering i$$usions about how modernity wor&s, the Ma#hine is fa#ed with worsening %ros%e#ts! It is a stri&ing fa#t that those who manage the dominant organi)ation of $ife no $onger e'en attem%t answers or %ositi'e %ro(e#tions! +he most %ressing .issues. Me!g! P$oba$ WarmingN are sim%$y ignored, and %ro%aganda about Community Mthe mar&et %$us iso$ationN, Freedom Mtota$ sur'ei$$an#e so#ietyN, the Ameri#an 6ream M8N is so fa$se that it #annot be e %e#ted to be ta&en serious$y!

>K As 4ah$ins %ointed out M>?KKN, the more #om%$e so#ieties be#ome, the $ess they are ab$e to #o%e with #ha$$enges! +he #entra$ #on#ern of any state is to %reser'e %redi#tabi$ity; as this #a%a#ity 'isib$y fai$s, so do that state9s #han#es of sur'i'a$! When the %romise of se#urity wanes, so does the $ast rea$ su%%ort! Many studies ha'e #on#$uded that 'arious e#osystems are more $i&e$y to suffer sudden #atastro%hi# #o$$a%se, rather than undergo steady, %redi#tab$e degradation! +he me#hanisms of ru$e (ust might be sub(e#t to a %ara$$e$ de'e$o%ment! In ear$ier times there was room to maneu'er! Ci'i$i)ation9s forward mo'ement was a##om%anied by a safety 'a$'e: the frontier! Garge7s#a$e e %ansion of the 2o$y 5oman Em%ire eastward during the >,th7>Ath #enturies, the in'asion of the "ew Wor$d after >5--, the Westward mo'ement in "orth Ameri#a through the end of the >?th #entury! *ut the system be#omes .mortgaged to stru#tures a##umu$ated a$ong the way. M4ah$ins againN! We are hostages, and so is the who$e hierar#hi#a$ ensemb$e! +he who$e system is busy, a$ways in f$u ; transa#tions ta&e %$a#e at an e'er7a##e$erating rate! We ha'e rea#hed the stage where the stru#ture re$ies a$most who$$y on the #o7 o%tation of for#es that are more or $ess outside its #ontro$! A %rime e am%$e is the a#tua$ assistan#e gi'en by $eftist regimes in 4outh Ameri#a! +he issue is not so mu#h that of the out#ome of neo7$ibera$ e#onomi#s, but of the su##ess of the $eft in %ower at furthering se$f7managed #a%ita$, and #o7o%ting indigenous resistan#e into its orbit! *ut these ta#ti#s do not outweigh the fa#t of an o'era$$ inner rigidity that %uts the future of te#hno7#a%ita$ at gra'e ris&! +he name of the #risis is modernity itse$f, its #ontingent, #umu$ati'e weight! Any regime today is in a situation where e'ery .so$ution. on$y dee%ens the engu$fing %rob$ems! More te#hno$ogy and more #oer#i'e for#e are the on$y resour#es to fa$$ ba#& on! +he .dar& side. of %rogress stands re'ea$ed as the definiti'e fa#e of modern times! +heorists su#h as Piddens and *e#& admit that the outer $imits of modernity ha'e been rea#hed, so that disaster is now the $atent #hara#teristi# of so#iety! And yet they ho$d out ho%e, without %redi#ating basi# #hange, that a$$ wi$$ be we$$! *e#&, for instan#e, #a$$s for a demo#rati)ation of industria$ism and te#hno$ogi#a$ #hange 77 #arefu$$y a'oiding the 3uestion of why this has ne'er ha%%ened! +here is no re#on#i$iation, no ha%%y ending within this tota$ity, and it is trans%arent$y fa$se to #$aim otherwise! 2istory seems to ha'e $i3uidated the %ossibi$ity of redem%tion; its 'ery #ourse undoes what has been %assing as #riti#a$ thought! +he $esson is to noti#e how mu#h must #hange to estab$ish a new and genuine$y 'iab$e dire#tion! +here ne'er was a moment of #hoosing; the fie$d or ground of $ife shifts im%er#e%tib$y in a mu$titude of ways, without drama, but to 'ast effe#t! If the so$ution were sought in te#hno$ogy, that wou$d of #ourse on$y reinfor#e the ru$e of modern domination; this is a ma(or %art of the #ha$$enge that #onfronts us! Modernity has redu#ed the s#o%e a$$owed for ethi#a$ a#tion, #utting off its %otentia$$y effe#ti'e out$ets! *ut rea$ity, for#ing itse$f u%on us as the #risis mounts, is be#oming %ro ima$ and insistent on#e again! +hin&ing gnaws away at e'erything, be#ause this situation #orrodes e'erything we ha'e wanted! We rea$i)e that it is u% to us! E'en the $i&e$ihood of a #o$$a%se of the g$oba$ te#hno7stru#ture shou$d not $ure us away from a#&now$edgement of our de#isi'e %otentia$ ro$es, our res%onsibi$ity to sto% the engine of destru#tion! /assi'ity, $i&e a defeated attitude, wi$$ not bring forth de$i'eran#e! We are a$$ wounded, and %arado i#a$$y, this estrangement be#omes the basis for #ommuna$ity! A gathering of the traumati)ed may be forming, a s%iritua$ &inshi% demanding re#o'ery! *e#ause we #an sti$$ fee$ a#ute$y, our ru$ers #an rest no more

>L easi$y than we do! Our dee% need for hea$ing means that an o'erthrow must ta&e %$a#e! +hat a$one wou$d #onstitute hea$ing! +hings .(ust go on., #reating the #atastro%he on e'ery $e'e$! /eo%$e are figuring it out: that things (ust go on is, in fa#t, the #atastro%he! Me$issa 2o$broo& /ierson M#he $lace 0ou +ove is 4one ,--IN e %ressed it this way: .4udden$y now it hits, bi)arre$y easy to gras%! We are ine orab$y heading for the *ig Poodbye! It9s offi#ia$8 +he unthin&ab$e is ready to be thought! It is fina$$y in sight, after a$$ of human history behind us! In the %it of what is $eft of your miserab$e sou$ you fee$ it #oming, the definiti'e $oss of home, bigger than the #ause of one %erson9s tears! Jours and mine, the %ri'ate sob, wi$$ be (oined by a mass #rying!!!. Misery! Immiseration! +ime to get ba#& to where we ha'e ne'er 3uite gi'en u% wanting to be! .4tret#hed and stret#hed again to the e$asti# $imit at whi#h it wi$$ bear no more,. in 4%eng$er9s %hrase! En$ightenment thought, a$ong with the Industria$ 5e'o$ution, began in $ate >Lth #entury Euro%e, inaugurating modernity! We were %romised freedom based on #ons#ious #ontro$ o'er our destiny! *ut En$ightenment #$aims ha'e not been rea$i)ed, and the who$e %ro(e#t has turned out to be se$f7defeating! Foundationa$ e$ements in#$uding reason, uni'ersa$ rights and the $aws of s#ien#e were #ons#ious$y designed to (ettison %re7s#ientifi#, mysti#a$ sorts of &now$edge! 6i'erse, #ommuna$$y sustained $ifeways were sa#rifi#ed in the name of a unitary and uniform, $aw7enfor#ed %attern of $i'ing! =ant9s em%hasis on freedom through mora$ a#tion is rooted in this #onte t, a$ong with the Fren#h en#y#$o%edists9 %rogram to re%$a#e traditiona$ #rafts with more u%7to7date te#hno$ogi#a$ systems! =ant, by the way, for whom %ro%erty was san#tified by no $ess than his #ategori#a$ im%erati'e, fa'orab$y #om%ared the modern uni'ersity to an industria$ ma#hine and its %rodu#ts! :arious En$ightenment figures debated the %ros and #ons of emerging modern de'e$o%ments, and these few words ob'ious$y #annot do (usti#e to the to%i# of En$ightenment! 2owe'er, it may be fruitfu$ to &ee% this im%ortant histori#a$ #on(un#tion in mind: the near$y simu$taneous births of modern %rogressi'e thought and mass %rodu#tion! A%t in this regard is the %ers%e#ti'e of Min Gin M,-->N: .Con#ea$ing the so#ia$ origin of #ogniti'e dis#ourses and the idea of #ertainty is the inner re3uirement of modern Western ideo$ogy in order to (ustify or $egitimate its %osition by uni'ersa$i)ing its inte$$e#tua$ basis and #reating a new sa#red 3uasi7 trans#endan#e!. Modernity is a$ways trying to go beyond itse$f to a different state, $ur#hing forward as if to re#o'er the e3ui$ibrium $ost so $ong ago! It is bent on #hanging the future 77 e'en its own 77 With modernity9s stress on freedom, modern en$ightened institutions ha'e in fa#t su##eeded in nothing so mu#h as #onformity! Gyotard M>??>N summed u% the o'era$$ out#ome: .A new barbarism, i$$itera#y and im%o'erishment of $anguage, new %o'erty, mer#i$ess remode$ing of o%inion by media, immiseration of the mind, obso$es#en#e of the sou$!. Massified, standardi)ing modes, in e'ery area of $ife, re$ent$ess$y re7ena#t the a#tua$ #ontro$ %rogram of modernity! .Ca%ita$ism did not #reate our wor$d; the ma#hine did! /ainsta&ing studies designed to %ro'e the #ontrary ha'e buried the ob'ious beneath tons of %rint!. ME$$u$ >?IAN! Whi#h is not in any way to deny the #entra$ity of #$ass ru$e, but to remind us that di'ided so#iety began with di'ision of $abor! +he di'ided se$f $ed dire#t$y to di'ided so#iety!

>? +he di'ision of $abor is the $abor of di'ision! <nderstanding what #hara#teri)es modern $ife #an ne'er be far from the effort to understand te#hno$ogy9s ro$e in our e'eryday $i'es, (ust as it a$ways has been! Gyotard M>??>N (udged that .te#hno$ogy wasn9t in'ented by humans! 5ather the other way around! Poethe9s :aust, the first tragedy about industria$ de'e$o%ment, de%i#ted its dee%est horrors as stemming from honorab$e aims! +he su%erhuman de'e$o%er Faust %arta&es of a dri'e endemi# to moderni)ation, one whi#h is threatened by any tra#e of othernessQdifferen#e in its tota$i)ing mo'ement! We fun#tion in an e'er more homogeneous fie$d, a ground a$ways undergoing further uniformiti)ation to %romote a sing$e, g$oba$i)ed te#hno7grid! Jet it is %ossib$e to a'oid this #on#$usion by &ee%ing one9s fo#us on the surfa#e, on what is %ermitted to e ist on the margins! +hus some see Indymedia as a #ru#ia$ trium%h of de#entra$i)ation, and free software as a radi#a$ demand! +his attitude ignores the industria$ basis of e'ery high te#h de'e$o%ment and usage! A$$ the .wondrous too$s,. in#$uding the ubi3uitous and 'ery to i# #e$$ %hone, are more re$ated to e#o7disastrous industria$i)ation in China and India, for e am%$e, than to the #$ean, s$i#& %ages of )ired maga)ine! +he sa$'ationist #$aims of )ired are in#redib$e in their dis#onne#ted, infanti$e fantasies! Its adherents #an on$y maintain su#h giganti# de$usions by means of de$iberate b$indness not on$y to te#hno$ogy9s systemati# destru#tion of nature, but to the g$oba$ human #ost in'o$'ed: $i'es fi$$ed with to i#ity, drudgery, and industria$ a##idents! "ow there are nas#ent %rotest %henomena against the a$$7en#om%assing uni'ersa$ system, su#h as .s$ow food,. .s$ow #ities,. .s$ow roads.! /eo%$e wou$d %refer that the (uggernaut gi'e %ause and not de'our the te ture of $ife! *ut a#tua$ degradation is %i#&ing u% s%eed, in its dewor$ding, disembedding #ourse! On$y a radi#a$ brea& wi$$ im%ede its tra(e#tory! More missi$es and more nu&es in more #ountries is ob'ious$y another %art of the genera$ mo'ement of the te#hno$ogi#a$ im%erati'e! +he s%e#ter of mass death is the #rowning a#hie'ement, the #ondition of modernity, whi$e the %osthuman is the #oming te#hno7#ondition of the sub(e#t! We are the 'ehi#$e of the Megama#hine, not its benefi#iary, he$d hostage to its e'ery new $ea% forward! +he te#hnohuman #ondition $ooms, indeed! "othing #an #hange unti$ the te#hno$ogi#a$ basis is #hanged, is erased! Our #ondition is reinfor#ed by those who insist 77 in #$assi# %ostmodern fashion 77 that natureQ#u$ture is a fa$se binarism! +he natura$ wor$d is e'a#uated, %a'ed o'er, to the strains of the surrender7$ogi# that nature has a$ways been #u$tura$, a$ways a'ai$ab$e for sub(ugation! =oert 'an Mens'oort9s .E %$oring "e t "ature. M,--5N e %oses the domination of nature $ogi#, so %o%u$ar in some 3uarters: .Our ne t nature wi$$ #onsist of what used to be #u$tura$!. *ye7bye, non7engineered rea$ity! After a$$, he b$ithe$y %ro#$aims, nature #hanges with us! +his is the $oss of the #on#e%t of nature a$together 77 and not (ust the #on#e%t8 *ut the sign .nature. #ertain$y en(oys %o%u$arity, as the substan#e is destroyed: .e oti#. third wor$d #u$tura$ %rodu#ts, natura$ ingredients in food, et#! <nfortunate$y, the nature of e %erien#e is $in&ed to the e %erien#e of nature! When the $atter is redu#ed to an insubstantia$ %resen#e, the former is disfigured! /au$ *er&ett M,--IN #ites Mar and Enge$s to the effe#t that with #ommunism %eo%$e wi$$ .not on$y fee$ but a$so &now their oneness with nature,. that #ommunism is .the unity of being of man with nature!. Industria$7te#hno$ogi#a$ o'er#oming as its o%%osite77what b$atant

,%rodu#tionist rubbish! Gea'ing aside the #ommunism orientation, howe'er, how mu#h of today9s Geft disagrees with the mar ian ode to mass %rodu#tionO A neg$e#ted insight in Freud9s (ivili<ation and its ,iscontents is the suggestion that a dee%, un#ons#ious .sense of gui$t %rodu#ed by #i'i$i)ation. #auses a growing ma$aise and dissatisfa#tion! Adorno M>?IIN saw that re$e'ant to .the #atastro%he that im%ends is the su%%osition of an irrationa$ #atastro%he in the beginning! +oday the thwarted %ossibi$ity of something other has shrun& to that of a'erting #atastro%he in s%ite of e'erything!. +he origina$, 3ua$itati'e, utter fai$ure for $ife on this %$anet was the setting in motion of #i'i$i)ation! En$ightenment77$i&e the A ia$ Age wor$d re$igions ,--- years before77 su%%$ied trans#enden#e for the ne t $e'e$ of domination, an indis%ensab$e su%%ort for industria$ modernity! *ut where wou$d one now find the sour#e of a trans#ending, (ustifying framewor& for new $e'e$s of ra%a#ious de'e$o%mentO What new rea$m of ideas and 'a$ues #an be #on(ured u% to 'a$idate the a$$7en#om%assing ruin of $ate modernityO +here is none! On$y the system9s own inertia; no answers, and no future! Meanwhi$e our #onte t is that of a so#iabi$ity of un#ertainty! +he moorings of day7to7 day stabi$ity are being unfastened, as the system begins to show mu$ti%$e wea&nesses! When it #an no $onger guarantee se#urity, its end is near! Ours is an in#om%arab$e histori#a$ 'antage %oint! We #an easi$y gras% the story of this uni'ersa$ #i'i$i)ation9s ma$ignan#y! +his understanding may be a signa$ strength for enab$ing a %aradigm shift, the one that #ou$d do away with #i'i$i)ation and free us from the habitua$ wi$$ to dominate! A daunting #ha$$enge, to say the $east; but re#a$$ the #hi$d who was mo'ed to s%ea& out in the fa#e of #o$$e#ti'e denia$! +he Em%eror was wearing nothing; the s%e$$ was bro&en!

2006

,>

The Imperialism of Everyday ife

*y Hohn Ser)an :io$en#e, e'en terror, a$ways e ists on the %eri%hery of em%ire! +hey are the means by whi#h em%ire is #onso$idated, defended, e tended! 4imi$ar$y, em%ire must res%ond to atta#&, or its basis is forfeit! A$$ that is new about 4e%tember >> is that it didn0t o##ur on a distant hori)on! It was as if 5ome had been atta#&ed ,,--- years ago, at the height of its %ower! +he heart$and of em%ire has a 'ast and e'er7%resent meaning se%arab$e, and inse%arab$e, from those twin towers in Manhattan! E'eryday e isten#e, under the sign of the #a%ita$ and te#hno$ogy that the Wor$d +rade Center re%resented, a$so #ries out! We $i'e in a #u$ture of in#reasing em%tiness; there is a 'a#uum at the heart of our em%ire! E%idemi#s of i$$ega$ drugs su##eed one another, whi$e tens of mi$$ions, in#$uding #hi$dren as young as two, need antide%ressants to get through the day! A great hunger e ists for anesthesia in the fa#e of emotiona$ de'astation and $oss! E'eryone &nows that something is missing, that meaning and 'a$ue are steadi$y being $ea#hed out of dai$y $ife, a$ong with its 'ery te ture! .#he less people really live 8 or perhaps more correctly, the more they become aware that they haven*t really lived 8 the more abrupt and frightening death becomes for them, and the more it appears as a terrible accident.. +heodor Adorno0s obser'ation of de#ades ago seems e'en more %ertinent today! E %$oding (et$iners and anthra #an terrify; meanwhi$e a mu#h dee%er #risis triggers a far more %er'asi'e and fundamenta$ fear! +he em%ire is g$oba$! +here is nowhere to go to es#a%e its #orrosi'e barrenness! Frederi# Hameson reminded us that we $i'e in the most standardi)ed so#iety that has e'er e isted! In P$oba$ 4ou$, the %eri%ateti# /i#o Iyer u%s the ante, meditating on how the who$e wor$d now tends towards a uni'ersa$ sameness! A g$oba$ unity of a$ienness, of disorientation and dis#onne#tion, destined to resemb$e a ma$$ or an air%ort! /eo%$e now dress a$i&e in e'ery ma(or #ity in the wor$d! +hey drin& Co#a7Co$a, and wat#h many of the same +: shows! +he em%ire0s $ands#a%e of unrea$ity and routini)ation grows steadi$y more %atho$ogi#a$! 6amage to nature and 'io$en#e to the %sy#he #om%ete in a %ostmodern #u$ture of denia$, %un#tuated by eru%tions of the homi#ida$ at wor&, at home, at s#hoo$! We #an e %e#t to hear more and more a$arm be$$s that wi$$ wa&e us a$together! /ea#efu$ s$umber is unthin&ab$e! Who doesn0t &now, on some $e'e$, where this em%ire 7 this #i'i$i)ation 7 is ta&ing usO Our $iberation mo'ement needs to be 3ua$itati'e$y different from a$$ the fai$ed, $imited a%%roa#hes of the %ast! E'eryday $ife is waiting 7 waiting to be tru$y $i'ed! John Zerzan

,,

John Zerzan

The eft Toda!

A$as, sti$$ around to some degree, going through the motions and in some #ases finding new ways to re%a#&age the same o$d shit! +he eterna$$y su%erfi#ia$ $ibera$7$eft B%rogressi'esC are as trans%arent$y a'erse to $iberation as are the few sur'i'ing $eninoids! +he 4o#ia$ Forum, in its BP$oba$C as we$$ as more $o#a$ forms, is a re#ent #at#h7a$$ for $eftists, in#$uding #ommunists $oo&ing for a home in the %ost74o'iet <nion era! At anti7PL Penoa in ,-->, Penoa 4o#ia$ Forum %artisans did their best to de$i'er anar#hists to the %o$i#e and wor&ed hard afterwards to s%read $ies about the *$a#& *$o# effort in Penoa! At $ast year0s P$oba$ 4o#ia$ Forum in /orto A$egre these statists @ or those in #harge, anyway @ s%ent their time %raising *ra)i$ian %resident Gu$a0s $eftist regime and ha'ing anar#hists %hysi#a$$y atta#&ed in the streets! C$oset Banar#histC "oam Choms&y is one of the main 4o#ia$ Forum $eaders! +he Banti7state #ommunistsC we sti$$ ha'e with us, a$though they seem to be going nowhere! +he term has a%%ea$ to some, but is meaning$ess and #ontradi#tory! +he anti7state #ommies ha'e yet to #riti#i)e mass %rodu#tion and g$oba$ trade, be#ause they a%%arent$y want to %reser'e a$$ the te#hno7essentia$s of the modern setu%! It is im%ossib$e to ha'e g$oba$ %rodu#tion and e #hange without go'ernment @ #a$$ it by any name you $i&e @ to #oordinate and regu$ate any su#h mass system! Mi#hae$ A$bert0s %arti#i%atory e#onomi#s MB%are#onCN ho$ds that the state fun#tion #ou$d be re%$a#ed by an enormous amount of meeting7hours by e'eryone, in order to set %rodu#tion and trade 3uotas, et#! If one0s %riority is to run a wor$d (ust $i&e the one we now endure, I guess su#h an una%%ea$ing b$ue%rint somehow ma&es sense! A rather different %henomenon is the M$arge$y Euro%eanN Binsurre#tiona$istC stan#e, whi#h seems to be a &ind of amor%hous hybrid of se'era$ #ontradi#tory tenets! In order to ma imi)e the unity re3uired to a#hie'e an insurre#tionary #ondition, insurre#tiona$ists find it usefu$ to minimi)e a %otentia$$y non7unifying dis#ussion of s%e#ifi#s! *ut this a%%roa#h runs the ris& of tending toward su%%ression of ideas! Meanwhi$e, insurre#tiona$ist theorist A$fredo *onanno #an es%ouse nationa$ $iberation fronts Mstates7in7waitingN, whi$e others in this #am% are 'ery $u#id$y anti7#i'i$i)ation M*onanno, it shou$d be added, has been %rose#uted re%eated$y and im%risoned in Ita$y for his #ourageous resistan#e o'er the yearsN! Maybe insurre#tiona$ism is $ess an ideo$ogy than an undefined tenden#y, %art $eft and %art anti7$eft but genera$$y anar#hist! What a$$ these $eft7$eaners $a#& is a wi$$ingness to #onfront the basi#s of domination with the reso$'e and %ointed 3uestioning re3uired if domination is to be erased!

,3

The Lines are Being Drawn

by Hohn Ser)an BWhy are we so angryO Jou wou$d do better to as& why there is so mu#h anger and frustration in modern so#iety genera$$y!C 7 <nabomber 4ure$y the most sho#&ing e'ent of this #entury was the systemati# murder of mi$$ions of Hews under Perman "ationa$ 4o#ia$ism! Fifty years on, we are witnessing a steadi$y a##e$erating e tin#tion ons$aught against most s%e#ies of $ife on this %$anet! *arring some &ind of o'erthrow of the %resent g$oba$ system of te#hno7#a%ita$, the e$imination of the $ast tra#es of free nature is ine'itab$e! And how mu#h e'iden#e is $eft, e'en now, of a hea$thy human s%e#iesO Mass de%ression, wides%read be$ief in bi)arre o##u$t notions, an e'er7rising sui#ide rate among the young, a$most uni'ersa$ drug use of one &ind of another, in#reasing$y #ommon homi#ida$ ram%ages! +he sym%toms of a ma$ignant so#ia$ order mu$ti%$y and dee%en to a #horus of %ain and deso$ation! Consider how debased the fabri# of $ife has be#ome in (ust the %ast #ou%$e of de#ades: from Honestown to the +o&yo subways, not forgetting *ho%a$, Chernoby$, the E on :a$de), Wa#o, O&$ahoma City, s#hoo$yard massa#resTsu#h horrors seem to be mu$ti%$ying, the #on'u$sions of a termina$$y diseased $ands#a%e! *ut the strugg$e for hea$th and freedom goes on! 4#obert /ar& and Warner Cree& were 'igorous$y defended, and a strong b$ow was stru#& with the tor#hing of the Oa&ridge 5anger 4tation! +he b$a#&s of 4t! /etersburg re%aid another murder by %o$i#e with automati# wea%ons fire! Meanwhi$e, the F?I e$e#tora$ far#e re#ei'ed its $owest turnout sin#e >?,A, as if our masters #ou$d ha'e be$ie'ed that the nothingness and denia$ of that $ong7running #on game #ou$d go on foo$ing most %eo%$e indefinite$y! 2ow far is it (ustified to go when we &now that 'oting and re#y#$ing #hange nothingO When we #ontem%$ate the 'ista of high7te#h barrenness, the boom in %risons and home$essness, the fa#t that a growing e#onomy means an e'en faster rate of destru#tion of the natura$ wor$dT Hoan of Ar# and the >?th #entury abo$itionist Hohn *rown em%$oyed 'io$en#e and ga'e their $i'es in strugg$e! +hese 'isionaries were #onsidered demented by their #ontem%oraries but are now re'ered! It may be that the <nabomber wi$$ be $oo&ed u%on simi$ar$y, as a &ind of warrior7%ro%het who, as Ar$een 6a'i$a wrote, Btried to sa'e us!C +o un7$earn our i$$usions is to begin to sa'e ourse$'es! Autonomous Anar#hists Anonymous /O *o >>33> Eugene, Oregon ?KAAHohn Ser)an is the author of Future /rimiti'e M>??A, AutonomediaN, Ruestioning +e#hno$ogy: A Criti#a$ Antho$ogy M#o7edited with A$i#e Carnes, Freedom /ressN and his >?LL bestse$$er, E$ements of 5efusa$ wi$$ be re7re$eased short$y by CAG /ress! 2e

,A has a$so written numerous essays, #o7edits Anar#hy Maga)ine, and is #om%$eting a boo& of new essays!

What ails us John Zerzan On the level of ersonal affli!tion or "is#ease$ %atters are stea"ily worsening& This situation !orres on"s to the "ee ening !risis at every level& 't the sa%e ti%e$ a!!or"ing to (i!helle (ary )elvi!a$ *we live in a so!iety that see%s in!reasingly nu%b to the !auses an" effe!ts of hu%an suffering&* +n this s here as with every other$ the ro%ises, rote!tions of te!hnologi!al !ivilization are failing on a gran" s!ale& Tuber!ulosis an" %alaria have grown resistant to %o"ern antibioti!s an" other stan"ar" %e"i!ines& -#!oli an" West .ile virus outbrea/s are now !o%%on in the 0&1& +nfe!tious "iseases of all /in"s$ on!e "e!lare" !on2uere"$ are on the rise& They a!!o% any the %a3or "egenerative illnesses that are a sta le of !ivilize" life& Rift 4alley fever$ %a" !ow "isease$ hanta virus$ -bola$ !holera$ et!& *'t least 56 %a3or %ala"ies have ree%erge" in novel$ %ore "ea"ly$ or "rug#resistant for%s in the ast 57 years$* ronoun!e" the February 5665 .ational Geogra hi!8s *War on Disease* survey& +t is har"ly sur rising that in"ustrialize" %e"i!ine is unable to re%e"y the toll that is inherent in in"ustrialize"$ stan"ar"ize"$ estrange" "aily life& +n fa!t$ u "ating a oint %a"e by +van +lli!h "e!a"es ago$ (i!hael J& Berens8 investigations have reveale" the e9tre%ely high levels of life# threatening infe!tions ro"u!e" by hos ital environ%ents an" other as e!ts of the health !are in"ustry :;# art Chi!ago Tribune series$ July 5665<& Re!ent stu"ies have shown that artifi!ial light !auses breast !an!er$ by su erse"ing the natural light !y!le& Foo" now !ontains only a s%all fra!tion of its for%er nutritional !ontent$ as a!/aging an" a earan!e !onsi"erations "i!tate that nutrients be bre" out of fruits an" vegetables& .onetheless$ health#threatening obesity$ e i"e%i! in the 0&1&$ has be!o%e a global roble% be!ause of the in!rease in 3un/ foo" an" ro!esse" foo"& (ore than 56 %illion '%eri!ans ## %ostly wo%en ## suffer fro% often "evastating autoi%%une "isor"ers$ su!h as lu us$ Crohn8s "isease$

,5

%ulti le s!lerosis$ an" rheu%atoi" arthritis& (any affli!tions atta!/ wo%en al%ost e9!lusively$ notably anore9ia an" buli%ia& )il"e Bru!h fin"s that anore9ia is ty i!ally about a young wo%an8s *struggle for !ontrol$ for a sense of i"entity$ !o% eten!e an" effe!tiveness&* ' struggle within a atriar!hal$ %ale#"efine" !ulture that a!tively e9!lu"es her fro% all of those fun"a%ental hu%an "i%ensions& (i!helle (ary )elvi!a8s 1tarving for 1alvation :=>>>< fo!uses on eating "isor"ers as a yearning for %eaning an" wholeness in the !onte9t of how very %u!h is %issing$ es e!ially for wo%en& J&'& 1ours8 1tarving to Death in a 1ea of Ob3e!ts testifies$ fro% its title onwar"$ to the un"erlying "e rivation or e% tiness at the base of these life#threatening !on"itions& (argaret Talbot observe" that hysi!al in!a a!itation has been one of the few ways in whi!h wo%en !oul" effe!tively absent the%selves fro% their assigne" "uties an" roles& Fibro%yalgia an" !hroni! fatigue syn"ro%e are a%ong the illnesses$ suffere" by %illions$ that %ust be seen in light of wo%en8s basi!ally uni% rove" !on"ition in so!iety& Countless for%s of suffering$ fro% '+D1 to !an!er to "e ression$ are e9 erien!e" within the in!reasingly unhealthy regi%e of te!hnology an" !a ital& There !an be no *!ure* so long as we all %ust strive to en"ure the blu"geoning !on"itions of "aily life& Rural '%eri!a now rese%bles a !onstellation of %eth labs an" O9y!ontin su ly networ/s$ while e i"e%i! "rug use varies only in ter%s of whi!h nar!oti! is %ost o ular in a given season& What /in" of so!iety is it in whi!h the teen sui!i"e rate has been !li%bing for "e!a"es an" self#%utilation is !o%%on la!e? (ale se9ual fun!tion will be!o%e "e en"ent on har%a!euti!als li/e 4iagra$ a "evelo %ent far less grotes2ue than the growing nu%ber of to""lers on anti#"e ressants& The te!hno#worl" serves u in!reasingly bizarre *solutions* to the roble%s it !ontinues to !reate$ not forgetting the rising levels of both !li%ati! te% eratures an" environ%ental to9ins& @har%a!euti!al !or oration @fizer ro!lai%s$ *Life is our life8s wor/$* as if anyone nee"e" a re%in"er of the geneti! engineering an" hu%an !loning in our future to whi!h !yber#leftists li/e Donna )araway have no ob3e!tions& 'n in!reasingly overwor/e" o ula!e labors in a %ore an" %ore an9iety# rone$ "estabilize" !onsu%er voi"& The nee" to be "iverte" fro% a glaringly i% overishe" resent an" future is a""resse" in boo/s li/e .eal Gabler8s Life the (ovieA )ow -ntertain%ent Con2uers Reality :=>>B<$ a oint e9 lore" in greater "e th by writers su!h as '"orno an" Debor"$ but a!!urate an"

,I

ti%ely all the sa%e& 'n" in 3ust four years :.ew Cor/ Ti%es$ B,D,65<$ Gabler says$ this situation has be!o%e 2ualitatively %u!h worse& We now get only short#han"$ trun!ate" versions of es!a e that he ter%s the illusion of entertain%ent& -rsatz or otherwise$ entertain%ent is now 2uite ossibly the ri%ary value of %o"ern life$ re!isely be!ause reality has be!o%e unbearable& But of !ourse it is only *!he%i!al i%balan!es* that are sai" to a!!ount for this %assive i%%iseration& This rea!tionary an" "es erate !lai% res on"s to heno%ena su!h as the fa!t that 5&B %illion /i"s ha" what is eu he%isti!ally !alle" a *runaway e9 erien!e* in =>>>$ by "iagnosing %ost of the% with a seu"o#%e"i!al !on"ition !alle" *!on"u!t "isor"er&* ' %i"#5665 survey !on"u!te" by the .ational 1lee Foun"ation showe" that E>F of '%eri!ans e9 erien!e" so%e inso%nia after 1e te%ber ==& :Gla9!o Well!o%e$ by the way$ s ent G=E&7 %illion ro%oting @a9il in O!tober 566=&< -ven %ore noteworthy is their fin"ing that 7=F of the o ulation were alrea"y inso%nia! "uring the revious yearH What will new olls on slee lessness$ an9iety$ "e ression$ et!& reveal in light of %ore syste%i! ba" newsA revelations that !or orations$ s!ien!e$ the Re" Cross$ et al& are routinely frau"ulent$ that >6F of stu"ents !heat$ that %ale athletes begin steroi" use in a"oles!en!e$ an" so on an" on&& Davi" Barlow8s 'n9iety an" its Disor"ers :5665< "is!usses the high revalen!e an" !hroni!ity of a range of su!h !on"itions$ li/e ani! atta!/s$ obsessive#!o% ulsive "isor"ers$ an" various hobias& )e !on!lu"es that the aggregate toll on so!ial life *"warfs even the %ost essi%isti! esti%ates&* (any have !harte" a stea"y rise of %ore serious %ental illnesses that began with an" !orres on" to the in"ustrialization of so!iety$ as "o!u%ente" for e9a% le in The +nvisible @lagueA the Rise of (ental +llness fro% =I76 to the @resent$ by Torrey an" (iller :566=<& The answer to this s!ourge is obviously "ein"ustrialization$ the un"oing of the root !ause of all this an" other !rises in hysi!al an" %ental health& 1o!iety is a ra!/et$ an" its every"ay ra!ti!es are no longer hi""en fro% us& .onetheless$ as every"ay life be!o%es stea"ily %ore i% overishe"$ !hea ene"$ surveille"$ stan"ar"ize"$ an" otherwise "ebase"$ the offi!ial version :in %any %ore as e!ts than %entione" in this arti!le< revails$ with its star/ o%issions an" lies& 's Derri!/ Jensen has it$ it is

,K

truly a *!ulture of %a/e believe&* (ar9 ina!!urately re"i!te" that growing %aterial overty woul" bring revolution& ' %ore lausible fore!ast to"ay is that growing sy!hi! or e%otional suffering %ay infor% a wi"es rea" refusal of this no#future reality&

,L

!hose f"#"re$
by John Zerzan

My ad'i#e or e hortation is the same to e'eryone, but es%e#ia$$y to you who ha'e the most to $ose: Fight *a#&! We9re on a death mar#h with the destination #oming into #$ear 'iew! *i$$ Hoy, founding CEO and #hief s#ientist of 4un Mi#rosystems, says we ha'e maybe thirty years before geneti# engineering, nanote#hno$ogy, and roboti#s be#ome fu$$y se$f7re%$i#ating! +he high7te#h *ra'e "ew Wor$d wi$$ then ru$e us dire#t$y! One hundred s%e#ies of %$ant and anima$ $ife go e tin#t e'ery day, and that number #ontinues to in#h u%ward! +he o#eans are dying! /ro$iferating studies te$$ us that g$oba$ warming, in#reasing steadi$y, wi$$ &i$$ the bios%here within a few de#ades! O)one ho$es get bigger, and #an#er has be#ome e%idemi# as air, water, and soi$ be#ame in#reasing$y to i#! From the age of two #hi$dren are now $iab$e to be %res#ribed 5ita$in andQor anti7 de%ressants to drug them into #om%$ian#e with an e'er more em%ty, unhea$thy $ife7 wor$d! =ids shooting &ids at s#hoo$ has be#ome a$most a #ommon%$a#e, (oining the horror of mu$ti%$e7homi#ide ram%ages at home, wor&, or *urger =ing! +he teenage sui#ide rate has tri%$ed o'er the %ast three de#ades, and forty to fifty mi$$ion Ameri#ans are on /ro)a#! .Mystery. aff$i#tions7for whi#h there is no &nown #ause7 from #hroni# fatigue syndrome and fibromya$gia to Fa$se Memory 4yndrome torture mi$$ions, as do eating disorders, hea$th7threatening obesity, and a host of other &inds of immiseration! A steri$e, iso$ating, te#hni#i)ed so#iety, tru$y %atho$ogi#a$ in its engu$fing im%o'erishment! 5esist! *rea& ran&s! +rust your desires! It9s not you who9s fu#&ed u%! +he #an#er7$i&e domination of te#hno$ogy and #a%ita$ must be sto%%ed and dismant$ed! After thirty years a #urrent of radi#a$ o%%osition is de'e$o%ing and it needs you! +he new mo'ement is anar#hy, whi#h is about freedom, hea$th, authenti#ity! Crossing the thresho$d into your adu$t years, how mu#h freedom, hea$th and authenti#ity do you thin& the Megama#hine wi$$ ma&e %ossib$e for youO 6oes it not offer, instead, a .$ife. of mediation, hierar#hy, and iso$ation on a dying %$anetO We humans didn9t a$ways $i'e $i&e this! Our an#estors, who used fire to #oo& fibrous 'egetab$es >!K mi$$ion years ago, had a 3ua$itati'e$y different e isten#e unti$ (ust >-,--- years ago! Our ado%tion of agri#u$ture brought di'ision of $abor and domesti#ation! <nti$ then, humans $i'ed in &ee%ing with an ega$itarian ethos with am%$e $eisure time, gender e3ua$ity, and no organi)ed 'io$en#e! Ar#heo$ogi#a$ studies in 'arious %arts of the wor$d demonstrate this, our true history! <n&nown to most, this has been the mainstream 'iew %resented in anthro%o$ogy and ar#heo$ogy te tboo&s for the %ast few de#ades! It sounds uto%ian, but it9s now the genera$$y a##e%ted %aradigm, and has had heartening im%$i#ations for a growing

,? number of us in the new #u$ture of o%%osition! If we on#e7and for so $ong7$i'ed in ba$an#e with nature and ea#h other, we shou$d be ab$e to do so again! +he #atastro%he that9s o'erta&ing us has dee% roots, but our %re'ious state of natura$ anar#hy rea#hes mu#h further into our shared history! Che#& out your $ife, as so$d to you by this $ying system! For you, and for a$$ of us, we must brea& the s%e$$ of denia$ and re#$aim our birthright! Come a$i'e and fight8

3-

Worse & Worse

+his arti#$e first a%%eared in Anarchy: a journal of desire armed. #3?, Winter 9?A! MIn#$udes .4#hi)7f$u . by Hu$ian F$owers, U .When "ationa$ist Fren)y 4tri&es. by Mi#hae$ Wi$$iamN! +he atro#ities ty%i#a$ of ad'an#ed #a%ita$ismQad'an#ed #i'i$i)ation seem as %ronoun#ed here in Eugene, Oregon, as e$sewhere! VV+eenage 4ui#ides 5o#&et99 %ro#$aimed the $o#a$ front %age in 4e%tember M>??3N, e %$aining that the rate of teen se$f7destru#tion in Oregon has in#reased I--W o'er the %ast 3- years! "o'ember found a man in the ad(a#ent town of 4%ringfie$d suffo#ating his todd$er daughter, then burning himse$f to death with gaso$ine! 2e9d had a history of 'io$en#e, but neighbors #onsidered theirs a VV3uiet, #hur#h7going fami$y!99 Freud9s %redi#tion that in time e'eryone wi$$ be made neuroti# by #i'i$i)ation9s %ower to deny fu$fi$$ment is beginning to $oo& $i&e too rosy a ta&e on the future! In so#iety at $arge a brea&down #an be seen unfo$ding in e'ery area of $ife! +he federa$ Edu#ation 6e%artment in 4e%tember un'ei$ed a study de%i#ting a$most ha$f of a$$ adu$ts as fun#tiona$$y i$$iterate! As in #annot read or write, #annot #o%e with the minimum re3uirements of industria$ $ife! +his &ind of fundamenta$ turn7off ma&es the fa#t that now no7one %uts any sto#& in %o$iti#ians seem tri'ia$! 4oon, a%%arent$y, a ma(ority wi$$ be de%endent on /ro)a# MVVthe hottest %sy#hiatri# drug in history99N or other anti7de%ressants, not to mention how wides%read is the use of heroin and #o#aine! 5i'er /hoeni died of too mu#h of the $atter drugs on 2a$$oween, %rom%ting his %ub$i#ist to muse, VVIt $ea'es you to 3uestion why are young %eo%$e #om%e$$ed to do thisO99 Meanwhi$e, as if rehearsing for the growing mayhem at $arge, the 'ideo games to whi#h %re7teen boys are addi#ted embody a noti#eab$y es#a$ating 'io$en#e! At the end of O#tober a s#ore of de'astating 4outhern Ca$ifornia fires most$y the wor& of arsonists grabbed nationa$ head$ines for se'era$ days! +wo wee&s $ater C$inton de#ried the VVgreat #risis of the s%irit99 in Ameri#a, in $amenting the war7)one nature of inner #ities! 4#ien#e "ews for 4e%tember ,5 dis#$osed two studies $in&ing wor&%$a#e stress and #an#er! +here were I,--- on7the7(ob fata$ities in >??,, but the word is getting out that in fa#t wor& &i$$s 'irtua$$y e'eryone! An e isten#e defined by wor&ing and %aying has ne'er %rodu#ed su#h a sense of barrenness and e'en fear, for whi#h the numbing steri$ity and homogeneity of #onsumer ma$$s stand as %erfe#t $andmar&s! +he genera$i)ed #u$ture we $abe$ %ostmodern, with its trademar& refusa$ to $oo& at the who$e of this horror show, rea#hes its a%%ro%riate $e'e$ with the moronism of *ea'is and *utthead! A #yni#a$, &now7nothing stan#e on$y %rom%ts new $e'e$s of stu%idity and denia$! In this way the #risis of the edu#ation system and what stands behind it #an be better understood: it is not so mu#h the fun#tion of the tota$ity to insti$$ #onformist #on'i#tions as it is to destroy the #a%a#ity to form any!

3> Can e'eryday $ife rea$$y be ena#ted on this basis mu#h $ongerO 4u%%ort for su#h a ghast$y, immiserating set7u% is eroding, but not near$y fast enough!

Zerzan an" (e"iaA 'n +gno%inious Tale By John Zerzan

A%ri$ 3- was a 4aturday! It was raining in Eugene! What a sur%rise! +he %hone rang and I thought, what an ob'ious way to ha'e su##umbed to te#hno$ogy! Interru%ting my usua$ wa&eu% of #offee and toast, I wa$&ed o'er and %i#&ed u%! :oi#e #$aimed it was =en "ob$e, G!A! *ureau Chief of the "ew Jor& +imes! Wanted to ta$& about <nabomber, as in where do su#h ideas #ome from! I showed some interest in the to%i# and he said he9d get a f$ight and be o'er that e'ening! Anyway, su#h was the o%ening to my Warho$ian fifteen minutes of fame, for whi#h the re'iews ha'e been mi ed! Hust before this en#ounter, I9d been stru#& by the few $ines I9d read that su%%osed$y were at the heart of <nabomber9s .anar#hist. #riti3ue, name$y hisMON desire for the erasure of industria$ so#iety in fa'or of radi#a$$y de#entra$i)ed modes of $i'ing! It was rather stunning to rea$i)e that in effe#t, e'eryone was hearing, at $east minima$$y, what had heretofore been #om%$ete$y b$o#&ed from %ub$i# awareness! +he mere fa#t of this .mass brea&through. of sorts, in the absen#e of any further information M#on#erning <nabomber9s 35,--- word treatise, most notab$yN, was of ma(or signifi#an#e to me, as we$$ as raising se'era$ 3uestions a$ong the way! Certain$y, and e %$i#it$y, <nabomber9s $etha$ stri&es were the reason for the "ew Jor& +imes interest in me! =en "ob$e9s #a$$ #ame (ust a wee& or so after the death by %a#&age bomb of a to% /5 e e# in #harge of %ro%aganda su%%orting the #$ear #utting of forests! /redating this &now$edge by a few de#ades is my &now$edge of the essentia$ fun#tion of media! It is twofo$d: to maintain the genera$ $e'e$ of ob$i'iousness #reated by more fundamenta$ institutions $i&e wor& and s#hoo$, and to assist the #ir#u$ation of #ommodities 'ia ad'ertising and other #ommer#ia$ information! It #an be argued that <nabomber9s a#ts of 'io$en#e, es%e#ia$$y as mediated by the night$y news, $end themse$'es to the stu%efying ro$e that media %$ay! In the fami$iar 6ebordian #onstru#tion, the .so#iety of the s%e#ta#$e. is that in whi#h $ife as $i'ed gi'es way to $ife as re%resented! +he images of the <nabomber9s 'engean#e are thus .s%e#ta#u$ar,. that is, ob(e#ts of %assi'e #onsum%tion or entertainment and hen#e %art of the o'era$$ so#ia$ #onfinement! 2owe'er, it is harder to see the a##om%anying #riti3ue, if I understand it #orre#t$y, as (ust an image that ser'es media and its 'a$ues and interests! +here may be a #urious minor irony, by the way, in the fa#t that it is (ourna$ists who ha'e brought out the radi#a$ &erne$ of the <nahomber9s ideas! M+his wou$d be es%e#ia$$y ironi# if it turns out that some of us ha'e assumed a greater radi#a$ $u#idity for his ideas than they a#tua$$y %ossess!N *ut I digress! Mindfu$ of media9s basi# fun#tions, I met with the +imes9 "ob$e, as agreed, and did so out of a desire to situate, am%$ify, and if %ossib$e dee%en the #riti3ue of industria$ so#iety raised by <nabomber! I thought at the time, and sti$$

3, thin&, that to ha'e de#$ined to ma&e use of the %ub$i# s%a#e that had been o%ened wou$d ha'e been a fai$ure on my %art! A few sur%rises were in store when the arti#$e a%%eared eight days $ater, on 4unday, May L, >??5! For one thing, it had not o##urred to me that the %ie#e wou$d ta&e the form it did! +he fi'e #o$umn arti#$e, head$ined ./rominent Anar#hist Finds A$$y in 4eria$ *omber,. was #ast as a %rofi$e of me, as mu#h as a dis#ussion of the whys and wherefores of a #riti3ue of industria$ #i'i$i)ation! I su%%ose it shou$d ha'e #ome as no sur%rise that the %ress wou$d re$y, on#e again, on the manufa#ture of a s%e#ta#u$ar image! *y this (ustifying $ogi# I was #ast not on$y as .%rominent. but a$so as something of a .guru,. e'en an .ido$,. to those in radi#a$, anti7te#h #ir#$es! +o tai$or this image e'er further, I be#ame a shadowy figure, .rum%$ed. and as#eti#, as befits, I su%%ose, the %o%u$ar idea of a bearer of misfit ideas! +he %ie#e was #arried by other %a%ers a$$ o'er the #ountry, and %ro'o&ed angry rea#tions from some of them! +he May >A Omaha 4unday Wor$d 2era$d+he ne t sur%rise was the huge amount of attention the +imes arti#$e immediate$y engendered from other media, in#$uding te$e'ision, ta$& radio, boo& %ub$ishers, and other news%a%er re%orters! Without ha'ing to #onsu$t more abstra#t #riteria, it was fair$y easy to re(e#t the re3uests for +: a%%earan#es Me!g! .Pood Morning Ameri#a., .6ate$ine.N due to the $a#& of time a'ai$ab$e for a minima$$y #oherent %resentation, and their nonsuitabi$ity for anything a%%roa#hing a serious #onte t! *ut I did %arti#i%ate in ha$f a do)en ta$& radio %rograms, main$y out of "ew Jor& Mby te$e%honeN! Jet another de'e$o%ment that I shou$d ha'e anti#i%ated, but didn9t, was the negati'e rea#tion to my #o$$aboration with the media! I began to get wind of this fair$y ear$y on, re#ei'ing a bit of 'ague$y arti#u$ated, but unmista&ab$e o%%osition! Fee$ing a $itt$e hurt, I fired off an .o%en $etter. of sorts to two do)en %eo%$e in th# mi$ieu, #ha$$enging %ossib$e nay7sayers to state their 'iews! I ho%ed to bring us a$$ further a$ong through an e #hange, but my effort fi))$ed; I got on$y a #ou%$e of res%onses! +his arti#$e is a more %ub$i# se#ond effort! +he se#ond ob(e#tion, $ess wea&, re$ates to media9s ro$e in s%e#ta#u$ar so#iety! It is e'i$ and un#$ean, the argument runs, to ha'e any dea$ings with mainstream media, on %rin#i%$e! *ut as "ea$ =eating %oints out, .the on$y way to a'oid the media is by insu$ating yourse$f, forming some &ind of s%e#ia$i)ed sub7e$ite, re%$ete with %ub$i#ations!. We &now that media are #om%$i#itous, %art of the ensemb$e of modern domination; we are aware of the deformations that ma&e u% media9s usua$ #ontent! *ut if our mo'ement is going anywhere, it is e treme$y un$i&e$y that we #ou$d a'oid media attention e'en if we wanted to! =eating suggests that it wou$d be se$f7margina$i)ing to ha'e no in%ut, and the %oint, as I understand it, is #onta#t and dia$ogue with a$$ of our fe$$ow inmates! It is noteworthy that the #riti3ue is une'en$y diffused! A number of #o$umns ha'e a%%eared in %o%u$ar %ub$i#ations Me!g! .E /$uribus <nabomber,. +he "ew Jor&er, August >5N noting that <nabomber9s anti%athy to the %resent industria$ order finds #onsiderab$e resonan#e in Ameri#an so#iety! 4imi$ar$y, =ir&%atri#& 4a$e9s 5ebe$s Against the Future has made a $arge im%a#t this year with its neo7$uddite #a$$ for the o'erthrow of industria$ism! Meanwhi$e, Anar#hy and Fifth Estate, our own $eading %ub$i#ations, now a%%ear on$y on#e or twi#e a year, and in the %ages of the $atter9s

33 $atest issue it was de%ressing to find two $etters to the editor, by su%%osed anar#hists, ad'o#ating the ba$$ot! I ha%%en to be as in'o$'ed as I ha'e e'er been with our media, with FE and Anar#hy, and with other 3ua$ity %eriodi#a$s su#h as E tra%hi$e and =as%ahraster! I am definite$y not ad'o#ating swit#hing to the mainstream! *ut maybe my %arti#u$ar e %erien#e with the media #an gi'e us a$$ an e #use to %ause and #onsider how to %ro#eed, in the #onte t of a fai$ing dominant #u$ture! Are we serious about mounting a rea$ #ha$$enge to a$$ that isO For some of us, this is not a game! *y ta&ing thought now, we #an be better %re%ared for o%enings to #ome!

3A

Silen%e
'ilence used to be, to 'arying degrees, a means of iso$ation! "ow it is the absen#e of si$en#e that wor&s to render today9s wor$d em%ty and iso$ating! Its reser'es ha'e been in'aded and de%$eted! +he Ma#hine mar#hes g$oba$$y forward and si$en#e is the dwind$ing %$a#e where noise has not yet %enetrated! Ci'i$i)ation is a #ons%ira#y of noise, designed to #o'er u% the un#omfortab$e si$en#es! +he si$en#e7honoring Wittgenstein understood the $oss of our re$ationshi% with it! +he unsi$ent %resent is a time of e'a%orating attention s%ans, erosion of #riti#a$ thin&ing, and a $essened #a%a#ity for dee%$y fe$t e %erien#es! 4i$en#e, $i&e dar&ness, is hard to #ome by; but mind and s%irit need its sustenan#e! Certain$y there are many and 'aried sides to si$en#e! +here are im%osed or 'o$untary si$en#es of fear, grief, #onformity, #om%$i#ity Me!g! the AI647awareness .4i$en#eX6eath. formu$ationN, whi#h are often interre$ated states! And nature has been %rogressi'e$y si$en#ed, as do#umented in 5a#he$ Carson9s %ro%heti# 4i$ent 4%ring! "ature #annot be definiti'e$y si$en#ed, howe'er, whi#h %erha%s goes a $ong way in e %$aining why some fee$ it must be destroyed! .+here has been a si$en#ing of nature, in#$uding our own nature,. #on#$uded 2eidegger,D>E and we need to $et this si$en#e, as si$en#e, s%ea&! It sti$$ does so often, after a$$, s%ea& $ouder than words! +here wi$$ be no $iberation of humans without the resurre#tion of the natura$ wor$d, and si$en#e is 'ery %ertinent to this assertion! +he great si$en#e of the uni'erse engenders a si$ent awe, whi#h the 5oman Gu#retius meditated u%on in the >st #entury *CE: .First of a$$, #ontem%$ate the #$ear, %ure #o$or of the s&y, and a$$ it #ontains within it: the stars wandering e'erywhere, the moon, the sun and its $ight with its in#om%arab$e bri$$ian#e! If a$$ these ob(e#ts a%%eared to morta$s today for the first time, if they a%%eared to their eyes sudden$y and une %e#ted$y, what #ou$d one #ite that wou$d be more mar'e$ous than this tota$ity, and whose e isten#e man9s imagination wou$d $ess ha'e dared to #on#ei'eO.D,E 6own to earth, nature is fi$$ed with si$en#es! +he a$ternation of the seasons is the rhythm of si$en#e; at night si$en#e des#ends o'er the %$anet, though mu#h $ess so now! +he %arts of nature resemb$e great reser'es of si$en#e! Ma /i#ard9s des#ri%tion is a$most a %oem: .+he forest is $i&e a great reser'oir of si$en#e out of whi#h the si$en#e tri#&$es in a thin, s$ow stream and fi$$s the air with its brightness! +he mountain, the $a&e, the fie$ds, the s&y 7 they a$$ seem to be waiting for a sign to em%ty their si$en#e onto the things of noise in the #ities of men!.D3E 4i$en#e is .not the mere absen#e of something e$se!.DAE In fa#t, our $ongings turn toward that dimension, its asso#iations and im%$i#ations! *ehind the a%%ea$s for si$en#e $ies the wish for a %er#e%tua$ and #u$tura$ new beginning! Sen tea#hes that .si$en#e ne'er 'aries!!!!.D5E *ut our fo#us may be im%ro'ed if we turn away from the uni'ersa$i)ing %$a#e$essness of $ate modernity! 4i$en#e is no doubt #u$tura$$y s%e#ifi#, and is thus e %erien#ed 'arious$y! "e'erthe$ess, as /i#ard argues, it #an #onfront us with the .origina$ beginnings of a$$ things,.DIE and %resents ob(e#ts

35 to us dire#t$y and immediate$y! 4i$en#e is %rimary, summoning %resen#e to itse$f; so it9s a #onne#tion to the rea$m of origin! In the industria$$y7based te#hnos%here, the Ma#hine has a$most su##eeded in banishing 3uietude! A natura$ history of si$en#e is needed for this endangered s%e#ies! Modernity deafens! +he noise, $i&e te#hno$ogy, must ne'er retreat 7 and ne'er does! For /i#ard, nothing has #hanged human #hara#ter so mu#h as the $oss of si$en#e!DKE +horeau #a$$ed si$en#e .our in'io$ab$e asy$um,. an indis%ensab$e refuge that must be defended!DLE 4i$en#e is ne#essary against the mounting sound! It9s feared by mani%u$ati'e mass #u$ture, from whi#h it remains a%art, a means of resistan#e %re#ise$y be#ause it does not be$ong to this wor$d! Many things #an sti$$ be heard against the ba#&ground of si$en#e; thus a way is o%ened, a way for autonomy and imagining! .4ense o%ens u% in si$en#e,. wrote Hean7Gu# "an#y!D?E It is to be a%%roa#hed and e %erien#ed bodi$y, inse%arab$y from the wor$d, in the si$ent #ore of the se$f! It #an high$ight our embodiment, a 3ua$itati'e ste% away from the ha$$mar& ma#hines that wor& so reso$ute$y to disembody us! 4i$en#e #an be a great aid in unb$o#&ing ourse$'es from the %re'ai$ing, addi#ti'e information si#&ness at $oose in so#iety!D>-E It offers us the %$a#e to be %resent to ourse$'es, to #ome to gri%s with who we are! /resent to the rea$ de%th of the wor$d in an in#reasing$y thin, f$attened te#hnos#a%e! +he re#ord of %hi$oso%hy 'is7a7'is si$en#e is genera$$y disma$, as good a gauge as any to its o'era$$ fai$ure! 4o#rates (udged si$en#e to be a rea$m of nonsense, whi$e Aristot$e #$aimed that being si$ent #aused f$atu$en#e!D>>E At the same time, howe'er, 5aou$ Mort$ey #ou$d see a .growing dissatisfa#tion with the use of words,. .an enormous in#rease in the $anguage of si$en#e. in #$assi#a$ Pree#e!D>,E Mu#h $ater, /as#a$ was terrified by the .si$en#e of the uni'erse,.D>3E and 2ege$ #$ear$y fe$t that what #ou$d not be s%o&en was sim%$y the untrue, that si$en#e was a defi#ien#y to be o'er#ome! 4#ho%enhauer and "iet)s#he both em%hasi)ed the %rere3uisite 'a$ue of so$itude, di'erging from anti7si$en#e 2ege$, among others! 6eser'ed$y we$$ &nown is a #ommentary on Odysseus and the 4irens Mfrom 2omer9s OdysseyN by 2or&heimer and Adorno! +hey de%i#t the 4irens. effort to sidetra#& Odysseus from his (ourney as that of Eros trying to stay the for#es of re%ressi'e #i'i$i)ation! =af&a fe$t that si$en#e wou$d ha'e been a more irresistib$e means than singing!D>AE ./henomeno$ogy begins in si$en#e,. a##ording to 2erbert 4%iege$berg!D>5E +o %ut %henomena or ob(e#ts somehow first, before ideationa$ #onstru#tions, was its founding notion! Or as 2eidegger had it, there is a thin&ing dee%er and more rigorous than the #on#e%tua$, and %art of this in'o$'es a %rimordia$ $in& between si$en#e and understanding!D>IE /ostmodernism, and 6errida in %arti#u$ar, deny the wides%read awareness of the inade3ua#y of $anguage, asserting that ga%s of si$en#e in dis#ourse, for e am%$e, are barriers to meaning and %ower! In fa#t, 6errida strong$y #astigates .the 'io$en#e of %rimiti'e and %re$ogi#a$ si$en#e,. denoun#ing si$en#e as a nihi$ist enemy of thought!D>KE 4u#h strenuous anti%athy demonstrates 6errida9s deafness to %resen#e and gra#e, and the threat si$en#e %oses to someone for whom the symbo$i# is e'erything! Wittgenstein understood that something %er'ades e'erything sayab$e, something whi#h is itse$f unsayab$e! +his is the sense of his we$$7&nown $ast $ine of the +ra#tatus Gogi#o7/hi$oso%hi#us: .Of that whi#h one #annot s%ea&, one shou$d remain si$ent!.D>LE

3I Can si$en#e be #onsidered, a%%roa#hed, without reifi#ation, in the here and nowO I thin& it #an be an o%en, strengthening way of &nowing, a generati'e #ondition! 4i$en#e #an a$so be a dimension of fear, grief 7 e'en of madness and sui#ide! In fa#t, it is 3uite diffi#u$t to reify si$en#e, to free)e it into any one non7$i'ing thing! At times the rea$ity we interrogate is mute; an inde of the de%th of the sti$$ %resent si$en#eO Wonder may be the 3uestion that best gi'es answers, si$ent$y and dee%$y! .4i$en#e is so a##urate,. said Mar& 5oth&o,D>?E a $ine that has intrigued me for years! +oo often we disru%t si$en#e, on$y to 'oi#e some detai$ that misses an o'era$$ sense of what we are %art of, and how many ways there are to destroy it! In the Antar#ti#a winter of >?33, 5i#hard *yrd re#orded: .+oo& my dai$y wa$& at A/M!!! I %aused to $isten to the si$en#e!!!the day was dying, the night being born 7 but with great %ea#e! 2ere were im%onderab$e %ro#esses and for#es of the #osmos, harmonious and sound$ess!.D,-E 2ow mu#h is re'ea$ed in si$en#e through the de%ths and mysteries of $i'ing nature! Annie 6i$$ard a$so %ro'ides a fine res%onse to the din: .At a #ertain %oint you say to the woods, to the sea, to the mountains, to the wor$d, "ow I am ready! "ow I wi$$ sto% and be who$$y attenti'e! Jou em%ty yourse$f and wait, $istening!.D,>E It is not on$y the natura$ wor$d that is a##essib$e 'ia si$en#e! Cioran indi#ated the se#rets in the si$en#e of things, de#iding that .A$$ ob(e#ts ha'e a $anguage whi#h we #an de#i%her on$y in tota$ si$en#e!.D,,E 6a'id Mi#hae$ Ge'in9s +he *ody9s 5e#o$$e#tion of *eing #ounse$s us to .$earn to thin& through the body!!!we shou$d $isten in si$en#e to our bodi$y fe$t e %erien#e!.D,3E And in the inter%ersona$ s%here, si$en#e is a resu$t of em%athy and being understood, without words mu#h more %rofound$y than otherwise! "ati'e Ameri#ans seem to ha'e a$ways %$a#ed great 'a$ue on si$en#e and dire#t e %erien#e, and in indigenous #u$tures in genera$, si$en#e denotes res%e#t and se$f7 effa#ement! It is at the #ore of the :ision Ruest, the so$itary %eriod of fasting and #$oseness to the earth to dis#o'er one9s $ife %ath and %ur%ose! Inuit "orman 2a$$endy assigns more insight to the si$ent state of awareness #a$$ed inuina3tu& than to dreaming!D,AE "ati'e hea$ers 'ery often stress si$en#e as an aid to serenity and ho%e, whi$e sti$$ness is re3uired for su##ess in the hunt! +hese needs for attenti'eness and 3uiet may we$$ ha'e been &ey sour#es of indigenous a%%re#iation of si$en#e! 4i$en#e rea#hes ba#& to %resen#e and origina$ #ommunity, before the symbo$i# #om%romised both si$en#e and %resen#e! It %redates what Ge'inas #a$$ed .the unity of re%resentation,.D,5E that a$ways wor&s to si$en#e the si$en#e and re%$a#e it with the home$essness of symbo$i# stru#tures! +he Gatin root for si$en#e, si$ere, to say nothing, is re$ated to sinere, to a$$ow to be in a %$a#e! We are drawn to those %$a#es where $anguage fa$$s most often, and most #ru#ia$$y, si$ent! +he $ater 2eidegger a%%re#iated the rea$m of si$en#e, as did 2o$der$in, one of 2eidegger9s im%ortant referen#e %oints, es%e#ia$$y in his Gate 2ymns!D,IE +he insatiab$e $onging that 2o$der$in e %ressed so %owerfu$$y re$ated not on$y to an origina$, si$ent who$eness, but a$so to his growing #om%rehension that $anguage must a$ways admit its origin in $oss! A #entury and a ha$f $ater, 4amue$ *e#&ett made use of si$en#e as an a$ternati'e to $anguage! In =ra%%9s Gast +a%e and e$sewhere, the idea that a$$ $anguage is an e #ess of $anguage is strong$y on offer! *e#&ett #om%$ains that .in the forest of symbo$s. there is ne'er 3uiet, and $ongs to brea& through the 'ei$ of $anguage to si$en#e!D,KE "orthru% Frye found the %ur%ose of *e#&ett9s wor& .to $ie in nothing other than the restoration of si$en#e!.D,LE

3K Our most embodied, a$i'e7to7this7earth se$'es rea$i)e best the $imits of $anguage and indeed, the fai$ure of the %ro(e#t of re%resentation! In this state it is easiest to understand the e haustion of $anguage, and the fa#t that we are a$ways a word9s $ength from immedia#y! =af&a #ommented on this in .In the /ena$ Co$ony,. where the %rinting %ress doub$ed as an instrument of torture! For +horeau, .as the truest so#iety a%%roa#hes a$ways nearer to so$itude, so the most e #e$$ent s%ee#h fina$$y fa$$s into si$en#e!.D,?E Con'erse$y, mass so#iety banishes the #han#e of autonomy, (ust as it fore#$oses on si$en#e! 2o$der$in imagined that $anguage draws us into time, but it is si$en#e that ho$ds out against it! +ime in#reases in si$en#e; it a%%ears not to f$ow, but to abide! :arious tem%ora$ities seem #$ose to $osing their barriers; %ast, %resent, future $ess di'ided! *ut si$en#e is a 'ariab$e fabri#, not a uniformity or an abstra#tion! Its 3ua$ity is ne'er far from its #onte t, (ust as it is the fie$d of the non7mediated! <n$i&e time, whi#h has for so $ong been a measure of estrangement, si$en#e #annot be s%atia$i)ed or #on'erted into a medium of e #hange! +his is why it #an be a refuge from time9s in#essan#y! Purneman), near the o%ening of Wagner9s /arsifa$, sings .2ere time be#omes s%a#e!. 4i$en#e a'oids this %rimary dynami# of domination! 4o here we are, with the Ma#hine engu$fing us in its 'arious assau$ts on si$en#e and so mu#h e$se, intruding dee%$y! +he note "orth Ameri#ans s%ontaneous$y hum or sing is *7natura$, whi#h is the #orres%onding tone of our I- #y#$es %er se#ond a$ternating #urrent e$e#tri#ity! MIn Euro%e, P7shar% is .natura$$y. sung, mat#hing that #ontinent9s 5- #y#$es %er se#ond AC e$e#tri#ity!N In the g$oba$i)ing, homogeni)ing "oise Sone we may soon be further harmoni)ed! /i#o Ayer refers to .my growing sense of a wor$d that9s singing the same song in a hundred a##ents a$$ at on#e!.D3-E We need a refusa$ of the roar of standardi)ation, its information7noise and harried, surfa#e .#ommuni#ation. modes! A "o to the unre$enting, #o$oni)ing %enetrabi$ity of non7si$en#e, %ushing into e'ery non7%$a#e! +he rising ra#&et measures, by de#ibe$ u%7 ti#&s and its %o$$uting rea#h, the degrading mass wor$d 7 6on 6eGi$$o9s White "oise! 4i$en#e is a rebu&e to a$$ this, and a )one for re#onstituting ourse$'es! It gathers in nature, and #an he$% us gather ourse$'es for the batt$es that wi$$ end debasement! 4i$en#e as a %owerfu$ too$ of resistan#e, the unheard note that might %re#ede insurre#tion! It was, for e am%$e, what s$a'e masters feared most!D3>E In 'arious Asian s%iritua$ traditions, the muni, 'owed to si$en#e, is the %erson of greatest #a%a#ity and inde%enden#e 7 the one who does not need a master for en$ightenment! D3,E +he dee%est %assions are nurtured in si$ent ways and de%ths! 2ow e$se is res%e#t for the dead most signa$$y e %ressed, intense $o'e best transmitted, our %rofoundest thoughts and 'isions e %erien#ed, the uns%oi$ed wor$d most dire#t$y sa'oredO In this grief7stri#&en wor$d, a##ording to Ma 2or&heimer, we .be#ome more inno#ent. through grief!D33E And %erha%s more o%en to si$en#e 7 as #omfort, a$$y, and strongho$d! Footnotes D>EY Martin 2eidegger, )hat is a #hing> MChi#ago, 2enry 5egnery Com%any, >?IKN, %! ,LL! D,EY Ruoted in /ierre 2adot, #he 9eil of Isis, trans$ated by Mi#hae$ Chan MCambridge, MA: *e$$&na% /ress, ,---N, %% ,>,7,>3!

3L D3EY Ma /i#ard, #he )orld of 'ilence MChi#ago: 2enry 5egnery Com%any, >?5,N, %! >3?! DAEY *ernard /! 6auenhauer, 'ilence% the $henomenon and Its /ntological 'ignificance M*$oomington: Indiana <ni'ersity /ress, >?L-N, %! 'ii! D5EY Chang Chung7Juan, /riginal #eachings of (h?an 5uddhism M"ew Jor&: :intage, >?K>N, %! >,! DIEY /i#ard, o%!#it!, %! ,,! DKEY Ibid!, %! ,,>! DLEY 2enry 6a'id +horeau, .A Wee& on the Con#ord and Merrima#& 5i'ers,. in #he )or!s of #horeau, edited by 2enry 4eide$ Canby M*oston: 2oughton Miff$in, >?AIN, %! ,A>! D?EY Hean7Gu# "an#y, +istening, trans$ated by Char$otte Mande$$ M"ew Jor&: Fordham <ni'ersity /ress, ,--KN, %! ,I! D>-EY I first en#ountered this term in +ed Mooney9s no'e$, =asy #ravel to /ther $lanets M"ew Jor&: Farrar 4traus U Pirou , >?L>N! D>>EY Aristot$e, )or!s of &ristotle, trans$ated by 4! Forster, :o$! :II, /rob$emata MO ford: C$arendon /ress, >?,KN, %! L?I, $ines ,-7,I! D>,EY 5aou$ Mort$ey, :rom )ord to 'ilence I M*onn: 2anstein, >?LIN, %! >>-! D>3EY *$aise /as#a$, $ensees, edited by /hi$$i%e 4e$$er M/aris: *ordas, >??>N, %! ,5I! D>AEY Fran) =af&a, $arables, #ited in Peorge 4teiner, +anguage and 'ilence M"ew Jor&: Atheneum, >?IKN, %! 5A! D>5EY 2erbert 4%iege$berg, #he $henomenological .ovement, :o$! +wo M+he 2ague: Martinus "i(hoff, >?I?N, %! I?3! D>IEY Martin 2eidegger, .Getter on 2umanism,. 5asic )ritings M4an Fran#is#o: 2ar%er 4an Fran#is#o, >??,N, %! ,5L! D>KEY Ha#3ues 6errida, )riting and ,ifference, trans$ated by A$an *ass MChi#ago: <ni'ersity of Chi#ago /ress, >?KLN, %! >3-! D>LEY Gudwig Wittgenstein, #ractatus +ogico8$hilosophicus MGondon: 5out$edge, >?KAN, %! L?! D>?EY Ruoted in Hames E! *! *res$in, -oth!o% & 5iography MChi#ago: <ni'ersity of Chi#ago /ress, >??3N, %! 3LK! D,-EY Ruoted in 2annah Mer&er, +istening M"ew Jor&: 2ar%erCo$$ins, >??AN, %! >,K! D,>EY Annie 6i$$ard, #eaching a 'tone to #al! M"ew Jor&: 2ar%er/erennia$, >?L,N, %% L?7?-! D,,EY E! M! Cioran, #ears and 'aints, trans$ated by I$in#a Sarifo%o$7Hohnson MChi#ago: <ni'ersity of Chi#ago /ress, >??5N, %! 53! D,3EY 6a'id Mi#hae$ Ge'in, #he 5ody?s -ecollection of 5eing M*oston: 5out$edge, >?L5N, %% I-7I>! D,AEY "orman 2a$$endy, Inu&suit: 'ilent .essengers of the &rctic M+oronto: 6oug$as U M#Intyre, ,---N, %% LA7L5!

3? D,5EY Emmanue$ Ge'inas, $roper ames, trans$ated by Mi#hae$ *! 4mith M4tanford CA: 4tanford <ni'ersity /ress, >??IN, %! A! D,IEY Emery Edward Peorge, 1olderlin?s @&rs $oetica@% & $art8-igorous &nalysis of Information 'tructure in the +ate 1ymns M+he 2ague: Mouton, >?K3N, %% 3-L, 3I3, 3IK! D,KEY 4amue$ *e#&ett, .Perman $etter. dated ? Hu$y >?3K, in C!H! A#&er$ey and 4!E! Pontors&i, #he 4rove (ompanion to 'amuel 5ec!ett M"ew Jor&: Pro'e /ress, ,--AN, %! ,,>! D,LEY "orthru% Frye, .+he "ightmare Gife in 6eath,. in H!6! O92ara, editor, #wentieth (entury Interpretations of .alloy, .alone ,ies, and #he ;nnamable MEng$ewood C$iffs, "H: /renti#e72a$$, >?K-N, %! 3A! D,?EY +horeau, o%!#it!, %! ,A>! D3-EY /i#o Ayer, #he 4lobal 'oul M"ew Jor&: =no%f, ,---N, %! ,K>! D3>EY Mar& M! 4mith, +istening to ineteenth8(entury &merica MCha%e$ 2i$$: +he <ni'ersity of "orth Caro$ina /ressN, %! IL! 4ee a$so +homas Merton, #he 'trange Islands M"ew Jor&: "ew 6ire#tions, >?5KN; s%e#ifi#a$$y, this %assage from .+he +ower of *abe$: A Mora$ity.: Geader: Who is 2eO Ca%tain: 2is name is 4i$en#e! Geader: <se$ess8 +hrow him out8 Get 4i$en#e be #ru#ified8 D3,EY A$e Wayman, .+wo traditions of India 7 truth and si$en#e,. $hilosophy =ast and )est ,A MO#tober >?KAN, %% 3L?7A-3! D33EY Ma 2or&heimer, ,awn and ,ecline: "otes >?,I7>?3> and >?5-7>?I? M"ew Jor&: 4eabury /ress, >?KLN, %! >A-!

A-

John Zerzan

"narch! "fter #e$tem%er 11

E'ery day it is #$earer that the g$oba$ #an#er of #a%ita$ and te#hno$ogy de'ours more of $ife in e'ery s%here! More s%e#ies, #u$tures, and e#osystems are under atta#&, at e'ery $e'e$! +he #an#er of the megama#hine is a$ways at wor&, #onsuming its host! And if it e'er sto%s e %anding, e#onomi# a$arm be$$s go off wor$dwide! +his re$ent$ess #o$oni)ationQg$oba$i)ation has ignited resistan#e e'erywhere! In this %ainfu$ twi$ight strugg$e, as the #risis dee%ens, some of this o%%osition has ta&en the des%erate form of re$igious fundamenta$ism! From this des%eration arises the u$timate gesture of sui#ida$ 'io$en#e, ho%e$ess and indefensib$e on any $e'e$! "o'e$ist :!4! "ai%a$ reminds us that B+he wor$d is getting more and more out of rea#h of sim%$e %eo%$e who ha'e on$y re$igion! And the more they de%end on re$igion, whi#h of #ourse so$'es nothing, the more the wor$d gets out of rea#h!C *ut as "ew Jor& +imes Maga)ine writer Hose%h Ge$y'e$d M>-Q,LQ->N dis#o'ered through inter'iews with fami$ies and su%%orters, sui#ide bombers are re#ruited by a %romise with wides%read a%%ea$ among disaffe#ted youth: Bbetter a meaningfu$ death than a %oint$ess $ife!C 2eidegger des#ribed our %eriod of history as one of B#onsummate meaning$essness!C +he $oss of the %ossibi$ity of %ersona$ fu$fi$$ment is hard$y #onfined to the +hird Wor$d! In fa#t, the standardi)ed barrenness of the First Wor$d is 3uite as de'astating, in its own way! In the %ostmodern 'oid that is the <nited 4tates today, tens of mi$$ions of a$$ ages ta&e anti7de%ressant and anti7an iety medi#ation! It0s not unimaginab$e that before $ong, %sy#hotro%i# drugs wi$$ be routine$y %res#ribed for e'eryone, beginning in infan#y! And this is (ust one e am%$e in a $ist of we$$7&nown %atho$ogies that bridge the %ersona$ and so#ia$ s%heres! Why are %eo%$e wi$$ing, e'en eager, to a##e%t a drug7 indu#ed state as norma$ in themse$'es and their #hi$drenO /erha%s be#ause of fear, more wides%read $ate$y! Adorno wrote %enetrating$y about the fear of death: B+he $ess %eo%$e rea$$y $i'e or, %erha%s more #orre#t$y, the more they be#ome aware that they ha'e not rea$$y $i'ed the more abru%t and frightening death be#omes for them, and the more it a%%ears as a terrib$e a##ident!C For those in the <!4! on the thresho$d of adu$t $ife, sui#ide is the third $eading #ause of death! For e'ery two murders there are three sui#ides! /ainfu$ $ife %oint$ess $ife! Ignoring these omni%resent rea$ities, the &merican 'pectator M4e%t ,-->N fo#used on the anti7te#hno$ogy as%e#t of the ?Q>> sui#ide hi(a#&ings! BGuddites O'er *roadwayC argues that on$y te#hno$ogy #an sa'e us, sin#e Bnature is bruta$, dead$y, and 6arwinian!C O%%osing B#reati'ityC to the BGudditeC sensibi$ity of the atta#&ers, &' argues that #reati'ity is our &ey endowment! Asserting that #reati'ity f$ourishes on$y under #a%ita$ism, &' re'ea$s what &ind of B#reati'ityC they0re ta$&ing about @ fue$ed by instrumenta$ reason, and grounded in domination! In no way, in my o%inion, does the anti7te#hno$ogi#a$, Guddite, %rimiti'ist 'ision of anar#hy ha'e anything to do with the 'i#ious$y misogynist and theo#rati# *in Gaden ty%es! Whi#h is not to say that the re$ent$ess te#hno$ogi)ing of the wor$d shou$d not be indi#ted and re'ersed! As %sy#hothera%ist 5obert Mar#hesani wrote re#ent$y, B+he

A> more te#hno$ogy we ha'e, the more we seem to be burdening %eo%$e and dehumani)ing them, %erha%s ma&ing them into these %ie#es of te#hno$ogy themse$'es so that they #an0t fee$ anything anymore!C In +ur&ey, a##ording to some anar#hists there, a bridge from re$igious fundamenta$ism to %rimiti'ism has been bui$t, at $east by a few! +hey ha'e traded the es#a%ist Mand therefore a$ways rea#tionaryN uto%ia of the after$ife for the effort to #onfront te#hno$ogy and #a%ita$ in the here and now! A 'ery ho%efu$, if so far inade3uate$y dis#ussed %henomenon! About two years ago M+i&&un, HanQFeb >???N, 6a'id Ehrenfe$d %redi#ted B+he Coming Co$$a%se of the Age of +e#hno$ogy!C 2is summary: B+e#hno7e#onomi# g$oba$i)ation is nearing its a%ogee; the system is se$f7destru#ting! +here is on$y a short but 'ery damaging %eriod of e %ansion $eft!C +o redeem the #o$$a%se and a'oid further 'i#timi)ation, we must find renewed reso$'e and so$idarity! It0s #ru#ia$ that we underta&e the ine'itab$e de#onstru#tion of te#hno$ogy energeti#a$$y and #ons#ious$y! +hose who e$e#t to %assi'e$y endure e'er7 worsening %ersona$, so#ia$, and %$anetary #onditions, or to f$ame out in sui#ida$ a#ts of terror, are fundamenta$$y %ower$ess against a massi'e$y destru#ti'e system! B"o one #ou$d ha'e be$ie'ed that these massi'e towers #ou$d (ust #ome down $i&e this,C de#$ared an in#redu$ous C"" re%orter on 4e%tember >>! +hey did fa$$, so#ia$ systems and e'en #i'i$i)ations fa$$, this order wi$$ fa$$! Creati'e resistan#e and resi$ien#e ha'e ne'er been so needed! "e'er has there been so mu#h at sta&e; ne'er has the %ros%e#t of $iberation from the no7future death mar#h of #i'i$i)ation been %erha%s more feasib$e!

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Levica danas Dzon Zerzan Preen Anar#hy #>5, Winter ,--A! A'a(, (osu'e& (e tu, u i)'esno( meri, men(a(u#Zi se i %one&ad us%e'a(u#Zi da %rona[e na#ine &a&o da %re%a&u(e isto, staro sran(e! *es&ra(no %o'rsni $e'i, $ibera$ni B%rogresi'#iC o#ig$edno nema(u ni&a&'e 'e)e sa os$obo[en(em, bas&ao i ne&o$i&o %re)i'e$h $en(inoidnih autoritara#a! Oni nisu 'redni ni %omena! A$i, tu (e ne&o$i&o no'i(ih mane'ara, &o(i mo)da )as$u)u(u ma$i &riti#&i os'rt! 4o#i(a$ni forum, &a&o u s'o(im Bg$oba$nimC, ta&o i u s'o(im $o&a$nim ob$i#ima, na(no'i(i (e mama# )a s'e $e'i#are, u&$(u#u(u#Z i i &omuniste &o(i tra)e no'o uto#iste u %ostso'(ets&o( eri! "a demonstra#i(ama %roti' P7L, ,-->! godine, s$edbeni#i 4o#i(a$nog foruma da$i su s'e od sebe da anarhiste i)ru#e %o$i#i(i, a )atim 'redno radi$i na siren(u $a)i o u#in&u Crnog b$o&a u \eno'i! "a %ros$ogodisn(em s&u%u P$oba$nog 4o#i(a$nog foruma u /orto A$egreu M*ra)i$N, ti etatisti 1 i$i ma&ar oni na du)nosti 1 na('e#Zi deo 'remena su %ro'e$i s$a'e#Zi re)im bra)i$s&og $e'i#ars&og %resedni&a Gu$e i fi)i#&i na%ada(u#Zi anarhiste na u$i#ama! "afta$ins&i BanarhistaC "oam Coms&i (edan (e od g$a'nih $idera 4o#i(a$nog foruma! 4 nama su i da$(e Bantietatisti#&i &omunistiC, ia&o, %o s'emu sude#Zi, ne idu nigde! +a( %o(am (os%ri'$a#i ne&e $(ude, a$i (e besmis$en i &ontradi&toran! Antietatisti#&im &omi#Zima (osu'e& osta(e da &riti&u(u maso'nu %roi)'odn(u i g$oba$nu trgo'inu, %osto o#ig$edno nasto(e da sa#u'a(u s'e sustins&e tehno$os&e as%e&te modernog %oret&a! A$i, nemogu#Ze (e imati g$oba$nu %roi)'odn(u i trgo'inu be) '$asti 1 &a&o god (e )'a$i 1 &o(a bi us&$a[i'a$a ta( masi'ni sistem i u%ra'$(a$a n(ime! /arti#i%atorna e&onomi(a MB/are&onCN Ma(&$a A$berta MMi#hae$ A$bert, SMagN t'rdi da fun&#i(u dr)a'e mo)e da %reu)me ogroman i)nos sastana&a7sati, u &o(ima bi u#est'o'a$i s'i $(udi, &o(i bi ta&o odre[i'a$i %roi)'odne i trgo'ins&e &'ote, itd! A&o (e ne&ome %rioritet da u%ra'$(a s'etom &o(i 'e#Z tr%imo, onda #Ze mu o'i odbo(ni %red$o)i mo)da i)g$edati ra)umno! /ri$i#no druga#i(i fenomen, ug$a'nom e'ro%s&i, (este Binsure&#ionisti#&iC %ristu% Minsure&#i(a X %obuna; na%! %re'!N, &o(i i)g$eda %redsta'$(a

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amorfni hibrid ne&o$i&o &ontradi&tornih stru(a! < nasto(an(u da ma&sima$i)u(u (edinst'o neo%hodno )a dosti)an(e stan(a %obune, insure&#ionisti &ao da minima$i)i(u %oten#i(a$no neu(edin(u(u#Ze ras%ra'e o ne&im s%e#ifi#nim %itan(ima! +a&a' %ristu% ri)i&u(e da u (ednom trenut&u %o#ne da %otis&u(e ide(e! < me[u'remenu, insure&#ionisti#&i teoreti#ar A$fredo *onano MA$fredo *onannoN i)$a)e &riti#i %o&rete )a na#iona$no os$obo[en(e Mdr)a'e u sen#iN, do& drugi i) tog &am%a ra)'i(a(u 'r$o $u#idnu &riti&u #i'i$i)a#i(e! M>N +reba re#Zi i da (e *onano godinama bio %rogan(an i )at'aran od strane ita$i(ans&ih '$asti )bog s'og hrabrog su%rotsta'$(an(a! M,N Mo)da (e insure&#ioni)am 'ise nedefinisana tenden#i(a nego ideo$ogi(a, de$imi#no $e'i#ars&a, de$imi#no anti$e'i#ars&a, a$i genera$no anarhisti#&a! Ono sto s'im tim gru%ama i %o(edin#ima &o(i nagin(u $e'i#i nedosta(e (este s%remnost da se suo#e s teme$(ima domina#i(e, sa od$u#nos#Z u i fo&usiranos#Z u ne%hodnim da bi se to( domini#i(i sta$o )a 'rat! Preen Anar#hy #>5, Winter ,--A! "a%omene: >! :ideti sa(tQ #aso%is =i$$ing =ing Aba#us, &o(i donosi 'e$i&i bro( te&sto'a A$freda *onana, torins&e gru%e 6ia'o$o in #or%o i drugih Binsure&#ionistaC! Mna%! %re'!N ,! Afredo *onano se trenutno na$a)i na ods$u)en(u sestogodisn(e )at'ors&e &a)ne )bog %ri%adnosti Boru)ano( bandiC i Bsub'er)i'no( organi)a#i(iC! =onta&t: A$fredo M! *onanno, :ia /a%inano, >3A>33, +rieste, Ita$y! <%r&os ra)i$a)en(u sa Binsure&#ionistimaC u ne&im %itan(ima, te&sto'i A! *onana, 4ase =, Anona, 6i'o$o in #or%o, itd!, i da$(e s%ada(u u na(#es#Z e ob(a'$(i'ane i #itirane materi(a$e u B%rimiti'isti#&imC %ub$i&a#i(ama! 6rugi 'e$i&i i)'or nadahnu#Za i na('e#Za )a(edni#&a $(uba' bora#a i) o'a d'a tabora (esu situa#ionisti; istina, ta $(uba', u oba s$u#a(a, ni(e idi$i#na, a$i to (e ono sto (o( da(e %osebnu dra)! 4to se ti#e u%otrebe s'ih tih #udnih eti&eta Minsure&!!!1 %rimiti!!!1 situa#ionistiN mo)da 'redi %og$edati &rata& &omentar Hohna Moora! Mna%! /re'!N

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Secanje na Fredija Perlmana Dzon Zerzan 4a Fredi(em sam %r'i %ut stu%io u &onta&t >?K5! godine! +ada (e u i)dan(u *$a#& U 5ed %ri%remao )bir&u te&sto'a %od na)i'om 4indi&ati %roti' re'o$u#i(e, u &o(u (e u&$(u#io i mo( te&st /obuna %roti' rada, &o(i se nesto rani(e %o(a'io u i)dan(u +e$osa! < isto 'reme, Fredi me (e u%o)nao sa reda&#i(om radi&a$ne detroits&e %ub$i&a#i(e Fifth Estate! "as(edini susret dogodio se godinu dana &asni(e, u 4an Fran#is&u! On i Gore(n su %ro'e$i &od mene ne&o$i&o dana to&om s'og %uto'an(a &ro) =a$iforni(u! Ono sto me (e &od n(ega na('ise )a%an(i$o bi$a (e n(ego'a energi(a, n(ego'a )udn(a )a )i'otom! 6o& su se ras%a&i'a$i, 'ideo sam &a&o i) torbe is%ada bo#i#a sa $e&om &o(i (e u)imao )bog sr#anih %rob$ema! M*io (e to (edan Bba%s&i $e&C, (edini $e& &o(i (e %ristao da u)ima, is%ri#a$a nam (e Gore(n; na%! i)d!N Gore(n mi (e re&$a da se uo%ste ne oba)ire na $e&ars&a u%utst'a, sto (e bi$o o#ig$edno, (er se ni(e odre&ao (a&e, #rne &afe i %usen(a8 4e#Zam se i (ednog i)$eta to&om te %osete! Fredi i (a smo ima$i ras%ra'u o 2ege$u! On (e insistirao na sustins&om )na#a(u 2ege$a, &a&o s'e %o#in(e sa 2ege$om, do& sam mu (a go'orio da )abora'i na 2ege$a! *i$o (e to u 'reme &ada se %o(a'i$a n(ego'a &n(iga Getters of Insurgents; ta &n(iga (e i)'rsi$a ogorman uti#a( na $(ude &o(e sam %o)na'ao! +o$i&o s(a(nih u'ida, to$i&o i)a)o'nih t'rdn(i, %osebno u odnosu na uobi#a(ena $e'i#ars&a dostignu#Za! Hedan %ri(ate$(, &o(i (e tada bio u )at'oru, a &o(i (e &n(igu %ro#itao %re mene, re&ao mi (e: B4$ede#Zi %ut do[i u %osetu te& &ada %ro#itas tu &n(igu8C Fredi (e bio #o'e& ta&o )i'og duha, a o%et %ot%uno ot'oren i srda#an! 4 n(im (e u'e& bi$o )aba'no! 4u'ise &asno sam sh'atio da nam se 'ise ne#Ze %ru)iti %ri$i&a da u)i'amo u dru)en(u, &ao sto (e to bi$o to&om te n(iho'e %osete! "asta'i$i smo da se do%isu(emo s'e do n(ego'e smrti >?L5! godine! Od Fredi(a sam mnogo nau#io; u)i'ao sam u n(ego'im te&sto'ima, u na#inu na &o(i (e %rimen(i'ao na(ra)$i#iti(a sti$s&a resen(a! =o$i&o god da (e bio odma&ao u &riti#i #i'i$i)a#i(e, &ao i u drugim istra)i'an(ima, siguran sam da bi otisao i da$(e, da (e mogao da sa nama ostane bar ma$o du)e! Hud)in, Oregon, >5! de#embar ,--,!

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Sit acionistic!a internacionala: "ritic!i vod Dzon Zerzan =ra(em >?5-7tih, sa#i#a a'angardnih umetni&a, )ga[ena im%oten#i(om umetnosti, dos$a (e do )a&$(u#&a da (e (edini %ra'i &reati'ni %oduh'at %ot%una %romena )i'ota i s'eta! +a&o (e, u %ar re#i, nasta$a 4itua#ionisti#&a interna#iona$a M4IN! 4I (e odba#i$a #e$u drust'enu organi)a#i(u )asno'anu na na(amnom radu i robi, &ao i s'a&i ob$i& hi(erarhi(e, %redsta'$(an(a, )rt'o'an(a i %osredo'an(a! 4'i %anduri modernog drust'a 1 %rofesori, $e'i#ari, %sihi(atri, sindi&a$isti, ideo$o)i, e&s%erti 1 bi$i su ra)ot&ri'eni i isme(ani u ime )i'ota &ao ob$asti neograni#ene )e$(e i ne%re&idnog )anosa! 4'o( anti%o$iti#&i %rogram situa#ionisti su hrani$i na(%oeti#ni(im i na(s%ontani(im ost'aren(ima uto%ista, anarhista, $udih %esni&a, nihi$ista i drugih o%asnih ne)ado'o$(ni&a, ra#una(u#Z i tu i do%rinos n(iho'e so%st'ene Bradi&a$ne sub(e&ti'nostiC! A$i, o'i re'o$u#ionari su smatra$i i da (e %otrebno ra)raditi mnogo %re)i#ni(i organi)a#ioni %rogram! +a&o su i)gradi$i s'o(u strates&u teori(u, u 'e$i&o( meri )asno'anu na Mar&su! P$a'ni %odsti#a( bi$a su is&ust'a %ro$eters&og samou%ra'$(an(a, to (est, Bradni#&ih sa'etaC 1 od 5usi(e >?-5, =ronstata >?,>, 4%ani(e &ra(em >?3-7tih, do Ma[ars&e >?5I! +a&o su u s'o(u teori(u situa#ionisti une$i &ontradi&#i(u &o(u ni&ada nisu us%e$i da ra)rese! 4 (edne strane, t'rdi$i su da (e samo ne%osredna, e&s%erimenta$na i strast'ena a&ti'nost 'redna )i'ota! 5ad mora biti u&inut u &orist s$obodne, &reati'ne igre u &o(o( #Ze s'a %ra'i$a i oni &o(i ih donose ta&o[e biti %redmet igre! <%ra'o du)tog g$a'nog %ra'#a s'og de$o'an(a, situa#ionisti su ra)'i$i &riti&u $e'i#e &ao dosadnog, ire$e'antnog nasta'$(a#a starog s'eta i n(ego'e $ogi&e! A$i, magi#na mo#Z sub(e&ti'nosti 1 tog so&a &o(im (e o'a gru%a %rodrma$a #e$u E'ro%u i ta&o na(a'i$a %obunu i) ma(a >?IL 1 bi$a (e %ri)em$(ena tes&im ba$astom Bso'(etaC! BA%so$utna '$astC sa'eta (e 'ise nego o#ig$edno %roti're#i$a ide(i o u&idan(u '$asti! B<nitarna i g$oba$naC &oordina#i(a %roi)'odn(e %utem hi%ermoderne tehno$ogi(e 1 )bog s'og masi'nog &ara&tera i fun&#i(e 1 ta&o[e (e bi$a u su%rotnosti s a%so$utno nedirigo'anim, samoos$oba[a(u#Zim i nes%utanim %o(edin#em! =a&o bi ta st'ar sa sa'etima uo%ste fun&#ionisa$aO I )ar na ta( na#in, &ro) sistem Btrans&ontinenta$nog s'ets&og %$ans&og %ro#esaC, ne afirmismimo

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s%e#i(a$i)a#i(u, )a &o(u smo %rethodno ut'rdi$i da (e nu)no autoritarnaO "a()ad, &a&o bi i %re&o &oga ta Bis&$(u#i'a '$ast sa'etaC bi$a Btehni#&i s%ro'edenaCO I%a&, #a& i u) s'e unutrasn(e &onf$i&te, 4I (e da$a ne%ro#en(i' do%rinos, i)me[u osta$og i )ato sto (e %o&a)a$a sta (edna sa#i#a od$u#nih $(udi mo)e da %ostigne! 4I (e %ru)i$a 'e$i&i %odsti#a( mnogima &o(i su tada %o&usa'a$i da arti&u$isu s'o(u &riti&u i &renu da$(e! Sbog s'ega toga, i to treba re#Zi, situa#ionisti su na sebe na'u&$i mr)n(u s'ih brani$a#a %ros$osti, u&$(u#u(u#Z i tu i %ra&ti#no s'e fra&#i(e $e'i#e!] <sa'si u fa)u stagna#i(e %o#et&om >?K-7tih, 4I (e radi(e u&inu$a samu sebe nego da nasta'i da$(e &ao %u&a sen&a ne&ada )i'e si$e; s'e 'e#Zi bro( n(enih obo)a'a$a#a MB%ro7situCN bio (e ta&o %re%usten so%st'enim resursima! I%a&, s'ega ne&o$i&o B%rosituaC bi$o (e o)bi$(no %ri'u#eno %o%u$arnos#Z u 4I &o(a (e i da$(e ras$a u andergraund &rugo'ima! Oni su se %oisto'eti$i sa situa#ionisti#&im ide(ama i nasta'i$i da ih %ro%agira(u Mnigde ta&o inten)i'no &ao u *er&$i(uN! A$i, 'ime (e %o#e$o da se h$adi; nigde 'isu nisu mog$i da se #u(u g$aso'i %o%ut 6eboro'og i$i :ane(gemo'og! <br)o, u &rat&om ra)ma&u i sa s'ega ne&o$i&o i)u)eta&a, ti o&asne$i situa#ionisti 'rati$i su se u o&ri$(e na(tu%$(e $e'i#e, oda&$e su bu&'a$no s'i i %oti#a$i! <%r&os )a$osnom %adu tih %o(edina#a, ug$a'nom i) ob$asti 4an Fran#is&a, u Bu$tra$e'i#ars&uC %o$iti&u, autenti#ni o%o)i#ioni %o&ret ra)'i(a se sirom )em$(e, &ao sto (e to %rimetio Sa& E$i$ MHa#3ues E$$u$N u s'om te&stu BOd >?K-7tih do >?L-7tihC M4o#iety, >?L-N: BI)g$eda da i)me[u institu#i(a i drust'enog te$a %osto(i &ontradi&#i(a, &o(a se i)ra)a'a ne)ado'o$(st'om radni&a n(iho'im sindi&atima, odbi(an(em rada me[u om$adinom, ne%o'eren(em $e'i#ara u n(iho'e %arti(e i gra[ana u $o&a$ne '$asti! /rime#Zu(u se o%adan(e i gubita& intereso'an(a, sto do'odi u %itan(e $egitimnost s'ih tih institu#i(a!C /reu)eto i) Hohn Ser)an: Hust another bri#& in the wa$$, Anar#hy: A Hourna$ of 6esire Armed, br! ,?Q >??>, bro( %os'e#Zen 4I! /r'i deo te&sta (e ob(a'$(en u o&'iru &riti#&og dodat&a )a Pi 6ebor: 6rust'o s%e&ta&$a, anarhi(aQ b$o& A5, /orodi#na bib$iote&a br! A, ma( ,--3!

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John Zerzan &i'otin(ski sno'i A,a li nam Be potrebno da <namo i da li uopCte moDemo <nati mnogo o drugim DivotinBama> .oDda nam Be naBviCe potrebno sa<nanBe da bi trebalo da im se pridruDimo u nBihovoB nepripitomlBenosti.E A e!ada Be postoBao !omunalni Divot organi<ama, unutar Bedinstvenog e!osistema. Fivot se hranio Divotom, ali ne na destru!tivan naGin. Ha! ni danas ne bi trebalo da gubimo i< vida da Be pobeda pripitomlBavanBa dale!o od !onaGne. .noge vrste, i< ra<liGitih ra<loga, ostaBu van nBegove putanBe. *KrotitelB lavova <apravo ne !roti niCta*, podseIa nas ,Don 1arington. /n mora ostati u granicama !oBe su povu!le maG!e.E ]]] O'o (e doba beste$esnosti, u &o(em na^e ose_an(e od'o(enosti od )em$(e %osta(e s'e sna`ni(e i u &o(em se od nas oae&u(e da )abora'imo s'o(u anima$nost! A$i, mi smo `i'otin(e i ra)'i(a$i smo se, &ao i one, u s&$adu s drugim te$esnim formama i as%e&tima s'eta! <m i au$a se ra)'i(a(u &ro) te$o, ^to (e naain na &o(i i druge `i'otin(e %renose )naaen(a 1 i$i (e ta&o bi$o, do %oaet&a moderniteta "a$a)imo se na samom 'rhu $an#a ishrane, ^to od nas aini (edinu `i'otin(u &o(a ni&ome ni(e %otrebna! 2am$et (e bio da$e&o od istine &ada (e $(uds&a bi_a na)'ao b$e%otom s'eta i u)orom )a `i'otin(eB!D>E Mar& +'en (e bio mnogo b$i`e: bT (edina `i'otin(a &o(a #r'eni od stida! I$i ima tu %otrebu!BD,E Ob$i& `i'ota &o(i (e 'ero'atno na(s$abi(e %ri$ago[en st'arnosti, s na(man(im ^ansama )a o%stana&, me[u na(man(e deset mi$iona `i'otin(s&ih 'rsta Mod aega na('e_i bro( aine inse&tiN! G(uds&a bi_a s%ada(u i me[u s'ega ne&o$i&o 'rsta sisara &o(e ubi(a(u s'o(e b$i`n(e be) %o'oda i$i )bog e&stremne g$adi! G(uds&a 'rsta (e (edinst'ena, a$i to 'a`i i )a s'e druge 'rste! "e ra)$i&u(emo se od osta$ih, %o s'emu sude_i, ni^ta 'i^e nego ^to se osta$e 'rste ra)$i&u(u i)me[u sebe! "e$(uds&e `i'otin(s&e 'rste se %o %ra'i$u od$i&u(u )adi'$(u(u_om s%osobno^_u )a %ona^an(e na osno'u informa#i(a &o(e dobi(a(u od s'og o&ru`en(a! +o su bi_a instin&ta, a$i to smo i mi! 6`o)ef :ud =raa MHose%h Wood =rut#hN se %itao, b&o (e dub$(e u%o)nat

AL

sa s'etom u &o(em `i'iOBD3E /ri$ago[a'an(e na '$astiti s'et (e &ogniti'ni %ro#es! A&o se u%itamo &o(a (e 'rsta na(%ametni(a, na(bo$(i odgo'or, na('ero'atni(e, g$asi: s'e! Mis$im da (e 2enri *eston to i)ra)io na di'no %odsti#a(an naain: b"a n(ih g$edamo s 'isine, )bog n(iho'e nedo'r^enosti, )bog n(iho'e tragiane sudbine, &o(a im (e dode$i$a ob$i& mnogo ni`i od na^eg! I tu %ra'imo gre^&u, 'e$i&u gre^&u! "aime, `i'otin(e ne treba meriti %o ao'e&u! One se &re_u u s'etu stari(em i %ot%uni(em od na^eg, do'r^ene i #e$o'ite, obdarene ras%onom au$a &o(i smo mi i$i i)gubi$i i$i ga ni&ada nismo ni ste&$i, `i'e_i s g$aso'ima &o(e mi ni&ada ne_emo auti!BDAE "egde to&om osamdesetih, %o)na'ao sam osobu &o(a (e s'o(e i)'anredne antiautoritarne te&sto'e i $et&e %ot%isi'a$a sa bK- `i'otin(aB! Od tada, ta 'rsta %oisto'e_i'an(a ni(e %resta$a da me oaara'a! 6ugo %risutna )abrana ta&'og aina, &ao i onog na('e_eg greha, antro%omorfi)ma, name_e se u %ri$iano drugaai(em duhu! < nasto(an(u da se ta stra^na gre^&a is%ra'i, do$a)imo do toga da bma(mun ne mo`e da %obesni: on is%o$(a'a agresi'nost! cdra$ ne mo`e da ose_a na&$onost; on %o&a)u(e ud'araa&o i$i rodite$(s&o %ona^an(e! Pe%ard se ne %$a^i $a'a; on %ribega'a be&st'u Mflight behaviorNB!D5E Sa^to u tom redu&ti'nim %ristu%u ne bismo i^$i (o^ da$(e i %rosto i)ba#i$i `i'otin(e i) s'og reani&aO +o se 'e_ de^a'a, a&o (e /!sfords!i reGni! <a mlade MO ford Hunior 6i#tionaryN ne&i %o&a)ate$(! I)dan(e i) ,--?! (e done$o ne&e no'e tehno7i)ra)e, &ao ^to su +witter i m%3, do& su imena ra)nih `i'otin(a, 'rsta dr'e_a, itd!, i)brisana!DIE "a()ad, de#a Mi osta$iN ima(u s'e man(e dodira s %rirodom! A$i, nema )amene )a dire&tan dodir sa `i'im s'etom, a&o (o^ u'e& treba da s%o)namo ^ta )naai biti `i'o bi_e! "a^ s'et se su`a'a i isu^u(e, odseaen od `i'otin(s&e &u$ture, od ob$asti tog )a(ednia&i us'a(anog %ona^an(a! Od onoga ^to (e Ha&ob fon I&s&u$ MHa#ob 'on <e &d$$, >LIA1 >?AAN na)'ao ;mwelt, uni'er)um )nan s'a&o( 'rsti! +reba$o bi da budemo ot'oreni )a )a(edni^t'o na^ih &orena, &ao i )a %osto(e_i ne$(uds&i `i'i s'et! Amfibi(e %osto(e 'e_ 3-- mi$iona godina; %ti#e ne&ih >5- mi$iona! :i$ini &on(i#i u)ima(u od biosfere isto &o$i&o i %re >-- mi$iona godina, do& 'rstu 2omo, &o(a ne %osto(i du`e od 3 mi$iona godina, aine `i'otin(e &o(e 1 od %oaet&a %ri%itom$(a'an(a i #i'i$i)a#i(e 1 ni&ada nisu )ado'o$(ne, &o(e sta$no s$ede ne&e no'e %rohte'e! Sar %riroda ni(e tu )bog sre_e s'ih 'rsta, a ne samo (edneODKE Ose_amo ne^to s$iano tome, do& u 'a&uumu #i'i$i)a#i(e tragamo )a oa)ama di'$(ine! b0"ada0 (e st'oren(e s &ri$imaB, %isa$a (e Emi$i 6i&inson!DLE <g$a'nom smo i)gubi$i ose_a( )a %risust'o i$i auru `i'otin(a, )a bi_a &o(a s'o(a te$a is%un(a'a(u ta&o #e$o'ito, ta&o %ot%uno! G(udi i) tradi#iona$nih,

A?

uro[enia&ih &u$tura nisu i)gubi$i tu s'est! Oni ose_a(u da su u srodst'u sa s'ime ^to (e `i'o! "e&e od tih 'e)a osta$e su i &od nas i mogu se %re%o)nati u ne&im ma$im st'arima 1 na %rimer, u na^o( instin&ti'no( $(uba'i %rema %esmi %ti#a! "i(e s'e med i m$e&o ni u ne$(uds&om domenu, naroaito u o'om u)drmanom i %oreme_enom s'etu! 4i$o'an(e (e %rime_eno i &od orangutana, de$fina, fo&a, muf$ona, di'$(ih &on(a i ne&ih %ti#a, ia&o ni &od (edne od tih 'rsta ono ni(e norma!D?E A$i aa& i u `i'otin(s&im dru^t'ima s (asnom domina#i(om mu`(a&a, `en&e %o %ra'i$u osta(u samodo'o$(ne i odgo'orne )a so%st'eno i)dr`a'an(e, )a ra)$i&u od 'e_ine $(uds&ih M%ri%itom$(enihN dru^ta'a! < st'ari, u ne&im gru%ama, `en&e se stara(u o s'ima! "a %rimer, $a'i#e %onosno idu u $o'!D>-E 4'a&o &rdo $oso'a %red'odi ne&a `en&a, obdarena mudro^_u (ednog &o(ota, 'u&a, risa, &uguara i $(uds&og bi_a! +a&o[e, mnogi smatra(u da se ne$(uds&a bi_a mogu %o(edinaano ra)$i&o'ati, &ao i mi! 6i$i(a A&e$i (e )a&$(uai$a da bma(muni i ao'e&o$i&i ma(muni 'arira(u u s'o(im nara'ima isto &o$i&o i $(uds&a bi_aB,D>>E do& (e *ari Go%e) %isao o bu%ad$(i'o ra)$iaitim indi'idua$nim osobinamaB 'u&o'a!D>,E A$i, me[u mnogim ne%ri%itom$(enim `i'otin(ama %rime_u(e se i odsust'o starih, onemo_a$ih i uginu$ih `i'otin(a! /itamo se &a&o tu de$u(e b$ana# ishraneB, da $i to )naai da 'u&o'i ubi(a(u samo one `i'otin(e &o(e su iona&o %ri &ra(u 1 stare, bo$esne, %o're[eneO /rema Go%e)u, to bi se mog$o grubo )a&$(uaiti! D>3E 2i(erarhi(a i domina#i(a me[u `i'otin(ama (e stara %ret%osta'&a, aesto %ot%uno neuteme$(ena! "a ide(u da (e me[u n(ima obiano, a&o ne i u'e&, %risutan ne&i bhi(erarhi(s&i %oreda&B, do^ao (e (edan nor'e^&i student )oo$ogi(e, >?,, M+hor$eif 4#h(e$deru%7Ebbe, >L?A1>?KIN! "(ego'a teori(a (e nasta$a na osno'u %osmatran(a doma_ih &o&o^&i i) n(ego'og d'ori^ta, da bi se onda %ro^iri$a u ob$asti %rouaa'an(a `i'otin(a, &ao )ara)a! +o (e &$asiaan %rimer %ro(e&#i(e %ri%itom$(enog $(uds&og s'eta, u &o(em su hi(erarhi(a i domina#i(a )aista %ra'i$o! A$i n(iho'u na'odnu uni'er)a$nost obara ain(eni#a da se bhi(erarhi(s&i %oreda&B doma_e `i'ine ne sre_e u di'$(im (atima! Isto ta&o %ogre^na bi$a (e fro(do's&a %aradigma o ubi$aa&om ri'a$st'u i)me[u oae'a i sino'a &ao %rirodnom stan(u! Ona (e %rob$ematiana 'e_ u s$uaa(u $(udi; (o^ 'i^e, u odnosu na ne$(uds&a bi_a! Mason i Ma&arti MMasson i M#CarthyN %i^u da oae'i me[u )ebrama, &i'i(ima, dabro'ima, 'u&o'ima i mungosima %rih'ata(u s'o(e %otomst'o i %o&a)u(u 'e$i&u na&$onost %rema n(emu!D>AE Hu`noameria&i 'unasti ma(muni %au#i Mmuri3uiN, mu`(a#i i `en&e, neagresi'ni su, to$erantni i &oo%erati'ni! e$ana& 4ti'a =em%era M4te'e =em%erN, bSabran(en %ristu% a$fa mu`(a#imaB, ba'i se istra`i'an(ima ma(muna %au&o'a =aren 4trier, &o(a

5-

%odri'a(u u're`eno 'i[en(e mu^&ih %rimata!D>5E =od a)i(s&ih gibona, %rimata &o(i `i'e u %aro'ima, mu`(a#i mogu ostati sa s'o(im %artner&ama dugo %os$e )a'r^et&a se&sua$ne a&ti'nosti!D>IE 6`on M(ur MHohn MuirN (e o%isao &a&o (e (edna gus&a na%a$a $o'#a da bi )a^titi$a s'og ran(enog %artnera: b"i&ada rani(e nisam %omis$io da bi di'$(a gus&a mog$a biti o%asna i$i s%osobna )a ta&o %$emenitu, samo%o`rt'o'anu odanost!BD>KE 6i'$(e gus&e se %are monogamno, to&om #e$og `i'ota! Me[u $(uds&im bi_ima ^iro&o su ras%rostran(ene dru^t'ene #rte &ao ^to su rodite$(s&a briga, )a(ednia&a %otraga )a hranom i u)a(amna dobrota i$i u)a(amna %omo_! Meri Mid`$i MMary Midge$yN uo%^teno go'ori o bn(iho'o( %rirodno( s&$onosti &a $(uba'i i u)a(amnom %o'eren(uB!D>LE +a&o[e, &a $(uba'i i %o'eren(u %rema drugima, &ao ^to su $(uds&a bi_a, do taa&e da se ona i negu(u! ca& Pra'en MHa#3ues Pra'enN i)nosi )a%an(u(u_e %rimere de#e &o(u su us'o(i$i 'u&o'i, med'edi, ga)e$e, s'in(e i o'#e!D>?E < s'o(o( neodo$(i'o( &n(i)i ,esert 'olitaire, u'e& s'ad$(i'i Ed'ard E(bi %omi^$(a da `abe ai(u (e %esmu s$u^ao, to rade i) ra)nih %ra&tianih ra)$oga, ba$i i i) s%ontane $(uba'i i ra)draganostiB!D,-E "! 6`! *eri$ M"orman Hohn *erri$$N i)(a'$(u(e: b*iti %ti#a )naai biti `i' na inten)i'ni(i naain nego bi$o &o(e drugo `i'o bi_e, u&$(uau(u_i i ao'e&aT one `i'e u s'etu u &o(em %osto(i samo sada i &o(i (e na(ae^_e is%un(en rado^_u!BD,>E 6`o)ef :ud =raa (e smatrao da na^a s%osobnost )a radost atrofira! ci'otin(ama (e, %rime_u(e on, bradost mnogo 'a`ni(a i %ristu%aani(e nego nama!BD,,E I)g$eda da u %os$edn(e 'reme ra)ne 'rste ne$(uds&e inte$igen#i(e %oain(u da se u'a`a'a(u 'i^e nego rani(e! 6o&umentarni fi$m 6`ona 2o%tasa i =ristin 4am(ues$on MHohn 2a%tas, =ristine 4amue$sonN, #o!yo )a!a, i) ,->3, %osmatra sna$a`$(i'e grads&e 'rane! =a&o, na %rimer, &oriste &$(uno'e da bi grane ob$i&o'a$e u &u&e &o(ima s&ida(u $ar'e s dr'e_a! Podine ,--,, (edna 'rana i) "o'e =a$edoni(e, %o imenu *eti, bi$a (e, %rema (ednom istra`i'aau sa O&sfords&og <ni'er)iteta, %rog$a^ena )a %r'u `i'otin(u &o(a (e na%ra'i$a a$at&u )a odre[eni )adata&, be) %robe i gre^&e, ^to %rimati oaig$edno te& treba da %ostignu! /rema 6`! 2 :i$i(amsu MH! 2! Wi$$iamsN, %ona^an(e s$ono'a bu'e& u&a)u(e na inte$igen#i(u &o(a %rona$a)i odgo'ara(u_a re^en(a )a te^&o_eB!D,3E Ho^ 'i^e i)nena[u(u no'a sa)nan(a o onim `i'otin(ama )a &o(e obiano mis$imo da se na$a)e (o^ ni`e u b$an#u ishraneB! =atrin 2armon =erid` M=atherine 2armon CourageN (e u&a)a$a na do sada ne%o)nate s%osobnosti o&to%oda! bMo`e da %rona[e i)$a) i) $a'irinta, da ot'ara teg$e, &oristi a$at&e! I)g$eda da aa& ima i ne&u 'rstu sofisti#iranog

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unutra^n(eg `i'ota!B =erid` da$(e i)(a'$(u(e da o&to%od bima mo)a& drugaai(i od s&oro s'a&og st'oren(a &o(e bismo mog$i smatrati inte$igentnimB!D,AE Odat$e s'e 'e_e )animan(e )a bh$adno&r'nu inte$igen#i(uB, s neda'nim istra`i'an(ima &o(a su ot&ri$a da mo)a& gmi)a'a#a ni(e ta&o nera)'i(en &ao ^to smo mis$i$i! Pu^teri i &orn(aae, na %rimer, %o&a)u(u )adi'$(u(u_u s%osobnost )a re^a'an(u %rob$ema!D,5E ca& Pra'en (e bio )a%an(en &ada (e sh'atio da se metod )a tra`en(e i)$a)a i) $a'irinta b(edne buba^'abe (ed'a ra)$i&o'ao od metoda %a#o'aB, i da se )adi'$(u(u_a dostignu_a sisara bsre_u %ono'o, u s&oro identianom ob$i&u, &od inse&ataB!D,IE =ada (e rea o $a'irintima i s$ianim b)ada#imaB, treba dodati da se u &ontro$isanim, $aboratori(s&im e&s%erimentima, be) ob)ira o &o(o( (e 'rsti rea, mo`e do_i do 'r$o ma$o 'a`nih istina! /am_en(e (e )a mnoga `i'a bi_a 'a`na %omo_ u %re`i'$(a'an(u! 5ado'i )oo$oga +e#ura Ma#u)a'e M+etsuro Mat)uawaN %o&a)u(u da ^im%an)e ima(u da$e&o bo$(e %am_en(e od $(udi!D,KE Sri&a'#i ima(u s$u^ni ras%on mnogostru&o 'e_i od na^eg! /ae$e mogu da 'ide u$tra$(ubiaastu s'et$ost, &o(a (e )a nas ne'id$(i'a! /ara)its&e osi#e MI#hneumonoideaN mogu da osete miris &ro) a'rsto dr'o! Monarh $e%tir M6anaus %$e i%%usN ima au$o u&usa d'esta hi$(ada %uta oset$(i'i(e od $(uds&og (e)i&a! *a$egari se u s'om &retan(u ori(enti^u %rema M$eanom %utu! eet'orono`ne `i'otin(e, one be) %ot&o'i#a, 'ero'atno us%e'a(u da uh'ate ra)na isi(a'an(a i 'ibra#i(e &o(e su )a nas i)gub$(ene! fta (e s %sima i maa&ama, &u_nim $(ubim#ima, &o(i se na[u stotinama &i$ometara da$e&o od s'o(ih domo'a, a o%et ne&a&o %rona[u %ut do n(ihO < mnogim ta&'im s$uaa(e'ima mo`emo se %o)'ati samo na ne&u 'rstu te$e%ati(e! Ho^ mnogo toga bi se mog$o re_i o daro'ima `i'otin(a! I$i o n(iho'o( igri! "ema niaeg bantro%omorfianogB u )a%a`an(u da se `i'otin(e igra(u! /og$eda(mo samo ud'aran(e &od %ti#a! Hednom sam u )oru %osmatrao %redi'ni %$es &anads&ih `dra$o'a! "(iho' %$es (e nadahnuo be)bro(na $(uds&a dru^t'a! fta (e s di'$(im gus&ama, %red ai(om nenadma^nom gra#io)no^_u, e$egan#i(om i %os'e_eno^_u mi, $(uds&a bi_a, mo`emo samo da se %ostidimoO /o(edinaane `i'otin(e i) mnogih 'rsta %o&a)u(u s'est o ra)$i#i i)me[u bsebeB i bdrugogB! /ri%adni& (edne 'rste u'e& mo`e da %re%o)na drugog %ri%adni&a iste 'rste! +a 'rsta samo%re%o)na'an(a (e oaig$edna! 6rugi s$uaa( %redsta'$(a(u gri)$i(i, &o(i se &ri(u od %og$eda $(udi i drugih `i'ih bi_a! /risutna (e s'est da se #e$o te$o 1 i$i bsebst'oB, a&o ho_ete 1 mora sa&riti! A$i, da $i ne$(uds&a bi_a sh'ata(u da su bsebst'aBO 6a $i su samos'esna na ta( naain da sh'ata(u s'o(u smrtnostO Mnogi u&a)u(u na ta( na'odni nedostata& samoref$e&si(e i od n(ega %ra'e g$a'nu $ini(u %ode$e i)me[u

5,

$(udi i osta$ih `i'otin(a! /ae$e &oriste )na&e, a$i nisu toga s'esne! Me[utim, na osno'u aega %ret%osta'$(amo ^ta %ae$e i$i druge `i'otin(e )na(u i$i ne )na(uO fim%an)e i orangutani se %re%o)na(u u og$eda$u, a$i ne i gori$e! fta to taano go'oriO Ima mnogo nere^enih %itan(a, u st'ari, ne mo`emo da odgo'orimo ni na %itane &o$i&o (e s'esno i$i nes'esno $(uds&o %ona^an(e, naroaito u s'et$u ain(eni#e da (e s'est &od nas ne^to %ot%uno neuh'at$(i'o! 4$o`eni, s'estrani i ada%ti'ni odgo'ori &o(e 'idimo &ao %ra'i$o me[u `i'im bi_ima na o'o( %$aneti, mogu, a$i i ne mora(u biti 'o[eni samos'e^_u! A$i, samos'est 'ero'atno ni(e is&$(uai' fenomen, u smis$u bs'e i$i ni^taB! 5a)$i&e i)me[u $(uds&ih i osta$ih `i'ih bi_a nisu radi&a$ne; one su 'ero'atno 'i^e st'ar ste%ena! Ho^ 'a`ni(e, mi aa& ne mo`emo ni da %o(mimo s'esnost drugaai(u od na^e! "a^e sh'atan(e samos'esti, ia&o &ra(ne mag$o'ito, %osta$o (e )$atno meri$o )a 'redno'an(e ne$(uds&ih bi_a! 6rugi graniani &riteri(um (e (e)i&: da $i smo (edina 'rsta &o(a ga %osedu(eO I te d'e odredni#e obiano idu )a(edno, &ao %ret%osta'&a da se s'est mo`e i)ra)iti samo &ro) (e)i&! < is&u^en(u smo da (e)i& 'idimo &ao ob(a^n(en(e s'esti, da se %itamo da $i se o s'esti mo`e go'ori samo &od bi_a &o(a se s$u`e (e)i&om! Saista (e te^&o )amis$iti stan(e na^ih umo'a be) os$on#a u (e)i&u! A$i, a&o (e (e)i& (edina osno'a misaonog %oret&a, onda bi ne$(uds&e `i'otin(e `i'e$e u %ot%uno neure[enom s'etu! :u&o'i, %si, de$fini, s$ono'i, &ito'i, da na'edem samo ne&e, ima(u ras%on g$aso'nih %romena s$iaan $(uds&om! b/esmeB grba'ih &ito'a su s$o`ene forme &u$turnog i)ra`a'an(a na 'e$i&im uda$(enostima! < #e$ini g$edano, mogu_e (e da (e `i'otin(s&i )o' 'i^e st'ar ain(en(a, a ne )naaen(a! A&o %og$edamo simbo$i&o )naaen(e, &o(e se smatra &ara&teristianim )a na^u 'rstu, 'ide_emo da ono ne %osto(i me[u na^im `i'otin(s&im sa%utni#ima! < s'om %rirodnom stan(u, %a%aga(i ni&ada ne o%ona^a(u $(uds&i g$as; 'rste )a &o(e (e %rime_eno da to rade u )atoaeni^t'u, to ni&ada ne rade u di'$(ini! /rimati trenirani da &oriste (e)i& ni&ada to ne rade &ao $(udi! 2erbert +eras M+erra#eN, ne&ada ube[eni istra`i'aa (e)i&a ao'e&o$i&ih ma(muna, %ostao (e (edan od na(`e^_ih &ritiaara te %ret%osta'&e! /o&u^a( da se bi)'uae ne&o$i&o mr'i#a (e)i&a od ^im%an)e &o(i oae&u(e nagraduB, ne donosi ni^ta naroaito )naaa(no, &a`e +eras!D,LE ci'otin(e ne rade ono ^to $(udi rade %omo_u (e)i&a, naime, ne %ra'e simbo$e &o(i )amen(u(u st'ari!D,?E =ao ^to &a`e +im Ingo$d, bone ne %o&ri'a(u to& is&ust'a &on#e%tua$nom re^et&om i, samim tim, ne de^ifru(u to is&ust'o u ob$i&u simbo$a!BD3-E Sadi'$(u(u_e bogatst'o signa$a, na(ra)$iaiti(ih 'rsta, ni(e isto ^to i simbo$i)a#i(a! =ada ne&o

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st'oren(e %o&a)u(e s'o(e namerne %ostu%&e, ono to aini be) %otrebe da ih o%isu(e, da ih %redsta'$(a! /esni& 5iaard Prosman M5i#hard ProssmanN (e 'ero'ao (e da (e istina b%ut &o(i se sam ot&ri'aB!D3>E ca& Ga&an (e u ori(enta#i(i %rema %redsta'$(an(u 'ideo nedostata&; `i'otin(e ne %ate od tog nedostat&a, &o(i aini $(uds&i sub(e&t! < sr#u %rirode, %isao (e 6`o)ef :ud =raa, na$a)e se 'rednosti b&o(e (e)i& (o^ ni(e dosegaoB; dodao (e i da se $e%ota `dra$o'a na$a)i bs one strane %otrebe )a reaimaB!D3,E 6ugo sam se %itao &a&o to da nas to$i&o mnogo `i'otin(a g$eda u oaiO fta time ho_e da &a`uO Pa'in Ma&s'e$ MMa we$$N (e u`i'ao u b)aau[eno rado)na$omB %og$edu &anads&og mors&og %raseta M%or%oise; /ho#oenidaeN,D33E do& (e &n(iga 6a(en Fosi, 4orile u magli M6iane Fossey, 4orillas in the .ist, >?L3N %una %rimera gori$a i $(udi &o(i )ure (edni u druge s %o'eren(em! 6`on M(ur (e %isao o 4ti&inu, %su sa A$(as&e, s &o(im (e %re`i'eo (ednu o%asnu situa#i(u: b4naga n(ego'og &ara&tera $e`i u oaima! I)g$eda$e su stare &ao %$anine 1 i isto to$i&o m$ade, isto to$i&o di'$(e!BD3AE 6`ona Ge(na MHohn GaneN su %ri'u&$e oai a$igatora, ^to (e bi$o bne)abora'no is&ust'o! "(iho'e #rne oai su bi$e mirne &ao da )ure &ro) mi$ione &i$ometara i$i godina!BD35E Mo`da se tu mo`e nauaiti (o^ ne^to, od tih dire&tnih %ro)ora, od te ot'orenosti i ne%osrednosti, umesto &ro) 'ero'atno nere^i'a %itan(a o s'esti i (e)i&u! I &ada bismo ne&a&o mog$i da g$edamo tim oaima, da $i bismo onda )aista 'ide$i sebeO Oai su og$eda$o ne%osredne ot'orenosti! O'de mo`emo s%omenuti i smrt, &ao mo`da %os$edn(e ne%osredno is&ust'o i$i s'a&a&o (edno od n(ih! Goren A()$i MGoren Eise$eyN (e, &ada se i sama b$i`i$a s'om &ra(u, oseti$a da di'$(a bi_a umiru bbe) %itan(a, be) )nan(a o mi$osti uni'er)uma, )na(u_i samo sebe i s'o( '$astiti %ut &a &ra(u!BD3IE < &n(i)i Ernesta 4etona7+om%sona, 5iografiBa Bednog gri<liBa ME! 4eton7+hom%son, 5iography of a 4ri<<ly, >?->N, reaeno (e mnogo toga o smrti! 6anas smo uda$(eni(i nego i&ada od rea$nosti smrti 1 &ao i od `i'otin(a! =a&o se na^i `i'oti su`a'a(u, +oroo'e reai i) >L5?! )'uae (o^ istiniti(e: bI)g$eda da u Ameri#i (o^ ni(edan ao'e& ni(e umro; naime, da biste umr$i, %r'o morate `i'eti!BD3KE Mog$o bi se dodati da nisu $(udi ti &o(i )na(u &a&o se umire, 'e_ `i'otin(e! =ao da su s'ega toga bi$i s'esni, $(udi su &renu$i da se s'ete ne&im %robranim 'rstama! /ri%itom$(a'an(e (e 'rsta smrti, s'o[en(e `i'otin(s&e 'ita$nosti na stan(e %otain(enosti! =ada se `i'otin(e &o$oni)u(u i %ris'o(e, i %ri%itom$(eni i %ri%itom$(i'aai %ro$a)e &ro) &'a$itati'nu redu&#i(u! +o (e ona %os$o'iana bna('e_a gre^&a u $(uds&o( istori(iB, )a obe strane! 6ire&tne `rt'e, &o(e su ne&ada bi$e u stan(u da se same stara(u o sebi,

5A

gube na autonomi(i, s$obodi &retan(a, 'e$iaini mo)ga i onome ^to (e =raa na)'ao bhero(s&im osobinamaB!D3LE 6oma_a s'in(a (e $(uds&a t'ore'ina s&oro isto &o$i&o i se$(a&o' tra&tor! 4amo (e treba u%orediti s di'$(om s'in(om! 6i'$(e )naai s$obodno! /rema 6`onu M(uru, di'$(e o'#e %redsta'$(a(u stan(e %re /ada; nasu%rot tome, &a`e on, bA&o (e doma_a o'#a ne&i %o&a)ate$(, onda (e ao'e&o'o de$o bi$o degradira(u_e, &a&o )a n(ega )a samog, ta&o i )a n(ego'e %odre[ene!BD3?E "i'o sa'r^enst'a ne&e `i'otin(e, %rema "iaeu, mogao se meriti time b&o$i&o su bi$e di'$(e i sna`ne da se odu%ru %ri%itom$(a'an(uB! DA-E < &onte&stu o%^teg %otain(a'an(a, 6e('id "a(bert na)i'a tu institu#i(u bdomese&ra#i(omB,DA>E a ne i)nena[u(u ni %rimedbe )bog toga ^to se )a di'$(e i doma_e %ri%adni&e ne&e 'rste &oriste iste reai! Industri(a$i)am (e, nara'no, doneo da$e&o gori `i'ot, u maso'nim ra)merama, maso'nu bedu, )bog ishrane maso'nog dru^t'a! Soo$o^&i 'rto'i i mors&i %ar&o'i su %o&a)ate$(i da$(eg %orob$(a'an(a, %ra'i dodata& o%^tem )atoaeni^t'u! =a&o se nefabri&o'ani, nemasifi&o'ani s'et %o'$aai, grani#a i)me[u %ri%itom$(enog i ne%ri%itom$(enog se )amu_u(e! 4&oro s'e )ahte'a ne&a&'o u%ra'$(an(e, s'e do o&simorona &ao ^to (e bu%ra'$(an(e di'$(inomBMwi$d$ife managementN! 4ada smo u st'ari u^$i u no'o doba %ri%itom$(a'an(a, u&$(uau(u_i i ne)abe$e`enu es&a$a#i(u &ontro$isanog `i'otin(s&og ra)mno`a'an(a, u %os$edn(ih ne&o$i&o de#eni(a!DA,E /ot%uno nebio#entriani, humanistia&i mit o besmrtnosti deo (e etosa %ri%itom$(a'an(a; n(ego'i ritua$i su fo&usirani na `rt'o'an(e, a ne na s$obodu `i'ota %re %ri%itom$(a'an(a! Fro(do' edi%o's&i mode$ %orodi#e %$od (e %ri%itom$(a'an(a &ro) &o(e su %ro^$i i `i'otin(e i figura o#a! Ga&ano'e formu$a#i(e aesto do$a)e i) )a%a`an(a o )atoaenim `i'otin(ama, &ao ^to se i %o(mo'i bab(e&taBDA3E i$i bsta$ne %retn(eB Hu$i(e =riste'e u osno'i %o)i'a(u na ain %ri%itom$(a'an(a! A$i, ne%ri%itom$(eni ne uaest'u(u u asimi$a#i(i u %o&orenu #e$inu, u fro(do's&om i$i ne&om drugom smis$u! "e&ada (e %osto(ao &omuna$ni `i'ot organi)ama, unutar (edinst'enog e&osistema! ci'ot se hranio `i'otom, a$i ne na destru&ti'an naain! ea& ni danas ne bi treba$o da gubimo i) 'ida da (e %obeda %ri%itom$(a'an(a da$e&o od &onaane! Mnoge 'rste, i) ra)$iaitih ra)$oga, osta(u 'an n(ego'e %utan(e! b=rotite$( $a'o'a )a%ra'o ne &roti ni^taB, %odse_a nas 6`on 2arington!DAAE On mora ostati u grani#ama &o(e su %o'u&$e maa&e! b4&oro s'e u 'e)i s &ito'ima (e o%iain(a'a(u_a misteri(aB, )a&$(uai$a (e 6a(en A&erman M6iane A#&ermanN!DA5E :ende$ *eri MWende$$ *erryN #itira s'o(u &_er&u u %esmi eviJenoB DivotinBi: b"adam se da negde %osto(i ne&a `i'otin(a &o(u (o^ ni&o ni(e 'ideo! I nadam se da (e ni&ada ni&o ne_e ni 'ideti!BDAIE 6a $i nam (e %otrebno da )namo i da $i uo%^te mo`emo )nati mnogo o drugim `i'otin(amaO Mo`da nam (e na('i^e

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%otrebno sa)nan(e da bi treba$o da im se %ridru`imo u n(iho'o( ne%ri%itom$(enosti! =ant (e na%ra'io straho'itu gre^&u &ada (e go'orio o $(uds&o( su%eriornosti! b=ao (edino bi_e na )em$(i obdareno s%o)na(om, on s'a&a&o %o$a`e %ra'o na titu$u gos%odara %rirode!BDAKE :o$t :itman (e dao (ednosta'an odgo'or: b"e go'orite )a &orn(aau da (e be)'redna samo )ato ^to ni(e ne^to drugo!BDALE :a`no (e %rimetiti da su `en&e te &o(e dominira(u onim ^to se na)i'a `i'otin(s&om eto$ogi(om M&ara&tero$ogi(omN, &ao i da su da$e&o man(e s&$one da s$ede =anta u n(ego'o( nastrano( ori(enta#i(i! I$u)i(a o $(uds&o( domina#i(i %rirodnim s'etom %o%rima ra)ne ob$i&e! Hedan od n(ih (e %ret%osta'&a da nam na^a domi^$(atost donosi dugoroanu sigurnost! Sabora'$(amo da nas ta&'a ori(enta#i(a, dugoroano g$edano, mo`e do'esti u o%asnost! "a^e i)gub$(ene 'e)e, na^a i)gub$(ena s'est do'e$a nas (e u doba u`asa s'ih 'rsta! =ao ^to (e O$aus M(uri MMurieN (ednom re&ao, b< e'o$u#i(i $(uds&og duha, $(ude mo`e )adesiti ne^to mnogo gore od g$adiB!DA?E I ca& 6erida (e %oaeo da u'i[a 'e$i&i )naaa( %itan(a anima$nosti )a $(ude, &ao neaeg %resudnog )a bsu^tinu i budu_nost ao'eaanst'aB!D5-E 4$i&a s$obodne `i'otin(e %odstiae na san(aren(e, ona (e sne'aae'a %o$a)na taa&a! < me[u'remenu, `i'a st'arnost )a(edni^t'a me[u 'rstama i%a& o%sta(e! G(udi i) naroda Inui%at i P'iain MPwi#h0inN, &o(i i da$(e %utu(e be) ma%a i odre[u(u %ra'a# be) &om%asa, )na(u da ir'asi nose u s'o(im sr#ima deo n(ih, &ao ^to i oni u s'o(im sr#ima nose ir'ase!D5>E :era u ne%osrednost, u dire&tne 'e)e, ni(e )amr$a! bA$i %ita( )'i(eri, i %ouait _e te; %ti#e nebes&e %ita(, i ra)(asnit _e ti! I$i se ra)go'ori sa )em$(om, nauai_e te, i ribe _e ti mors&e %ri%o'(editi!B M*ib$i(a, Ho' >,: K1 LND5,E Sa 'reme bora'&a na Ar&ti&u, 6`onatan :oterman MHonathan WatermanN (e %oaeo da se uda$(a'a od te od'o(enosti, od %ri%itom$(a'an(a: b/r'o sam s&inuo sat! Mo(a s%osobnost da osetim ra)$iaite i ne%o)nate mirise %osta$a (e ne'ero'atno u)nemira'a(u_a! I)g$eda da (e i s$uh %oaeo da mi se %o%ra'$(a!BD53E 6a$e&o od Ar&ti&a, osta#i te dimen)i(e u'e& su mog$i da se osete! Me$'i$ (e u %ri)oru u$(e^ure 'ideo &o$osa$no %osto(an(e be) &o(eg osta(emo ne%ot%uni! /rise_amo se i :ird`ini(e :u$f i n(enog %o)i'an(a na `i'otin(s&e 'o&abu$are i odnose me[u 'rstama! "e^to #e$o'ito, ne^to %o'e)ano, %osto(a$o (e mi$ionima godina %re %o(a'e 'rste 2omo! < nas$e[e nam (e %reneto ne^to ^to (e 2enri *eston fi(en M4heahanN na)'ao b`i'otin(s&om 'eromB, )a &o(u (e smatrao da (e uni^tena s %oaet&om Mehania&og doba!D5AE I)gub$(eni smo, a$i druge `i'otin(e nam %o&a)u(u na %ra'i %ut! /ne su ta( %ra'i %ut!

5I

"edosta(e nam to stan(e b$a`enst'a, a$i i%a& )namo &o$i&o (e toga ugro`eno! Gori O$man MGaurie A$$manN, o %esmi (edne miaigens&e %ti#e: bOdmah mogu da &a`em da ne )na &o$i&o (e ugro`ena! Sna samo da %e'a, danas, na 'rhu (ednog m$adog &anads&og bora! =$(un (o( (e ot'oren, %un neba &o(e se ^iri i)a n(e!BD55E E'o i stiho'a 5iaarda Prosmana, &o(i %o)i'a(u na %o'rata& dre'no( radosti: '!ovaIemo novi um i !onaGno shvatiti da Be duh DivotinBa.D5IE I da$(e smo `i'otin(e, bi_a o'e %$anete, sa s'im n(enim i)'ornim %oru&ama &o(e ae&a(u u na^em bi_u! D>E "a'edeno u Mar# 6! 2auser, )ild .inds M"ew Jor&: 2enry 2o$t and Com%any, ,---N, str! K-! D,E =onrad Goren), +he Waning of 2umaneness M*oston: Gitt$e, *rown and Com%any, >?LKN, str! K-! D3E A$do Geo%o$d, & 'and (ounty &lmanac M"ew Jor&: *a$$antine *oo&s, >?KIN, str! L3! DAE 2enry *eston, #he /utermost 1ouse M"ew Jor&: 4t! Martin0s Priffin, ,--3N, str! ,5! D5E Heffrey Moussaieff Masson i 4usan M#Carthy, )hen =lephants )eep M"ew Jor&: 6e$a#orte /ress, >??5N, str! 3A! Me[u de$ima &o(a u&a)u(u na %oma& od anti7antro%omorfi)ma na$a)e se i 5uth 5udner, &s! ow the 5easts M"ew Jor&: Mar$owe U Com%any, ,--IN i 1ow :orests #hin! M*er&e$ey: <ni'ersity of Ca$ifornia /ress, ,->3N! DIE Eoin O0Carro$$, bO ford Hunior 6i#tionary 6ro%%ing 0"ature0 WordsB, (hristian 'cience .onitor, February ?, ,--?! DKE 5u`an %rimer su%rotnog 'i[en(a do$a)i od &omunist&in(e O&sane +imofe(e'e MO ana +imofee'aN, 1istory of &nimals% &n =ssay on egativity, Immanence and :reedom MMaastri#ht: Han 'an Ey#& A#ademie, ,->,N, s %redgo'orom 4$a'o(a ci`e&a! +imofe(e'a osu[u(e %rirodu )bog ot%ora &o(i %ru`a tehno$ogi(i, do& u sito 'reme, bi)arno, o `i'otin(ama go'ori &ao o %rirodnim &omunistima8 :ideti str! >AI1>AK! DLE "a'edeno u 4usan 2anson, Icons of +oss and 4race MGubbo#&: +e as +e#h <ni'ersity /ress, ,--AN, str! >L,! D?E Masson and M#Carthy, op. cit!, str! >A-!

5K

D>-E *arbara "os&e, 1umans and /ther &nimals MGondon: /$uto /ress, >?L?N, str! >>5! D>>E :era "orwood, .ade from this =arth MCha%e$ 2i$$: +he <ni'ersity of "orth Caro$ina /ress, >??3N, str! ,35! D>,E *arry Go%e), /f )olves and .en M"ew Jor&: 4#ribner C$assi#s, ,--AN, str! >L! D>3E Ibid!, str! 55! D>AE Masson and M#Carthy, op. cit!, str! K,! D>5E 4te'e =em%, b"o A$%ha Ma$es A$$owedB, 'mithsonian, 4e%tember ,->3, str! 3?1A>! D>IE "os&e, op. cit!, str! >>I! D>KE Hohn Muir, #he 'tory of .y 5oyhood and 0outh M*oston: 2oughton Miff$in, >?>,N, str! >5>! D>LE Mary Midg$ey, #he =thical $rimate M"ew Jor&: 5out$edge, >??AN, str! >3>! D>?E Ha#3ues Pra'en, on81uman #hought M"ew Jor&: 4tein and 6ay, >?IKN, str! IL! D,-E Edward Abbey, ,esert 'olitaire% & 'eason in the )ilderness M"ew Jor&: *a$$antine *oo&s, >?K>N, str! >5K! D,>E Hose%h Wood =rut#h, #he 4reat (hain of +ife M*oston: 2oughton Miff$in, >?5IN, str! ,,A! D,,E Ibid!, str! ,,K! D,3E H! 2! Wi$$iams, =lephant 5ill MGondon: 5u%ert 2art76a'is, >?5-N, str! 5L! D,AE =atherine 2armon Courage, bA$ien Inte$$igen#eB, )ired, O#tober ,->3, str! LA! D,5E Emi$y Anthes, bCo$db$ooded 6oes "ot Mean 4tu%idB, ew 0or! #imes, "o'ember >?, ,->3, str 6>, 65! D,IE Pra'en, op. cit!, str! >,K! D,KE Hustin M#Curry, bChim%s Are Ma&ing Mon&eys Out of <sB, #he /bserver, 4e%tember ,L, ,->3! D,LE "a'edeno u 4te%hen *udians&y, If a +ion (ould #al! M"ew Jor&: Free /ress, >??LN, str! A5! D,?E =e$$y O$i'er, &nimal +essons% 1ow #hey #each ;s to be 1uman M"ew Jor&: Co$umbia <ni'ersity /ress, ,--LN, str! >LI!

5L

D3-E +im Ingo$d, =volution and 'ocial +ife M"ew Jor&: Cambridge <ni'ersity /ress, >?LIN, str! 3>>! D3>E 5i#hard Prossman, b+he +ruthB, &nimals MMinnea%o$is: Sygote /ress, >?L3N, str! A,>! D3,E Geo%o$d, op .cit!, str! >-,! D33E Pa'in Ma we$$, -ing of 5right )ater M*oston: "on%arei$ *oo&s, ,->>N, str! A5 D3AE Edwin Way +ea$e, #he )ilderness )orld of 7ohn .uir M*oston: 2oughton Miff$in, >?5AN, str! ,L>! D35E Hohn Gane, )aist ,eep in 5lac! )ater MAthens: <ni'ersity of Peorgia /ress, ,--,N, str! A?! D3IE Goren Eise$ey, #he ight (ountry MGin#o$n: <ni'ersity of "ebras&a /ress, >??KN, str! >K3! D3KE 2enry 6a'id +horeau, #he 7ournal, 1K3"21KL1, ed! 6amion 4ear$s M"ew Jor&: "ew Jor& 5e'iew of *oo&s, ,--?N, str! 5L5 Mbe$e^&a od ,,! o&tobra >L5?N! D3LE =rut#h, op. cit!, str! >-,! D3?E Mi#hae$ /! Cohen, #he $athless )ay% 7ohn .uir and &merican )ilderness MMadison: <ni'ersity of Wis#onsin /ress, >?LAN, str! >K3, >KI! DA-E Hennifer 2am, b+aming the *eastB, na'edeno u Hennifer 2am and Matthew 4enior, eds!, &nimal &cts M"ew Jor&: 5out$edge, >??KN, str! >5L! DA>E 6a'id A! "ibert, &nimal /ppression and 1uman 9iolence% ,omesecration, (apitalism, and 4lobal (onflict, Co$umbia <ni'ersity /ress, ,->3! ,omesecration: od domestication i desecration Ms&rna'$(en(eN! b,omese!raciBa (e sistemats&a %ra&sa nasi$(a &o(om se dru^t'ene `i'otin(e %orob$(u(u i bio$o^&i men(a(u, ^to )a ishod ima %ost'aren(e, %otain(a'an(e i ugn(eta'an(e!B M6! A! "ibertN DA,E C$i'e 5oots, ,omestication MWest%ort C+: Preenwood /ress, ,--KN, str! ii! DA3E /re$a)no stan(e i)me[u ob(e&ta i sub(e&ta, u ra)'o(no( teori(i Hu$i(e =riste'e! :ideti %o(mo'e abBect i abBection! M/rim! %re'!N DAAE "a'edeno u Gane, op. cit!, str! >,5! DA5E 6iane A#&erman, #he .oon by )hale +ight M"ew Jor&: 5andom 2ouse, >??>N, str! >>,!

5?

DAIE Wende$$ *erry, b+o the <nseeab$e Anima$B, na'edeno u Ann Fisher7 Wirth and Gaura7Pray 4treet, eds!, #he =copoetry &nthology M4an Antonio +g: +rinity <ni'ersity /ress, ,->3N, str! >KL! DAKE Immanue$ =ant, trans! H!C! Meredith, (ritiMue of 7udgement MO ford <ni'ersity /ress, >?5,N, /art ,, 4e#tion A3>! DALE Wa$t Whitman, +eaves of 4rass M"ew Jor&: Gibrary of Ameri#a, ,->>N, se#tion >3! DA?E "a'edeno u Honathan Waterman, )here .ountains are ameless M"ew Jor&: W! W! "orton, ,--5N, str! ,3K! D5-E "a'edeno u Geonard Gaw$or, #his is ot 'ufficient M"ew Jor&: Co$umbia <ni'ersity /ress, ,--KN, str! K! D5>E Waterman, op. cit!, str! ,>,! D5,E /oaeta& %r'og stiha (e %reu)et i) hr'ats&og %re'oda Herusa$ims&e *ib$i(e, gde se e&s%$i#itno go'ori o b)'erimaB, a ne o bsto#iB, &ao u %re'odu 6aniai_7=arad`i_ i$i u )'anianom hr'ats&om %re'odu *ib$i(e: bSa%ita( sto&u, nauai_e teB, itd! M$rim. prev.N D53E Ibid!, str! >-! D5AE Hohn "e$son, b2enry *eston 4heahanB, 2ar'ard Maga)ine, 4e%tember7O#tober ,->3, str! A-! D55E Gaurie A$$man, :ar :rom #ame MMinnea%o$is: <ni'ersity of Minnesota /ress, >??IN, str! K3! D5IE Prossman, op. cit!, b+he "ew ArtB, str! ,!