CHIROPRACTIC MEDICINE

a form of alternative medicine> diagnosis, treatment & prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system---> affect general health via the nervous system "cheiros"--- hand "praktikos"--- practice " Science with no drugs" Chiropractic PHILOSOPHY Holism Conservatism Homeostasis Purpose to revive the ability of thebody to self-heal uses manual therapy as well as exercises, and lifestyle counseling Three types of care Relief Preventative Wellness History Chiropractic was founded in 1895 by magnetic healer Daniel David (D.D.) Palmer in Chiropractic was founded in 1895 by magnetic healer Daniel David (D.D.) Palmer in Davenport, IowaHarvey Lillard1898- Palmer began teaching it to a few students at his new Palmer School of Chiropractic Bartlett Joshua (B.J.) PalmerDavenport, Iowa Harvey Lillard 1898- Palmer began teaching it to a few students at his new Palmer School of Chiropractic Bartlett Joshua (B.J.) Palmer folk medicine of bonesetting vitalism and spiritual inspiration Philippines 27 years Dr. James Uy in 1986 Jan 2014- 25 Chiropractors Straight chiropractors Mixer chiropractors

Central nervous system Consists of brain and spinal cord BRAIN Monitors every function in body SPINAL CORD Transmits every message from brain to the rest of the body and vice versa SPINE Protects spinal cord and nerves to reach every cell, tissue and organ in your body. SUBLUXATION Vertebral joint misalignments Pinched nerves Swelling Interferes with the nerve transmission Affects muscles, organs, movement Pressure on Nerve The pressure equal to the weight of one penny on a nerve is enough to reduce the transmission of that signal up to 60%.(University of CO) Spinal Degeneration Starts to occur within a couple weeks of the joint restriction. Not age specific. Medicines Over the counter pain Medications and Antiinflammatory just mask these symptoms. Detection Usually detected by - x-rays - Tenderness - Misalignment - range of motion Indications for Chiropractic Treatment: An Overview 1. Safety Side effects from spinal manipulation can include temporary headaches, tiredness, or discomfort in the parts of the body that were treated. There have been rare reports of serious complications such as stroke. Chiropractic Treatment Modalities Manual therapies joint manipulation, mobilization, and soft tissue therapies; Electrotherapeutic modalities ultrasound, inferential current or low level laser; Rehabilitation strategies exercise and behavioural modifications.

 Manual and manipulative therapy Spinal manipulation/adjustment describes techniques where the hands are used to manipulate, massage, mobilize, adjust, stimulate, apply traction to, or otherwise influence the spine and related tissues. It is the most common and primary intervention used in chiropractic care Chiropractic manipulative techniques Activator technique alternative to manual manipulation of the spine or extremity joints Neuro Emotional Technique (NET It is an holistic approach to well-being focusing on imbalances in the structure of the skeletomuscular system, unresolved "negative emotional blocks", toxins in the body, and deficiencies in nutrition. Craniosacral therapy (CST) is a form of bodywork or alternative therapy focused primarily on the concept of "primary respiration" and regulating the flow of cerebrospinal fluid by using therapeutic touch Upper Cervical Specific Chiropractic TRANSCULTURAL NURSING IN THE COMMUNITY Effective community nursing practice must reflect accurate knowledge of the causes and distribution of health problems and of effective interventions that are congruent with the values and goals of the community. An epidemiologic model can be used by the community nurse to collect, organize and analyze information about high-risk groups that are encountered in community practice. A Transcultural Framework identifying subcultures and devising specific community based interventions A transcultural framework for nursing care helps the nurse to identify subcultures within the larger community and to devise community based interventions that are specific to community health and nursing needs. A Transcultural Framework Identifying and analyzing various components of the community A cultural approach allows the nurse to identify cultural health care systems, which are made up of individuals who experience illness as well as those who provide care for them.

Each cultural health care system can have as many as three recognized sectors referred to as popular, folk and professional.

A Transcultural Framework Identifying the values and cultural norms of a community Values often serve as the foundation for a communitys acceptance and use of health resources or a groups participation in community-based intervention programs to promote health and wellness. Cultural Issues in Community Nursing Practice Nurses who work in community settings must understand cultural issues as they relate to individuals and families as well as communities.

Cultural Issues in Community Nursing Practice Cultural influences on individuals and families 1. Family roles 2. Health beliefs and practices 3. Patterns of daily living 4. Social networks 5. Ethnic, cultural and national identity 6. Nutritional practices 7. Religious preferences and influences 8. Behavioral styles Cultural Issues in Community Nursing Practice Cultural factors within communities The community health nurse must consider social and cultural factors on a community level to respect cultural values, mobilize local resources and develop culturally appropriate health programs and services. Cultural Issues in Community Nursing Practice Maintenance of traditional cultural values and practices An important aspect of transcultural nursing is the collection of cultural data and the assessment of traditional values and practices and how they are maintained over time. Spector (2003) suggests that a persons health care and behavior during illness may well have roots in that persons traditional belief system. Cultural Issues in Community Nursing Practice Access to health and nursing care for diverse cultural groups Access to care is often determined by economic and geographical factors. Community nurses who

focus on the care of aggregates face the challenge of promoting the health of populations with new cases of mortality and underserved populations who are more likely to experience health problems. Assessment of Culturally Diverse Communities All successful cultural assessments have at their foundation extensive data to help them better understand and address the specific health needs and interests of their target populations. A community nursing assessment requires gathering relevant data, interpreting the database and identifying and implementing Assessment of Culturally Diverse Communities Basic principles of cultural assessment 1. All Cultures must be viewed in the context in which they have developed. 2. The underlying premises of the behavior must be examined. 3. The meaning and purpose of the behavior must be interpreted within the context of the specific culture. 4. There is such a phenomenon as intracultural variation. Assessment of Culturally Diverse Communities Components Of Cultural Assessment 1. Family and Kinship systems 2. Social life 3. Political systems 4. Language and traditions 5. Worldwide, value orientations and cultural norms 6. Religion 7. Health beliefs and practices Community Nursing Interventions Cultural Competence In Health Maintenance And Promotion Community nurses who have direct access to clients in the context of their daily lives should be especially aware of the importance of cultural knowledge in promoting and maintaining health because the promotion and maintenance of health occurs in the context of everyday lives rather than in the doctors office or in a hospital. Cultural Competence in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Preventive Programs The major aim of community-based preventive programs is to reduce the risk for the population

at large rather than to prevent illnesses in specific individuals.

Using Cultural Competence at The Primary Level of Prevention The community health nurse should target for change certain high-risk behaviors during pregnancy, such as smoking, using drugs, consuming alcohol, and maintaining poor nutritional habits. Nursing interventions at the secondary level of prevention should focus on the implementation of healthful lifestyle changes that will ultimately decrease the complications of certain disease. The choice of words as well as the emphasis is important. It includes a component that focuses on helping clients manage a chronic disease an aspect of tertiary prevention. Community health nurses are in the advantageous position of assessing clients and families in their own homes and neighborhoods.

HERBS
History Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Herbal medicine at least 5,000 years old CAM interest grown over past two decades Over 31 million visits to CAM practitioners 1998 (Thomas et al, 2001) One in five Britons seeks complementary or alternative therapy. Perceived to be safe Research lagging behind Health care professionals are thought to know The first medical records date from ancient Assyria, China, Egypt and India. William Turner was the first person to study plants scientifically in the sixteenth century. He travelled widely throughout Europe and grew plants in his gardens in south-west London (later the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew). What is CAM? Complementary and alternative medicine. The treatment of disease using methods other than recognised/conventional medicine. Use of homeopathic, herbal, aromatherapy and over the counter vitamin supplements to treat conditions

 Often not adequately clinically trialled Might not have a product licence Homeopathic and Herbal medicine Homeopathy: Homeos (Similar) Pathos (disease) Like cures like remedy mimics symptoms The greater the dilution the greater the therapeutic effect (serial dilution)- hardly any or no trace of active ingredient Manufacture controlled by Medicines Act 1968 Medical claims cannot be made for remedies However, leaflets can be displayed nearby Medical homeopaths (medically qualified and regulated by GMC) Non Medical homeopaths (regulated by different bodies/Fellowship of homeopaths etc Theory Traditionally, the herbalist has recognised four clear stages when offering treatment for any particular condition, individualising the prescription according to holistic methodology to take account of their patients particular needs: 1. Cleansing the body. 2. Mobilising the circulation. 3. Stimulating digestion. 4. Nourishment and repair. Effects on patients Limited evidence with regard to adverse drug reactions Little evidence with regards to drug interactions Herbal medicines Plant derived medicines at pharmacological doses where effects can be measured Symptom based approach to diagnosis Influencing Factors Clinical status of the patient Considerations of cost and value for money Pressure from Pceutical Industry New drug development Patient preference Local formulary or prescribing policies Why do people use herbal medicines? Used in developing countries where cost of drugs is prohibitive, poor accessibility to drugs in rural areas, shortage of physicians Perception that natural = safe More ADRs reported with conventional medicines than herbal preparations Provide a sense of control, a mental comfort from taking action e.g. cancer, AIDS

Cultural & religious beliefs Use differs by ethnic group, income, age & educational level Problems Associated with Use of Herbal Medicines Lack of QC & standardisation Adulteration with other plants, pharmaceutical drugs or heavy metals Inappropriate use / misleading claims Type A & B ADRs Potential for drug interactions Lack of knowledge re: interactions, ADRs Problems Poor manufacturing process Adulteration to include toxic substances and conventional drugs Misidentification of herbs Substitution of herbs Varying strengths of preparations Incomplete labelling Incorrect dosage and instructions The H.E.R.B.A.L. Mnemonic Robert Bonakdar MD H ear the Patient out with respect E ducate the patient R ecord and document B eware A gree to discuss L earn about new and popular supplements FOODS Food Habits and Cultural Patterns Personal food habits develop as part of ones social and cultural heritage, as well as individual lifestyle and environment. Cultural Development of Food Habits Food habits grow from many influences Personal Cultural Religious Social Economic Psychological Food habits are learned through everyday living and family relationships. Food habits are primarily based on food availability, economics, personal food beliefs Cultural background and customs largely determine what is eaten. Foods may take on symbolic meaning. Religious Dietary Laws Jewish Different dietary laws depending on orthodox/conservative/reform beliefs

 Dietary laws are called Rules of Kashruth; foods prepared according to these laws are kosher Meat should come only from animals that chew their cud and have cloven hooves; no pork or birds of prey Meat and milk products are not mixed Shellfish and crustaceans are avoided Muslim Dietary laws dependent on restriction or prohibition of some foods, promotion of other foods Ramadan: 30-day period of daylight fasting Milk products are permitted at all times Fruits, vegetables are permitted unless fermented Breads, cereals are permitted unless contaminated Seafood, land animals are permitted Pork and alcohol are prohibited Spanish Influences Mexican Basic foods include dried beans, chili peppers, corn. Only small amounts of meat and eggs are used. Fruit consumption depends on availability and price. Puerto Rican Food pattern is similar to Mexican Tropical fruits and vegetables are added. Basic foods include viandas (starchy vegetables and fruits), rice, beans Indian and Alaska Natives Many diverse groups Groups all have a spiritual devotion to the land. Food has great religious and social significance. Food differs according to what can be grown locally, harvested or hunted on the land, or fished from local waters. African-Americans Food patterns developed through creative ability to turn basic staples into memorable food Traditional breads include hot breads (biscuits, spoonbread, cornbread) Wide variety of vegetables and leafy greens (turnip, collard, mustard) are used Pork is a common meat

French Americans Cajuns in southern Louisiana are descendents of the French colonists of Arcadia (now Nova Scotia). French culinary background blended with Creole cooking around New Orleans Foods are strongly flavored, spicy Seafood is abundant. Chinese Use a wok for quick stir-frying with little fat Vegetables and rice are staples Meat, eggs, tofu are sources of protein Japanese Rice is basic grain Many varieties of fish and shellfish are used. Vegetables are usually steamed. Diet is high in sodium, low in milk Southeast Asian: Vietnamese, Indonesian, Cambodian, Laotian Rice is a staple. Soups are common. Fish, shellfish, pork, chicken, and duck are common. Red meat is eaten only once or twice a month. Italian Bread and pasta are basic ingredients. Cheese, meats, poultry, fish, sausages, cold cuts, and vegetables are commonly used. Olive oil, garlic, herbs, and wine used in cooking Greek Bread is the center of every meal. Cheese, yogurt, vegetables, rice, lamb, and fish are commonly used. Social Influences Social structure Groups may be formed by economic status, education, residence, occupation, family Group affiliation influences food attitudes and choices. Food and social factors Food symbolizes acceptance and warmth in social relationships. Certain foods trigger childhood memories. Psychological Influences Diet patterns

 Food has many personal meanings. Many psychological factors rooted in childhood Food and psychosocial development Food relates closely to psychosocial development. Toddlers may become picky eaters in order to control parents. Food neophobia (fear of unfamiliar foods) is normal developmental factor Economic Influences Family income o Low-income families suffer extreme needs. o Illness, hunger, and malnutrition are more common in this group. o Food habits more likely to be manipulated by media o Food assistance programs can help lowincome families develop better food habits. Food Misinformation and Fads Fad: any popular fashion or pursuit without substantial basis that is embraced fervently Food fads: scientifically unsubstantiated beliefs about certain foods that may persist in a given time or community Unscientific statements may mislead consumers and contribute to poor food habits. Food Fad Claims Food fad claims may center on Food cures for specific conditions/illnesses Harmful foods to be omitted from the diet Certain food combinations may promote health, weight loss Natural foods can prevent disease Food fad claims tend to focus on foods, not the specific nutrients in food Dangers of Food Fads Danger to health/failure to seek appropriate medical care Money wasted on fad supplements Lack of sound knowledge that counteracts scientifically based health information Distrust of the food market/unwarranted rejection of all modern food production Vulnerable Groups Elderly persons Young persons Obese persons

Athletes and coaches Entertainers

10 Red Flags

Factors Determining Food Choices Physiologic factors Allergy Disability Health-disease status Heredity Needs, energy, or nutrients Therapeutic diets Psychological factors Habit Preference Emotions Cravings Positive or experiences/associations Personal food acceptance

negative

VITAMINS
Nutrients that our body does not make on its own. Thus we must obtain them from the foods we eat, or via vitamin supplements. They are essential for providing good health and are necessary for many life functions. Should I get my vitamins from food or supplements? A diet high in fiber and low in fat is the best way to meet daily nutritional needs.

 If you closely follow the food pyramid then you should meet the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for vitamins and nutrients. Supplements are best when accompanied by a well balanced diet. Supplements should not replace a healthy diet. Food provides calories and energy that are required for daily activities; vitamin supplements do not provide energy or calories. Do I need a multivitamin supplement? It does not hurt to get a little to take a multivitamin daily to ensure proper nutrition. Most college students are not eating a well balanced diet and could use the added nutrition of a multivitamin. When choosing a supplement, select one that meets 100-300% of the RDA. What do Multivitamins contain? A multivitamin should contain fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E; water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid , and Vitamin C. They will also usually have minerals such as zinc, magnesium, copper, and calcium in them. What does RDA mean? Recommended Dietary Allowances These are suggested levels of essential nutrients considered adequate to meet nutritional needs of healthy individuals. What are antioxidants? Defn: Substances that fight off free-radicals in our bodies. Free radicals are compounds within our bodies that may lead to chronic disease and/or are involved in cell tissue damage. Examples of vitamins that contain antioxidants are C, E, and Beta Carotene. What is the difference between fat-soluble and watersoluble vitamins? Fat-soluble are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. These are not readily excreted from the body. Water-soluble vitamins travel in the blood and are stored in limited amounts. These are readily excreted from the body through urine. What factors should I consider before taking a vitamin supplement? Do you eat foods high in vitamins and minerals? Are you dieting? Do you follow the Food Guide Pyramid? Do you smoke and/or drink regularly? Are you pregnant? Are you over 50 years old?

Are you taking prescription drugs? Supplements that aid in suppressing stress Increasing serotonin levels in the brain wards off stress related symptoms like depression, irritability, and frustration. The mineral magnesium can help to regulate serotonin levels. Antioxidant supplements can also break up free radicals that cause harm to your body.

TRANSCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY o It is a branch of psychiatry concerned with the cultural context of mental disorders and the challenges of addressing ethnic diversity in psychiatric services. Importance of Transcultural Psychiatry Boundaries between normality and pathology vary across cultures Thresholds of tolerance for specific symptoms or behaviours differ across cultures.

A given behaviour is abnormal or not and whether it requires clinical attention depends on cultural norms. Cultural meanings, habits, and traditions contribute to either stigma or support. It provides coping strategies and suggests help seeking options. How is mental health and illness seen before? o In the 18th and early 19th centuries, people with mental illness could be cast out from society. If harmless, they were ignored and left to cope as best they could; if considered dangerous, they were confined, sometimes in degrading conditions. Confinement was a way of removing them from society; treatment was rudimentary and mechanical restraint was sometimes necessary. How does culture contribute to mental illness? 1. Pathogenic effects o Cultural beliefs, values, traditions and norms are seen to have direct effect. 2. Pathoselective effects o Through enculturation & socialization some individual members of a given society select culturally influenced reaction patterns, which may be pathological. 3. Pathoplastic effect o Manifestations of symptoms are highly influenced by the culture settings of the society in question. 4. Pathoelaborating effects o Situations where the cultural context exaggerates behaviours which otherwise are normal 5. Pathofacilitative effects o Culture influences the frequency at which a particular problem occurs. 6. Pathoreactive effects o How society and individuals react to psychopathology, and thereby affect the expression, course and outcome of psychopathology. How do other cultures perceived mental health and illness? BLACKS o Blacks perceived persons hospitalized for mental illness as different and inferior to normal people and believed these patients should be restricted to protect society o Mental illness was associated with shame and embarrassment, and both the affected individual and the family hid the illness o Mental illness is frequently stigmatized and misunderstood

They tend to rely on family, religious and social communities for emotional support, rather than turning to health care professionals o They underestimate the impact of mental disorders- depression are just the blues NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS o View mental illness as a form of supernatural possession and imbalance and disharmony with the inner and outer natural forces of the world o The cure was to call in the shaman, or medicine man, who would invoke different magical spells to drive out the evil spirits causing the mental illness o High rates of Alcoholism, Suicide among youth, Domestic Violence and Homicide o Ideas about health and illness place emphasis on dysfunction of the body than is typical of biomedicine and more on relationship within society o Relates spirituality to mental illness o Traditional self-care prevention measures may include religious or traditional magical elements HISPANIC AMERICANS o Mental Illness evokes shame and signifies a weakness in character o Prefers to treat mental illness as family problem rather than a psychiatric illness o Create culturally defined labels associated with mental illness that often diminish help-seeking behavior ASIAN AMERICANS o View mental illness as shameful, evil spirit, soul loss, wrong doing, and punishment o In the traditional belief system, mental illnesses are caused by a lack of harmony of emotions or , sometimes, by evil spirits MIDDLE EASTERN o Mental illness is a major social stigma; somatic complaints most likely o Mental illness may also be perceived as a test or punishment from Allah

Also called psychalgia or somatoform pain, is pain caused, increased, or prolonged by mental, emotional, or behavioral factors. Breakthrough Pain Pain that comes on suddenly for short periods of time and is not alleviated by the patients' normal pain management. Categories of Culturally-based Responses to Pain: Stoicism People from cultures that value stoicism tend to avoid vocalizing with moans or screams when they are in pain. They may strive to keep their faces "masked," trying not to show their pain even by grimacing. Northern European and Asian backgrounds Expressivity Indeed, some cultural groups believe that one of the best ways to cope with and relieve pain is to groan or scream. Members of these groups may prefer not to be alone when they're in pain. Hispanic, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean backgrounds RELIGIOUS and SPIRITUAL ASPECTS OF PAIN In one case, a Nigerian refugee to the U. S. suffered a severe knee injury and underwent arthro-miscroscopic surgery. His American nurse waited for him to request pain medication, but he never did. Being Muslim, he offered his pain to Allah in thanks for the good fortune of being allowed the special surgery. In a similar case, a Filipino patient hospitalized for shoulder surgery admitted to his nurse that he was in severe pain. However, he wasnt taking his pain medication because he believed it was Gods will that he had such pain, and God would give him the strength to bear it. A similar stoicism in the face of pain may be common among Buddhists who believe acceptance of suffering leads to spiritual growth. Among some Native Americans, the blessing of medications by a tribal medicine man puts a patient more at peace with the creator which in turn makes the medicine stronger. Cultural Perceptions On PAIN TREATMENTS Are shots more effective than pills? Does a bigger pill work better than a smaller one? Is bitter medicine stronger and more effective than medicine that tastes good? Answers to questions like these are indeed often dependent upon cultural background.

How do we provide culturally competent care for clients with mental illness? CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION o Ability to understand and state an issue or problem as it is perceived from the clients perspective o Reducing resistance and defensiveness o Recognizing that everyone makes interactive mistakes from time to time SELF REFLECTION AND AWARENESS o Learning about your own cultural orientation and about yourself

PAIN in Transcultural Nursing

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. A major symptom in many medical conditions, and can significantly interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. TYPES of Pain Nociceptive Pain It is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond only to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. Neuropathic Pain It is caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the nervous system involved in bodily feelings. Phantom Pain Pain felt in a part of the body that has been lost or from which the brain no longer receives signals. It is a type of neuropathic pain. Psychogenic Pain

Decisions About Managing Pain Pain from the same source may be perceived by one person as an expected part of life By another as a harbinger of a serious health problem And by still others as deserved punishment, a character- or karma-building opportunity Others assume that their health and well-being are largely in their own hands. In contrast, other groups tend to be fatalistic and believe they can exert little influence over the future, including matters of health, illness, and pain. Some cultures teach that it's rude to tell health care practitioners about pain. In the Western biomedical culture, medications are the first line of defense. Whereas Eastern cultures tend to prefer medicinal herbs, touch, and energy therapies such as acupuncture and yoga. PROBLEMS Complicating Pain Management Language and interpretation problems Nonverbal communication problems Culturally or linguistically inappropriate pain assessment tools Underreporting Reluctance to use pain medications Access to pain medications Providers' fears of drug abuse Prejudice and discrimination Culturally Comfortable Pain Management Cultural values and practices that are beneficial to the patient's health and well-being Cultural practices that are neither helpful nor harmful to the patient's health and well-being Cultural practices that are harmful to the patient's health and well-being Because culture is such an important part of a person's identity Respecting cultural norms feeling of being valued improved communication improved pain outcomes. One very effective way to educate the patient is through the classic LEARN model. Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate CONCLUSION RESPECT clients as individuals by recognizing that clients can hold different beliefs about pain.

RESPECT clients responses by recognizing that clients have the right to respond to pain in the way they learned is appropriate. RESPECT clients by recognizing that expressions of pain vary widely and no expression is good or bad. Never stereotype a person on the basis of culture. Expressions of pain vary BETWEEN cultures and WITHIN cultures.

QIGONG
Qigong means "working with the qi." It is a powerful system of healing and energy medicine from China. It is the ancient Chinese art and science of using: Breathing techniques, Gentle movement, and Meditation Tributaries of QIGONG Qigong is like a great river fed by four major tributaries: Shamanism, Spirituality, Medicine, and Martial arts Shamanism and Spirituality Qigong-like exercises and meditations are used by shammans to commune with nature and natural forces and to increase their powers of healing and divination. The Buddhist emphasis on tranquillity, awareness, and diligent practice. Qigong was the ideal way for Taoists to realize their goal of : wuji, xing ming shuang xiu, Medicine and Martial Arts Chinese medicine includes acupuncture, herbalism, massage, diet, and qigong. The major early text on qigong is the Dao-yin Tu "Dao-yin Illustrations" (168 B.C.). Hua Tuo (second century A.D.) was one of the great early qigong masters Five Animal Frolics Crane, Bear, Monkey, Deer, and Tiger Martial artists looked for ways to increase speed, stamina, and power, improve balance, flexibility, and coordination, and condition the body against injury. BENEFITS

 People do Qigong to maintain health, heal their bodies, calm their minds and reconnect with the spirit. adding life to your years Clear & tranquil mind, happy attitude Deeper, restorative sleep, increased vitality & sexuality Comfortable warmth Clear skin, efficient metabolism Bright eyes Intuition, Creativity, Spiritual Effects Therapeutic balancing of the meridians and functions of the body. Changes in Blood Chemistry in Hypertensive Patients Improvements in heart functioning, microcirculation and cardiovascular function Reversing symptoms of senility (anti-aging) Increased blood flow to the brain It can be used by the seriously ill. It prevents injury to joints, ligaments and bones. It speeds up recovery time from injuries & operations. It builds athletic and martial arts power. Implications to Transcultural Care o It assists clinicians and health care providers by providing a framework or baseline for learning. o Becoming fully familiar with the normative cultural values affecting interactions with patients practicing forms of alternative or complementary medicine from different cultures is a process that takes time and experience. o It enables one to reflect on patients choice or option to health care services comparing and contrasting cultural views that can be integrated with the patients practices, ensuring that it is safe and effective.

Rei Ki gas, vital energy, breath of life, consciousness Made Reiki while performing Isyu Guo Isyu Guo Buddhist training course held on Mount Kurama Involved meditation, fasting, chanting and prayer. Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai Usui's Spiritual Energy Therapy Method Society First clinic Spirit, miraculous, divine

REIKI THERAPY form of alternative medicine/oriental medicine developed by Mikao Usui, a Japanese Buddhist in 1922 a spiritual practice making use of the technique of palm healing or hands-on-healing There are two main branches: Traditional Japanese Reiki Western Reiki Reiki From the Japanese word Reiki meaning mysterious atmosphere From the Chinese word Linngi which means supernatural influence

Teachings Inexhaustible Used to induce a healing effect. Anyone can gain access to this energy by means of an attunement process carried out by a Reiki Master holistic therapy (healing on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels.) energy will flow through the practitioner's hands whenever the hands are placed on, or held near a potential recipient stress the importance of the practitioner's intention or presence in this process others claim that the energy is drawn by the recipient's injury to activate or enhance the natural healing processes. the belief is that the energy is "intelligent, meaning that the Reiki knows where to heal, even if a practitioner's hands are not present in the specific area

Training Western Reiki commonly divided into three levels/degrees Traditional Japanese Reiki taught intensively under Usui's guidance weekly meditation meetings to supply Byosen-h (an energetic diagnosis) First degree Shoden ("Elementary/Entry Teachings) basic theories and procedures A number of "attunements" are given to the student learn hand placement positions can then treat themselves and others with Reiki. Course duration is dependent on the Reiki Master Teacher ( four sessions spread over a number of days or two sessions over two days) Second degree Okuden (Inner Teachings") use of symbols to enhance the strength and distance over which Reiki can be exerted use of symbols to form a temporary connection between the practitioner and the recipient Another attunement is given to further increase the capacity for Reiki to flow through the student, and empower the use of the symbols. can perform distant healing work without being physically present with the recipient Third degree Shinpiden ("Mystery Teachings") "master training student becomes a Reiki Master one or more attunements can be carried out and the student learns a further symbol. can attune other people to Reiki and teach the three degrees. Two types of Master: Master Teacher - Master of Reiki and also has the ability to teach (i.e., attune others) Master Practitioner - Master of Reiki but does not teach

Western Reiki works in conjunction with the meridian energy lines and chakras through the use of the handpositions which correspond to the seven major chakras on the body. Usui used only five formal hand-positions focused on the head and neck then to specific areas where imbalances were present. CHAKRA Chakra is a Sanskrit word which means wheel. A chakra is a wheel-like spinning vortex that whirls in a circular motion forming a vacuum in the center that draws in anything it encounters on its particular vibratory level.

The use of the chakras is widespread within Western Reiki, though not as much within Traditional Japanese Reiki, as it concentrates more on treating specific areas of the body after using techniques such as Byosen-h and Reiji-h, which are used to find areas of disease (discomfort) in the auras and physical body.

Healing Usui Reiki Ryh does not use any medication or instruments uses looking, blowing, light tapping, and touching Used the technique palm healing ("tenohira), Believed to transfer universal energy (reiki) in the form of ki through the palms that allows for self-healing and a state of equilibrium

Treatment Approaches Recipient lies down and relax using loose, comfortable clothing. The practitioner might take a few moments to enter a calm or meditative state of mind and mentally prepare for the treatment, that is usually carried out without any unnecessary talking. Practitioner placing the hands on the recipient in various positions or use a non-touching technique and kept in a position for 3-5 mins before moving to the next. General coverage of the head, the front and back of the torso, the knees, and feet 12 - 20 positions are used 45 to 90 minutes Many Western practitioners use a common fixed set of 12 hand positions The intuitive approach might also lead to individual positions being treated for much shorter or longer periods. The use of the 12 hand positions are believed to energise on many levels, by: physical level through the warmth of the hands, mental level through the use of the Reiki symbols, emotional level through the love that flows with the use of the symbols, energetic level though the presence of an initiated practitioner as well as the presence of the Reiki power itself What do patients feel? feels warmth or tingling in the area being treated, even when a non-touching approach is being used A state of deep relaxation General feeling of well-being - most noticeable immediate effect emotional releases can also occur How long is the treatment? instantaneous "cures" of specific health problems are not normally observed Chronic condition three or more treatments with 1-7 day intervals Maintaining Well-being regular treatments on an on-going basis Intervals of one to four weeks, except in the case of self-treatment where daily practice is common involves the practitioner's hands being held on or near a specific part of the body for a varying length of time Usually used for recent injuries

20 minutes is typical 'hands-on work,' compared to distant or "absent healing. Breathing central to many styles of Japanese Reiki often a neglected topic in Western Reiki. Joshin Koky-h "the breathing method for cleansing the spirit, / "Goddess Breath Method performed by sitting straight, with the back aligned, breathing in slowly through the nose. As the practitioner inhales, s/he also breathes the Reiki energy in through the crown Chakra in order to purify the body and make it fit for the flow of Reiki, and is drawn down into the tanden. Three pillars Along with the five Reiki principles, Usui based his Reiki system on three other practises: Gassh Reiji-h Chiry Gassh two hands coming together Meditative state both palms of the hands are placed together practised each time at the beginning of Usui's Reiki workshops and meetings One technique of Gassh is to concentrate on the pads where the two middle fingers meet Reiji-h "indication of the Reiki power method means of connecting with the Reiki power by asking it to flow through the practitioner three times, and is commonly split into three parts First part Ask the Reiki power to flow through the practitioner entering either through the ff: crown chakra (as this is the highest ascension) heart chakra (as indicated by the pure love of Reiki) hands (as the palms are attuned with specific Reiki symbols) Second part To pray for the recovery of the person if a specific ailment is being healed, or for the general health of the person if otherwise Third part To place both hands, palms facing each other, to the third eye (the area in between the two eyebrows), and ask the Reiki power to guide the hands to where energy is needed.

Reiji-h relies specifically on intuition of where to heal Byosen-h scans for areas with the hands, feeling for subtle changes in the aura of the practitioner's hands and the aura of the recipient

Chiry medical treatment dominant hand on the crown chakra and wait for hibiki ("feedback") in the form of an impulse or inspiration, which the hand then follows. gives free rein to the hand, touching painful areas of the body until the area no longer hurts or until the hands move on their own to another area ROMAN CATHOLIC The Roman Catholic Church, the most populous Christian church, is headed by the Pope of Rome It maintains the basic Christian tenets of faith, including the Holy Trinity and the effect of Adam and Eves fall from their original sinless state at creation. The Catholic Church believes it has the authority and responsibility to be a conduit for Gods grace of salvation, healing and wholeness through prayer and the Sacraments, such as Baptism, Conrmation, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick and the Eucharist. Health and illness When people need healing, they are encouraged to request the prayers of other Christians and the saints (especially the Virgin Mary) who they believe are in Heaven and have been given grace to request Gods help for the gift of healing. Physical healing is seen as only part of the healing we all seek for body, soul and mind. True healing includes spiritual healing and brings us closer to God and more in union with Christ, the Son of God who, together with the Father, is the author of life and immortality.

INFLUENCES OF RELIGION TO THE HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

BUDDHIST FAITH COMMUNITY Central to its doctrines are the teachings of the Four Aspects of Reality, which are also known as the Four Noble Truths. Buddhism is one of the four largest religions in the world. It focuses on spiritual practices based on its scriptures written in various languages of the world. Health and illness
Buddhists strive to develop the mind to its fullest potential, which means one puts compassion and wisdom into practice. They strive to understand and work with suffering and illness so it can bring about the most good for their spiritual growth. The importance of mindful awareness of all of life's experience may affect patients' or family members' decisions about pain medications, out of worry that analgesics may unduly cloud awareness.

Some Buddhists believe a spiritually focused person can respond to sickness more peacefully. When illness occurs, some believe spiritual balance can help them through the illness.

Buddhists believe men and women are equal but because mothers are responsible for bringing children into the world, they should be respected with a deep feeling of gratitude.

Birth

For Buddhists, to be born into human life is considered an important and auspicious event that is rare and difficult.

Death For some Buddhist followers, the time of death is considered to be the transition point to the next life.

Hinduism Hinduism is among the oldest religions of the world. Hindus believe in one Universal Supreme Being, called Parmtmn in Sanskrit language Hindus believe there are different paths to realize the same Universal Supreme Being. The three Prime manifestations of Parmtmn are Deities known as Brahm, Vishnu and Shiva These three Deities together represent the Hindu Trinity. The ultimate goal of a Hindu is to rene the spiritual level in every lifetime and ultimately achieve the state of Moksha Medical Treatment In Hinduism, mercy killing, assisted suicide and suicide are against traditional religious values. The preferred method of handling terminal illness is to allow nature to take its course. When it comes to articially prolonging life, there is no prohibition and it is left to the individual to make the decision. Because of their belief in the law of karma, Hindus do not believe in abortion, even in the case of rape or disability.(Depending on the person, this may not be true in Western culture.) Every life is sacred and has to fulll its destiny

ISLAM The basis for doctrine is found in two main sources: the Quran, and Sunnah Muslims believe in Jesuss virgin birth, the holiness of his mother Mary, and his miracles. They believe he was a prophet like all other prophets, not the Son of God. Health and illness Muslims believe their bodies are given to them as a trust by God to use appropriately for the attainment of salvation. Islam afrms human sexuality as a gift from God when enjoyed legitimately. Illness is often regarded in Islam as a trial sent by God with the outcome being dependent on individual attitude. Muslim family members often tend to buffer a sick family member from knowing the whole truth about the situation. Some Muslim cultures are expressive about pain, especially in the presence of family or people whom they trust. Psychiatric problems can be a challenge as family members often do not wish to accept such diagnoses. While in the hospital, many Muslims may still wish to perform their 5 daily prayers. Birth After worshipping God, taking care of ones parents is the second most important duty of a Muslim. Death In Islam, death is considered an unavoidable event that can occur at any time.

JEHOVAS WITNESS They believe Jehovah is the personal name of Almighty God, as found in the Holy Bible, and Jesus Christ is Gods Son. Witnesses believe Gods kingdom mentioned in the Lords Prayer is a heavenly government that will rule the earth and restore paradise conditions. Health and illness Jehovahs Witnesses seek quality medical care and accept the vast majority of medical treatments. For Bible-based religious reasons, they do not accept allogeneic blood transfusion They also refuse to pre-donate and store their own blood for later infusion. Death and Grief There may be a funeral or a memorial service but there are no last rites or mourning rituals. They believe death is a state of total unconsciousness. They also believe in a resurrection of the dead at a future. Decisions about autopsy are a private family decision. Cremation and burial are equally satisfactory.

JEWISH FAITH Jews believe in the existence of one indivisible Gd by whose will the universe and all that is in it was created G-d has a covenant relation with humans. The Jews accepted this covenant and try to be an example to all. Those commandments are found in the written Torah, the ve books of Moses. Birth Male babies are circumcised at eight days unless a medical condition warrants delay. A baby girl gets a baby-naming ceremony in synagogue. . A baby girl gets a baby-naming ceremony in synagogue. Death Burial takes place 24-48 hours after death; amputated limbs must be buried with the body