Fundamentals of electrical engineering 1) Generation of electrical energy Generator basically converts mechanical energy to electrical energy Fuel energy

Mechanical energy electrical energy Fuels used in generators are Solid fuels wood, husk, coal, graphite thermal power stations Liquid fuels diesel/petrol/ kerosene - diesel power station Gaseous LPG, CNG - gas power station Water ydro electric power station Potential energy to kinetic energy ! g " #/$ ! %$ Nuclear - &tomic power station Unconventional energy sources are #' (olar heat $' wind power )' tidal power * see tidals+ ,mportant terms in electrical engineering Current %oltage &mperes - %olts - -low o- electrons - potential di--erence *pressure+ $$. in ,ndia /. 0 -re1uency ##. in 2( and 23 4. 0 -re1uency - resist to -low o- electrons - current resistance - watt hours - to store electrical energy - capacitor is used'

5esistance

- 6hms

7lectrical power - 8atts 7nergy Capacitance - 8att hour - 9arads

Ohm s la!" Ohm s la! " :he ratio o- potential di--erence *v+ between any two points o- a conductor to the current *,+ -lowing between them is constant, provided the temperature o- the conductor does not change' 8here 5 is the resistance o- the conductor between the two points' %/, " constant " 5

General &/C power supply single phase; :wo wires one phase one neutral :hree wires one additional earthing Power " <) % , C6(= C6(= is called power -actor and its value should be .'> or more -or the e--icient use o- electrical power :hree phase *?elta connection+; :hree wires *all phases+ and one optional earthing %L " %P, , L " ) , p

Power " ) %L , L C6( ,L ,p

:hree phase *star connection+; 9our wires *:hree phases and one neutral+ and one optional earthing %L " ) %P, ,L " ,p

Power " ) %L , L C6(

%p %L

,n the short circuit the resistance will become 0ero then the current -low will become in-inite' ,t leads to burning o- the circuit and or apparatus' ,n the closed circuits only one will get shoc# that is the reason o-ten birds doesn@t get shock on electrical poles' $arthing does not re1uire any sleeve as it does not have any resistance' Faradays la!s of electromagnetic induction

#' 8henever a conductor cuts magnetic -luA an e'm'- is induced $' :he magnitude o- the induced e'm'- is e1ual to the rate o- change o- -luA-linkages'
?irection o- current

?irection o- movement

Series circuits - same current -lows through each circuit component 5# 5$ 5)

% %"%#B%$B%), 5"5#B5$B5) and %#"%A5#/5 CC'' %arallel circuits - same voltage is supplied through each circuit component 5# 5$ 5)

,",#B,$B,), #/5"#/5#B#/5$B#/5) and ,#"%/5#

Short and o&en circuits 8hen two points o- a circuit are connected together by a thick metallic wire, they are said to be short circuited' $ffect" #+ No voltage eAist across it $+ Current through it is very large

8hen two points o- a circuit are broken or disconnected it is said to be open circuit' 8hen any switch is o-then that circuit is called open circuit' $ffect" #+ resistance between two points is in-inite $+ there is no -low o- current )+ Fuse !ires" & -use is a sa-ety device which is connected in a circuit to protect the electrical apparatus -rom the dangerous e--ects o- a short circuit and -rom an overload' :he actual -use is metal wires made o- easily melting material usually tin and leads alloy -or small currents and copper -or large currents' $arthing" 7arthing or connecting to earth means that the metallic casing o- electrical apparatus in an installation are connected to the general mass o- earth by an earth plate' 7arthing should be designed so that in the event othe insulation becoming de-ective, the earthing wires will convey the -ault current to earth' %o!er factor - 5atio o- :rue power *8+ to &pparent power *%&+ and represented by C6(

5eal electrical load contains resistance *6hms+ in combination o- impedance *-arads+, and capacitance' Decause o- these components current lagging and leading happens and it reduces e--ective power transmission thus power -actor came in to the picture'
5esistance same time % ,

,mpedance

current lagging ,

Capacitance

Current leading

'ifference (et!een )* and '* )lternate current" single-phase $$. % three-phase EE. %
Current / %oltage :ime

'irect current"

#'/, ), 4, #$, $E %olts

)+* We cannot store small si,e -generation) com&onents Wave from ./ 0 are in sinusoidal 1ransmission loss are less 2igh load motors/ &lum(s and heaters are only o&erated (y )+* )+* !ill (e &roduced (y conversion of mechanical every to electrical &o!er ca&acity of )+* &o!er -Units) are re&resented in 3W/ 30) there (e a %4F4 -&o!er factor)

'* !e can store (ig si,e com&onents straight line transmission loses are more electronic equi&ment/ %*5s/ small motors are o&erated (y '+* chemical energy and )+* energy can (e converted to '+* energy ca&acity of '+* &o!er !ill (e re&resented in am&ere hours -)2) there !ound (e any &o!er factor the current and voltage in the different sections !ill (e alge(raic sum

the current in the different sections !ill (e o(tained (y the vector sum of currents and voltages

6esistance -conductance) ,t may be de-ined as the property o- a substance due to which it *induce+ opposes the -low o- electricity through i-' Poor conductors; bakelite, mica, glass, rubber, poly vinyl chloride

Good conductors; - silver, copper, aluminum Good insulators; paper, cotton, sweater, ceramics

Generator -Motor) &n electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy' :his energy conversion is based on the principle o- the production o- induced e'm'-' Dasic essential parts o- an electrical generator are *i+ a magnetic -ield *ii+ a conductor' :he most eAtensively used &'C' motors are induction motors' L$' -Light $mitting 'iode) ,t is a Function diode emits light or eAhibit electro luminescence by the appreciation o- electrostatic -ield' :his is because when a -ree electron recombines, it may -all all the way -rom unbound or higher level to its ground state, releasing a photon o- a wavelength corresponding to the energy level di--erence associated with this transition' *a&acitor & capacitor essentially consists o- two conducting sur-aces separated by a layer o- an insulating medium called dielectric' :he purpose o- a capacitor is to store electrical energy' :he property o- a capacitor to store electricity may be called its capacitance' (uppose we give a coulomb o- charge to one o- the two plates o- capacitor and i- a p'd o- % volts is established between the two, then its capacitance is 6elays" & relay is a magnetically operated switching device used -or a wide range o- control application' ,t consists oan electromagnet assembly which moves in armature to open or close one or more sets o- normally open and or normally closed contacts 9aradays laws o- electromagnetic induction

1ransformers" ,t is a device to step up or step down the voltage level' Current in primary sets-up magnetic -ield *-luA+ in core which in turn induces voltage across secondary' :he secondary voltage is proportional to primary voltage in the same ratio as number o- turns' Current are inversely proportional as turn ratio' %rinci&le" &ll trans-ormers work on the principle that a current changing in one coil induces an e'm'-' in neibeighbouring'

*ircuit (rea#ers" & circuit breaker is simply switching device which provides automatic interruption o- current -lowing through it when current conditions are abnormal *both overload and short circuits conditions+ without causing damage to itsel-' :hese are thermal type, magnetic air circuit breakers, oil circuit breakers, vacuum type etc' :here are many advantages o- transmitting and generating electrical energy high voltage, standard generation voltage is ## 3% in ,ndia 7arth wire carries current only during an earth -ault' 8hile neutral wire carry current whenever there is unbalanced situation o- power there phase, E-wire supply system'

,ndian electricity rules; :he minimum si0e o- cable -or light circuit -or copper #/#'#$ and -or aluminum #/#'E diameter' Not more than #. points should be connected on one light circuit' Doard o- trade unit and # 38 # D6: unit'
L*' -Liquid *rystal 'is&lays) :he molecules in an ordinary li1uid normally have random orientations' ,n li1uid crystals the molecules are oriented in a de-inite crystal pattern' 8hen an electric -ield is applied to li1uid crystal, the molecules which are align themselves perpendicular to the -ield' 8hen not activated the li1uid crystal is transparent' 8hen activated the molecular turbulence causes the light to be scattered in all directions so that the activated area appears bright'