Z Transform

CHAPTER THREE
z-Transform
Since ztransform is an infinite power series, it exists only
for those values of z for which this series converges. The
region of convergence of X(z) is the set of all values of z
for which X(z) attains a finite value.
Definition: The Z transform of a discrete-time signal x(n)
is defined as the power series:
where z is a complex variable. The above given relations
are sometimes called the direct z-transform because
they transform the time-domain signal x(n) into its
complex-plane representation X(z).
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Prepared by: Ismael Kareem Saeed / Eng
College/Salahaddin Un
For a given sequence x[n], its z-transform X(z) is

=

=
n
n
z n x z X ] [ ) (
If the complex variable z is expressed in polar
form, z = re
j
,

Compared to DTFT,
=

=
n
n j n j
e r n x re X
e e
] [ ) (
=

=
n
n j j
e n x e X
e e
] [ ) (
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Example : Determine z-transform of the sequence

Answer:
=

=
n
n
z n x z X ] [ ) (
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Example: Find the z-Transform X(z) of the sequence x[n] =
n
[n]
and the ROC
Solution:
Apply z-Transform

since [n] = 1 for n 0,

Zeroes at z = 0, and poles at z = , ROC is |z| > ||
n
n
n
z n z X n x

= = Z ] [ ) ( ]} [ { o
a z
z
z
z z z
z z X
n
n
n
=
+ + + + =
=
1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
0
1
1
1
) (
o
o o o
o
H.W : Determine the z-transform and the ROC of the signal

] [ )] 3 ( 4 ) 2 ( 3 [ ] [ n n x
n n
=
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Properties of z-Transform
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Commonly used z-Transform pairs
Sequence z-Transform ROC
[n] 1 All values of z
[n] |z| > 1
n
[n] |z| > ||
n
n
[n] |z| > ||
e
-nT
[n] |z| > |e
-T
|
(r
n
cos
o
n) [n] |z| > |r|
(r
n
sin
o
n) [n] |z| > |r|
o z
z
2
) ( o
o
z
z
T
e z
z
2 2 1
0
1
0
) cos 2 ( 1
) cos ( 1

+

z r z r
z r
e
e
2 2 1
0
1
0
) cos 2 ( 1
) sin ( 1

+

z r z r
z r
e
e
1 z
z
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Example: Find the z-Transform X(z) of the sequence
x[n] = (e
-n
+ n) u[n]

Solution:

X(z) = +
1
e z
z
2
) 1 ( z
z
H.W: Find the z-Transform X(z) of the sequence
x[n] = n
2
a
n
u[n]
The procedure for transforming from z domain to the
time-domain is called the inverse ztransform. It can be
shown that the inverse ztransform is given by
1
1
( ) ( )
2
n
C
x n X z z dz
j t

=
}
| |
1
( ) ( ) x n Z X z
=
where C denotes the closed contour in the region of
convergence of X(z) that encircles the origin.
Inverse ztransform
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Ex. Find the inverse z-transform of
4 3
2 3 ) (

+ = z z z z X
4 ) 1 ( ) 3 (
2 3 ) (

+ = z z z z X
3 2 1
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 (
] 3 [ ] 2 [ ] 1 [ ] 0 [
] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3 [ ] [ ) (

=
+ + + +
+ + = =

z x z x z x x
z x z x z x z n x z X
n
n

Equating coefficients,
} , 0 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 0 , { ] [
|
= n x
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Inspection of z-Transform table
Example
Determine the inverse transform h[n] of
5 . 0 | |
25 . 0
5 . 0
) (
2
>
+
= z
z z
z
z H
Answer:
{h(n)} ={ n*0.5
n
(n)}
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Example: Find the sequence whose z-transform is
1
1

Solution:
From Table =
1

1 =
1

1

So from the time shift property, we have

The required sequence is therefore u(n-1).
1
1
=
1
1
=
1

1

H.W :Determine the causal sequence h[n] of
) 6 . 0 )( 2 . 0 (
) 2 (
) (
+
+
=
z z
z z
z H
H.W : Determine the inverse transform x[n] of
2 1 1
) 1 )( 1 (
1
) (

+
=
z z
z X
H.W :
8 6z z
14 14z 3z
Y(z)
2
2
+
+
=
Determine the inverse transform y[n] of
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LTI System
| |
( ) ( ) Y z Z y n =
input signal
( ) x n
| |
( ) ( ) X z Z x n =
Transfer function: the ratio of the Z - transform of the
output signal and the Z - transform of the input signal of
the LTI system:
( ) [ ( )]
( )
( ) [ ( )]
Y z Z y n
H z
X z Z x n
= =
output signal
( ) y n
( ) H z
| |
( ) ( ) H z Z h n =
( ) h n
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Transfer Function and Stability of LTI Systems
Condition: The transfer function H(z) has all of its poles
inside the unit circle.
Example : stable system
1 2
1 2
1 0.9 0.18
( )
1 0.8 0.64
z z
H z
z z

+
=
+
1 1 1
2 2 2
0.3 0.4000 0.6928 0.8 1
0.6 0.4000 0.6928 0.8 1
z p j p
z p j p
= = + = <
= = = <
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Example : unstable system
2
1 2
1 0.16
( )
1 1.1 1.21
z
H z
z z
=
+
1 1 1
2 2 2
0.4 0.5500 0.9526 1.1 1
0.4 0.5500 0.9526 1.1 1
z p j p
z p j p
= = + = >
= = = >
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Example: Show that all roots of the polynomial equation
lie within the unit circle |z| < 1
Solution: By Jury stability criterion
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0.9931 > 0.2222
All conditions are satisfied, so the system is stable,
i.e. no root outside the circle |z|<1
, ,
,
,
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Example: Check the stability of the z-transfer function
=
2
3
+0.5 +1

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Difference equations are the discrete equivalent of differential
equations. The terminology is similar and the methods of solution have
much in common with each other.
Difference equations arise whenever an independent variable can have
only discrete values.

One of the z-transform application is the solution of linear constant
coefficient difference equations.
Find the z-transfer function of the difference equation
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Solution
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H.W
Find the transfer function and the unit
impulse response of the following
sequences

] 1 [ ] [ ] 1 [ ] [ . 2
] [ 2 ] 1 [ ] [ . 1
2
1
+ =
+ =
n x n x n y n y
n x n y n y
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Example: Solve the difference equation
Solution
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Prepared by: Ismael Kareem Saeed /
Eng College/Salahaddin Un
1/14/2014 33
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Z Transform

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CHAPTER THREE

H.W : Determine the z-transform and the ROC of the signal

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