Kyoe Kyar Taung Pan Khat Than - Linkar Yee Kyaw

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]tefwDu ppfudkif;rSmyJvm;}
][kwf}
]armifav;ua&m}
]armifav;u tckHk;csKyfrSm tdrfaxmifusaeNyD? tJ'D rwdkifcifu ol udkvwf zwfpfykdpwif
uscJhwJhae&mrSm wHwm; aqmufvkyfa&; wm0ef usao;w,f? udkvwf taMumif;awGawmif ajymjy
aeao;w,f}
][kwfvdkYvm;? wdkY ajymif;NyD;rS a&mufwm aerSmyg? wdkYeJY awGUrSrawGUwm}
]ajymif;NyD;rS a&mufwmyg? 'gayrJh a'ocHawGu udkvwftaMumif; ajymvdkYrS rqHk;Muao;wm? t&rf;udk
av;pm;MuwmwJh? armifav;u ajymw,f}
&SufjyHK;om jyHK;rdonf/
]vlawGu enf;enf;awmh csJUNyD; ajymwwfMuygw,f}
]vdIifuawmh csJUw,frxifygbl;? Mum;&wmawGu jzpfEdkifwmawGyJ[m? udkvwfu tJ'Dvdk wu,f
vkyfr,fh vlrsKd;qdkwm odaewmyJ}
]vdIifu bmawG Mum;vdkYvJ}
]trsm;BuD;yJ? tajymtrsm;qHk; udpuawmh ]a&Smhcf}&aewJh ]tufwdk;ypf}udk cGJwJhudp? a,mufsm;
ausmif;q&mav;u cGJay;zdkY vufrSwfxdk;NyD; armifawG? tazawGu twif; jyefac:wmav?
aq;Hkav;a&SUrSm vltkyfBuD; 0dkif;aea&mqdk}
jyHK;Hkom jyHK;jyvdkufonf/ wu,fhtajctaerSm vdIifajymonfxuf trsm;BuD; ydk qdk;ygonf/
ajymjyvnf; pdwfylHkom&Sdrnf/ rxl;awmh/
]olwdkYu aq;HkrSm cGJ&if aoa&mvdkY em;rvnfwJh vlawG ajrmufajymwm ,Hkwmudk;? wdkYu
pOf;pm;awmhvnf; vlem&Siftppfu a,mufsm;yJav? tajctae raumif;wm? udk,fhbufu tcGifhta&;
enf;wmvnf; &Sif;jyNyD;NyD? olu q&mhudk tm;vHk;tyfygw,f? bmjzpfjzpf vlemh uHyJvdkY oabmxm;yghr,f
ajymwmav}
rsufESmuav;u ndKaeqJ/
]Mum;wmeJY wtm;udk pdwfyloGm;wm? armifawGu vlrdkufawGqdk? em;vnf; vnfwm r[kwfbl;?
wpfckckjzpf&if &efvkyfMur,fh vlpm;rsKd;awGqdk}
&,fusJusJ vkyfjyygonf/
12
vuFm&nfausmf
]apwem tusKd;ay;wmayghuGm? aumif;oGm;w,fav? aumif;oGm;awmhvnf; awmif;yefMu? olwdkYyJ

owif;vdkufjzefYwmeJY aq;HkvmvdkufwJh vlemawG reufpmawmif tjrJvGwfw,f}
oufjyif;csjyefonf/
]'gvnf; Mum;ygw,f? bmvD&nf wpfykvif;eJY naetxd tjrJ vlemMunfhwmawG? aq;Hkudk t&rf;
0dkif;vSL'gef;MuwmawG? tvSL&SifawGtm;eJY wdk;csJUaqmif aqmuf&wmawG? tdyfysufvGef;vdkY cPcP
&ifusyfusyfaew,f qdkwmawG? udk,fhudk,fudk,f toufeJY vlvkyfaew,f qdkwma&m rSwfrd&JUvm;}
&,frdjyefonf/
]wpfcgwavvnf; tlaMumifaMumif Edkifrvm;awmh rodbl;? awG;rdjyefa&m}
]b,fvdkvJ}
][dkausmif;q&muawmfav;udk ayghaemf? olYudk cGJwkef;u udk,fvnf; pGefYpm; oifhoavmufawmh
pGefYpm;&wmyJ? 'gayrJh oGm;pOf;pm;rdwmav? wdkYu wpfa,mufwnf; *spfypDvdk taESmiftzGUJ r&Sd aeaewJh
vlpm;rsKd;? olY b0uav;u awmfawmf t"dym,f&Sdwm? odyfcspfwJh a,mufsm;eJY odyfcspfwJh armifawGeJY
rdbeJY? 'Dvdk toufrsKd; wpfacsmif; &SifoGm;zdkYu &mcdkifEIef; b,favmufuav;yJ &Sd&Sd wdkYvdk vlu
usm;ukwfusm;cJ pGefYpm;&wm rwefbl;vm;}
vdIifhrsufESmu ododomom ysufoGm;onf/ rsufawmifwdkY wzswfzswf cwfonfudkvnf; jrif&onf/
rsuf&nfpwdkYudk OD;armh xdef;vdkufNyD; wzufodkY vSnfhvdkufonfudk owdxm;rdonf/
]'Dvdkawmhvnf; rajymygeJYuGm} [k wkef,ifpGm qdkavonf/
kwfw&uf pum;vHk;rsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;cJh\/
13
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
tarSmif BuD;pdk;cgpwGifyif &xm;u NrdKUxJodkY pwif 0ifa&mufvmonf/ rD;a&mifwef;rsm;u vSy jzLazG;aom

rsufESmay:odkY w&dyf&dyf jzwfajy;aeMuonf/
]owif;awGuvnf; pdwfylp&mcsnf;yJ? vkyfom;aq;HkrSm wifxm;w,f Mum;wkef;u Mum;Mum;csif;
cGifh,lNyD; &efukef vdkufvmao;w,f}
][kwfvm;}
ckrS od&ojzifh tHhMordonf/ ]udkvwf&,f rcspfbl;qdkwmudk bmvdkYvJvdkY ar;awmh igub,fvdkvkyf
ajz&rSmvJ? cspfwJhpdwf jzpfrvmwmyJaygh? oli,fcsif; oHa,mZOfu oHa,mZOfoufouf/ &ifrckefwm?
rckefrdwmudk tm;emygw,f qdkwmu vGJvdkY igvnf; r&Sif;jywwfawmhbl;} qdkaom pum;udk wnfNidrf
at;aq;pGm ajymEdkifcJhavol? rkom;ygaom pum;udk wpfcgrS rqdkbl;ol&,fvdkY av;pm; jrwfEdk;pGm
olYpum;vHk;wdkif;udk wefzdk;xm; cH,lcYJaom rdrd/ onfvdk qufqHa&;ESifh pcJhonfh Zmwfvrf;wGif
aq;HkwufcJhonfh tcsdefrSmu tvSrf;a0;cJhonfrSm MumNyDrdkY Mum;odvdrfhrnf rxifcJh/ odvQifvnf;
cGifh,lNyD; vdkufvmavmufatmif ta&;w,l &Sdvdrfhrnf[k rxifcJh/ vdIifhxHrS onfrQ arQmfvifhrxm;rd/
onfrQ *kwpdkuf &SdcJhaMumif; od&awmhvnf; &ifxJwGif aEG;ceJ jzpfoGm;rdonf/ &ifckefzdkY&mudkawmh
&ifckef&rnfh touf tydkif;tjcm;udk ausmfcJhNyD;NyDvm;[k r0Hhr&J awG;rdaeonf/
]e,fuae Mum;wkef;u OD;aESmufxJ iSufzsm;ydk; a&mufw,fvdkY Mum;wm? owif;&awmhvnf;
aq;HkwufNyD; wpfvavmufrS wpfqifhMum;eJY od&awmh toufudkyg pdwfylrdcJhwmav}
vdIifu quf&Sif;jyaeonf/
]l;oGm;r,fvdkYa&m rxifrdbl;vm;}
&,fusJusJESifh vSrf;aemufvdkufawmhrS jrifaeus tjyHK;uav;udk jyefjrif&onf/
]rxifygbl;? tpuwnf;u odyfrS rrSefwm}
ESpfOD;om; NydKifwl&,frdMuonf/
]aq;Hk a&mufawmh qif;oGm;NyDwJh? aumif;oGm;vdkY ucsifjynfe,fawmif jyefoGm;NyDwJh}
]NyD;awmh aq;Hka&mufawmhrS od&wm? wufcgpu apmifhr,fhvlawmif r&Sdbl;qdk}
]tJ'Dwkef;u azaza&m? arara&m? nDav;yg EdkifiHjcm;rSm taMumif;vnf; rMum;jzpfbl;}
]vdIif armfvNrdKifrSmrSef; tJ'Dwkef;u odwmyJ? bmvdkY vSrf; rrSmvdkufvJ}
]yxrawmhvnf; owdvpf aewmayghav? owd&awmhvnf; aumif;aeNyDyJ qdkNyD; aemuf'DvdkyJ
wpfa,mufwnf; aeraumif;jzpfwmvnf; dk;aeNyD qdkawmhav}
14
vuFm&nfausmf
oufjyif;csoH wdk;wdk;udk roJruGJ Mum;&onf/

]'Davmufuav;awmh ywfoufcGifh jyKoifhygw,fuGm}
wkef,ifaom avoHuav; aemufwGif pum;vHk;wdkY 'kwd,tBudrf aysmufqHk;oGm;jyefonf/
Commercial use of this book will be

at your OWN RISK.
15
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
tif;pdef blwmwGif rdrdqif;awmh arSmifaeNyD/ Munfhjrifwdkif blwmtxd qufpD;&rnfh vdIifu &xm;ay:wGif

usefcJhonf/
]rjyefcifawmh ajymOD;aemf}
rdrdtaMumif; odolyDyD txyfxyf rSm&Smonf/ jyHK;om acgif;ndwf jyvdkufonf/
]aq;HkBuD;rSm qHkr,fav}
&xm;u tarSmifxkxJ wdk;0if aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
ao;i,faom jzLvGvG rsufESmuav;u rsuf0ef;xJwGif pGJusefae&pfcJhonf/
tajz&Smr&aom ya[Vdrsm;pGmu &ifwGif; aemufusd usefaecJhonf/ cufonfu tajz&Sm&ef
tcsdefvnf; vHkavmufpGm r&Sd/
aeraumif;aom tazqD ta&muf ajy;&rnf/ taz aeaumif;onfESifh q&m0efr&SdbJ usefcJhonfh
aq;Hkuav;qD? vlemrsm;qD tajy;jyef&rnf/
t"dym,f&SdpGm aeYpOf usifvnfcJhaom c&D;udk jrefjref jyefavQmuf&rnfvm;/ t"dym,f &Smr&aom
ar;cGef;aygif; rsm;pGmESifh jzwfoef; cJh&aomfvnf; aEG;axG;pGm qHkcJh&onfhaeY c&D;pOfuav; taMumif;udkyJ
wpdrfhpdrfh jyefawG; ae&OD;rnfvm;/ rqHk;jzwfwwf/
rsufpd a&SUwGifawmh rD;&xm; oHvrf;rsm;onf rqHk;Edkifatmif &Snfvsm;vSpGmjzifh tarSmifxkxJodkY
wdk;0if aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ odkYwdkifatmifyif qHkawGU aygif;pyfoGm;aom oHvrf;wpfckrS rawGU&/
blwmHkwGif; vufzuf&nfqdkifrS ysHUvGifhvmaom uufquf oDcsif;oHwGifawmh cifarmifwdk;u
]BudK;MumiSufwdkY\ rdkifaxmifcsDaomc&D;taMumif;} zGJUEGJUnnf;wGm;aeqJ/
16
vuFm&nfausmf
twESvHk;om; jrpfzsm;cH&m
(1)
]'g uRefawmhf om;av vufaxmuf q&m0efyJ? oli,fcsif;wdkY XmeatmufyJaygh}

]aMomf}
yk*dKvfBuD;u rdrdbufodkY vSnfh jyHK;onfqdkHk jyHK;jyonf/ &mxl;ESifh toufudk av;pm;rIjzifh cyfdkUdkU
jyefjyHK;jy&onf/
wu,fawmh vlemar;&eftwGuf onfoD;oefY vlemcef;xJodkY ola&mufvmuwnf;u rdrdu
ararhaemufem;wGif cyfdkUdkU xdkifaecJhjcif; jzpfonf/ bm&,fawmh r[kwf/ rdrd\ txuftzGJYtpnf;
OD;pD;XmerS tBuD;qHk; tqifh&Sdol wpfOD;[k odxm;NyD; tvkyfoabmt&omqdkvQif oGm;0ifawGUzdkYyif
rvG,faom tqifhjzpfae pdwfxJwGif tenf;i,f &GHUrdonf/
azazh tajctaeuvnf; pdk;&drf&aomtqifh r[kwfawmhojzifh azazh&mxl; tqifht& vma&muf
owif;ar;olrsm; pnfum;aeonf/ 'gudk pdwfnpfnL;rd rdrdonfyifvQif azazhtem; odyfraejzpfbJ
&efukefa&mufwkef; vkyfp&m udkifp&muav;rsm;udk vdkufvH aqmif&GufaecJhonfrSm rMumcP azazhudk
owif;vmar;? vmMunfhay;aeaom ]vdIif}ESifhyif rqHkrdao;/
araruyif ]tJ'D a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIifqdkwJh om;eJY odyfcifwJh oli,fcsif;qdkwJh q&m0efr
acsmacsmuav;[muG,f olY*sLwDcsdef [kwf[kwf? r[kwf[kwf vmMunfhay;aewm tm;awmif emrdNyD} [k
qdkaeao;wwfonf/
oG,fpkvdIif? odef;rdk;ESifh rdrdwdkYonf aq;wuodkvf(1) wufpOf wpfavQmufvHk; tcspfqHk;
oli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfcJhonf/ armifESr&if;csmwdkYxufyif &if;ESD;pGm qufqHcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf EdkifiHjcm;
wdkif;jynfwpfckwGif apvTwfcH&NyD; wm0ef xrf;aqmifaecJh&aom azazESifh araru oG,fpkvdIifESifh
odef;rdk;udk rodrdcJhMu/ xdkEdkifiHwGifvnf; rdrd aq;ausmif;wpfouf aexdkifcJh&onf r[kwfvm;/
]om;u &efukefrSmyJvm;uG,fh? b,faq;HkrSmvJ}
yk*dKvfBuD;u rdrdudk jyHK; y#doEm& qdkonf/
]arSmfbDrSmyg cifAs? azaz aeraumif;vdkY cGifheJYvmwmyg}
]arSmfbDqdk eD;om;yJ om;&JU? rif;taz tm;&Sdatmif cP cP vmaygh? pae?we*FaEGwdkif;yJjzpfjzpf?
[kwfw,f r[kwfvm;}
azazu &,fusJusJESifh 0ifajymonf/
]oli,fcsif;? 'DaumifhtaMumif;rS rodwm?'Daumif rjyefbl;As? olYvlemawGeJYyJ tcsdefukefaewm?
odyf*sLwDuGef;&Syf jzpfwJhaumif}
17
vuFm&nfausmf
]wm0efodvGef;ol} [k azazu *kPf,lpGm xkwfazmfaomfvnf; yk*dKvfBuD; acgif;cgonf/

]arSmfbDuuGm um;vnf;ayg? tdrfu um;vdkufac: vnf;&wmyJ? om;azazu om;vm&if
tm;&SdrSmaygh? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;}
][kwfygw,f q&mBuD;? 'Dvdkyg cifAs? uRefawmfu arSmfbDqdkayrJh arSmfbD NrdKUe,faq;HkrSm
r[kwfbl;?0g;eufacsmif;? wdkufe,frSmyg? q&m0efu tJ'DrSm udk,fwpfa,mufwnf; qdkawmh aq;Hku
odyfrcGmjzpfwmyg cifAsm}
]0g;eufacsmif;? [kwfvm;}
yk*dKvfBuD;u rsufarSmifMuKwf ar;onf/ awGa0 pOf;pm;ae[ef? NyD;awmhrS wjznf;jznf; jyHK;vmonf/
]'gqdk om;u a'gufwm vwfNidrf;aygh [kwfvm;}
ajczsm; vufzsm;rsm; at;pufoGm;onf/ onfrQ tqifjrifht&m&SdBuD; wpfOD;u rdrdvdk wdkufe,f
q&m0efav; wpfOD;udk aumif;pGm odaejcif;udk xdwfvefY tHhMordonf/
araruyif tHhMopGm ]om;udk odaew,f? [kwfvm;} [k0ifar;onf/
yk*dKvfBuD;u jyHK;onf/
]odwmaygh nDr&,f? nDrwdkYom;u emrnfBuD;yJ}
yk*dKvfBuD;u kwfw&uf em&Dudk Munfhonf/ NyD;awmh azazh vufarmif;udk qkyfudkifonf/
]Hk;jyefajy;&OD;r,f oli,fcsif;a&? cGifhjyKOD;? vdkwm&Sd&if ajymomajym odvm;}
]tdkauAsm? aus;Zl;ygyJ}
yk*dKvfBuD;u wdkufyHktusD tdwfuyfxJrS vufudkify0gudk xkwf rsufrSefudk okwfonf/ NyD;awmh
rdrdbufodkY vSnfh ajymonf/
]om;? rif; raeYwkef;u (pDtifrftufpf'D) rSm cGJcef;oHk;rD;qvdkuf oGm;awmif;xm;wm [kwfw,f
r[kwfvm;}
'kwd,tBudrf tHhtm;oifh&jyefonf/ ol tm;vHk; odaeygvm;/
][kwfygw,f cifAs? olwdkYu wdkufe,f tqifhvnf;jzpf &efukefeJYvnf; eD;awmh ray;Edkifbl;vdkY
uRefawmfu enf;enf; wifjyay;zdkYawmh ajymrdygw,f}
wu,fwrf; onftqifhxd a&mufatmif aeYcsif; wifjyay;Muvdrfhrnf[kawmh rxifcJhrd/
]at;? raeYuwnf;u olwdkY tefu,fhqD qufMuw,f? enf;aeao;vdkY trSefawmh
ray;Edkifao;ygbl;wJh? 'gayrJh vmawmif;wJh vluawmh a'gufwm vwfNidrf; jzpfaew,fwJh? tefu,fu
bmvJ ]csif;awmif}vwfNidrf;vm;vdkY ar;vdkufawmh [kwfw,fwJh? ]csif;awmif}vwfNidrf; ygyJwJh? 'geJY
18
vuFm&nfausmf
tefu,fuvnf; ]csif;awmif}vwfNidrf;om qdk&ifawmh ay;vdkufyguGmvdkY? csif;awmifrSmwkef;u ol

wpfa,mufwnf;&SdwJh ae&mawmif aeYv,fpmudk aeYwdkif; tvGwfcHNyD; NrdKUe,faq;Hk pHcsdefusKd;atmif
cGJvmwJhvl? rif;wdkY rD;qvdkufudk tvSawmh MunfhaerSm r[kwfygbl;vdkY? [m; [m; [m; [m;? rif;
reufjzefus&if oGm;omo,fayawmh}
vdkcsifonfh upm;p&m&onfh uav;i,fwpfOD;\ MunfEl;rIrsKd;jzifh olYudk aus;Zl;pum;qdk&onf/
yk*dKvfBuD;ESifh tzGJY xGufcGm oGm;awmh *kPf,laom tjyHK;ESifh ai;pdkuf Munfhaeaom azazESifh
rsufESmcsif; qdkifrdonf/ araruvnf; ycHk;udk vmzufonf/
]tarhom;u emrnfBuD;ygvm;uG,fh}
]at;av?
b,ftcsdefursm;
wdkYom;
tJoavmuf
emrnfBuD;oGm;ygvdrfh
igrSwfrdoavmufawmh wdkYom;u aq;ausmif;om; b0u tlaMumifaMumif r[kwfvm;}
rdef;r&,f?
]&Sifuvnf; udk,fhom;udk}
jyHK;om EIwfqdwfaerdonf/ trSefawmh wpfESpfwpfcgcefYom jrefrmjynfjyef rdrdESifh qHkcGifh
enf;cJh&vifhupm; azazh oHk;oyfcsufu rSefonf/ aq;ausmif;om;b0u rdrdu cyftlaMumifaMumif&,f[k
rdrdvnf; xifonf/ Pf&nfenf; tlaMumifaMumif jzpfcYJ&jcif;r[kwf? jzpfcsifaom qE? &csifaom
tw? omcsifaom arm[wdkY wpfcsdefvHk; zdpD;aecJh olrsm;bufrS pOf;pm; ay;wwfaom tavhtx vHk;0
aysmufae tlaMumifaMumif jzpfaecJh&jcif;[k xifrdonf/ cspfaom ]vdIif}ESifh qHkpnf;cgprSmyif ]onf
tlaMumifaMumif} Zmwfvrf;wdkYu w&pyf jzpfay:aeMujrJ/
rSwfrSwf&& (vdyfcHk;) aq;wuodkvf(1)odkY rdrdeufcfwdkifpnf; ausmif;oGm;wufrdonfh aeYu qdkygpdkY/
19
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
'kwd, trfbDtufpf ti,fwef; ausmif;om;b0 ]vwfNidrf;}qdkonfh emrnfudk b,folrSrac:/
udkvwf[kom ac:Muonf/ rdrdu ]rdvdIif} [k ac:aom oG,fpkvdIif? odef;rdk;ESifh rdrdwdkY &if;ESD;pjyKaeNyD/
trSefawmh rdvdIifESifh odef;rdk;rSm txu(1)'*HkwGif twlwl ausmif;wuf vmMuaom i,folcsif;rsm;
jzpfMu tvGef &if;ESD; aeMuNyD;om;/ rdrduawmh e,frS wuodkvf0ifwef; atmifoljzpf aemufrS
cifrifMujcif;om/ yxr odef;rdk;ESifh aEG&moD t*Fvdyfpm oifwef;wpfckwGif &if;ESD;cJhMuNyD; aq;wuodkvf
yxr trfbDbDtufpf pwufcsdefwGifawmh odef;rdk; oli,fcsif; rdvdIifESifhyg cifrifcJhMuonf/
csufcsif;awmhvnf; r&if;ESD;vSao;/
r&if;ESD;&jcif; taMumif;u rdvdIifaMumifhr[kwf/ wu,fawmh rdvdIifonf aq;wuodkvf(vdyfcHk;)\
rdef;rvSuav;rsm; pm&if;wGif yg0ifonftxd acsmarm vSyNyD; ynmxl;cRefonfh ausmif;olwpfOD;
jzpfaomfvnf; [dwf[efESifh raewwf/ a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav; rcGJjcm;bJ &if;ESD;cifrifpGm
aewwfolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ tom;u jzLjzL cyfoG,foG,fESifh xm0& &,farm aemufajymif aewwfaom
rdvdIifudk vufawGUpm;yGJ twlwlusaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol ESpfq,fpvHk;u &if;ESD;MuonfrSm
rdvdIifonf a,mufsm;uav;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;tkyfpk ESpfpkMum; aygif;ul;wHwm; ozG,fyif
jzpfaecJhavNyD/
jyemu rdrd/ rdrdu jyemwpfckESifh vHk;csmvnf vdkufae wpfwef;wnf;om;rsm;ESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
r&Sdwwfao;/ jyemuvnf; b,folrjyK rdrdrIom/ 10 wef;atmifNyD; ausmif;ydwfxm;pOf e,frS
wuodkvf yxrESpf ausmif;olwpfOD;ESifh &nf;pm;jzpfcJhonf/ ]pdk;pdk;rm} wJh/ 16 ESpfom;ausmfausmf t&G,f
b0taMumif;? tcspftaMumif;? aemufqHk;wGifwu,f&Sd? r&Sdyif yDyDjyifjyif rodao;olu &nf;pm;
xm;awmhvnf; rdkuf&mawmh usonf/
pdk;pdk;rmudk wu,f pdwf0ifpm;ovm;? r0ifpm;ovm;vnf; b,fwkef;urS raocsmvdkuf/
aocsmonfuawmh xdkpOfu aygif;oif;cJhaom e,frS wpfwef;wnf;om; ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;rsm;u
0dkif;ajrmuf ay;cJhMuonfyif/ vlysKdjzpfcgp b,frdef;uav;ESifh rsufvHk;csif;qHkqHk &ifckefrdwwfaom
t&G,fwGif oufwl&G,fwl oli,fcsif; rsm;xuf apmNyD; kyf&nf oifhwifhaom rdef;uav; wpfOD;udk
cspfoltjzpf wGJjyEdkifjcif;udk *kPf,l rdcJhaom rdrdonf oli,fcsif;rsm;tay: 0ifh<um;vdkpdwf wpfckESifhyif
pdk;pdk;rmudk BudK;pm;cJhrdonf/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;cJh&onfawmhvnf; r[kwf/ ]aq;wuodkvf 0ifcGifh
&xm;NyD; ausmif;tzGifh apmifhae&ol} qdkonfh *kPfyk'fuyif xdkacwf? xdktcgu xdkt&yfa'owGif tvGef
a&yef;pm;cJhzl;avonf/
jyemu rdrd/ 'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf ausmif;om;b0wGif pdk;pdk;rmu &efukef
0dZmESifhodyHwuodkvfodkY wwd,ESpf wuf&ef a&mufvmcJhonf/ onfrwdkifcifu pmuav; tjyeftvSef
a&;Mu? rSwfrSwf&& rdbrsm; EdkifiHjcm;roGm;cif rdrdue,fodkY wpfacguf jyefvnfpOf ESpfcg? oHk;cg
csdef;awGUMu? aemufydkif;wGif pm ta&;yg usJavmufatmif aoG;at;p jyKvmMuNyD; rdrdudk,f rdrd touf 18
ESpfom &Sdao;onfh vli,fuav; wpfa,mufyDyD aeoifhonf/ wu,frcspfbJ &nfpm;wpfa,muf
&Sdraeoifh[lonfh tawG;rsm; 0ifvmcgp tcsdefwGifyif pdk;pdk;rmu teD;qHk;odkY jyefvnf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
onfrSmyifvQif em;vnfatmif &Sif;jy&cufaom jyemrsm;jzifh vHk;csmvnf vdkufvmcJhavonf/
20
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
xdkaeYrwdkifcif wpf&ufu pdk;pdk;rmu rdrdudk eufcfwdkif vnfpnf;wpfacsmif; vufaqmifay;onf/
NyD;awmhaemufwpfaeYwGif ausmif;udkpnf;oGm;&rnf[k ta&;qdkonf/ ywf0ef;usifwGif aq;ausmif;om;
wpfOD;ESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqHcJhzl;jcif; r&Sdaom pdk;pdk;rmonf aq;ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjzL trnf;
jrefrm &Syf&SifZmwfum;rsm; xJuvdkyif taemufwdkif;0wfpHkESifh oyf&yfpGm ausmif;wufMuonf[k xifae&Sm
avonf/ trSefawmh 1980 ywf0ef;usifu aq;ausmif;om;wdkYonf qHyif pkwfzGm;? {&mr
vG,ftdwfBuD;rsm;udk vG,f bwfpfum; wdk;pD;aeMuonfu rsm;onfyif/
jiif;&if;? cHk&if;? wGef;&if;? xdk;&if;uyif aemufqHk;awmh vnfvmaom rsuf&nfrsm;udk rdrd
tavQmhay;cJh&onf/ ]arm&pfoQorwEdkifiHrS vmwufaom aq;ausmif;om; oHk;OD; rdrdwdkY twef;wGif
&Sdonf/ tenf;qHk;awmh olwdkYvnf; onfvdkyif 0wfpm;aeMuwmyJav} [k ajzawG; awG; onf
vnfpnf;udk pnf;NyD; ausmif;wufrdonf/
vufawGUrSm xifoavmuf rvG,fvS/ vdyfcHk; tm;upm;cef;ra&SU a&mufa&mufcsif; odef;rdk;wdkY
tkyfpkESifh wdk;onf/ eufcfwdkifudk 0dkif;aqmifhqGJMuonf/ abmif;bD&Snf atmufpudk ukef; qGJrMuonf/
&Suf&SufESifh wGef;xdk; xGufajy;vmcJhawmhvnf; &,foHrsm; qlnHusefcJhonf/
aemufqHk; vl&Sif;onfh ae&mwGif tcsdefjzKef;rnf[k pdwful;NyD; tay: xyf "mwkaA'Xme
pmzwfcef;av;xJwGif wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;xdkif aevdkufonf/ odyfrMumrDuyif rdvdIifu pmtkyfuav;
wpftkyf udkif 0ifvmcJhavonf/
yxrawmh rdvdIifvnf; 0ifxdkifNyD; pmzwf[ef jyifao;onf/ aemufrS rdrd\ xl;jcm;rIudk owdxm;rdNyD;
rxdkifjzpfbJ vSnfhMunfhonf/ NyD;awmh cGufxdk;cGufvef &,farm avawmhonf/
][JY udkvwf? b,fol ajrmufay;vdkufwmvJ}
]b,folrS rajrmufygbl;? udk,fhudk,f ajrmufaewmyg}
]'Dvdkawmhvnf; 0efcHwwfom;yJ}
ESpfa,mufom; &,frdMuonf/ ckrSawmh rxl;awmh &Suf&SufESifh a&mcsHkom &Sdawmhonf/ rdvdIifu
rsufESmydk;owfNyD; rcsKdrcsOfESifh ar;onf/
]rodygbl;[m? igu tom;ndKndK? cyfacsmacsm? &,fvdkuf&if oGm;wuf tcRefuav;ESifh aumifrav;
wpfa,mufursm; ajrmufay;vdkufovm;vdkY}
&ifxJwGif xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;onf/ odef;rdk; tvGef EIwfvHkonfudk rdrdtod/
]bmvJ? rSefvGef;vdkY tHhMo aewmvm;? at; tJ'D yHkpHeJY aumifrav;wpfa,muf atmufrSm
awGUcJhvdkYa[Y? udkvwfudk odovm;wJh? awGU&if uifwif;xJu apmifhaer,f ajymay;ygwJh? uJ<u?
jyefvm&ifom ightwGuf owif;ay;c tcsOfxkyf wpfxkyfygygap? [kwfNyDvm;}
&Suf&SufESifh ae&muae x&if;uyif ]oli,fcsif;yg[m} [k ajAmifjiif;cJhrdao;\/
21
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
xdkaeYu pdk;pdk;rmESifh &efjzpfonf/ &efjzpfwm qufaeonfrdkY bmawG ajymrdrSef;awmh rrSwfrdawmh/ pdk;pdk;rm

twif; 0wfcdkif;aom vnfpnf;onf aA'ifq&m wpfa,muf\ ,MwmESifh qufpyfaeonfudk pdk;pdk;rmu
0efcHcJhjcif; tpysKd;cJhonfuawmh aocsmonf/ vnfpnf;udk pdk;pdk;rma&SUwGifyif cRwfypfcJhao;onf/
aemufawmhvnf; jyefwnfhMuNyD; pdk;pdk;rmESifhtwl &efukef wuodkvfbufodkY vrf;avQmuf
oGm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ pdk;pdk;rm\ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhyif ],rf;bDvl;} tat;qdkifwGif xdkifjzpfcJhao;onf/
nbufusawmh odef;rdk;tdrfbufodkY oGm;vnfjzpfonf/ odef;rdk;u qD;aemufonf/
]rif;udk rdvdIifu ajymaew,f a[Yaumif}
]bmwJhvJ}
]eifh rpwmudkvwfawmh ighudktcsOfxkyfvnf; vmray;awmhbl;/ olYtcsOfxkyfeJYol ygoGm;NyDwJh}
tpoefNyD; tpOf&Tifvef;wuf<uaewwfaom rdvdIif\oPmefudk jrifa,mifyif jyHK;rdcJhao;onf/
22
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
aemufwpfaeYwGifawmh pmoifcsdef rprD pmoifcef;xJwGif pmxdkif zwfaeaom rdvdIif a&SUodkY tcsOfxkyf
wpfxkyf qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf oGm;ydkYay;vdkufonf/ rdvdIifu rrSwfrd/
]bmvJ[? bmvmzm;aewmvJ? pmvm; ul;ray;Edkifbl;}
abmvHk;orm; odef;rdk; ausmif;ysufwdkif; pmul;ay;avh &SdolrdkY rdrdudkyg a&m pmul;cdkif;rnf[k
xifae[ef&Sdonf/
]rul;cdkif;ygbl;uG? 'gu raeYu ta<u;av}
rdvdIifu kwfw&uf aMumif pOf;pm;aeNyD;rS rSwfrdoGm;onf/ &,f
][kwfom;yJ? 'gqdk twdk;eJY ESpfxkyf jzpfoifhw,f}
]tJoavmufrS rwefbJuG? dk;dk; oli,fcsif;yJ[m}
]vkyfraeprf;ygeJY? oli,fcsif;qdk eifausmif;ajy;NyD; ygoGm;yghrvm;}
]udp&SdvdkY cPvdkufcJhyg qdkvdkYyg[m}
][kwfvm;? 'DvdkaMu;qdk igvnf; udp&Sd&if ac:MunfhOD;rSyJ}
]&wmaygh? 'gayrJh ESpfa,mufwnf; qdk&ifawmh rvdkufbl;aemf? rawmf eifu rdk;om;&if}
]atmifrm? Munfhprf; ighudkrsm;}
&,f&if;uyif pm;yGJay:u tcsOfxkyfESifh aumuf aygufavonf/
23
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
]rdNyD? b,fajy;rvJ}
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmodkY pD;arsmaeaom tawG;wdkYonf &,foHpGufaom EIwfqufoHaMumifh
vefYEdk;vmcJh\/
rsufESmcsif;qdkif wHcg;0wGifawmh *sLwDukwftjzLuav; 0wfxm;NyD; vufxJwGif aoG;aygifcsdefwdkif;
ud&d,mudk ydkufxm;aom oG,fpkvdIifudk awGU&onf/ tazhudk aoG;vmcsdefay;wmudk;[k awG;rdonf/
wqufwnf;rSmyif tif;pdef blwmwGif vrf;cGJcJhNyD;aemuf rdrdESifh wpfBudrfrS jyefrqHkjzpfjcif;udk
&nfTef;rSef;vnf; &dyfrdvdkufonf/
jzLoG,faom vufacsmif;uav;rsm;ESifh tazh vufarmif;udk aoG;aygifcsdef wdkif;aom ud&d,m
ywfaeaom tcgum; rIdif;a0aom rsuf0ef; tndKa&mifuav;rsm;udk ai;arm Munfhrdjyefonf/
onf&Snfvsm; ajzmifhpif;aom rsufawmifwdkY\ atmufajcwGif onfrsuf0ef;wdkYonf wpfcsdefu
&Tifvef; wuf<u aecJhzl;onfudkvnf; trSwf&rd jyefonf/ tqdkawmf ]cifarmifwdk;} \ BudK;MumoH
oDcsif;xJu rdkifaxmifcsD ysHcJhaom BudK;MumwdkYonf c&D;vrf;wGif rnfrQ ajymif;vJcJhygovJ/
rdrdudk,fwdkifuawmh i,fb0udk jyefawG;&if; &ifckefpdwfxuf twBuD;
q,fausmfouf udkvwfb0udk &Suf&GHU tm;i,fonfh pdwfuom zdpD; vmpjrJ/
trSm;onf;cJhaom
24
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
]ararawmh odyfcspfwmyJ om;&,f}

oG,fpkvdIif jyefoGm;NyD; cPtMumwGif araru rdrdrsufESmudk rMunfhbJ jyHK; ajymonf/ bmudk
qdkvdkonfudk &dyfrdvsufuyif jyHK; jyefar;&ao;onf/
]vdIifhudkvm; arar? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]rodygbl; om;&,f? ararh rsufpdxJawmh ol bmvkyfvkyf? bmajymajym cspfp&m aumif;aeovdkyJ?
'Dtwdkif; ai;Munfhae&wmudk &ifxJrSm csrf;ajrhvdkufwm? 'Davmuf cspfp&m aumif;wJh rdef;uav;udk bmvdkY
ighom; rcspfcJhygvdrfhvdkY tHhMoaewm}
rcsdoGm;jzJom &,fjyvdkuf&onf/
]tJ'D cspfp&maumif;wJh rdef;uav;u ararhom;udk rcspfcJhwmvdkYa&m rawG;rdbl;vm; arar}
jyHK; acgif;cgjyonf/
]rdef;rawG&JU pdwfudk rdef;rcsif;u cP pum; ajymwmeJY &dyfrdw,f om;? tJ'DvdkrsKd;awmh vHk;0
rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkY araru wGufNyD;om;}
onfwpfcgawmh pdwfxJuom usdwf&,frdawmhonf/
araruyJ udk,fhom;udk txifBuD;aeonfyJvm;/ vdIifuyJ tvGef em;vnf&cufaom rdef;uav;
wpfa,mufayyJvm;awmh rod/ ararh rSef;csufwdkY rnfrQ vGJacsmfaeonfudk odvQif arar tvGef
tHhMoayvdrfhrnf/
vGefcJhaom q,fESpfcefYu onfcspfp&maumif;aom rdef;uav;udk rdrdu jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; wefzdk;xm;
cspfcJhrdaMumif;/ xdkodkY cspfcJhrdaMumif;udkvnf; t&JpGefY zGifhajymcJhzl;aMumif;/ xdkpOfu xdkrdef;uav;u
jiif;y,fcJhzl;aMumif;udk odHkrQESifhawmh arar odyftHhMovdrfhrnfrxif/
vGefcJhonfh ig;ESpfausmfumv ararwdkY jynfywGifyif &SdaecJhpOfu {&m0wDwdkif; twGif;&Sd
NrdKUi,fuav; wpfNrdKU\ NrdKUe,fw&m;Hk;wGif xdk cspfp&maumif;aom rdef;uav;ESifh rdrdwdkY
todoufaorsm; a&SUarSmufwGif uwdopm &GwfqdkNyD; vufrSwfa&;xdk; vufxyf cJhzl;aMumif;udk
ararodvQifawmh jyif;xefpGm tHhMo wkefvIyf rdayvdrfhrnf/
usef;rma&; OD;pD;Xme pm&if;tif; XmecGJ&Sd ]a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIif}\ udk,fa&;&mZ0if uwfjym;
tdrfaxmifa&; tajctaeqdkonfh uGufvyfwGif ]&Sd?cifyGef;trnf-a'gufwmvwfNidrf;} [lonfh pmom;
jznfhoGif;xm;aMumif;udk ararod&vQifawmh arar b,fvdk wkYHjyefrnfudk awG;yif rawG;&Jyg/
wu,fawmh BudK;MumiSufwdkY\ rdkifaxmifcsDaom c&D;wGif vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;vnf; &SdaecJhavonf/
25
vuFm&nfausmf
&ifodkY xkwfcsif;cwfaom jrm;

(1)
wpfpufNyD; wpfpufaom aoG;pufrsm;/

rdrd\ vufzsH twGif;rS ckwif ajc&if;&Sd aoG;ykvif;xJusqif;aeonfudk iJhapmif; Munfhrdonf/
zGifhxm;aom jywif;aygufrSwpfqifh aqmif;BudKavat; wpfcsuf a0YceJ wdkufcwfvmonf/
wdkufe,faq;Hk\ rsufESmpmwGif bm taqmufttHkrS r&SdbJ &xm;vrf;ESifh jrufcif;om&Sdaeojzifh
twm;tqD;r&Sd wdkufcwfvdkufaom avonf aqmif;OD;\ ESif;aiGUwdkYjzifh pGwfpdkat;pufaeonf/
ckwifab;wGif xdkifapmifhaeaom txufwef; olemjyKq&mruav;u ckwifajc&if;rS apmifudk
udk,fay:odkY vTrf;jcHKay;onf/ tyfxdk;&vG,fulap&ef zD;vf*smuifudk cRwfxm;&ojzifh aqmif;reufcif;?
tkPfwuf tat;'Pfudk cHae&&mrS tenf;i,f aeomxdkifom jzpfoGm;onf/
tcef;ayguf0 cef;qD;udk r usef;rma&;BuD;Muyftqifh(1) u acsmif;Munfhonf/
]q&m jzpf&JUvm;}
jyHK; acgif;ndwfjyvdkufonf/
aoG;vGefaom udk,f0efysufusvlem\ toufudk u,fae& rdrd wpfnvHk; rtdyfjzpfvdkufonfudk
BuD;Muyf(1)u od\/ rdk;vif;awmh vlemtajctae tenf;i,f jyefaumif;vmaomfvnf; tm;&zG,f&m
r&Sdao;/ aoG;xGuf rsm;xm; jzpfrnf[k ,lqNyD; uref;uwef; aoG;tkyfpk cGJMunfhawmh rdrdaoG;ESifh
vmwlaeonf/ tjrefqHk; &Edkifrnfh rdrdaoG;udkyif xnfhrnfqHk;jzwfawmh wpfnvHk; twlwl ulnD
vkyfudkifxm;onfh olemjyKq&mruav;u twefwef wm;avonf/
tvkyform;uvnf; rcdkif;bJESifh BuD;Muyf(1)udk oGm;ac:vmonf/ ti,fwef; olemjyK
q&mruav;uvnf; owif;Mum; tvkyf apm0ifvmonf/ tzGJYom;tm;vHk; vlemudka&m? q&m0efudkyg
pdwfylpGm apmifhay;Mu&Smavonf/
]b,fESem&DvJ q&mr}
]reuf 6em&DcGJ q&m? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]Adkufqmcsifovdk jzpfvmvdkYAs? aumifav;udk uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk; twGuf vufzuf&nfeJY rkefY
0,fcdkif;vkdufygAsm? 'DydkufjzKwfNyD;&if pm;r,f}
][kwfuJY q&m}
q&mrav; tjyif xGufoGm;onf/ cPMumawmh t&ufjyef qGwfxm;onfh *Grf;puav;udkif
jyef0ifvmonf/ [kwfyg&JU jynfhawmhrSmyJ/
26
vuFm&nfausmf
q&mruav;u tyfudk usifvnfpGm jzKwfonf/

]q&mr ra'gif;ao;bl;vm;? raeYnaeuwnf;u rxdkif&ao;wm wpfnvHk;yJ}
]a[mawmh q&muvnf;? aoG;yg vSLxm;wJhvlursm;}
&,f&,farmarmESifhyif ]tJovdk ayayawaw aewwfwm Mumvmawmh cHEdkif&nfu tvdkvdk
wufaew,fav? pdwfrylygeJY} [k ajzvdkuf&onf/
]odygw,f q&m&,f? q&mhtaMumif;awGu q&meJY awGUNyD;rS od&wm r[kwfygbl;? q&mha&SUu
wdkufe,fq&m0efu ckvmrSm csif;awmifvwfNidrf; odvm;? emrnfBuD; apwem q&m0efqdkNyD;
q&mhZmwfvrf;awG tpHkajymjyoGm;vdkY Mum;zl;NyD;om;yg? udk,fwdkif awGU&awmhvnf; Mum;wJhtwdkif;ygyJ}
tdyf&mrS xxdkif&if; &Suf&SufESifh &,fonf/
]vufzuf&nf wdkufygr,fqdkrS ajrmufaejyefNyDAsm? uJ tJ'gxnfhvdkufawmhAsm? tck csdwfxm;wJh
vufusefudk cPz,fxm;vdkuf? aoG;oGif;NyD;rS jyefcsdwf? [kwfNyDvm;}
][if q&m? cPvSJOD;av? aoG;csdef&atmif}
&,f ]csdefraeygeJYAsm? uRefawmf bmrS rjzpfygbl;? csdefvdkYusvnf; 'DaoG;awG jyefxnfhaerSmrS
r[kwfwm? vufzuf&nf aomufvdkuf&if vef;oGm;rSmyg? vlemom tJ'D aoG;xnfhvdkufNyD;&if a&SUjyefvmcJh?
uRefawmfwdkY vufzuf&nf0dkif;av; pvdkuf&atmif}
]aomufESifhyg q&m}
a&SUbuf jyifyvlemXmeodkY xGufvmcJhonf/ vufzuf&nfaomufaeaom BuD;Muyf(1)u cHkuav;
xa&TUay;onf/
]ae ae udkvS}
olYab;wGif 0ifxdkif vufzuf&nf yef;uefudk vSrf;,lvdkufonf/ yxr wpfusKdufwGifyif 0rf;xJwGif
aEG;ceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
]q&maoG;vSL&if uwf q&myJ jznfh&rSmayghaemf}
]aoG;vSLwm ESpfcg&SdNyD? uwfjym;vnf; wpfcgrS rodrf;rdygbl;Asm}
&,farm ajzawmh BuD;Muyf(1)u rdrdudk xl;qef;aom ow0gvdk ai;Munfhaeavonf/
olemjyK q&mruav; ESpfOD; 0ifvmonf/ vufxJwGif twGif;vlem pm&Gufrsm;pk udkifvmMuonf/
tzsm;wdkif;NyD; jyefvmMuyHkyif/
][dk uav;vlema&m tzsm;usvm; q&mr}
]usygw,f q&m? vef;vnf; vef;ygw,f}
27
vuFm&nfausmf
BuD;Muyf(1)u tckrS owd&[efjzifh ]aMomf q&m} [k ac: onf/

]'DaeY uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;usef;rma&; oGm;&r,f? tJ'g [dk&efukefuae uGif;qif;wJh tvkyfoif
q&m0ef oHk;a,mufvnf; vmr,fvdkY q&m ajymxm;wm? tJ'g ausmif;udkxnfhay;vdkuf&rvm;}
]aumif;om;yJAs? olwdkYudk a[mcdkif;vdkufwmaygh? cifAsm;vdkufoGm;rvm;}
]trsKd;orD; usef;rma&; q&mreJY vTwfvdkufvdkY r&bl;vm; q&m}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]uRefawmf 'DrSm q&mhtpm; jyifyvlem Munfhay;rvdkY? q&mjyefem;vdkufav}
][m &ygw,f? uRefawmfu tdkauygyJ? uJ 'DvdkvkyfAsm? cifAsm; 'DrSm xdkifay;vdkuf? uRefawmfvnf;
ausmif;udk ra&mufzl;ao;awmh olwdkYeYJ uRefawmfyJ vdkufoGm;vdkufr,f? tJ'Du jyefrS em;r,fav}
txufwef; olemjyKq&mru uefYuGuf[ef jyifonf/ ti,fwef; olemjyKq&mruav;uawmh
&,f axmufcHonf/
]aumif;w,f q&m? ausmif;u usef;rma&;wm0efcH q&mru tysKdBuD;? acsmvnf; acsmw,f?
q&muvnf; vlysKdBuD;qdkawmh cif&wmaygh}
]w,f 'Daumifrav;}
BuD;Muyf(1)u vSrf;[efYonf/
]olajymrS owd&w,f? tJ'Dq&mru q&m ajymif;vmcgpu uRefawmfeJY pum;pyfrdNyD; q&m
i,fi,fu oleJY wpfNrdKUwnf;rdkY odw,fvdkYawmif ajymzl;w,f}
][kwfvm; emrnfu}
]a':pdk;pdk;rmwJh}
tdyfa&;ysuf av;wGJUaeaom rsufvHk;wdkY jyefyGifhoGm;avonf/
28
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
jyifyvlemMunfh pm;yGJwGif wpfOD;wnf; xdkifaerd&if;u wpfnvHk; tdyfysuf? aoG;vSLxm;onfh t&SdefESifhyJ

arhceJ tdyfaysmf oGm;NyD; tdyfrufrufrdjcif;vm;/ todpdwfuyif tdyfwpf0uf Edk;wpf0ufESifh wrif
jyefpOf;pm;rdjcif;yJvm;/ pdwfxJwGif odyf roJuGJvS/ tmHkwdkYu ]pdk;pdk;rm}ESifh aemufqHk; wpfBudrftjzpf
awGUcJh&onfh 'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf ausmif;om;b0\ aeYwpfaeYodkY jyefa&muf oGm;cJhonf/
ta&;BuD;udp &Sdae ausmif;zsufNyD; vmcJhyg[k pdk;pdk;rmu csdef;onfhaeY/
]rdvdIif eif odef;rdk; awGUrdvm;}
][JY odef;rdk; abmvHk;avhusifhzdkY oGm;w,f? ausmif;rwufbl;? eifuvnf; 'Davmuf wGJaeNyD;
rodbl;vm;}
ajymvnf; ajymp&myif/ udk,fhudpyJ udk,f pdwf0ifpm;onfrSm 0oD jzpfae odef;rdk;onf
ausmif;vufa&G;pif *dk;orm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh abmvHk;yGJ eD; pcef;oGif; avhusifhaeNyD jzpfaMumif; vHk;0
owdr&rd/
]'kuygyJuGm? ig 'Daumifhudk vufrSwf xdk;cdkif;rvdkY}
]bmvJ tqufu ac: aevdkYvm;}
]r[kwfygbl;[? wu,f ta&;BuD;udp ay:vmvdkYyg? NyD;awmh 'DwpfBudrf ysuf&if 'Dv 50% jzpfNyD[?
ygarmu ac:awGUcHxdawmhr,f}
]wjcm;aumifawG xdk;ay;cdkif;aygh}
]r&bl;uG? 'DaumifawGu q&mr rdrSm aMumufw,fwJh? odef;rdk;yJ vkyf&Jwm}
]igvnf; vkyf&Jygw,f? 'gayrJh igu odef;rdk;wdkY abmvHk;avhusifhwm oGm;MunfhrvdkY? igvnf;
rwufbl;? tJ'gaMumifh}
]'gqdkvnf; MunfhraeygeJY[m wufvdkufyg? eifu vdrmygw,f}
rdvdIifu &,fonf/
]udkvwf? eif[mav vdkcsifwm &Sd&if uav;qdk;BuD; usaewmyJ? igu abmvHk; avhusifhwmudk
Munfh&wm 0goemygw,f[}
]wufvdkufyg[m? eifMunfhcsif&if ig
oGif;ay;r,fhvl r&Sd&if igyJuefay;ygr,fh}
jyefvmrS
'Daumifhudk
wpfacguf
jyefzrf;cdkif;yghr,f?
]eifu taygufwnfhatmif oGif;rS roGif;wwfwm}
29
vuFm&nfausmf
]udpr&Sdygbl;? ig wnfhae&ifvnf; olu rdrSmrS r[kwfwm}

NydKifwl &,frdMuonf/ aemufqHk;awmh oabmaumif;olyDyD rdvdIifuyJ avQmh&onf/
]uJyg[m? eif 'Davmuf tonf;toef jzpfae&ifvnf; igwufvdkufyghr,f? acG;aumif? ig vufrSwfyJ
xdk;ay;rSmaemf? pmawmh eifh[meif jyeful;}
]aus;Zl;BuD;ygw,f oli,fcsif;&m? ul;zdkYawmh eiYfzdkifyJiSm;aemf}
]a[mawmh rNyD;Edkifawmhygvm;}
]bmvJ riSm;bl;vm;}
]atmifrm toHudku riSm;bl;? riSm;bl; bmjzpfvJ}
rsufapmif;xdk;aeaom rdvdIifudk ajymifacsmfacsmf tav;jyK &,fjy&if; pdk;pdk;rmqD tajy;wpfydkif;
xGufcJhonf/
cspfp&maumif;aom oli,fcsif;aMumifh wpfydkif;wpfp jyHK;aerdaom rsufESmonf pdk;pdk;rma&SU a&mufNyD;
rdepfydkif;yif jynfhatmif rcHcJh&/
30
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
pdk;pdk;rmajymonfh ta&;BuD;onfqdkaom udprSm rdvdIifudpjzpfaeonf/ a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav;

pn;frjcm;wwf rdrdESifha&m? odef;rdk;ESifhyg w&if;wESD; aeavh&Sdaom rdvdIif\ owif;udk pdk;pdk;rm\
oli,fcsif;rsm;u pdk;pdk;rmxH ta&mufydkYMuonf/ rdvdIifu rdrdESifhodef;rdk; b,foYl&&[k tajctae
ajrmif;ay;aeonf[k pdk;pdk;rmu pGyfpGJaeonf/ pdk;pdk;rmESifh qufzdkYrqufzdkY udpudkyif &ifckef r&aom
ESvHk;om;u OD;aESmufudk ylaeatmif pOf;pm;xm;cdkif;csdefrdkY pdk;pdk;rm txifvGJonfudkawmh b,fvdkrS
pdwfrylrd/
jzLpifoavmuf yGif;vif; cspfp&maumif;aom oli,fcsif;rdvdIif\
pum;rsm;aMumifhawmh cGef;BuD;cGef;i,f pum;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/
odumudk
xdyg;aom
aemufqHk;awmh pdk;pkd;rmvnf; rsuf&nfusonf/ rdrdvnf; awmif;yefpum; ESdrfhodrfhpum; rqdkbJ

pdk;pdk;rma&SUrS csmceJ vSnfhxGufvmrdcJhonf/
vdyfcHk;a&SU jyefta&mufwGifawmh um;vrf;ay:wGif pkHk; pkHk; jzpfaeMuaom wwef;wnf;om;
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tkyfBuD;udk jrif& tHhMo rSifwuf oGm;rdjyefonf/ wpfa,muf wpfayguf ajymqdk
qlnHaeMuonfrSm yGufavmdkufaeonf/
]a[Y bmvJ? bmjzpfwmvJ}
]um;wdkufoGm;vdkYav? rif;u b,fa&mufaevdkY rod wmvJ}
]a[; udkvwf? rif;udk odef;rdk;u olYtdrf zkef;qufay;ygvdkY rSmoGm;w,f? olYum;eJY aq;Hk vdkufoGm;NyD}
]b,folvJ? b,fol twdkufcH&wmvJ}
]'D um;orm; armif;ajy;OD;rvdkYuGm? odef;rdk; vsifayvdkY}
]atmifrm odef;rdk; cHaevdkY? EdkYrdkYqdk&if igwdkY0dkif;dkufw,f}
][JY rajymeJY? odef;rdk; vkyfwm rSefw,f? [dkaumifu eifwdkYtkyfudk aMumufvdkY armif;ajy;rvdkY vkyfwm?
rdvdIifycHk;u aoG;u awmfawmfxGufaewm? aq;HkydkYzdkY tem;rSm b,folY um;rS tqifoifh&Sdwm r[kwfbl;?
odef;rdk;u uRefawmf wm0ef ,lw,f? &yf &yfqdk vdkufqGJvdkY ol&yfay;wm}
]ycHk;u aoG;xGufayrJh yGef;HkyJ[? ajcaxmufu bmjzpfoGm;w,f rodbl;? [dkaumifawGtkyfBuD;
0dkif;vmawmh rdvdIifu xwm;ao;w,f? NyD;awmhrS acGusoGm;vdkY odef;rdk;u um;ay: ayGUwifoGm;&wm}
bk&m;?bk&m;/
&ifxJwGif Aavmifqlvmonf/ rdvdIif? rdvdIif qdkygvm;/
rdvdIifudk jyem&Smcsifonfh &nf;pm;u csdef; oGm;aomrdrd? rdvdIif rwuf&ef &nf&G,fNyD;om;
twef;udk onfudpaMumifhyif twif; wufcdkif;NyD; rdrdtwGuf vufrSwf xdk;cdkif;cJhonf/ rdvdIifvnf;
31
vuFm&nfausmf
'gaMumifhom onftwef;udk wufjzpfjcif;? 'gaMumifhom onfausmif;qif;csdefwGif onfvrf;rS jzwfrdjcif;?

'gaMumifhom um;wdkufcH&jcif;ygay/
bk&m;a& rdvdIif&,f eifhtay:rSm ig rw&m;vGef;&m usaeyga&mvm;/
32
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
xdknaeydkif;u ododomomyif a,mifcsmcsm wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;aecJhrdonf/ rdrdaexdkif&m

OD;0dpm&tdrf&mpcef;BuD; twGif;&Sd jrufcif;jyifudk wpfcgrS rjrifzl;onfh rsufESmrsKd;jzifhvnf; wpfem&DcefY
oGm;ai;aerdao;onf/ aq;Hkudkawmh vdkufroGm;cJh/ pdwfxJwGif rdvdIif tajctaeudk jrif&rnfudk r0Hh&JcJh/
tajctae aumif;cJhvQifyif rdvdIifrsufESmudk rMunfh&JcJhyg/
naeydkif;usrS odef;rdk;udk zkef;qufar;jzpfonf/
odef;rdk;u wu,fawmh abmvHk; avhusifhtNyD; ausmif;qif;csdefwGif ausmif;bufodkY wpfywf
vSnfh0ifvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyif rdvdIif um;0if twdk;cH&csdefwGif teD;odkY t&ifqHk;
a&mufoGm;olrSm odef;rdk; jzpfaecJhonf/
wu,fawmh rdvdIif'Pf&m rpkd;&drf&/ aq;Hkvnf; rwufjzpf/ um;u b&dwftkyfvdkufpOf
wGef;rdouJYodkYom &SdNyD; rdvdIifycHk;wGif aygufjyJ'Pf&m wpfckESifh ajcacgufNyD; vJusojzifh axmhusKd;
jzpfoGm;jcif;om jzpfNyD; tdk;rusKd;[k odef;rdk;u &Sif;jyonf/
ausmif;awmh wpfywfavmuf wufEdkifrnf r[kwf[k qdkojzifh tdrfvdkufawGU&efyif qHk;jzwf
vdkufonf/
vdyfpmudk ar;vdkufawmh rdrdESifh tvGefeD;onfh e0&wf&dyfomwGif jzpfaeavonf/
33
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
][JY udkvwf?usD;awmif rEdk;ao;bl;?b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ}

ajymvnf; ajymp&myif/ tcsdefu eHeuf 7em&Dom &Sdao;\/
wHcg;udk rdvdIif udk,fwdkif vmzGifhonf/ rsufESmopfNyD;p oeyfcg; rwif&ao;aom rsufESmEkEkuav;
ab;wGif rpnf;aESmifbJ oyf&yfpGm NzD;csxm;aom qHEG,f&SnfwdkY a0hysHaeaom rsufESmuav;onf
onfrQMunfvif usufoa& &SdaMumif;udk ,cifu wpfcgrQ owdrjyKrdcJh/
{nfhcef; ukvm;xdkifqD axmhusKd;? axmhusKd;ESifh vrf;avQmufoGm;jyD; vuf&ef;wpfzufudk tm;jyKNyD;
xdkifcsvdkufonfh [efyefudk jrif&csdefwGifawmh &ifxJwGif eifhceJaeatmif cHpm;&avonf/
rnfrQyif pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygap/ awmif;yefpum; ajymzdkYvmaom
w&if;wESD;[efyef atmufwGif tajymiftjyufpum;om xGufavonf/
yg;pyfonf
rdvdIif\
]usD;rEdk;vnf; udpr&Sdygbl;[m? eif Edk;aeNyDyJ}

]atmifrm? eifeJYig tom;NydKifjzLrvm;}
]eifhudk igu rnf;w,frsm; ajymrdvdkYvm;}
]usD;uef; qdk}
]tJ'gu tm vdkY}
]udkvwfaemf taumifpkwf}
34
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
]trSefawmh ig eifhudk awmif;yefrvdkY vmwm}

]a[mawmh bmjzpfvkdYvJ}
]ig rcdkif;&if eifnae b,fwufrvJ? eif nae rwufjzpf&if b,fum;wdkufcH&rvJ}
rdvdIifu [uf[ufyufyuf &,favonf/
]aMumifvdkufwm udkvwf&m? igu eifhvufrSwfBuD; xdk;ay;aewkef; um;BuD;u 0ifwdkufoGm;wm
usaewmyJ? rqdkifvdkufwm}
][kwfawmh [kwfygw,f? 'gayrJh aemufxyfwpfck &Sdao;w,f}
]bmvJ}
kwfw&uf pdwfajymif;oGm;onf/ rvdktyfbJ em;cg;rnfh trSefpum;wpfckudk rsKdcsypfvdkufonf/
]aemufrSyJ ajymawmhr,f[m}
]vkyfjyefNyD? odef;rdk;oli,fcsif; rajym&bl;}
]bmqdkifvdkYvJ}
]odef;rdk;vnf; 'DvdkyJ? ajymp&m&Sdw,f ajymvdkuf? aemufrS ajymawmhr,f vkyfvdkufeJY? odyf rcHcsifp&m
aumif;wmyJ b,fawmhrSvnf; wu,frajymbl;}
pdwfxJwGif xifhceJ av;vHoGm;onf/ jrm;wpfpif; xkwfcsif;cwfovdkvnf; eifhceJ pl;0if oGm;rdonf/
bmaMumifh tJovdk cHpm;vdkuf&rSef;awmh udk,fhudk,fudk xdkpOfu raocsmcJh/ aocsmwmawmh
tJonfhtcsdefonf odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY\ &if;ESD;rIaMumifh rdrdtaeESifh bmrS0if cHpm;ydkifcGifh r&SdcJhonfh tcsdef
jzpfonf qdkonfh tcsufyif/ bmyJ ajymajym rdvdIifonf rdrd odef;rdk;ESifh ywfoufrS oduRrf;&onfh
oli,fcsif; jzpfovdk rdrduvnf; pdk;pdk;rm\cspfol jzpfaeao;aom taetxm; jzpfaecJhavonf/
35
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
]oefaumifawG b,fuae&ovJ om;wdkY? orD;wdkY odMu&JUvm;}
]vufonf;&SnfawGxJrSm uyfaewJh oefOawGudk pm;rdvdkYyg q&mr}
100rQ&Sdaom ausmif;ol ausmif;om;uav;rsm;u vufydkuf oHNydKif ajzMuonf/ quf
a[majym&ef ajcqif; ysKd;aeaom tvkyfoif q&m0efruav; bmqufajym&rSef; rodbJ yg;pyf
ta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;avonf/
rdrdab;wGif xdkifaeaom q&m0efuav;ESifh q&m0efruav;u [efraqmifEkdifbJ toHwdwf
&,fMuavonf/
tvpfwGif nu tdyfysufonfudk rodrom jyefidkufaeaom rdrdyifvQif rsufvHk;rsm; qwfceJ
yGifhoGm;NyD; cHkwef;&Snf wpfzufxdyfrS q&mr a':pdk;pdk;rmudk vSnfhMunfhrdonf/
a':pdk;pdk;rmuvnf; [efraqmifEdkifbJ oGm;wufuav; tazG;om; ay:atmif &,farm aeavonf/
36
vuFm&nfausmf
(8)
]q&mwdkYudk xrif;auR;zdkY pDpOfxm;w,f}

a':pdk;pdk;rmu ausmif;rcef;xJrS txGufwGif tem;uyf ajymonf/ q&m0efuav;rsm;vnf; arSmfbD
jyefa&mufvQif xrif;pm; aemufusawmhrnf[k awG;rd jyHK;om acgif;ndwfjyvdkufonf/
]q&mBudKufwwfwJh ykef;&nfBuD;vnf; yg ygw,f}
vSyfceJ
trSwfonmBuD;rIudk todtrSwf jyKrd&avonf/ oluawmh oGm;wufuav;rsm; ay:atmif
&,fjyefonf/
]ydefoGm;HkavmufeYJ rrSwfrdbl; xifaewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf uRefrudkyJ rrSwfrdaewmvm;}
&Sufudk;&Sufuef; &,frdonf/
]rSwfrd&ifvnf; q&mvdkYawmh rac:aeeJYav? ukdvwfyJac:yg}
]tdkauav? 'gqdkvnf; pdk;udkvnf; pdk;vdkYyJ ac:aygh}
]pawGUuwnf;uawmh ]q&mrBuD;}vdkY wpfcgrS rac:rdao;bl; xifwmyJ}
&,foHuav;rsm; a0pnfoGm;onf/
37
vuFm&nfausmf
(9)
q&m0efuav;rsm; arSmfbD jyefoGm;Muawmh a':pdk;pdk;rmESifh q&mrsm; em;aecef;xJwGif pum;ajym

usefaecJhrdonf/
]ykef;&nfBuD; BudKufwmawmh rajymif;vJao;bl;aemf}
][kwfw,f? aus;Zl;yJ? MuHKovdkpm;wm tusifhygaeawmh udk,fhudk,fudk,f bmBudKufrSef;awmif
arhawhawh jzpfaew,f? pm;MunfhawmhrS pm;aumif;vdkufwm}
]nuvnf; rtdyf&? aoG;vnf; vSLxm;w,fqdk}
&,frdonf/
]bk&m;a&? tukefudk odaeawmhwmyJ}
a':pdk;pdk;rm ac: ]pdk;}u &,f&if;u&yfNyD; oufjyif;csonf/
]owif;awG Mum;&wdkif; pdwfyl& rvdkvdk? *kPf,l& rvdkvdk jzpfaecJh&wm MumygNyD udkvwf&,f? pdk;eJY
awGUorQ q&m0efwdkif;eD;yg;u udkvwfudk odMuw,f? udkvwf b0wpfckvHk; vlemawGMum;xJrSm
ESpfjrKyfxm;wm? tyifyef; tqif;&J cHEdkifwm? a&mufav&m t&yfrSm vlawG cspfcifav;pm;Muwm tjrJ
Mum;ygw,f? olwdkYwpfawG ajymyHku udkvwfvdk q&m0efwpfa,muf &Sdwm q&m0ef tcsif;csif;
*kPf,lp&mvdkyHkygyJ}
&SufjyHK; jyHK;&if;u ]tydkqm'g;av;awGvnf; ygcsif ygrSmayghuGm? odyfr,HkygeJY} [k a&mcs vdkuf&onf/
]pdwfylwmuawmh waZmufuef; EdkifvGef;ovm;vdkYyg? &ifusyfNyD; udk,fwdkif vJae&if;u uav;
rarG;EdkifvdkY vmac:wm rdk;xJavxJ jrif;eJY vdkufoGm;zl;w,fqdk}
thHMopGmjzifh acgif;ndwfjy&onf/
]atmufvrf;q&mudk vlv,faumif vufoD;eJY xdk;wma&m trSefyJvm;}
]rvG,fygvm;} [k a&&Gwf&if;u &,frdonf/
]wrif xdk;vdkufwm r[kwfygbl;uGm}
]b,fvdk}
]tJ'Dvludk pdwfxJrSm rauseyfaewmawmh awmfawmfMumNyD? tdyfrufxJrSm tBudrfBudrf vufoD;eJY
xdk;zl;w,f? tJ'DoleJY awGUwJhaeYawmh vlemudpeJY 'DaeYvdkayghav wpfnvHk;u tdyfysufxm;w,f?
rarQmfvifhbJ oleJYqHkawmh olu tdyfrufxJrSmwkef;uvdkyJ t*Fvdyfq&m0ef? armif&if aq;ukwJhae&mrSm
q&m rpGufbl;? q&m aq;ukaewJh vlemawGvnf; armif&if rpGufeJYvdkY ajymvdkufawmh udk,fhudk,fudk
38
vuFm&nfausmf
tdyfrufxJrSmyJ atmufarhNyD; a,mifNyD; xdk;csvdkufwm? vlawG 0dkif;qGJawmhrS wu,f jzpfaerSef;

owd&awmhw,f}
]twdkifrcH&bl;vm; udkvwf&,f}
]vlvdrfyJ? tm;enf;csuf&SdwJhvlu jyem r&Sm&Jygbl;? &Smvnf; odyfawmh *krpdkufrdbl;ayghav?
trsm;pkuvnf; udk,fhbufrSm &Sdwmudk;? oleJY udk,feJY wef;wl vmEIdif;wmudk rcHcsifpdwfeJY
rTefoGm;wmrsKd;aygh? wpfcgygyJ? aemuf 'grsKd; xyfrjzpfawmhygbl;}
rdrdu t&,frysuf ajymaeayr,fh ]pdk;}rsufESmu raumif;/
]jyefajymorQ vlwdkif;uawmh udkvwfudk av;pm;wJh toHeJYyJ ajymMuwmcsnf;ygyJ? pdk;vnf;
*kPfawmh,lygw,f? 'Davmuf pdwfxm; jrifhjrwfwJh vlwpfa,muf[m udk,feJY odyf&if;ESD;cJhzl;w,f
qdkwmudkaygh? xkwfajymvdkYawmh r&bl;av? usdwf *kPf,l&wmaygh}
olvnf; rsufESm eDapG;apG; jzpfoGm;ovdk rdrdvnf; tenf;i,f xlyloGm;cJhonf/ pdk;u kwfw&uf
&Suf&,f &,fvdkufonf/
]'D *kPf,lwJhpdwfeJY vrf;cGJoGm;uwnf;u pdwfqdk;cJh&wmawGudkawmif acsypfvdkufvdkY &cJhw,f
qdkwma&m od&JUvm;}
ESpfa,mufpvHk; toHwdwfoGm;cJh&ygonf/
39
vuFm&nfausmf
(10)
aeYv,fapmif;rS tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhojzifh naeapmif;rS tdyf&muEdk;onf/ jywif;aygufu usaeu tdyf&mudk

wnfhwnfh xdk;vmom EdkYrdkYomqdk awmufavQmuf tdyfaysmfoGm;avrvm;[kvnf; awG;rdonf/
tdyfcef; jywif;0rS acgif;xGuf a&zvm; wpfcGufESifh rsufESm opfvdkufonf/ rsufESmopf&if;u
v,fuGif;rsm;\ tqHk; rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;\ tpyfwGif iSufwpftkyf ysHoGm;onfudk vSrf;jrif&onf/
a&SUwnfhwnfhwGifawmh ajrom; wmdk;vrf;rBuD;/
rdrd b,ftcsdeftxd rodatmif quf vrf;avQmuf&OD;rnfh xdk wmdk;vrf;rBuD;onf usaea&mif
[yfonfhwdkif ESif;vTmxk atmufwGif rIefrTm; aeavonf/
40
vuFm&nfausmf
ueOD; c&pfprwfaeYuav;rsm;
(1)
rdrd tvGef rkef;ygonfqdkonfh onf&SLaq;ykvif;udk &Sm&jyefavNyD/

yg;pyf twGif;odkY wpfcsufcsif; Spfxnfh atmifhxm;&rnfudk pdwfr&Snfojzifh ESpfcsufqufwdkuf
Spfxnfhrdonf/ NyD;awmh touf&SLoGif; q,fpuefY toufatmifhxm;&rnfhtpm; puefY 20 eD;eD;
atmifhxm;vdkufonf/
rDwm 1500 tajy;NydKifyGJ yef;0ifcgeD; vlvdk kef;uef&SLIdufaeaom tqkwfonf enf;enf;awmh
*emNidrfoGm;ovdk xifrdonf/
tdyfcef;xJrS {nfhcef;buf avQmufvm ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:wGif ajcpHkwifNyD; cyfauG;auG;
xdkifvdkufonf/ ukvm;xdkif aemufrSDay:odkY acgif;udk vSefwifvdkufonf/ rdrdESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif
0&efwmbufodkYxGufaom wHcg;&GufESpfckyGifhaeonfudkvSrf;jrifae&onf/ pdrfhat;aom aqmif;OD;avrsm;
wdkufcwf 0ifa&mufaeonfudkvnf; cHpm;od&Sdaeonf/ odkYaomf OD;0dpm&tdrf&mpcef;ay:rS jzwfoef;
0ifa&mufvmonfh 0ifcgeD; aea&mif eDapG;apG;udk oabmusaerdojzifh xrydwfjzpfawmh/
rdrd\ &ifusyfa&m*gonf aqmif;avESifh roifhawmfrSef; odaomfvnf; cufonfu rdrd udk,fwdkifudku
onfaqmif;avudk cspfwwfaejyefonf/
armifESroHk;a,mufESifh rdbESpfyg; twlaecJhMupOfu usyfnyfaeaom wdkufcef;onf ,ckawmh
vlvnf; wpfa,mufrS r&Sd/ y&dabm*vnf; rqdkoavmufom &Sdojzifh pGefYypfcHxm;&aom tdrfwpfvHk;yDyD
txD;usef qefvGef;aeonf/
zcifjzpfolu tqifhjrifh t&m&SdBuD;rsm;udkay;aom vHk;csif;tdrfwpfckwGif ajymif;a&TUaeaeonf/
rdcifuvnf; tJonfrSm/ tpfrESifh nDi,fuawmh twlraeMuawmhonfrSm MumavNyD/
]OD;0dpm&wdkufcef;rSm 'Dwpfacguf oGm;aecsifw,f} [k ajympOfu zcifu tHhMo[efjyayr,fh
taMumif;&if;rar;bJ aomh xkwfay;cJhonf/ rdcifuawmh zcif usef;rma&;a&m? rdrd usef;rma&;udkyg
taMumif;jy wm;&Smao;onf/ udk,fhtaMumif;ESifh udk,frdkY tavQmhray;cJhrd/
,ckawmh txD;usef qefvSonfh onfwdkufcef;rSm wpfa,mufwnf; aMumifawmifawmif vlem
jzpfaejyefavNyD/
qlnHaom w,fvDzkef;oHaMumifh tmHk ysufoGm;onf/
vlr&Sdaom wdkufcef;wGif zkef;wyfqifxm;jcif;udk tHhMo&onfxuf onfzkef; jrnfvmonfu ydk
tHhMozdkY aumif;aeonf/
zkef;u vufwpfurf;wGifrdkY csufcsif; aumufudkifvdkufonf/
41
vuFm&nfausmf
]zkef;rSm;aew,f xifygw,f}
]a'gufwm vwfNidrf; r[kwfvm;&Sif}
Munfvifat;jraom rdef;rysKdoHwpfcku tHhtm;oifhrIudk ydkaponf/
][kwfygw,f? b,folrsm;}
]uRefr arxm;&Dyg&Sif? q&meJY cPavmuf awGUcsifvdkY vSrf;qufwmyg}
tajzwpfckuawmh &oGm;onf/ arxm;&Donf zcifESifh tvGef&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwpfOD;orD;?
Oya'ynm&SifwpfOD;? rdrdESifhvnf; ausmif;om;b0u wdkufqdkifrIuav;aygif;rsm;pGm ywfoufcJhzl;onf/
,cktxdvnf; zciftkyfcsKyfaom XmewpfckwGif vufaxmuf TefMum;a&;rSL;tqifh trIxrf;aeol/
onfawmh rdrdonfrSm &Sdaernfudk zcifqDu odrnf/ zkef;eHygwfuawmh [dk;,cifuwnf;u ol
odcJhNyD;om;/
tajz &Smr&onfu bmaMumifh rdrdESifh awGUcsif&ygoenf;/ arxm;&Du &dyfrdonfhtvm;
]'DtD; udpuav;yg? uRefr enf;enf; &Sif;jycsifvdkY}
bk&m;a& rdrd Xmeqdkif&m pHkprf;ppfaq; ta&;,lay;yg&ef twdkifcH& &efukef a&mufaeonfudkyif
olu odaejyefavNyD/
]b,fvdkvkyf odaewmvJ[if}
avoHwdk;wdk;ESifh tm;r&SdpGm jyefar;rdonf/
]tefu,fyJ ajymjywmyg? tefu,fu orD;u 'Dvkyfief;oabm enf;enf; em;vnfawmh om;udk
&Sif;jyp&m&Sdwmav;awG uknD&Sif;jyay;yg qdkvdkY}
tm;empGmjzifh oufjyif;csrdonf/ zcifonf tqifhjrifh t&m&SdBuD;wpfOD;jzpf taygif;toif;
tquftoG,f rsm;Hkomru vGefpGmrSvnf; yg;eyfolwpfOD; jzpfaMumif; rdrd trSwfwrJh &SdcJhonf/ zcif
aeraumif;pOfuyif cGifh&uf&Snf r,laomrdrd? 0g;eufacsmif; aq;HkrS vuf&Sdaq;HkodkY ajymif;NyD;rS
&efukefESifh ydkeD;vmaomfvnf; &efukefodkY wpfacgufrS rjyefao;ayr,fh 'Dwpfcgawmh &efukefwGif
at;at;aq;aq; aeOD;rnf[k ajymuwnf;u rouFm vdkufpHkprf;cJh[ef wlavonf/
]uRefawmfu vmawGU&rSmygAsm? r[kwfwm}
&,foHoJhoJh Mum;&onf/ NyD;awmhrS &Suftrf;trf;avoHjzifh
]aeraumif;bl; qdkwmvnf; odygw,f q&m&,f? tm;emraeygeJY? olpdrf;awGrS r[kwfwm}
zkef;csoGm;ygonf/
42
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
[kwfawmhvnf; [kwfonf/ arxm;&DESifh rdrdonf olpdrf;rsm;r[kwf/

ywfoufcJhrI twdkif;twmu w&if;wESD;[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; wdkufqdkif cJhrIrsm;u tHhMo
&avmufatmif rsm;jym;cJhzl;onf/
c&pf,mef bmom0if rdef;uav; ar&D(ac:) arxm;&DESifh qHkawGUcJhjzpfaom wdkufqdkifrI
uav;rsm;taMumif;udk jyefajymjy&vQif xl;qef;aom c&prwf aeYuav;rsm; taMumif;vnf; csefxm;
r&jyefacs/
xdk c&prwfuav;aygif; rsm;pGmxJrS yxrOD;qHk;aom c&prwfaeYrSmrlum; arxm;&DESifh vHk;0
rywfoufbJ rdvdIif(ac:)oG,fpkvdIifESifhom ywfoufavonf/
43
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
]udkvwf? eif c&prwfaeY bmtpDtpOf&SdovJ}

]tdyfzdkYawmh tpDtpOf&Sdw,f}
]acG;aumif? ajymvdkuf&if 'Dvkdcsnf;yJ? 'gqdk ightdrfvmcJh? nae 4 em&Davmuf}
]bmvkyfzdkYvJ}
]eifwdkYudk auR;rvdkY? a,mufsm;av;xJu odef;rdk;&,f? eif&,f? NyD;awmh ightxufwef;wkef;u
oli,fcsif; rdef;uav; oHk;a,mufvnf; zdwfxm;w,f? qufqufvmcJh? igeifwdkYudk olwdkYeJY
rdwfqufay;r,f? acsmw,f[ odvm;}
xHk;pHtwdkif; aemuf&Twf&TwfESifh zdwfNyD; xGufoGm;aom rdvdIif\ ausmbufudk ai;Munfh&if; rdvdIifudk
c&pf,mefwpfOD;rSef; rodcJhaom udk,fhudk,fudk tHHhtm;oifhaerdonf/
wu,fawmh xdk c&prwfumvwGif rdrdtaetxm;u ]pdk;}ESifhvnf; tquftoG,f jzwfcJhavNyD/
rdvdIifESifh &,f&Tef;zwf&Tef; pum;ajymaerdwdkif;wGifvnf; trnf rwyfwwfaom a0'emwpf&yfudk &ifxJ
tjyif;txef tvl;tvJ wkefvIyfpGm cHpm;wwfaeavNyD/
rSefygonf/ rdvdIifudk cspfaecJhNyD;aeavNyD/ tonf;aygufrwwf cHpm;&onf[laom pum;vHk;\
t"dym,fudkvnf; vHk;aphywfaph em;vnfaecJhavNyD/
odkYwdkifatmif rdrdcspfaeolwpfOD;\ udk;uG,f&m bmomudkaocsmpGm rodaomtjzpfonf rdrd\
Pf&nfPfaoG;ESifhyJ qdkifrvm;[k udk,fhudk,fudk r&Jw&J ar;cGef;xkwfrdygonf/
44
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
]a[mawmh r,f&D c&prwf wl;,l wJh}

rdrd\ vufaqmifxkyfay:rS pmwef;udk zwf rdvdIifu
oli,fcsif;ruav;rsm;u 0dkif;vkMunfh&if;u &,fMuavonf/
wtHhwMo
a&&Gwfawmh
olY
zdeyfudk cRwf tcef;xJ t0ifwGifawmh ,ciftacgufrsm; a&mufcJhpOfu taMumif; rnfrnf&&

r&SdygbJESifh rdrd\ tlaMumifaMumifEdkifaom pdkufwpfckwnf;aMumifh rjrifrdcJhaomt&mudk jrifavonf/
bk&m;pif/
bk&m;a& tdrftvnfa&mufwdkif; rdvdIifrsufESmuav;udkom tcGifhomvQif omovdk wdwfwcdk; ai;arm
MunfhaewwfcJhonfrSm onf{nfhcef;ESifh qufvsufyif bk&m;cef;wpfcef; &SdaerSef;udk owd
rxm;rdcJh&yguvm;/
yef;? qDrD;wdkY a0qmpGm uyfvSLxm;aom bk&m;pifa&SUrSm wef;pDxGef;xm;aom za,mif;wdkif
uav;rsm;udk uref;uwef; a&Munfhrdonf/
]18}wdkifwdwd/
udk,fhezl;om udk,fdkufypfcsifvdkufrdawmhonf/
oeyfcg; a&usJuav;om wifxm;NyD; qHyif&SnfwdkYudk zm;vsm;csvsufu [uf[ufyufyuf
&,farmaeaom rdvdIifbufodkY vSnfhMunfh&if;u &Suf&,fom &,fjyvdkuf&onf/ vufpowfawmh rdvdIif\
arG;aeYyGJygvm;/
'DZifbmv 25&ufaeYwGifrS wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif arG;xm;aom &Srf;Armruav;
wu,fawmh Ak'bmom0ifwpfOD;om jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; rdrd rodcJhjyefyg/
rdvdIifonf
]bmjzpfaeMuwmvJ}
vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh odef;rdk;0ifvmonf/ &,fusJusJESiYf olYvufxJwGifvnf; txkyfwpfxkyf
udkifvmonf/ xdktxkyfay:wGifawmh ]oifhtwGuf aysmf&TifzG,f arG;aeYjzpfygap} [laom t*Fvdyf pmwef;udk
xif&Sm;pGm jrif&onf/
xdkpmwef;udk jrif&csdefwGifawmh odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY\&if;ESD;rI xkxnfMum;wGif o0efwdk&rvdkvdk?
odrfi,fovdkvdk cHpm;cJhrdao;onfudk ,ckwdkifyif owd&aerdao;awmh\/
45
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
'kwd, c&prwf/
'kwd, c&prwfwGifawmh arxm;&Du rdrdb0 vrf;aMumif;xJodkY rodrom pwif 0ifa&muf vmonf/
tJonfESpfu rdvdIifarG;aeYyGJ rvkyfjzpf/ arG;aeYrwdkifrD wpfywfavmufuwnf;u olYrdb\ aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sd&m
jrefatmifNrdKUodkY oGm;a&muf vnfywfaeonf/
cspfrdaeNyD[k aocsmaeonfh b0rSmyif tlaMumifaMumifom cspfwwfaom rdrdu blwmodkY
vdkufEIwfqufcJhao;onf/ wu,fawmh c&D;wdkrdkY b,foli,fcsif;rS vkdufrEIwfquf cJhMu/
rdef;uav;rsm;vnf; rvm? a,mufsm;uav;rsm;vnf; rvm/ t&if;ESD;qHk; oli,fcsif;jzpfol odef;rdk;yif
rvm/ a,mifcsmcsmjzpfaeaom rdrdudk rdvdIif\zcifuyif jyHK; uGufMunfhuGufMunfh vkyfaeao;onf/
rdvdIifuawmh &,farm
]igr&Sdwkef; eifeJY odef;rdk; vdrfvdrfrmrm aecJhMuaemf} [k aemufajymifavonf/
46
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
c&prwfaeYusawmh odef;rdk;u &efukefwuodkvfrS oli,fcsif; c&pf,mefrdef;uav; wpfOD;\ c&prwfyGJodkY

tazmfvdkufcJhay;&ef rdrdudk ac:avonf/
xdk rdef;uav;onfum; trsm;u ]ar&D}[k ac:Muonfh ]arxm;&D}ac: acwftenf;i,fqefaom
vSyaom rdef;uav;wpfOD; jzpfavonf/
]odef;rdk; rvmwmMumvdkY ',f'DwdkYawmif ar;aew,f}
]aqm&D;uGm? pmar;yGJawG qufaevdkY? abmvHk;uvnf; uefaewmav}
]odyfpGHaewmvnf; Mum;ygw,f}
][m r[kwfu [kwfu}
47
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
tjyefwGifawmh av;a,mufom; cyfaxGaxGESifh taqmifwpfcka&SU *pfwm oGm;wD;&atmif[k wnDwGwf

qHk;jzwfNyD; rdef;uav;aqmif wpfcka&SU a&mufcJhonf/ odef;rdk;u *pfwmwD; wpfa,muf wpfvSnfh
oDcsif;qdkMuonf/
taqmif jywif;aygufrS rD;a&mifrsm;udk vSrf;Munfh&if;u rdrdwdkY atmifjrifrI toifhtwifh&onf[k
udk,fhbmomudk,f qHk;jzwfMuonf/
onfpOfrSmyif taqmifapmifhBuD;u pmwpfapmif vmay;onf/ tm;&0rf;om vufckyf oHNydKifwD;MuNyD;
pmudk zGifhzwfMuonf/
]odef;rdk;eJYudkvwf? rl;aevnf; jyeftdyfMu[m? ig oli,fcsif;awGeJY pum;ajymcsifvdkY vmtdyfwm?
'DaumifawG xGufarQmfaeMuawmh igpum; rajym&awmhbl;? eifwdkY toHBuD;awGuvnf; vQmav;tmav;eJY?
taumifpkwfawG? qHk;rr,fhvl r&Sdbl;xifNyD; aomif;usef;aeMuwm? ig 'DaeY jyefa&mufaeNyD[JY? rdvdIif}
odef;rdk;ESifh wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,mufMunfhNyD; &,frdMuavonf/

at your OWN RISK.
48
vuFm&nfausmf
(8)
]eifwdkY tJ'Dnu b,foGm;aomufMuwmvJ}
]enf;enf;yguG}
]at;yg? igu bmajymvdkYvJ? b,frSm aomufvmMuvJyJ ar;wm}
]c&prwf npmpm;yGJ&SdvdkYyguG? odef;rdk; oli,fcsif;tdrfrSmyg}
]arxm;&Dtdrf r[kwfvm;}
kwfw&uf tHhMooGm;onf/
]eif b,fvdkvkyf odovJ}
rdvdIifu rJhjyHK;jyHK;jyonf/
]eifuvnf; odyftwmyJ? tJ'g odef;rdk; oli,fcsif; r[kwfbl;[? olYaumifrav;? eifuvnf;
'DavmufwGJvmNyD; rodbl;vm;}
]olu eifhudk tJovdk ajymjyxm;vdkYvm;}
tlaMumifaMumif jyefar;rdonf/
]ajymrvm;[JY? 'Daumifu 'Dudpudk 'dkifvQdKxm;wm? igodwmu ]&mZl;}u oli,fcsif;awG
ajymjyvdkYodwm? arxm;&Du]avm}u? 'DaumifeJYu usL&SifrSmuwnf;u &if;vmwm? ckawmh 'Daumifu
wpfcsdefvHk; ]avm}rSm csnf;yJwJh? NyD;awmh wdkYausmif;u aumifrav; wpfa,mufu arxm;&D&JU
nDr0rf;uGJwpfa,mufeJY ]abmif'&D}rSm aEG&moDoifwef; wpfckrSm wuf&if;eJY cifzl;awmh tJ'D nDr0rf;uGJu
]odef;rdk;}qdkwm odovm;vdkY ar;zl;w,fwJh? oluodw,f? bmjzpfvdkYvJvdkY ar;awmh olYtpfr&JU ]bJ}rdkYvdkY
b,fvdkvlvJvdkY odcsifvdkY vdkY ajymzl;w,f}
pdwftenf;i,f xdcdkufoGm;rdonf/
pdwfxdcdkuf&jcif; taMumif;u odef;rdk;ESifh rqdkifyg/ odef;rdk;ESifh arxm;&D trSefwu,f ywfouf
rywfoufudk rdrd rod/ odef;rdk;u bmrS ajymrjyzl;yg/ oli,fcsif;ayr,fh 'grsKd;vnf; ajymcsifrS ajymjyrnfh
aumifpm;[k xifonf/
pdwfxdcdkuf&jcif; taMumif;u rdvdIif\ ESvHk;om;udk tuf&S&S avoHrS wpfqifh jrifvdkuf&
jzpfygonf/ e*dkuwnf;u odkY xifcJhNyD;om;/ ,ckawmh aocsmaeNyD xifonf/
wu,fawmh rdvdIifudk cspfaerdNyD[k udk,fhudk,fudk aocsmcJhonfh tcsdefrSp rdvdIifudk zGifhajym&ef rdrd
tBudrfBudrf MuHpnfcJhzl;onf/ MuHpnfvdkufwdkif;wGifvnf; rdvdIif\ yGifhvif;pGm &,farm aemufajymifaeonfh
[efyefwdkY a&SUwGif owdwdkY tBudrfBudrf vGifhjy,fcYJzl;onf/
49
vuFm&nfausmf
]oGm;rajymeJY? rif;udk olrcspfbl;} [k ESvHk;om;u tBudrfBudrf wm;jrpfaeavonf/

ezl;ay: 0Jusvmaom qHpwdkYudk pum;ajym&if;u trSwfrxif cgwifavh&Sdaom trlt&m?
vufywfem&Dudk nmbufvufwGifom ywfavh&Sdaom tavhtx? twef;wGif; pmar;yGJrsm;wGif pma&;zdkY
pOf;pm;wdkif; atmufEIwfcrf;uav;udk oGm;uav;rsm;ESifh udkufxm;wwfonfh [efyef? bwfpfum;
vufrSwf0,fwdkif;rSm vufrSwfudk vufId;ESifh vufcv,fMum;rSmSyfNyD; ,lwwfaom tusifhponfh
tavhtusifhuav;rsm;xdatmif vdkuf cspfcJhrdaom ESvHk;om;u ....
odef;rdk; &efukefwuodkvfbuf oGm;OD;rnf[k ajymwdkif;rSm pmawG t&rf;vGwfukefygOD;r,f[m[k
toHuav; rodromwkef ajymwwfonfudk rjrifr&SdcJh/
rdvdIifu avQmcsovdk &,fvdkufonf/
]ig 'DaeY ighabmf'gawGeJY abmvHk;uGif;bufudk 0ifcJhw,f[? odvm;? odef;rdk;udk nutaMumif;
oGm;tpfrvdkY? [dka&mufawmh odef;rdk;awmif ighudk rawGUao;ygbl;? x&defeif em;aewkef;oleJY arxm;&D
uGif;wpfzufrSm ESpfa,mufwnf; ]MuL}aeMuwmeJY igvnf; rjrifatmif jyef vpfvm&w,f? odvm;?
odyf&,f&wmyJ}
rdvdIif\ &,foHonf wu,fawmh r&,f&yg/
50
vuFm&nfausmf
(9)
wHcg;0bufrS vlac: acgif;avmif;oHaMumifh twdwfqDodkY vGifharsmaeaom tawG;rsm; rD;cdk;aiGUozG,f

vGifhjy,f oGm;Muonf/
tat;'PfaMumifh auG;xm;aom cEmudk,fudk rqefYcsif qefYcsif wdk;q wHcg;bufodkY avQmufvm
qGJzGifh ay;vdkufonf/
wHcg;0wGifawmh rdrdESifh rwdrf;r,drf; jzpf[efwlayr,fh rdrdxuf rsm;pGm EkysKd[ef aygufaeonfh
rdef;rysKdwpfOD; &yfaeonf/
oyf&yfpGm odrf;tkyfxm;aom qHyifESifh jrefrmyDoaom 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkYu a`Ejzifh touft&G,f
EkysKdao;aMumif;udk odomapaeonf/
Munfvif awmufyaom rsufvHk;wpfpHku tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm qHkawGUcJhzl;onfh
jzpfay:apaomfvnf; rdrd\ a0rdIif;aeonfh tmHkwdkYu kwfw&uf rEdk;xEdkifyg/
cHpm;csufudk
rdef;rysKdu vSypGm jyHK;onf/

]rrSwfrdawmhbl;vdkYyJ ,lqvdkuf&rSmvm;[if}
aMomf-[kwfyg&JU? zkef;vnf; BudKqufxm;&ufeJY/
]aqm&D;aemf ar&D? vm vm}
0wfpm;qif,ifyHkESifh trlt&m vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;BuD; qefYusifbuf ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk ig;ESpf[laom
tcsdefESifh vufaxmuf TefMum;a&;rSL;qdkonfh &mxl;wpfcku &Sif;jyEdkifpGrf; &Sdaomfvnf; rdrd
rrSwfrdvdkufjcif; twGufrl vHkavmufaom taMumif;jycsuf bmrS r&Sdyg/
i,fpOfu acwfqefpGm 0wfpm;jyifqifNyD; odompGm jc,fvdrf;xm;um t*Fvdyfwpf0uf? jrefrmwpf0uf
pum;oHus,fus,f w&pyf ajymaewwfaom rdef;uav;xufawmh ,ck0ifvmonfh rdef;rysKdu rsm;pGm ydk
usufoa& &Sdaeonfudkawmh todtrSwf jyKrd&jyefygonf/
51
vuFm&nfausmf
(10)
]q&meJY zkef;ajymNyD;rS q&mwdkY OD;pD;u rdwfaqGqD cP0ifaeao;vdkY aemufusoGm;wmyg}
acgif;ndwfjyvdkufonf/
]tm;emvdkufwmAsm? bmrSvJ {nfhcHp&m r&Sdbl;? ydwfxm;wm Mumawmh}
]&w,f q&m? uRefr em;vnfygw,f}
arxm;&Du {nfhcef;pm;yGJay: odkYpm&GuftcsKdU csonf/
]tcku ]'DtD;} oabmawmhvnf; r[kwfbl;? [dkwkef;uvdk ]yDtD;} tqifhwpfqifh uG,f&mrSm
q&mrodatmif BudKwifppfaq;zdkYuvnf; vwfwavmtm;jzifh vkyfief; enf;enf;ydaewJh oabmjzpfvdkY
tcsdefukef? vlawG yifyef; oufomatmif q&mhudk ac:,lar;jref;wJh oabmyJ? ]'DtD;} vdk pGJcsuf
wifwJhtqifhrsKd;awmh r[kwfbl;vdkY ajymygw,f q&m? 'guvnf; rvdktyfbJ t&mxrf;tqifh
0efxrf;wpfa,muf txl;ojzifh q&mhvdk ]apwemq&m0ef} &,fvdkY vlodrsm; xif&Sm;xm;wJh yk*dKvfwpfOD;
twdkifcH&wmaMumifh pdwf"mwfuswm? apwem ysufwmrsKd; jzpfrSmudk OD;pD;udk,fuvnf; pdwfylwJhtaMumif;
q&m odapcsifygw,fwJh]
jyHK;omjyHK;jyvdkufonf/
]wpfcgrS twdkifrcH&zl;ayrJh b,favmufyJ apwemxm; vkyfay; vkyfay; tuJh&JUuif;zdkY qdkwmuawmh
rjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwm uRefawmf BudKwif ESvHk;oGif;xm;NyD;om;ygAsm? q&m0efeJY vlem tiftm;rrQ jzpfwmrsKd;u
b,fae&mrSmrqdk &Hzef&Hcg jzpfwwfwmrsKd;ygyJ? 'Dvdk tcsdefrsKd;rSm q&m0ef twGufuawmh OD;pm;ay;
vlemqdkwm tckcsufcsif; wpfckck vkyfray;vdkuf&if touf qHk;IH;oGm;EdkifwJh vlemrsKd;aygh? uHqdk;csifvdkY
tJovdk vlemrsKd; NydKifwl ESpfOD;twGuf udk,fwpfOD;wnf;u yufyif; wdk;cJh&ifvnf; vufxJrSm vuf&Sd
vkyfae&if;wef;vef; vlemudk jywfatmif t&ifjzwf&wmaygh? vlem&SifawGbufu Munfhawmhvnf;
udk,fhvlemonfomvQif eHygwfwpf OD;pm;ay; tjrJjzpfcsifwmrsKd;av? rauseyfMubl;aygh? [dk;t&if
uRefawmf tvkyfoif q&m0ef b0rSmxJu touf&SL&yfaewJh uav;wpfa,mufudk ta&;ay:
toufvkae&wkef;rSm wjcm; uav;rdbu ycHk;udktwif; vdkufqGJNyD; olYuav; tzsm;rusao;wmudk
vdkufMunfhzdkY twif; vkac:wmMuHKzl;ygw,f}
oufjyif;wpfcsufudk Idufvdkufonf/
]twdkifcH&w,fqdkwJh udpBuD;u 'Davmuf apmapm MuHKzl;vdrfhr,f rxifrdwm wpfckygyJAsm}
pdwfysufvufysufESifh &,fcs rdonf/ arxm;&Duawmh jyHK;Hkom jyHK;onf/
]tckvnf; 'Dudpu NyD;oavmufeD;eD;ygyJ q&m? jzpfyHku q&mawmfBuD;uvnf; olY'umawG
wdkifpma&;wmudk rodvdkufbl;? olwdkY q&m cGJcef;xJu xGufvmwJhtxd rapmifhEdkifbl;qdkNyD;
q&mawmfBuD;udk &efukef qufac: oGm;Muwkef;uvnf; q&mawmfBuD;u trSefyJ tonf;toef
jzpfaew,f? wpfywfavmufaerS aumif;aumif; pum;ajymEdkifwm? aemuf tusKd;taMumif;
q&mawmfvnf; oda&m olYvlawGudk qlvdkufwmrS wtm;yJwJh? q&mhqDudkvnf; olYvlawGtwGuf
awmif;yefwJh oabmrsKd; pmwpfapmif a&;w,f? ]OD;pD;}uwpfqifh ydkYcdkif;awmh ]OD;pD;}rSmvnf; tJ'Dpmu
52
vuFm&nfausmf
tcka&mufaeNyD? 'DaeY uRefr odcJh&wmuawmh ]OD;pD;}u bmrSawmif qufrvkyfawmhr,fh oabmygyJ?

'gaMumifh apmapmu uRefrajymovdk 'DwdkifwJhudpuawmh jyem r&SdvSbl;?jyemu ....}
arxm;&Du tm;emyg;em[efjzifh jyHK;onf/
]jyemu q&m pdwfjrefwmyJ}
]uRefawmf [kwfvm;}
][kwfw,f? q&mu 'DudpNyD;&if tajz bmyJxGufxGuf uRefawmfhudk csif;awmif jyefydkYay;ygvdkY
pma&;wifcJhw,f r[kwfvm;? q&m tJovdk ajymawmh olwdkYu jiif;&cufw,f}
vufumjyvdkufonf/
]pdwfjrefvdkY &GJUwm r[kwfygbl;? uRefawmfudku wu,f[dkrSm aysmfwmyg? [dkrSm uRefawmf b,favmuf
vkyfcYJw,fqdkwm OD;pD;u odygw,f}
arxm;&Du jyHK;onf/
]OD;pD;wif odwm r[kwfygbl; q&m? q&mhemrnf bmjzpfvdkY ]csif;awmifvwfNidrf;}vdkY
wGifaew,fqdkwm vlwdkif;u odwmyg? tcku q&mhrdbawGuvnf; q&mu ta0;BuD;rSm wpfcg
aecJhNyD;NyD? eD;eD;rSm cPwjzKwfawmh aeapcsifao;w,faygh? tck e,fcHawGuvnf; q&mhudk qHk;IH;&vdkY
0rf;enf; aeMuw,faygh q&m&,f? wdkifwJh tkyfpkudkvnf; pdwfqdk;Muw,faygh? q&mawmfBuD;uawmh
ajymw,fwJh? ]arwm&Sif}wpfa,mufudk ]arwm}wHkYjyefwwfwJh vlawGom ydkifoGm;rSmyJ? ckrSawmh
vGrf;raeMueJYwJh}
pdwfusOf;usyfpGmjzifh acgif;cgrdonf/
]at;Asm? tJovdkvnf; &nf&G,fwm r[kwfygbl;? pdwf&if;twdkif;udk jyefcsifvdkY jyefcsifw,f
ajymrdwmyg? ckrSawmhvnf; jyefrkyfodrf;csifbl;}
arxm;&Du ta0;wpfae&modkY jywif;aygufrS wpfqifh ai;arm Munfhaeonf/ cPMumNyD;rS
wdk;wdk;uav; ajymonf/
]kyfodrf;vdkYvnf; cufoGm;NyD q&m? 'Dowif;udk vlawGu awmfawmf odukefNyD? aemufaocsmwJh
owif; wpfckuawmh tck]uav;}uae *spftvGwf 3-4pD; qif;vmaeNyD}
yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;onf/
]bmajymwmvJ ar&D}
]csif;awmifu q&mhvlem&SifawGav? q&m jyefvmr,fMum;vdkYwJh? vmBudKaeMuNyD}
bmjyefajym&rSef; rodawmh/ wdkufcef;wpfckvHk; wdwfqdwf oGm;avonf/
53
vuFm&nfausmf
ESif;rIefMum;rS tdyfrufewforD;
(1)
aumif;uifwpfckvHk; odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;onf/
*sufav,mOf ysHwufwmudk rjrifzl;onfvnf; r[kwf/ i,fpOfu zcifESifhrdcif EdkifiHjcm;odkY wm0efESifh
oGm;Muonfudk vdkufydkYuwnf;u pNyD; tBudrfBudrf jrifzl;cJhonf/
onfwpfcgrS r*Fvm'Hk av,mOfuGif; avqdyf
ai;Munfhae&if; xl;xl;qef;qef; tawG; e,fcsJUaerdonf/
pm;aomufqdkifuav;
jywif;0wGif
&yf
xkxnf? j'yfxk bmrS udkifr&qkyfr&aomaumif;uifonf tb,faMumifh odrfhodrfhwkef&ygoenf;/

xdkYtwl usef&Sdaeao;orQ
wkefvIyf&ygoenf;/
vlYb0udk
omrefrQaom
j'yfxkr&SdygbJESifh av,mOf
aumif;raeaybl;vm;/
ysHwufonfudk
uJY&JUrIuav;
wkefcgaom
wpfckudk
aumif;uifBuD;vdk
bmaMumifh
&,fp&m
]OD;pD;}u rdrdudk csif;awmifodkY jyefydkY&mwGif ]NrdKUe,fq&m0eftqifh-2}&mxl;odkY wdk;jrifhay;vdkufojzifh

vpm rwdk;aomfvnf; &mxl;wufonf[kawmh ,lqEdkifonf/ touf 30ausmf t&G,fwGif
NrdKUe,faq;Hkwpfckudk OD;aqmif&rnfhol jzpfvmjcif; twGufawmh *kPf,l&ra,mifyif &Sdonf/ odkYaomf rdrd
vufatmufwGif rdrdxuf oHk;ESpfrQi,faom q&m0efuav; wpfOD;om &SdNyD; olYtultnDESifh
NrdKUe,fwpfckvHk;\ usef;rma&;udk wm0ef,l usm;uefay;zdkY qdkwmuawmh olwumvnf; vkyfaeMuayr,fh
vG,fulaom wm0efawmh r[kwfjyefyg/
NrdKUcH rdbvlxk trsm;pk\ cspfcifrIudk &xm;NyD;aom NrdKUuav; jzpfaeom awmfawmhonf/ 'gvnf;
wacsmifacsmifuawmh tvdk rjynfholwdkYu xGufvmwwfpjrJ/ aumif;uifBuD;vdk av,mOfwufwdkif;
wkefcgaeawmh rjzpf/
ajymif;a&TUcgeD; EIwfqufyGJwkef;u b,folrS rsufESm raumif;Muonfudkvnf; rSwfrd\/ 13ESpft&G,f
ausmif;oluav; wpfOD;ESifh olYrdcifuawmh rdrdvufcHkay: rsufESm tyf idkMuao;onf/ NyD;cJhonfh rdk;wGif;
rdk;rkefwdkif; onf;oefaeonfh nwpfn xdkrdef;uav; tjyif;zsm; owdvpfaeonf/ wdkufe,faq;HkodkY
avSjzifhvm&rnfh c&D;jzpfojzifh vlemudk avSay: wif&rSm pdwfrcsaom rdbrsm;? OD;av;rsm;u rdk;xJ
avxJwGif avSjzifh vmac: Muonf/
yifv,f0 usa&qif;csdefwGif rdk;rkefwkdif;Mum;xJrS avSc&D;udk vdkufroGm;&ef rdrd 0efxrf;rsm;u
0dkif;wm;Muonf/ vlem&Sifudk uav;jyefac: cdkif;Muonf/ uav;twGuf pdk;&drfpdwfrTefaeaom rdrdu
taMumaq;ykvif;ESifh uGDEdkifxdk;aq; tygt0if aq;0g;tcsKdU yvwfpwpftdwfESifh vHkvHkxkyfNyD; olwdkYvdkyif
yvwfpwpfp jcHK? carmufaqmif;NyD; vdkufoGm;cJhzl;onf/
54
vuFm&nfausmf
uHMurmu rdrdbufu az;rawmh OD;aESmufxJ iSufzsm;ydk; 0ifaeonfh xdkrdef;uav;\ toufudk

u,fEdkifcJhonf/ &GmrSmyif ntdyf? aemufwpfaeY rdk;avpJawmh uav;ygac: jyefvm/ uav;u aq;HkrSm
ESpfywfavmuf wufaeNyD; owdvnf;aumif;aumif;&/ rdrdESifh &if;ESD;cspfcifNyD;rS jyefoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
}orD; 'Dwpfcg aeraumif;jzpf&if b,fvdk vkyfrvJ OD;OD;&,f}
]OD;OD; ae&mvmwJh q&m0efu Munfhay;rSmaygh orD;&JU? orD;uvnf; jcif rudkufatmifaeav}
xdkaeYu q&mawmfBuD;vnf; <uvmonf/ aq;HktwGuf aiGvmvSL&if;u rdrdudkvnf; EIwfqufjcif;
jzpfonf/ aq;Hk Murf;jyifwGifyif dkaopGm xdkifuefawmh awmh q&mawmfBuD;u qGJxlxapNyD;
ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifcdkif;onf/
]b,fa'ou vlemyJjzpfjzpf vlemygyJ 'umBuD;&,f? 'umBuD;u a&mufav&m t&yfrSm tzdk;wefr,fh
a,mufsm;jrwfrsKd;yg? opfyifjrifhav avwdkufavqdkwJh pum;om rarhaveJY}
q&mawmfBuD; qHk;rpum;u tIdufudk xdojzifh &,fusJusJ vkyfaevdkuf&onf/
]wynfhawmf avwdkufcHEdkifygNyDbk&m;? 'gayrJh opfyifvnf; rjrifhcsifygbl;}
q&mawmfBuD;u acgif;wqwfqwf ndwfonf/
avmbawmh tawmfenf;wJh oli,fyJ? bkef;BuD;vnf; Mum;ygw,f? bmoma&;awmh odyf vdkufpm;[ef
rwlbl;}
&Suf&SufESifh &,f&jyefonf/ b,fbmoma&;yGJrSmrS rdrdudk rjrif& ajym[efwlonf/
]bmoma&;vnf; vkyfyghr,f bk&m;? avmbenf;wmuawmh pdwfxJrSm bmBuD;yJ&& odyfaysmfMunfhvdkY
r&wmuae udk,fhzdkYudk,f bmrS rvdkcsif&ifvnf; olrsm; ulnDwJhtvkyfyJ aZmufcs vkyfawmhr,fqdkNyD;
vkyfvmcJhwmrsKd;yg bk&m;? tJovdkrSrvkyf&ifvnf; vlvkyf&wm [mwmwmBuD;qdkNyD;}
todynmBuD;jrifhNyD; Nidrf;csrf; odrfarGUvGef;aom q&mawmfBuD;\ [efyefaMumifh pdwfxJwGif
aEG;aEG;axG;axG; cHpm;&&mrS &if;&if;ESD;ESD;yif pdwfxJ&Sdonfh twdkif; ajymjyrdonf/ q&mawmfBuD;u
jyHK;onf/
]BuD;BuD;us,fus,f qHk;IH;rIwpfckckeJY MuHKvdkufvdkY pdwfwpfrsKd; jzpfoGm;wJhvlawG bkef;BuD; cPcP
awGUzl;w,f? tJ'DvlawGeJY 'DwpfcgawGU&if 'umBuD; pum;vHk;uav;awG jyefajymjyOD;rSyJ}
q&mawmfBuD; pum;vHk;wdkYaMumifh rsufESmwpfckvHk; aEG;ceJ jzpfoGm;onfudk trSwf&rdjyefyg\/
55
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
]q&m}
csif;trsKd;om;uav; wG,fcefYcdkif rdrdab;wGif vm&yfaeonfudk ac:oHMum;rS owd&rdonf/
]uav;NrdKU}rS wufvmMuaom rdwfaqGrsm;u ypnf;tcsKdUudk o,f um;ESifh wufoGm;ESifhMuonf/
rdrdav,mOfESifh vmrnfhc&D;wGifvnf; tqifajy tazmf&atmifqdkNyD; onfvli,fudk rdrd tm;emyg;em
wm;onfhMum;u xm;cJhMuonf/
]bmvJ wG,fcefYcdkif}
][dkrSm q&mhrdwfaqG r[kwfvm;}
vSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh avqdyf pm;aomufqdkif t0wGif [dkMunfh onfMunfhESifh rdrdudk &Smaeaom
arxm;&Dudk awGU&onf/ rdrdudk jrifoGm;awmh tm;&0rf;om vufjyonf/ NyD;awmh aemufbufodkY vSnfh
wpfpHkwpfOD;udk vSrf;ac:onf/
xdk wpfpHkwpfOD;yg 0ifvmawmh yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;&ygonf/
56
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
todynm BuD;jrifh pdwfESvHk; Nidrf;csrf;olwdkYonf wpfyg;olwdkY\ &ifudk tenf;ESifh trsm; xGif;azmuf

jrifEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ arwm&Sif q&mawmfBuD; ajymonfh BuD;rm;aom qHk;IH;rIudk MuHKzl;olwdkYwGif
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; ygaeonf r[kwfygvm;/
odkYaomf xdk qHk;IH;rIu wpfpHkwpfck? odkYr[kwf wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk qHk;IH;&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ
rdrdudk,frdrd jyef qHk;IH;&jcif; jzpfavonf/ ydk &Sif;atmif ajym&vQifrl e*dkxJu csnfheJY ,dk,Gif;aom
udk,fydkif udk,f&nfudk,faoG;wdkY wpfprusef vGifhjy,f qHk;HI;oGm;ovdkrsKd; cHpm;cJh&jcif; jzpfygonf/
57
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf tBuD;wef;ESpf/
rdvdIif jrefatmifrS jyefvmNyD; ig;&uftMumwGif jzpfonf/ abmvHk;yGJtwGuf
avhusifhaeaom odef;rdk;u tdrfodkY zkef;qufNyD; ]n ig vmcJhr,f}[k csdef;onf/
pcef;oGif;
n 10 em&Davmuf NydKifpufbD;uav;ESifh ola&mufvmawmh OD;0dpm&tdrf&mpcef; t0if0

tkwfcHkuav;wGif ESpfa,mufom;xdkif&if; Mu,fa&mif wzsyfzsyf cgaeaom 'DZifbmn aumif;uifudk
ai;arm aerdMuonf/
]odef;rdk; vkyfavuGm? bmajymrvdkYvJ}
odef;rdk;u cP wdwfqdwf aeonf/ NyD;rS oufjyif; cs wdk;wdk;ajymonf/
]ig rdef;uav; wpfa,mufudk cspfaerdvdkYuGm? tJ'g rif;eJY vmwdkifyifwm}
][if}
tHhtm;oifhpGmjzifh odef;rdk;udk vSnfhMunfhrdonf/ oluvnf;tHhMopGm jyefvSnfhMunfhonf/
]bmvJ[}
]igu rdef;uav;wpfa,mufeJY cspfaeNyD;NyDvdkY odxm;wm}
cPawmh ol aMumifpOf;pm;aeonf/ NyD;rS [uf[ufyufyuf &,fcsvdkufonf/
]bmvJuG? ar&Dudk ajymwmvm;}
]tif;av}
]r[kwfygbl;uGm? ar&Du oli,fcsif;yg? NyD;awmh igu rif;odwJhtwdkif; txufwef;wkef;u
abmfvDabmvnf; ykwfzl;w,f? tJ'g ar&Du olwdkY Oya'abmfvDabmtoif;rSm ygawmh ighudk
tultnDawmif;vdkY olwdkY toif;udk tcsdefydkif; enf;jy oGm;vkyfay;aewmyg? ar&Duvnf; igeJY
&if;uvnf; &if;ESD;? yGifhyGifhvif;vif; acwfqefqefvnf; aewwf? igeJYuvnf; qufqHwmu rsm;aeawmh
vlawGu xifNyD; orkwfaeMuwmyg? oluvnf; odyf*krpdkufwwfbl;? iguvnf; rdef;uav;uawmif
rajz&Sif;ao;wmqdkawmh vdkuf&Sif;rjyjzpfzl;aygh? olrsm;awG xifwm rxifwm tyxm;? rif;eJY rdvdIifawmh
,HkMurSm r[kwfbl;vdkY igu xifwmav? tJ'gaMumifh rif;wdkYudkvnf; &Sif;rjywm? aumif;uGm? tckawmh
rif;a&m rdvdIifuyg tJ'Dvdk xifaeMuwmaygh? [kwfvm;}
rodrom &ifckefvmrdonf/ wdk;wdk; jyefar;rdonf/
]wdkYu ,HkrSm r[kwfbl;vdkY bmvdkY xifwmvJ}
58
vuFm&nfausmf
]rif;eJY rdvdIifu ightcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;awGyJ? wu,f[kwfcJh&if igrif;wdkYudk tapmBuD;uwnf;u

wdkifyifrSmaygh}
&ifckefoH ydk jrefvmoa,mif/
]'gqdk rif;tck ajymr,fhudpu}
]ajymNyD;NyDavuGm? rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk ig cspfaevdkYygqdk? rif;udk tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;taeeJY
vmwdkifyifwm}
]rdvdIifeJYa&m ajymNyD;NyDvm;}
odef;rdk;u toHwdwf &,fonf/
]rdvdIifeJY wdkifyifvdkY rjzpfbl;av}
rdrd&ifckefoHudk rdrd jyefMum;&onf/ pum;wpfckck pajymvdkufzdkY oHk;av;cg BudK;pm;nf/ ratmifjrifacs/
aemufqHk; toHxGufvmawmhvnf; wkef,ifaeonf/ wdk;wdk; ajymjcif;jzpf odef;rdk; r&dyfrdavmuf[kawmh
xifonf/
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]&Sif;aewmyJuG? rif;uvJ}
ae&mrSx &yfrdonf/ odef;rdk;udk ausmcdkif; pdkufysKd;a&; OD;pD;XmeHk;BuD;ESifh jynfolYaumifpDHk;bufodkY
ai;Munfhaerdonf/
[dkta0; wpfae&mqDu napmifh\ oHacsmif; acgufoH 11 csuf xGufay: vmonf/ tcsufwdkif;onf
rdrd\ ESvHk;om;xJodkY vm xkdkufaeovdk emusifpGm cHpm;ae& onf/ vSnfhrMunfheJY? vSnfhMunfhvdkY
rif;rsufESmudk jrif&if odef;rdk; &dyfrdoGm;vdrfhr,f/
]rdvdIifaygh [kwfvm;? rdvdIifudkaygh}
]at;}
59
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
xdknu odef;rdk; pum;awG trsm;BuD; ajymonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh pum;enf;ol wpfa,mufu pum;awG

trsm;BuD; ajymjcif;udk cHpm;csufwdkY aygufuGJ xGufvmjcif;[k rdrd oabmaygufonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh pum;
renf;aom rdrd toHwdwfaejcif;udkawmh odef;rdk; r&dyfrd&Smyg/
odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudk cspfaeonf/ odkYaomf zGifhrajym&J/ rdvdIifuvnf; olYudk cspfaeonfudk pdk;pOf;rQ
&dyfrd[ef ray:/ rdvdIifu rcspfygbl;[krsm; ajzvdkufvQif xdktajzudk em;axmifEdkif&ef olYwGif owdr&Sd/
xkdtajz\ aemufqufwGJtjzpf aeYwdkif;jrifae&? &if;ESD;ae&aom b0uav; aMuysuf oGm;rnfudkyif olu
pkd;&drfaejyefonf/
pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jyif;xefvGef; xdknu odef;rdk;udk bmrS jyefraqG;aEG;EdkifcJh/ rdvdIifu odef;rdk;tay:
cHpm;csufrsm;udk rdrd &dyfrdaeaMumif;a&m? odef;rdk;ESifh arxm;&DwdkY cspfol jzpfaeMuNyD[k xifaeyHkrsm;udka&m
ajymjyoifhygvsuf rajymjycJhrd/
n 12 em&DavmufrS odef;rdk;u pufbD;uav; eif; jyefoGm;onf/ abmvHk;yGJ pcef;oGif;
avhusifh&myif ntdyfvdrfhrnf/ abmvHk;yGJNyD;rS xyfaqG;aEG; MuwmayghuGm [laom pum;udk
&nf&G,fcsufrJhpGm ajymrdonf/
xdknu rdrdvnf; wpfnvHk; tdyfraysmfcJh/
60
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudk cspfaeonf/ rdvdIifu vHk;0 xifrxm;/
rdvdIifu odef;rdk;udk cspfae[ef wlonf/ odef;rdk;u vHk;0xifrxm;/
ydkqdk;onfu rdvdIifu odef;rdk;udk ol vufvTwf qHk;IH;NyD;om;[k xifaeonf/ odef;rdk;taeESifh
&Sif;jy&ef tcGifhromao;/ pcef;oGif; avhusifhrI NyD;&ifawmh &Sif;jyrnfh oabm&Sdonf/ onfMum;xJrSm
rdrdu &Sif;jyvdkuf&ifawmh olwdkYtwGuf Zmwfodrf;vSoGm;rnf/
rdrdtwGufawmh jyif;xefaom qHk;IH;rIwpf&yfyif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
wu,fawmh ausmif;NyD;? q&m0efjzpf? b0vrf;udk wu,f avQmufvSrf;&awmhrnf qdkaomtcsdefrSm
rdvdIifeJYom qdkvQif qdkwmrsKd;udk tBudrfBudrf pdwful;,Of MunfhcJhzl;onf/
rdk;vif; rsufpdESpfvHk; zGifhNyDqdkuwnf;u jrifae&rnfh Munfvif oefYpifaom tjyHK;ESifh
om,mat;jraom &,farmoH/ eHeufpm pm;csdefuwnf;u twl&Sdaernfh aEG;axG;vHkjcHKaom ,SOfwGJrI/
avQmuforQ ajcvSrf;wdkif;rSm zGzGuav; wGJzufxm;rnfh vufarmif;uav; wpfzuf\ aEG;axG;rI/
tjrJwrf; wGwfwD;wGwfwm aemufajymif usDp,fae&if;u b,fawmhrS pdwfnpf[ef rjywwfaom
rsufESmvSvSuav;/
'gawG tukefvHk;udk tqHk;IH; cH&awmhrSmwJhvm;/
rdvdIif&JU oHa,mZOftBuD;qHk; vlESpfOD;xJrSm wpfOD;tygt0if
vSvSuav;udk arQmfvifhydkifcGifh rdrdusrS bmjzpfvdkY r&SdygovJ/
jzpfvsufom;ESifh
onfb0
txl;ojzifh tckvdk tcsdefrsKd;aygh/

odef;rdk;udk qHk;IH;NyD;NyD[k rdvdIifu xifaeaom tcsdefrsKd;rSm rdrdu rdvdIifudk zGifhajymvdkufygu rdrdtay:
oHa,mZOfBuD;onfhtjyif wHkYjyefEdkifygoenf;/
awmf awmf awmf yGJvefYwkef; zsmcif;qdkwJh pum;twdkif;yJ jzpfaeygayghvm;/ rdvdIifu wHkYjyefcJhonf
xm;OD;/ odef;rdk;rsufESmudk b,fvdk Munfh&yghrvJ/
]tpuwnf;u igwdkYESpfa,mufu em;vnfrI &NyD;om;? rif; vmwdkifyifwkef;u ajymjy&cufaevdkY} vdkY
ajymvdkufHkom/ bmcufvdkYvJ 'grS rauseyfvQifvnf; wpfoufvHk; taygif;toif; rvkyfcsifaeaygh/
rdvdIifudk qHk;IH;&wmxufawmh ydkrqdk;Edkifbl;/ odef;rdk;vnf; aemufusNyD;rSawmh rdvdIifudk awhawhqdkifqdkif
oGm;&Sif;aernf r[kwf/
'gua&m tcspf [kwfvdkYvm;/ udk,fhcspfol&JU cHpm;csufudk odaeygvsufESifh vufwpfvHk;jcm;
uG,f0Suf&ef MuHpnfonfh pdwf"mwfua&m bmrsm; *kPf,lp&m &SdvdkYvJ/
a,muf,ufcwfaeaom tawG;rsm;ESifh
rdvdIifudkawmh zkef;qufjzpfavonf/
wpfnvHk;
tdyfraysmfcJhaomfvnf;
rdk;vif;vif;csif;
61
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
aeu ESif;xkudk rcGJEdkifao;onfh tcsdef/
vdyfcHk; cef;rBuD;ab; um;&yfem;&m trdk;uav;atmufrS ajrmif;aygif tjrifhuav;wGif xdkifae&if;u
jynfvrf;wpfzuf&Sd jrefrmhtoH taqmufttHkBuD;udk vSrf;Munfhrdonf/ ESif;u zHk;aeqJrdkY odyfawmh
uGJuGJjym;jym; rjrif&/
ESif;rsm; rnfrQyif ydwfqdkYaeygap onfrsufvHk; ESpfvHk;jzifh jrifEdkiforQ t&mtm;vHk;xJwGif
b,favmufa0;a0; tjrJ rSwfrdaeus oPmefudk vSrf;jrifvdkufonf/
ausmif;*dwf0rS vrf;avQmuf 0ifvmaom rdvdIifyg/
&Srf;vHkcsnf tjzLa&mif? qG,fwm tjzLa&mifESifh vG,ftdwf tjzLuav;udk ycHk;wpfzufwGif
vG,fxm;aom 19 ESpft&G,f aq;ausmif;oluav;onf ESif;zHk;aom reufcif;wGif '@m&Dqefqef vSy
aeavonf/ csrf;aeaom [efyefESifh vufuav; ESpfzufudk usHKUusHKUuav; ydkuf trdk;atmufodkY
0ifa&mufvmNyD; jyHK;jyonf/ NyD;awmh rdrdab;rSmyif 0ifxdkifonf/
]csrf;csrf;pD;pD;[,f? bmvdkY tapmBuD; csdef;wmvJ}
]txJ oGm;Murvm;}
]&ygw,f[m? cPae aEG;vmrSmyJ? NyD;awmh ESif;awGusaewm Munfh&wmvJ tvSom;[? eif
bmajymp&m &SdvdkYvJ? ajymav}
acgif;iHkYxm;&if;uyif avoHwdk;wdk;ESifh r0Hhr&J pum;prdonf/
]eif pdwfrqdk;bl;qdkrS}
nifompGm &,fonf/
]udkvwf&,f? eifeJY igeJYMum;rSm pdwfqdk;p&mtaMumif; bmrSr&SdEdkifygbl;? 'gayrJh eifhoabmyg?
eifajymcsifrSyJ ajymyg}
ESif;xkMum;xJodkY ai;armae&if; tdyfruf rufaeol\ avoHrsKd;jzifh ajymjzpfonf/
]rdvdIif eifhudk igcspfaewm MumygNyD? ig tckrS ajym&Jwm}
rdvdIif toHwdwfoGm;ygonf/
62
vuFm&nfausmf
(8)
ESif;uGJp jyKvmonftxd ESpfa,mufom; toH wdwfaeMuonf/ ywf0ef;usifu aEG;axG;p jyKvmavNyD/

rdvdIifu vufydkufudk jzKwfNyD; aygifay:wGif wifxm;aom vG,ftdwfuav;\ tNrD;BudK;puav;rsm;udk
vdrfupm;aeonf/ acgif;iHkYxm;onf/ rsufESmuav;u wnfaeonf/
]rdvdIif? eif pdwfqdk;oGm;vm;}
]t"dym,f r&Sdwm[m}
]eif bmrS jyefrajymvdkY}
]ig? ig pOf;pm;csifvdkY}
vdIufceJ 0rf;omoGm;rdoa,mif? onfrQyif arQmfvifhrxm;rdcJh/
]pOf;pm;r,fqdk&ifyJ 0rf;omvSygNyD oli,fcsif;&m? eif tcsdef,l pOf;pm;r,faygh [kwfvm;}
]tck cPav;yg[m? cPav; pOf;pm;aewmyg}
yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;rdcYJyg\/
63
vuFm&nfausmf
(9)
]'Dvdk[m udkvwf? cspfw,fqdkwm cHpm;csufyJ Opm pOf;pm;p&m rvdkygbl;? eifr[kwfbJ

wjcm;wpfa,mufa,mufqdk&if ighrSmtajzu toifh&SdaerSmyJ? ajymvdkufHkyJ? tcku eifjzpfaew,f? igh&JU
tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; jzpfaew,f? 'gaMumifh kwfw&uf bmajym&rSef; rodwm? tJ'gudk pOf;pm;ae&wm}
toufyif r&SLrdbJ acgif;iHkYaeaom rsufESmuav;udk ai;Munfhaerdonf/
]eifhudk ig oHa,mZOf odyfBuD;w,f? eifaysmfaewm jrif&if igaysmfw,f? eif pdwfnpfaewm jrif&if
igpdwfnpfw,f? eifeJYtwlwl &Sdae&if ig pdwfcsrf;omw,f? ighaMumifh eif pdwfnpf&zdkYqdkrsKd;udk awG;awmif
rawG;&Jbl;? 'gayrJh udkvwf&,f]
acgif;uav; armhvmonf/ rdI;i,fpzl; dI;i,faeaom rsufESmuav;udk jrif&\/
]eifhudk ig cspfawmh rcspfbl;[}
urmavmuBuD;wGif &Sd&SdorQaom toHAvHwdkYonf rjrif&aom wGif;eufBuD;wpfckxJodkY epf0if
aysmufqHk;oGm;onfh tvm; wdwfqdwf oGm;ygonf/
64
vuFm&nfausmf
(10)
]udkvwf&,f? rcspfbl;qdkwmudk bmvdkYvJvdkY ar;awmh igu b,fvdk ajz&rSmvJ? cspfwJhpdwf

jzpfrvmwmyJaygh? oli,fcsif; oHa,mZOfu oHa,mZOf owfowf? &ifrckefwm rckefrdwmudk tm;emygw,f
qdkwmuvGJvdkY igvnf; &Sif;rjywwfawmhbl;? 'gightajzyJ[m? udkvwf eifighudk qufawmh cifyg?
a&SmifraeygeJY? ig awmif;yefygw,f? eifhudk igodyfcifw,f? eifeJYig rqufqHbJ ae&wJhb0rsKd; a&mufrSm
ig odyfaMumufwmyJ? uJ vmyg[m? wdkY twef; wufMu&atmif}
ESif;rIefrsm;Mum;wGif tjzLa&mif tdyfruf ewforD;av; uG,faysmufoGm;onftxd cHpm;rIrJhaeaom
ajctpHkudk r<uEdkifcJhaMumif; 10 ESpfausmf MumcJhonftxd vHk;aph ywfaph rSwfrdaeqJyg/
65
vuFm&nfausmf
(11)
]tJ'Davmuftxdawmh a&Smifraeoifhbl; xifwmyJ}
EIwfcrf;u rodrom jyHK;rJhrJhvkyf&if; vdIifu qdkonf/ twdwfqDodkY pD;arsmaeaom tawG;rsm; r*Fvm'Hk
avqdyf pm;aomufcef;xJodkY kwfw&uf jyef0ifvmMuonf/ ta&mif;aumifwmwGif aumfzDtdk;
oGm;,lay;aeaom arxm;&DESifh wG,fcefYcdkifwdkYudk vSrf;ai;Munfhrd&if;u wdk;wdk;ajzonf/
]a&Smifaewmawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;? vmwJhudpuvnf; 0rf;omp&m udpr[kwfawmh? bGJUvGefwufvdkY
tvdkvdku pdwfyifyef;ae&NyD;om; vdIifhudk pdwf'ku xyfray;csifwmyg}
ryDro tjyHK;uav;yif aysmufoGm;onf/
]tJovdk pum;rsKd;awGajym&if pdwfxJrSm b,favmuf xdcdkufrdwwfovJ qdkwma&m &dyfrd&JUvm;}
rodrom0Jvmaom rsuf&nfwdkYudk rjrif[efaqmif&if;u aqm&D;[k wdk;wdk; ajymrdonf/ arxm;&DESifh
wG,fcefYcdkifwdkY a&mufvmMuojzifh pum;vrf;aMumif;vnf; rodrom ajymif;vdkuf&onf/
]aq;HkrSma&m tqifajy&JUvm;? pmvnf; t&rf;usuf&rSmyJaemf}
vdIifu rsufvHk;udk vufESifh rodrom yGwf&if;u &,fonf/
]wjcm;bmom trftufpfpD wufaewJh q&m0efawGeJY ygarmucsKyfeJY trftufpfpD ausmif;ol
ausmif;om; tm;vkH; qHk&wmav? q&mBuD;rvmcifawmh [dkajym 'Dajymaygh? tJ'DrSm q&m0ef wpfa,mufu
&,fp&m ajymwm ajymjyrvdkY}
arxm;&Duyg 0if vkyfygOD;[k jyHK;NyD;qdkonf/
]bGJUvGefausmif;om;qdkwm reuf aq;HkvmvdkY wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf qHk&if r*FvmygvdkYvnf;
EIwfrqufMubl;? *Gwfarmeif;vdkYvnf; EIwfrqufMubl;? ]pdwfnpfw,f} qdkNyD; EIwfqufMuw,fwJh?
'gaMumifh bGJUvGefwufaewkef;rsm; pdwfnpf&if rtHhMoeJY? tqifrajywmawGu udk,fhusrS jzpfwm
r[kwfbl;? obm0yJ? b,folrS vmoem;r,f rxifeJYwJhav}
avmu"Hudk [moOmPfjzifh &ifqdkifwwfaom udk,fht&G,f vli,fq&m0efudk jrifa,mifMunfh&if;u
oabmuspGm jyHK;rdonf/
]at;av? 'gawGu aemifwpfaeY olrsm;udk ulnDwJhae&mrSm olwumxuf omNyD; olnDEdkifatmif
&if;&wmyJOpm? wefygw,f}
]ajymae? oljzifh bmrS rajzbJeJY}
&,fom aevdkuf&onf/ arxm;&Du 0if ][kwfw,f? cGJpdwfwm odyfawmfw,fvdkY emrnfBuD;aewm
cGJpdwftxl;uk bmvdkY rajzvJ} [k ar;onf/
jyHK; acgif;cgjyvdkufonf/
66
vuFm&nfausmf
]cGJpdwfvnf; rwwfygbl;? vnfyif;BuD;awGawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm; cGJcJh&awmh tJ'Dwpfckawmh jrefjrefeJY

oyfoyf&yf&yf vkyfwwfwmayghav? pepfwus oifMum;xm;wJh cGJpdwfuk q&m0efvdkawmh jyem
trsKd;tpm;vdkufNyD; vdkovdk rsKd;pHk pOf;pm; vkyfwwfwmrsKd;awmh b,f&SdrSmvJ? cGJpdwfawmfw,f qdkwmu
udk,fhudkcspfwJh vlemawGu cspfvdkY *kPfazmfajymMuwJh [mrsKd;yg}
vdIifu rsufapmif;vSvS wpfcsuf xdk;vdkufonf/
]udk,fhudk,fudk,f avQmhrajymygeJY? cGJpdwf wufaewJh wpfa,mufuawmif ajymaew,f? csif;awmifrSm
'DAD*sDa*s(DVGJ) vkyfvTwfvdkufwYJ vlemwpfa,mufudk awGUvdkYwJh? olwdkY q&mawGuawmif ajymw,fwJh?
csif;awmifuvnf; vmw,f? 'DAD*sDa*sudk 'DavmufcGJaMumif; ao;ao;av;uae oyfoyf&yf&yf
vkyfvTwfvdkufw,f qdk&ifawmh 'g csif;awmifvwfNidrf; vuf&myJ jzpf&r,fvdkY ajymawmh vlemu tYHMoNyD;
[kwfygw,f? q&mwdkYvnf; olYudk odaevkdYvm;vdkY ar;w,fwJh}
arxm;&Du tHhtm;oifh[efjzifh
][kwfvm;? 'geJYawmif bmvdkY cGJpdwfrwufvJ} [k 0ifar;onf/ acgif;om ukwfjyvdkufonf/
]pmusuf ysif;wmawmhvnf; r[kwfbl;? ckvnf; zwfae&wmyJav? 'gayrJh wpfckck txl;uk
wufvdkuf&if usefwm rvkyf&rSmvnf; ESajrmovdkyJ? tcku uav;vnf; ukcsif? rD;,yfom;zGm;vnf;
vkyfcsif? bmrSudk rvTwfcsif jzpfaewm}
vdIifu &,f ]odygNyD? odygNyD? tvkyf avmbBuD;rSef;} [k qdkonf/
]wpfcgawmh jzpfzl;w,f? cGJpdwfuk wufcsifwYJpdwf}
]wu,f? b,fwkef;uvJ}
]csif;awmifrSmyJ? um;arSmufwJh vlwpfa,muf acgif;xdoGm;vdkY ]bm;[dk;}azmuf&wmav? r&bl;?
qHk;oGm;w,f? wpfnvHk; vkyfNyD;rS rdk;vif;cgeD; aowmqdkawmh NyD;vnf;NyD;a&m ajcypfvufypfaygh?
trSefawmh xdwm jyif;wmvnf; ygygw,f? 'gayrJh xHk;pHtwdkif;aygh ighae&mrSm ighxufawmfwJh
vlwpfa,muf&Sd&if &Sifcsif&SifrSmvdkY awG;NyD; pdwf"mwfuswmrsKd;av}
arxm;&Du MuHMuHzefzef[k qdkonf/
vdIifuawmh rodrom wdwfqdwfoGm;onf/
[kwfyg&JU/ odef;rdk;vnf; acgif;udk xdcdkufcJhao;onfyJ/ rqifrjcif ajymrdjyefNyD/ 'Dyg;pyfu/
aemifwjzifh rdrdyg wdwfqdwfoGm;cJhonf/
67
vuFm&nfausmf
(12)
'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf tBuD;wef;ESpfu aq;ynmOD;pD;Xme TefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf'dkif; abmvHk;NydKifyGJwGif
aq;wuodkvf(1) abmvHk;toif; 'dkif;qk&cJhonf/ odkYaomf *dk;orm;jzpfol odef;rdk; wpfa,mufawmh
*dk;wdkifESifh acgif;aqmifhrdNyD; jyif;xefpGm 'Pf&m &cJhavonf/
owd&wpfcsuf? r&wpfcsuf jzpfaeaom odef;rdk;udk vlemwif,mOfay: ayGUwifMuawmh odef;rdk;\
vufwpfzufudk qkyfudkif&if; pdk;&drfBuD;pGm rdrd vdkufygcJhonf/
]udkvwf}
]oli,fcsif; ig&Sdw,f? raMumufeJY NidrfNidrfuav;ae? wdkY aq;HkoGm;MurvdkY}
acR;ap;rsm; jyefaeaom odef;rdk;rsufESmudk vufudkify0gESifh okwfay;aeonf/ tpdk;&drf vGefaeaom
oli,fcsif;tkyfBuD; 0dkif;aeojzifh vlemwif,mOf aemufzHk; ydwf r&/ q&mwpfa,mufu vltkyfBuD;udk
&Sif;ae&onf/
]rdvdIifa&m}
]igvnf; &Sdw,f odef;rdk;? NidrfNidrfuav; ae? igvnf; q&mr um;eJY vdkufcJhrSm}
rdvdIif toHuav; rarQmfvifhbJ teD;wpfae&mrS ay:vm armhMunfhvdkufawmh
pD;aMumif;rsm;ESifh wkef,ifaeaom rdvdIifudk q&mrwpfOD;u zufxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
rsuf&nf
odef;rdk;u jyHK; rsufvHk;jyefrSdwfoGm;onf/ acR;ap;rsm;u jyefvmjyefonf/

aemuf ....
]q&m av,mOfqdkufNyD}
wG,fcefYcdkif toHaMumifh kwfw&uf owd jyefvnfvmjyefonf/
][kwfvm;? at; qif;Mu&atmif}
vdIifESifh arxm;&Dvnf; vdkuf&yfMuonf/
]pma&;r,faemf? udkvwf jyefrSmvm;}
vdIifu wdk;wdk; ar;onf/ NyD;rS &,f ]rajzeJY? rnmcsifbl; r[kwfvm;} [k ajymonf/
kwfw&uf bmjyefajym&rSef; rod/ EIwfqGHU oGm;jyefavonf/
aMomf? wu,fawmhvnf; EIwfqGHUoGm;rdwmudku tm;emp&m/
68
vuFm&nfausmf
Mu,fpHkaomn ao;odrfpGm &yfwefYjcif;

(1)
]q&m r&GwfeJYaemf? q&m &GwfwmawG uRefawmf onf;cHNyD; MunfhaecJhwm MumNyD? 'Dwpfcgawmh q&mhudk
uRefawmf ay;r&Gwfawmhbl;? uRefawmfhpum;udk q&m em;axmifawmh}
rEav;ol vufaxmuf q&m0efruav;u vufdI;uav; waxmifaxmifESifh twnfayguf
a[mufaeonf/ rdrdxuf oHk;ESpfausmfi,fNyD; rdrdatmufwGif wm0ef xrf;aqmifaeolu onfavoHESifh
rdrdudk
jyefajym0Hhonf
qdkuwnf;u
ukPma'gaomom
jzpfp&m&Sdonf/
xdkukPm\
aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaom apwem xkxnfudkvnf; todtrSwf rjyKr&/
&,fusJusJESifhom vufavQmhvdkuf&onf/
}uJ oabmyg rEG,f&,f? rEG,f&JU trdkifEdk'&pfyf csdwfcsifvnf; csdwfawmh? wdkYuawmh cgwdkif;vdkyJ
bdk;vyfwpfvHk; xdk;NyD; aomufaq;eJY vdkufvdkuf&if tvkyfqufvkyfvdkY&r,f xifwmyJ? Munfhygvm;? wdkY
tckawmif pum;ajymaeEdkifwmyJ}
]oGm;prf;yg q&m&,f? pum;vHk; wpfvHk;eJY wpfvHk;Mum;xJ em;NyD; ajymae&wmawmif pdwfu
ravQmhao;bl;? uJ tpfra& trdkifEdk'&pfyfjyifawmh? q&mh tcef;xJrSmyJ csdwf&atmif? q&m q&mhHk;cef;rSmyJ
'Dn tdyfvdkufawmh}
xbDtjym0wf q&mrav;u acgif;ndwf tcef;xJrS xGufcGmoGm;onf/
69
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
ajymawmhvnf; ajymp&m/
csif;awmif jyefa&mufNyD; aemufydkif; rdrd yef;ema&m*gu azmufvmonf/ &ifusyfaom tBudrfa&
rsm;vmonf/ rdrduawmh at;aom &moDaMumifh[k xifrdaomfvnf; rdrd\ wpfOD;wnf;aom vufaxmuf
q&m0efjzpfol a'gufwm,rif;EG,fuawmh aeYrtdyf nrtdyf tyifyef;cHrIrsm;ESifh aeYpOfaeYv,fpm
vGwfavh&Sdaom cGJpdwfrIrsm;udk tjypfwifavonf/
onfwpfBudrfwGifawmh cGJpdwfae&if;uyif qufrvkyfEdkifavmufatmif jzpfvmojzifh ]rEG,fa&?
ydwfay;vdkY &rvm;} [k zGifhajym cGJcef;xJrS xGufcYJ&onftxd jzpfavawmhonf/
]&ifwkefao;vm; q&m}
,rif;EG,f\ ar;oHaMumifh yufvuftdyfae&mu ckwifab;odkY vSnfhMunfhrdonf/
]&ygw,f? ckrS ydkaeomoGm;wm}
q&m0efruav;u rsufapmif;vSvS wpfcsufxdk;onf/
]'Davmuf jzpfaewmawmif 'DaeY tdkwDudk ydkpfhykef;rvkyfbl;? uRefawmfjzifh cGJae&if;u ]qdkif&ifEdk;ppf}&wJh
vlemyJ jrifbl;ygw,f? cGJae&if; ]qdkif&ifEdk;ppf}&wJh q&m0efrsufESmuawmh wpfoufvHk; rSwfrSwf&&yJ}
cGJcef;oHk;rsufESmzHk; cRwfvdkufpOfu rdrdEIwfcrf;rsm; jymcsifcsif jzpfaeonf[k ,rif;EG,fu ajymcJhonf/
vuftdwfcRwfpOfu vufonf;rsm; jymaecJhonfuawmh rdrdvnf; owdxm;rdcYJonf/
]tdkwDuvnf; a<u;awG rsm;aewmudk; rEG,f&JU? apmifhae&wJhvlawG oem;ygw,f}
,rif;EG,fu EIwfcrf;plrvdkESifh &,fjyefonf/
]ta&;ay:awGrS r[kwfwm q&m&,f? csif;awmifvwfNidrf; jyefa&mufvmw,f Mum;vdkY jyHKqif;vmwJh
vlawGyJ? csif;awmifvwfNidrf; aeaumif;&if qufcGJr,f? aeraumif;&if em;r,f? vlyJ? pufkyfrS r[kwfwm}
onfrdef;uav;ajymrSyif rdrdudk,frdrd ]aq;ukaompufkyf}tjzpf oabmxm;aerdcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;
twefi,f MumNyD[k &drfrdvmoa,mif/
]q&m i,fi,fuwnf;u 'DvdkyJ jzpfaeusvm;? 'DjymwJh txdaum t&ifwkef;u jzpfzl;vm;}
]touf ESpfq,fausmfrS pjzpfwm? omh'ftrfbDrSmyg? tJ'Dwpfacgufu qdkif,if;Ekd;ppf &w,f
ajymMuw,f? owdvpfaeawmh rodvdkufbl;? aemufywfwf0rf;rSm e,fuGif;qif;ae&if;u wpfcgjzpfawmh
jymao;w,f? aemufydkif;awmh &SLaq;av; rSefrSefOD;atmif SLawmh odyfrqdk;awmhbl;}
,rif;EG,fu oufjyif;cs ae&rS xonf/
]em;OD;av q&m? uRefawmf arG;cef;buf oGm;OD;r,f}
70
vuFm&nfausmf
][dk ]pifwdk}oGif;xm;wJh rdef;r oGm;MunfhrvdkYvm;}

,rif;EG,fu EIwfcrf;pljyonf/
]q&m tck q&m0ef r[kwfbl;aemf? vlem? wjcm;vlemawGudp 0ifrygeJY? udk,fh[mudk,f em;em;aeae
tdyfaeyg? uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf; Munfhxm;vdkY &w,f? 'gyJ}
]aumif;ygNyDAsm}
71
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
vluom em;ae? vSJavsmif;aeaomfvnf; pdwfu wwd,ESpf trfbDbDtufpf ausmif;om;b0odkY

jyefa&mufoGm;onf/ rdrdyef;ema&m*g yxrOD;qHk; pwif cHpm;&aomESpf? ajym&vQifawmhvnf;
wwd,ajrmuf c&prwfuyif ponf[k qdk&ayrnf/
wwd,ajrmuf c&prwfwGifawmh rdvdIifu olYarG;aeYyGJudk olYtdrfwGifyif vkyfjzpf\/ rdrdESifhodef;rdk;
tygt0if oli,fcsif;tcsKdUudk zdwfMum;cJhonf/
rSefygonf/ odef;rdk;wpfa,muf aouHra&muf toufraysmufcJh/ OD;aESmuftmHkaMum
cGJpdwfukq&m0efBuD;u odef;rdk;\ nmbuf em;xifdk;atmufwGif&Sdaom aoG;cJudk tcsdefrD cGJpdwf
z,f&Sm;EdkifcJhojzifh odef;rdk;onf ESpfvtMumwGifyif ausmif;jyefwufEdkifcJhHkru pmrSefrSef ul;ay;
aq;Hktxdvdkuf pmulusufay;wwfaom rdvdIifaMumifh 'kwd,ESpf trfbDbDtufpf pmar;yGJudk trsm;eJYtwl
atmifcJhNyD; wwd,ESpf trfbDbDtufpfodkYyif twl wufEdkifcYJonf/
][JY tvSL&Sif? aemufusvScsnfvm;}
rdvdIif tdrfwGif a&mufESifhaeaom rdef;uav; wpfOD;u qD;aemufawmh odef;rdk;u yg;pyfa&SUwGif
vufaxmifNyD; }&SL;} [kqdkum &,faeonf/
xdwfceJ &ifxJwGif jzpfoGm;onf/ arQmfvifhxm;NyD; tajctaewpf&yfayr,fh wu,fjzpfaeNyDvm;[k
awG;rdaomtcg &ifxJu odyf vufrcHcsifrd/ rkefYyGJwdkY vmcsonfhtcgvnf; rdvdIifu tm;vHk;\
yef;uefxJodkY tkef;EdkY&nf avmif;Hkom avmif;xnfhay;NyD; odef;rdk;udkawmh udk,fwdkif e,fz,fay;aeonfudk
jrifaevsufuvnf; ]r[kwfygapeJY} [k usdwfNyD; qkawmif;rdaeqJ/
]udkvwf eifa&m odef;rdk;qDu pm;&NyD;NyDvm;? wdkYawmh rpm;&ao;bl;}
yxr vSrf;aemufol rdef;uav;u qufaemufonf/ rdvdIifu acgif;iHkY &Sufudk;&Sufuef; &,f&if;
vufokwfy0gESifh aumufaygufonf/ vufokyfy0gu rdef;uav;\ a&SUrS rkefYyef;uefxJ 0ifoGm;awmh
tm;vHk; 0dkif;&,fMujyefonf/
rdrd wpfa,mufom ryDrjyif a,mif0g;0g; jyHK;jy&if;u &,f&aumif;rSef; rodaom taetxm;ESifh
usef&pfcJhavonf/
]ckauR;aewmyJ}
]tr,f bmqdkifvdkYvJ? 'gu rdvdIifauR;wm}
]olauR;&if wdkYauR;ovdkyJ[m}
teD;uyf xdkifaeaom rdvdIif odef;rdk; vufarmif;udk &SufpEdk; qGJvdrfonf/
]a[Y rsufpd &Sufw,fa[Y}
72
vuFm&nfausmf
ausmif;om;wpfOD;u vSrf;atmfpawmh t&SufBuD;aeaom rdvdIifu vufokyfy0g wpfxnfESifh

aumufaygufjyefonf/ aemufwpfa,mufuawmh [efYovdkvdkESifh ]a[Y wdwfwdwf pm;Muprf;yg? rif;wdkY
toHawGeYJ? em;azmufNyD; jzpfawmhrSmyJ} [k xyfponf/ tm;vHk;0dkif;&,fMuonf/
'Dwpfcgawmh rdrdvnf; vdkuf&,fjzpfonf/ &,fHk tjyifa&m bmrsm; wwfEdkifOD;rSmrdkYvdkYvJ/
73
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
tESpfESpf tvv pdwful;,Of wnfaqmufvmcJhaom om,mvSyonfh b0tdrfuav;\ 0if;wHcg;onf

aomhtxyfxyf cwfNyD;om; jzpfoGm;cJhavNyD/ 0ifvrf; vHk;0 r&SdEdkifawmh/ onftod onftawG;aMumifh
tonf;onf qwfqwfcgrQ cHpm;ae&onf/
onftawG;ESifhtwl acsmufcsm;zG,f&m trSefw&m;wpfckudkyg owdxm;rdvdkufonf/
odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY\ tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; jzpfygvsuf onfudpudk tb,faMumifh rdrdaemufqHk;rS
od&ygoenf;/ &Sif;ygonf/ odef;rdk;tay: rdrd vufwpfvHk;jcm; ESvHk;om; vufOD;rI &,l&ef
MuHpnfcJhjcif;onf odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY em;vnfrI &vdkufcsdefwGif bl;ay: ovdk ay: oGm;cJhyif jzpf&rnf
r[kwfygvm;/
odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudk zGifhajymrnf/ rdvdIifu arxm;&Dudpudk ar;rnf/ odef;rdk;u &Sif;jy&if;u rdrd
odaMumif; wdkifwnfrnf/ rdvdIifu tHhtm;oifhpGmjzifh rdrdu olYudk &Sif;rjycJhonfhtjyif rdrdudk,fwdkifuvnf;
olYtcspfudk awmif;cHcJhaMumif; ajymjyrnf/
onftcsdefwGif rdrd acG;jzpfavNyD/
wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;jcif; BuD;pGmjzifh &,farm aysmf&TifaeMuaom wpfwef;wnf;om;rsm;udk
ai;Munfhaerdonf/ wu,fawmh rdrdonf jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; cspf&ygaom rdef;uav; wpfa,mufudk vufvGwf
qHk;IH;vdkuf&Hkomru xdkrdef;uav;ua&m? tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;wpfOD;ua&m txifao; ypfy,frIudk
cHvdkuf&awmhrnfrSm aocsmaeavNyD/
74
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
tjyefwGif odef;rdk;u
xnfhay;vdkufonf/
ol
aecJhOD;rnfajymNyD;
vufxJodkY
pmacgufuav;
wpfck
rodrom
ajcmufaoGU&Sif;vif;aom OD;0dpm&vrf;rwpfavQmuf a,mifcsmcsmwpfOD;wnf; vSrf;avQmufvmcJhNyD;rS

odef;rdk;ESifhtwl xdkifaeus tkwfcHkav;ta&mufwGif ajcypfvufypf 0ifxdkifNyD; pmacgufuav;udk
pdwfryghwyg xkwfzwfMunfhrdonf/
]oli,fcsif; udkvwf
wdkYudk cGifhvTwfyg? kwfw&uf rif;
b,fvdkcHpm;&r,fqdkwm rawG;&Jao;vdkY
wdkY rif;udk rajymjzpfao;wmyg?
wdkYaysmfaeMuwm rSefayrYJ
tcspfqHk;oli,fcsif; rif; 0rf;enf;ae&r,f
qdkwmvnf; wdkYarhvdkY r&Edkifao;ygbl;/
odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIif}
rsufvHk;wdkY jyma0oGm;cJhonf/
bk&m;a& olwdkY ighudk cGifhvTwfMuygvm;/ olwdkYuawmif jyefNyD; awmif;yefaeMuyga&mvm;/
olwdkYESpfOD;\ pdwfxm;jzLpif jrifhjrwfrIudk av;pm; aus;Zl;wif&if;uyif rdrd\ udk,f&nf udk,faoG;wdkY
wjznf;jznf; usKHU0if ao;odrfoGm;oa,mif cHpm;ae&\/
bk&m;? bk&m; ig tvum;aumif jzpfaeygayghvm;/
rnfolyJ odod? rodod? uJh&JU? uJh&JU? ruJh&JU? ruJh&JU/ rdrd\ tw? rdrd\ avmbwdkYonf rdrd\
pdwf"mwfESifh trltusifhwdkYudk tjrJ vTrf;rdk;aewwfonfrSm Mumygayghvm;[k kwfw&uf acsmufcsm;pGm
awG;rdonf/ onftw? onfavmbwdkYaMumifh rdrd\ pdwf"mwfESifh trltusifhwdkY tjrJwrf; dI;EGrf;
ao;odrfaecJh&yguvm;[kvnf; awG;rdonf/
wu,fawmh tw\ tvdkqEwdkYonf twdkif;tq r&Sdpaumif;? jznfh jynfhoGm;onf[lvnf;
r&SdEdkif/ vdkorQwdkYudk &atmif usm;ukwfusm;cJ BudK;pm; b0udk &SifoefcsifolwdkY\ &v'fonf
onfaeYZmwfvrf;rsKd;udkyif tBudrfBudrf ujyae&rnfrSm aocsmvSpGm\/ wGif;wl; &wem&SmoluJYodkYyif
vluom epf0ifoGm;onf/ b,fawmh em;&rnfvJrod/ b,fawmh &rnfvJ rod/
olrsm;bufuom wpfcsdefvHk; pOf;pm; olrsm;qEudkom wcsdefvHk; ulnDjznfhay;vdkaom olwdkYrSmum;
wGif;udk jyefjznfhay;aeaom olwdkYuJYodkY oufaomifhoufom &SdvSpGm\/ wl&Gif;wpfcsuf aumfwdkif;
aumfwdkif;rSm &v'fudk jrifae&onf/ yef;wdkifESifheD;vmovdk pdwfwuf<u aeMurnfyif/
trsm;tusKd;udk rdrdtusKd;xufydk pdwf0ifpm;wwfolwdkY\ vkyf&yfonf aqmif&GufNyD;cJhorQ tvkyf
atmifjrifNyD;cJhorQ &v'fwdkYudk ]enf;ao;onf? rvHkavmufao;} [kvnf; pOf;pm;aerdrnf r[kwf/
75
vuFm&nfausmf
NyD;cJhorQudk tjrwf[k awG; awmufy wuf<uatmifjrif aewwfMurnfrSm trSefyif/ onfvdk

Munfvifaom rsufESmuav;rsm;udkvnf; jrif&oltaygif;ucspfcif av;pm;Murnfyif/
tckawmh rdrdrSm olrsm;u cGifhvTwfygonf[k ajymonfhwdkifatmif onfrsufESmudk b,fem;
oGm;jy&rnfyif rodawmh/
axGjym; IyfyGaom tawG;trQifwdkYudk tprodrf;EdkifbJESifhyif ae&mrS a,mifcsmcsm x&yf
aumif;uifjyifudk armhMunfhrdonf/
wdrfuif;pif Mu,fa&mifpHk awmufyaeaom n\ aumif;uifjyifBuD;atmufwGif udkvwfqdkaom
rdrdonf ao;ao;uav;rS wu,fhudk ao;ao;uav;&,fyg/
76
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
wpfvcefY ausmif;rwufjzpf/ pmtkyfa[mif;qdkif aygufaph avQmufoGm;onf/ r[mAEKvyef;jcH?

uefawmfBuD;wdkYvnf; a&mufjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf; tif;vsm;uefapmif;wGif oGm;xdkifonf/
nydkif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;rsm;rS oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh rMumcP qHk t&ufaomufonf/ rl;vmvQif
rdef;uav;aqmifrsm;a&SU oGm; *pfwmwD; oDcsif;qdkMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf; oli,fcsif;wpfOD; tdrfwGif
pktdyfNyD; nvHk;ayguf zJdkufcsifdkufjyefonf/
bmrS rvkyfcsifavmufatmif pdwfnpfaeonfh tcgrsKd;? odkYr[kwf bmrS rvkyfEdkifavmufatmif
aiGjywfaeonfh tcgrsKd;wGif a&Twd*Hkbk&m; &ifjyifay:&Sd aemifawmfBuD; apwDab; acsmifuav;wGif
em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;xdkifaejyefonf/
rdbrsm;u EdkifiHjcm;a&mufaecdkufrdkY twlwlaeol wpfOD;wnf;aom nDi,fu rdrd wckckjzpfaeNyDudk
&dyfrdonf/ odkYaomf rdrdudk rajym&Jonfu wpfaMumif;? rdrd\ qifajcwHkw&m;onf tcsdefwefvQif rdrdudk
jyefxdef;odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; bmrS zGifhrar;cJh/
odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifuawmh ausmif;rwufonf avmufudkyJ &dyfrdonf/ olwdkYvnf; azsmif;zs
csifaomfvnf; pum;vHk; &SmawGU[efrwl/ wpfBudrfwGifawmh awmfawmf tkyfqdk;oGm;onf/
armfvNrdKifrS oli,fcsif;oHk;OD; vdkufvmonfh n/
77
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
yxrawmh ukudKif; rD;yGKdifhteD;&Sd wkwf pm;aomufqdkifwGif t&ufaomufMuonf/ awmfawmf

rl;oGm;MuNyD;aemuf ukudKif;rS rdrdtdrf&Sd&m OD;0dpm&vrf;odkY ajcusifavQmufjyef&ef pdefac:rdMuonf/
tiSm;um; pD;avmufatmif ydkufqH rusefonfu ponf[kxifonf/
OD;0dpm&vrf; tv,faumif&Sd opfyifwef;uav;rsm; ta&mufwGifawmh nuvnf; 10em&DausmfNyD/
opfyif wpfyifatmuf&Sd jrufcif;uav;ay:wGif vSJolu vSJ? xdkifolu xdkif/
onfrSmyif wpfOD;u tdwfxJrS ykvif;jym;uav; wpfvHk;xkwfay;onf/
]rD;awmuftppfuG? b,faumif cs&JvJ? &JwJhaumif cs}
ykvif;udk zrf;qGJvdkufonfudk owd&onf/ ]a[Yaumif udkvwf rvkyfeYJ? rif; wtm;rsm;aeNyD} [laom
atmfoHrsm;udkvnf; owd&onf/ vufrsm;u0dkif; wGef;Mu qGJMuonfudkvnf; owd&onf/ armhcsvdkuf
rdonf rrdonfudk owdr&/
tarSmifwdkufu ydwfzHk;oGm;onf/
78
vuFm&nfausmf
(8)
owd&vmawmh jrufcif;ay:wGif rdrd wpfa,mufwnf;/
oli,fcsif;rsm;udkvnf; wpfa,mufrS &SmrawGU/ vufuem&Dudk axmifMunfhawmh eHeuf5em&D/ rdk;yif
vif;awmhrnf/ vufpowfawmh vrf;v,facgif jrufcif;rSm wpfnvHk; tdyfaysmfaecJhonfudk;/
&Jywa&mifeYJom awGUcJhvdkYuawmh wpfnawmh vdkuftdyf&rnfrSm aocsmvSonf/
0wfxm;aom tusvnf; ESif;wdkYjzifh pdkpGwfaeonf/ ESm&nfuvnf; w&pyf ,dkpD;aeonf/
wu,fawmh xdknu oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; trl;vGef rdrdab;wGif tdyfaysmf aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
olwdkYEdk;csdefrSm rdrdudk EdI;r&ojzifh um;iSm;&ef vdkuf&SmaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ 'gudk rodaom rdrdu olwdkYudk
tjypfwif usdefqJ odyfrusefawmhaom c&D;udk qufvSrf;&ef jyifvdkufawmh ....
tm;ceJ atmfNyD; udk,fhajcaxmufudk udk,fjyefMunfhrdonf/ a0ghuif;&SL;udk cRwfMunfhawmh
t&nfMunftzkBuD; ESpfzk/ zdeyfaygufaeavNyD/ zdeyf cRwfMunfhawmh zkawGu ajcaxmuf ESpfzufpvHk;wGif
awGU&onf/ &SL; rpD;Edkifawmh/ pdwfysufysufESifh &SL;ESpfzuf\ oJBudK;rsm;udk yl;csnf vnfyif;wGif
odkif;vdkufonf/ ajcAvmESifhyif uw&mvrf;rwpfavQmuf tdrfbuf qufavQmufcJhonf/
eHeuf 5em&Dausmf jzpfojzifh aqmif;wGif; xHk;pHtwdkif; vrf;avQmufolwdkY BudK;Mum;? BudKMum;
xGufaay:vmMuonf/ zdeyfESpfzuf vnfyif;odkif; ajcAvm avQmufvmaom rdrdudk olwdkYvdkyif
atmufarhMu[efwlonf/ vSnfhrMunfhMu/
e0&wf&dyfoma&SU ta&mufwGifawmh ajcvSrf; wHkYoGm;onf/
odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIif/
odef;rdk;u tm;upm;0wfpHk tjynfhESifh NydKifbD;uav;wGef;vsuf avQmufvmonf/ rdvdIifu
bavmufpfESifh vHkcsnfay:wGif tm;upm;*smuifuav; xyf0wfNyD; OD;xkyfaqmif;? uif;AwfzdeyfpD;
ab;u avQmufvmonf/
][dwf aumifrav;udk vTwfvdkuf}
vufdI;ESifh aoewfypfovdk csdef vSrf;atmfvdkufawmh kwfw&uf vefYoGm;NyD;rS rdrdudkvSrf;jrifNyD;
&,fMuonf/
]vrf;avQmufxGufvmMuwmuG}
odef;rdk;u rvdktyfbJ ajz&Sif;aeonf/
]b,folu rif;udkrdef;r cdk;vmwmwdkY pGyfpGJaevdkYvJ}
][,f udkvwfaemf? taumifpkwf}
79
vuFm&nfausmf
rdvdIifu &Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifh ycHk;udk vSrf;xkonf/ &if;ESD;[efuav; <uif;usef aeao;onfudk

MunfEl;&rvdkvdk? aqG;jrnfh&rvdkvdk cGJjcm; r&EdkifcJh/
]eifhtdrfudk nu odef;rdk; zkef;qufao;w,f? eif jyefrvmvdkY eifhnDav; pdwfylaew,fqdk}
]at;yg[? ig tckjyefawmhrSm}
]a[mawmh tckrS jyefrSm? nu eif b,frSmtdyfvdkYvJ}
pum; rSm;oGm;onfukd &dyfrdvdkufNyD; &,fusJusJESifh ]oli,fcsif;tdrfrSmyg? uJuJ qufavQmufMu? ig
jyefvdkufOD;r,f} [k a&mcsvdkuf&onf/
'gayr,fh aemufawmh olwdkY odoGm;Muonf/
od&onfh taMumif;&if;u xdknu rdrd zsm;onf/ nDi,fu tzsm;BuD;NyD; toufIoH w&TD;&TD;
jrnfaeaom rdrdudk MunfhNyD; bmvkyf&rSef; rodojzifh odef;rdk;udk zkef;qufonf/ odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudkyg
ac: a&mufvmonf/ nu twl rl;aom oli,fcsif; oHk;a,mufvnf; a&mufvmonf/ ajconf;
vufonf; jymESrf;p jyKvm owd&wpfcsuf r&wpfcsuf jzpfaeaom rdrdudk MunfhNyD; acsmufcsm;pGmjzifh
oli,fcsif;rsm;u tjzpftysuftm;vHk; ca&apYwGif;us odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifudk ajymjyMuonf/
rdvdIifuawmh idkonf[k nDav; aemufawmh ajymjyonf/
odef;rdk;uawmh rdrdudk ayGUcsD um;ay:wifNyD; aq;Hk ta&;ay:XmeodkY ajy;avonf/
owd vpfaeojzifh tao;pdwf rodvdkuf&aomfvnf; xdknu rdrdtoufudk q&m0ef? q&mrwdkY
tawmf vkvdkuf&onf[k od&onf/
a&m*gowfrSwfcsufuawmh erdk;eD;,m; tqkwfa&mif a&m*gESifh tjyif;xefqHk; yef;em&ifusyfa&m*g
xjcif;/
rSefygonf/
wpfoufvHk; rjzpfcJhwJh yxrqHk;tBudrf jzpfaom &ifusyfjcif;&,fyg/
80
vuFm&nfausmf
(9)
udkvwfqkdaom vli,fwpfOD;onf vlYavmuwGif r&Sdoifhawmhaomol wpfOD;[k ,lqrdonftxd
rdrdudk,fudk rdrd jyif;xefpGm rkef;wD;rdonf/
twaZmjzifh opmrJhcJhrdonf/ vkyfaewkef;uawmh udk,fhudk,fudk taMumif;&if;yJ cdkifvHkae
oa,mifa,mif b0twGuf pDrHudef; trsKd;rsKd;udk rnfuJYodkY pdwful;,Of ajymif;vJ wGufcsufrdonfjzpfap?
rdvdIifudk rdrd\ cspfol ZeD;ae&mu xm; pdwful;,Of MunfhcJhrdonfom/ aemufqHk;awmh a&SUavQmuf&rnfh
b0c&D;udk
rdvdIifrygbJ
ravQmuf0Hhawmhonftxd
ydkifqdkifvdkpdwfu
jyif;xefvmcJhonf/
onfydkifqdkifpdwfaMumifhyif onfvdkopmrJh rdjcif;om/
ao;odrfnHhzsif;aom tworm; wpfOD;[k cspfolESifh oli,fcsif;u rpGyfpGJcJhonfhwdkif olwdkY\
cGifhvTwfrIu rdrdudk ydkrdkacsmufcsm;zG,f&maumif;aom taetxm;odkY wGef;ydkYypfvTifhypfcJhonf/
b0udk a&pkef arQmvdkufawmhrnfhol wpfOD;/ zsif;nHhavvGifhaeol vlwpfOD;[k qHk;jzwfjzpfcJhonf/
udkvwf\ [efyef? udkvwf\ tajymtqdk? trIt&m? udkvwf\ pdkufESifhtBudKuf? udkvwf\ ydkifqdkifvdkrI
rsm;tm;vHk;udk pGefYypf ajymif;vJEdkifatmif BudK;pm;cJhonf/ aemufqHk; wpfcgrS roduRrf;zl;ao;ol wpfOD;ESifh
pwif rdwfqufvQifyif ]armifvwfNidrf;}yg? ]a'gufwmvwfNidrf;}yg ponfjzifh rdrdudk rdwfqufNyD;
&if;ESD;wJhvlawGu udkvwfvdkY ac:ygw,f} [k b,fawmhrS ajymrjyjzpfawmh/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&vQifrl udkvwfqdkaom twBuD;onfh aq;ausmif;om;wpfOD; csKyfNidrf;
aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; ]armifvwfNidrf;} xdkrS ]a'gufwmvwfNidrf;}ac: rdrd tusKd;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk b,fawmhrS
xnfhrpOf;pm;wwfonfh vl&G,fwpfOD;ay: xGufvmcJhoa,mif&Sdavonf/
]vwfNidrf;}taeESifh rdrdonf bmwpfckudkrS rydkifqdkifjzpfcJh/ rdrdb0 BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&m
wdk;wufaMumif;wdkYudk bmwpfckrS raqmif&GufjzpfcJh/ odkYaomf vwfNidrf;b0ESifh usifvnfjzpfcJhorQ
jzpf&yftm;vHk;twGuf wpfcgrQvnf; aemifw r&cJhzl;yg/
cufonfu onfyef;ema&m*gaMumifh pdwfoGm;wdkif; udk,frygEdkifcJh/
wu,fawmh onfyef;ema&m*guvnf; ]udkvwf} ay;cJhaom ]vwfNidrf;}twGuf tarGr[kwfygvm;/
81
vuFm&nfausmf
(10)
]q&m q&m}
ta0;BuD;u vdkvdk? teD;uav;u vdkvdk ac: oHwpfcku wdk;vdkuf? us,fvdkuf Mum;ae&onf/
tm;,l rsufvHk;udk zGifhMunfhawmh rdrdezl;ay:rS acR;ap;rsm;udk vufudkify0gESifh okwfay;aeaom a'gufwm
,rif;EG,fudk jrif&onf/
]rEG,f bmvJ? wdkY aumif;ygw,f}
]raumif;bl; q&m? pum; rajymeJYOD;? q&m tckrSowd&wm? 'DrSm q&m acR;ap;awG wtm;
xGufaew,fqdkvdkY uRefawmf vmMunfhwm? q&mh ][wfwf&dwf}200 ausmfaew,f/ ]y&uf&Sm}vnf;
usaew,f? uRefawmf ]trdkifEdk}jzKwfvdkufNyD? tck ]*vl;udkpfh}xdk;aewm? q&mcP rSdef;aeOD;}
olajymrSyif rdrd\ jyif;xef vsifjrefaom ESvHk;oHudk rdrdbmom jyefowdxm;rdonf/ rsufpdydwf
rSdef;vdkufawmhvnf; todpdwfu wpfcsufwpfcsuf rdkufceJ uG,faysmufcsifaejyefonf/
]rjzpfbl;xifw,f rEG,f/ olYudkvnf; &efukefydkYvdkY &rSmr[kwfao;awmh olY&efukeftdrfudkyJ tjref
taMumif;Mum;&rSmyJ/ wpfa,mufa,mufawmh vdkufvmrS jzpfr,fxifw,f}
olemjyKq&mruav;\ wkef,ifaomtoHtNyD;wGifawmh bmrS rMum;&awmh/
82
vuFm&nfausmf
NydKusyJhygoGm;aom jrpfurf;yg;uav;rsm;
(1)
]q&m? q&m owd&&JUvm;? rsufpd zGifhjyygOD; q&m}

,rif;EG,f&JU toH/ bmjzpfvdkY idkoHygNyD; wkef,ifaeygvdrfh/ wufae&wmyJ/ ol ighudk twif;
EdI;ae&w,fqdkawmh igrsm; owdvpfoGm;ao;vdkYvm;/
olwdkY odyf pdwfylaeMuNyD/ ig wpfckck ajymrS/
yg;pyfudk BudK;pm;[vdkufonf/ bmrSef;rodaom ap;yspfyspf t&nfrsm; yg;pyfxJwGif tjynfh
&Sdaeonfudk owdxm;rdonf/
]qyf&Sif? qyf&Sif jrefjrefvkyfyg? 'DrSm cRJydwfaew,f}
,rif;EG,f toH ....
aemufawmh armfwmoH wdk;wdk;av;wpfck/
aemufawmh tarSmifwdkufBuD;u vdIif;wHydk;ozG,f a0gceJ 0ifa&mufvmonf/
83
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
vdIif;wHydk;/
[kwfyg&JU/ [dkrSm 0JuawmhBuD;/ ab;rSm odef;rdk; ,ufuef ,ufuefeJY/ odef;rdk; a&epfaewm/ 'Daumif
wjcm;tm;upm;om vkyfwm/ a&rul;wwfbl;/
]odef;rdk;? odef;rdk;}
wu,fawmh oli,fcsif; a,mufsm;av; wpfodkuf\ wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;pGm atmf[pfoHrsm; qlnHpGm
xGufay:vmojzifh urf;pyfodkY tl,m;zm;,m; ajy;qif;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ a&mufa&mufcsif; a&v,fodkY
vSrf;arQmfMunfhpOfu a&jyifudk aea&mifjyefawmufaeonfudkom jrif&onf/ vludk rjrif&ao;/
]udkvwf? vkyfygOD;? odef;rdk; aysmufoGm;vdkY}
][m 'kuygyJ? tJ'DrSm pkyf0J&Sdw,f? q&mav;wdkYu 'Dae&mrSmrS a&qif;csKd;Muwmudk;}
toufBuD;BuD;
vlBuD;oHaMumifh
vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/
urf;em;rS
wHigonfBuD;rsm;yg
a&mufvmMujcif; jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;ESpf tydkif;(u) vlxkusef;rma&; uGif;qif;avhvm&if; rdrd? odef;rdk;?
rdvdIifwdkY tygt0if aq;ausmif;om;? aq;ausmif;ol&SpfOD; yifv,f0 jrpfurf;ab; onf&GmodkY
a&mufaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ rdrdu ypnf;rsm; ae&mcsaeqJwGif odef;rdk;wdkYtzGJY a&csKd; qif;oGm;onfudk
trSwfwrJh &SdvdkufrdcJh\/
]uJ BudK; &SmMua[Y? avSeJY xGuf&SmMur,f? awGU&if BudK;omypf? vlrqif;eJY? 0Ju ]uawmhcGuf} BuD;}
wpfa,muf wpfaygufESifh ajymqdkaeMuaom vltkyfBuD;udk wdk;a0SY ausmif;olrsm; a&mufvmMuonf/
olwdkY txJwGifawmh rdvdIif? wqwfqwf wkefaeonf/ bmoHrQ rxGufEdkif/ ausmif;olwpfOD;u ab;rS
az;r wGJxm;&onf/ rdrdudk tm;udk;wBuD; vSrf;Munfhaeonfh pdk&TJaom rsufvHk; wpfpHkudkvnf;
&ifqdkifvdkuf& ao;onf/ [kwfyg&JU/ tif;vsm;uefapmif; toufu,ftzGJYrSm aEG&moDwdkif; rdrd taysmfwrf;
vkyftm;ay;wwfonfudk rdvdIifESifh odef;rdk;om odonf/
]a[Y [dkrSm [dkrSm}
ausmif;om; wpfa,mufu xatmfonf/ vSrf;Munfhawmh rnf;ueJ vl&dyfudkom jrif&onf/ aea&mif
ajymif;jyefrdkY roJuGJvS/ vljzpfzdkYawmh rsm;onf/
]a[Y? a[Y q&mav;? roGm;eJY? 'Du BudK;ypfr,f}
wpfa,muf wpfayguf qlnHpGm wm;aeMuonfh toHrsm;onf aemufwGif &dyfceJ usefaecJhonf/
b,folrS rxm;EdkifcifrSmyif a&xJ ckefcsNyD; jzpfoGm;onf/
vl&dyf jrif&&mae&modkY acgif;axmif Munfh&if;u w&SL;xdk;ul;cwf oGm;onf/ odef;rdk; acgif;a&xJ
jyefrjrKyfcifrSmyif a&muf&Sd oGm;cJhonf/ pkyf0Judkawmh "m;vG,fckwfwGif jrif&onf/
84
vuFm&nfausmf
odef;rdk;u qD;zufonf/ oifMum;xm;onfh yHkpHtwdkif; dkufz,fonf/ aemufwpfzuf dkufz,fonf/

toufu,foifwef;rS oifcef;pmudk pdwfat;at; xm; jyefpOf;pm; ac:,lonf/ odef;rdk;\ ausmbufodkY
uyfonf/ nmcsKdif;atmufrS rdrd nmvufudk vQdKoGif;onf/ odef;rdk;\ aemufapY qHyifpudk qGJvdkufonf/
odef;rdk; ,ufuef,ufuef jzpfoGm;onf/ rdrdtm; rzufEdkifawmh/
onfawmhrSm urf;pyfqDodkY rsufESmrl ajcudk pHkuef xGufvdkufonf/
odkYaomf? pkyf0Ju p qGJaeavNyD/
85
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
BudK;p a&mufvmonf/ BudK;pudk rvGwfatmif qGJxm;vdkufawmh pkyf0JrS vGwfxGufvmonf/ onfodkYESifhyif

ESpfOD;pvHk; aouHra&muf oufraysmufbJ urf;odkY jyefa&mufvmMuonf/ ta&;ay: a&tefatmif jyKpkay;
tNyD;wGifawmh odef;rdk;vnf; owd vnfvmcJhonf/ rdvdIifuawmh uyf csKH;yGJcs idk&Smavonf/
]awmfao;wmaygh? 'Dq&mav; taocHNyD; qif;qGJvdkY? BudK;&wJh tcsdefrSomqdk&if [dkq&mav;awmh
a&atmufu ajrBuD;xdaeNyD}
]taocH} [laom pum;wGif rdvdIif udk,fuav; wGefYceJ jzpfoGm;onf/ 'l;pHkaxmuf xdkif&if;u
tarmajzaeaom rdrdudk rsuf&nfvnf&GJESifh armhMunfhonf/ ]udkvwf&,f} [k toHrxGufbJ EIwfcrf;vIyf
nnf;xGm;onf/ rsuf&nfwdkYu ydk ydk;ydk;aygufayguf usvmonf xif\/
]idkp&mvm; rdvdIif&,f}
rdvdIifacgif;uav;udk rematmif rxdwxdvSrf;xdk;vdkufNyD; odef;rdk; ycHk;ay: vufwif&,f&if; ....
]r&PzGm;? aorvdk ESpfcg&SdNyDaemf? owdxm;OD;}
odef;rdk;u jyHK;onf/ taysmfoabm oli,fcsif; oHk;a,muftwl aA'if oGm;ar;MupOfu rdrda&m
odef;rdk;yg r&PzGm;rsm;rSef; odcJh&zl;onf/
]rif;vnf; owdxm;OD; r&PzGm;? a&rTef;xm;wmeJY &ifjyefusyfaeOD;r,f}
86
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
xdknu wu,fyif &ifjyefusyfcJhonf/ w&TD;&DT; toHrsm; jrnfvmNyD; pum;rajymEdkifonftxd jyif;xefpGm

usyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ NrdKUe,f q&m0efu vmMunfhay;NyD; trdkifEdk taMumaq; xdk;cdkif;onf/ rdvdIifu
xdk;onf/
trdkifEdkaq;udk 10rdepfMumatmif jznf;nif;pGm xdk;&if;u rsuf&nf awGawGusaeaom rdvdIifukd
usefausmif;om; ausmif;ol ig;OD;u em;rvnfEdkifaom rsufESmrsm;jzifh 0dkif;MunfhaeMuonf/
]rdvdIif awmf [m? t"dym,f r&Sdwm}
pum;rajymEdkifonfh Mum;u wm;,lcJh&onf/
]udkvwf pum; rajymeJY? tdyfaysmfatmif tdyfvdkuf? vdIifuvnf; udkvwf pdwfnpfatmif rvkyfeJYav}
odef;rdk;u rdvdIifycHk;udk zGzGzuf&if;u avoHESifh ajymonf/
rdrdwdkY oHk;OD;om em;vnfaom rsuf&nfwdkYudk ai;Munfh&if;u rdvdIif rsufESmuav; 0g;
aysmufuG,foGm;avonf/
87
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
]bmajymvJ}
]wpfrdom;pkvHk; EdkifiHjcm;rSmwJh? c&D;pOf ygoGm;wmwJh? wpfywfavmuf Mumr,f ajymw,f?
olYtazHk;u vufaxmufTefrSL; a':arxm;&D qdkwmeJY ajym&w,f}
]'kuygyJ? b,fvdk vkyfrvJ}
]tJ'D trsKd;orD;u q&meJYvnf; &if;ESD;yHk&w,f? ajymwmeJY toHawGyg uwkefu,if jzpfvmwmyJ?
EdkifiHjcm;vnf; taMumif;Mum;ay;r,fwJh? olvnf; teD;qHk; av,mOfeJY uav;udk wufvmcJhr,fwJh}
]olvmr,f? [kwfvm;}
][kwfw,f rEG,f}
]olu bmygvdrfh? q&m tJ'Demrnf wpfcgrS rajymjyzl;ygbl;}
]rEG,f&,f? rEG,fq&mu bmrsm; ajymjyzl;vdkYvJ}
]at;av}
ajcoHrsm; w&Syf&SyfESifh a0;oGm;onf/ rdrd owd&aeNyDjzpfaMumif; vSrf;atmf ajymjycsifaomfvnf;
xdkrQawmh tm;u r&Sd/
ar&D vdkufvmrnf qdkygvm;/
rSefygonf/ ar&DU taMumif;udk rdrd b,folYudkrS ajymrjyjzpf/ ajymjyvdkY aumif;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg/ wu,fawmh ar&DESifh rdrdonf rdrd tvkyfoif q&m0ef b0wGif
jyefvnfqHkawGU &if;ESD;cGifh &cJhonf/
wcsdefu ar&Dudk odef;rdk;\ cspfoltjzpf txif vGJcJhzl;ojzifh EIwfquf&rSm r0Hhr&J jzpfaeaom rdrdudk
ar&Duawmh &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm EIwfqufcJhavonf/
]orD; 'g tefu,fhom; vwfNidrf;wJh? tvkyfoif q&m0efqdkawmh a'gufwm vwfNidrf;aygh}
ar&Dudk tvkyf&atmif ulnDay;aom azazhudk ar&DU azaz olYoli,fcsif;u tdrfwGif npmpm;
zdwfonfudk vdkufoGm;&if;u qHk&jcif; jzpfavonf/
ar&Du rsufvHk;uav; ydwfatmif &,fonf/
]tefu,fu rdwfqufae? tefu,fhom;u 'DtdrfrSm c&prwfawmif vmpm;NyD;NyD tefu,f&JU}
]a[ aumif;a&m}
88
vuFm&nfausmf
onfodkYESifhyif &if;ESD;cJhMuonf/
&if;ESD;NyD; wpfESpfcefY tMumwGifawmh ESpfzufrdbrsm;u rdrdwdkYESpfOD;udk vufxyfay;csifaMumif;
ajymvmMuawmhavonf/
tvGefcsrf;omaom ar&D\ rdbrsm; trnfESifh &mxl;*kPfodef BuD;rm;aom rdrd rdbrsm;\ trnfonf
zdwfpmay:wGif tvGef wifhw,fpGm wGJzufrdMurnfrSm rSefaomfvnf; rdvdIif\ trnfudk ESvHk;om;ay:wGif
aoG;aygufaygufusatmif xGif;xkrdxm;aom rdrdu tjcm;rdef;uav;wpfOD;ESifh vufquf&ef b,fvdkrS
pdwful;Munfh r&cJhyg/
ar&Dbufuvnf; rdrdtay:wGif MunfjzL[ef &SdaeNyD; 0wfpm;qif,ifyHk acwfqef[ef &dSaomfvnf;
pum;ajymMunfhonfESifh awG;ac: qifjcifwHkw&m; eufIdif; xufjrufvSaom rdef;uav; wpfOD;rSef;
&dyfrdcJhonfjzpfav&m? aiGrruf? *kPfrrufwwfaom rdbrsm;\ rdef;uav;udk onfavmuf vdkvm;&jcif;
taMumif;&if;udkvnf; &dyfrd&jyefavonf/
&,fp&maumif;onfu onfvdk udprsKd;twGuf wdkifyif&rnfh tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;onf wpfcsdefu
ar&D\ cspfoltjzpf txifvGJcHcJh&NyD; ,cktcsdefwGif rdrd wu,f cspfjrwfEdk;&ygaom rdef;uav;\ b0
vufwGJazmfavmif; odef;rdk; jzpfaeavonf/
rwwfEdkif/ odef;rdk;ESifhyif wdkifyif&ayrnf/
89
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
odef;rdk;u e,fpyf wpfae&modkY wm0efus xGufcGgcgeD;qJqJ tcsdef? rdrdu {&m0wDwdkif;? jrefatmifNrdKUodkY
vufaxmuf q&m0eftjzpf cefYxm;cH& xGufcGgcgeD;qJqJ tcsdefwGif oli,fcsif; ESpfa,muf Munfhjrifwdkif
qdyfurf; aAmwHwm;wGif &efukefjrpf\ ae0ifcsdefudk ai;&if; pum;ajymMuonf/
]ig wpfvavmuf Mum&if wpfacguf jyefvmr,f? jrefatmifudk wef;vmcJhr,f? rif; rdvdIifudk
enf;enf; apmifha&Smufxm;ay;yguGm}
]'g ]rSm}aer,fhudp r[kwfbl; odef;rdk;}
odef;rdk;u &,fusJusJESifh ]at;yguGm} [k qdkonf/ rdvdIifu aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sd&m jrefatmifwGif
or0g,raq;cef; q&m0efvkyfonf/ vufaxmuf q&m0ef 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJ ratmifjrifao;/
xdknaeu odef;rdk;udk arxm;&DtaMumif; ajymjyjzpfonf/ odef;rdk;u tHhMo[efjyayr,fh rwkefvIyfcJh/
]igxifwmawmh rif; wpfa,mufa,mufudk OD;aESmufeJY a&G;cs,fr,fqdk&if ar&Davmuf oifhawmfwJh
rdef;uav; awGUzdkY awmfawmfcufr,f udkvwf? igajymwm ar&D csrf;omvdkY ajymaewm r[kwfbl;?
olYtawG;tac:eJY olYmPf&nf xufjrufrIaMumifh ajymaewm}
]tJoavmuf av;pm;ae&ifvnf; tpuwnf;u rif;BudKufvdkuf NyD;a&m}
pdwfwdkwdkESifh bkrIwfawmh odef;rdk;u &,f ycHk;zufonf/
]oli,fcsif;&,f? rif; vdIifhudk b,favmuf cspfw,fqdkwm igem;vnfygw,f? tJ'Dtwdkif; iguvnf;
cHpm;cJh&wm? vdIifhtjyif wjcm;wpfa,muf b,ftcsdef b,fcspfEdkifrSmwJhvJ? tcku vdIifu ighudk
a&G;cs,fcJhw,f? uHMurmu ar&DUudk rif;twGuf a&G;cs,fay;cJhw,f? ig rif;twGuf wu,fhudk
apwemoufoufeJY ajymwm? rif;udk iga&m vdIifa&m odyfcspfMuw,f? rif; 'DpdwfeJYvnf; wpfoufvHk;
rcHpm;apcsifbl;? 'DudpawG arhNyD; wpfa,mufa,mufudk a&G;vdkufawmhr,f pdwful;&if ar&D[m
toifhawmfqHk;yJ oli,fcsif;}
wpfa,muf &ifwGif; wpfa,muf jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm;yDyD odef;rdk;u yGifhvif;pGm ajymavawmhonf/
oufjyif;om cs wdk;wdk;av; jyefar;onf/
]rif;wdkYu b,fawmhvJ}
odef;rdk; rsufarSmifMuKwfonf/
]bmvdkYvJ[? tquftpyfr&Sd}
]igajymvdkY rif; pdwfqdk;&if ighom qGJxdk;vdkuf? rif; yGifhvif;rSawmh igvnf; yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJ
ajymcsifw,f? rdvdIifxuf t&if ig b,fawmhrS tdrfaxmifjyKzdkY pdwful;vdkY r&bl;? rdvdIif ighudk cspfcspf
rcspfcspf? igu ighudk,fig rdvdIifudk cspfaewJhvlvdkY owfrSwfxm;NyD;rSawmh rdvdIif a,mufsm;,lNyD;rSyJ ig
tdrfaxmifjyKzdkY pOf;pm;csifw,f? EdkYrdkYqdk&if ig? ighESvHk;om;udk igjyef rxDrJhjrif vkyfrdovdkBuD; jzpfvdrfhr,f}
90
vuFm&nfausmf
odef;rdk; yxrawmh aMumiftrf;trf; jzpfoGm;onf/ NyD;rS &,fonf/

]igwu,fxdk;&if rif;aoawmhr,f? 'gayrJh rif;uvnf; ighudk xdk;&r,fh[mawG &SdaevdkY ig
rxdk;awmhbJ onf;nnf;cHvdkufawmhr,f}
]bmajymw,f}
]bmrS r[kwfbl;? 'DrSm 'Dudp rif; pdwfat;at;omxm;? ig wpfvae&if vmcJhr,fvdkY ajymw,f
r[kwfvm;? tJ'g ig ighrdbawGyg ac:vmrSm? vdIifeJY vufxyfzdkY wpfcgwnf; pDpOfawmhrSm? 'Dawmh rif;
pdwfwHk;wHk;csNyD; ar&DeJY apYpyfwm vlBuD;awGudk acgif;ndwfvdkufawmh}
acgif;udk cgrdonf/
]rif;[mu jAKef;pm;BuD;ygvm;uG}
odef;rdk;u oufjyif;cs ae&mrS
vSnfhrMunfhbJ wdk;wdk;ajzonf/
x&yfonf/
&efukefjrpfa&jyifudk
ai;Munfhaeonf/
NyD;rS
]'gaMumifh rif;uvnf; ighudk xdk;p&m&Sdaew,fvdkY ajymwmayghuGm? igvnf; aemifw &ygw,fuGm?

rif;om ighae&mqdk&ifawmif 'Dvdkjzpf&ufrSm r[kwfbl;vdkY}
]bmvJuG? bmawG jzpfaewmvJ}
odef;rdk;u vSnfhMunfh wdk;wdk;ajymonf/
]vdIifhrSm udk,f0ef&SdaeNyD}
]bmuG}
rsufpdxJwGif rD;0if;0if; awmufoGm;onf/ 0kef;ceJ ae&mrSx odef;rdk;tuspudk qGJvdkufrdonf/
odef;rdk;u wdk;wdk;uav; qufajymonf/
]wu,fyguGm? udk,f 'Davmuf jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; cspfwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muftay: 'Dvdk BudKwif
tcGifhta&; r,loifhbl;qdkwm igvnf; odygw,f? rif;tck ighudk xdk;csifvnf; xdk;vdkuf? ig auseyfygw,f}
]awmuf}ceJ wufacguf vTwfay;vdkufonf/
odef;rdk;u rdvdIif cspfol/ rdrdu tjyifvl/ Mum;0if pdwfqdk;cGifh b,fvdkrsm; &SdEdkifrSmwJhvJ/
]vdIifhtaz aeraumif;wHk;uGm? olYtaruvnf; aq;HkrSm apmifh&w,f? igu vdIifhudk
tdrfjyefjyefydkYay;&w,f? olY taz tvkyfuvnf; em;vdkufcgp? usef;rma&;uvnf; awmfawmfraumif;? olY
rdom;pkxJrSmvnf; tqifrajywmawGu rsm;eJY? vdIifvnf; wrdIifrdIif wawGawGygyJuGm? igvnf; apmifh
apmifhaeay;&if;u}
]awmfygawmhuGm}
91
vuFm&nfausmf
]at;yguGm? rif;eJYig Mum;rSm bmvQdKU0SufcsufrS rxm;csifvdkY&,f? NyD;awmh vdIifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk

od&if rif;u teD;uyf &Sdaer,fhvlqdkawmh ulnDEdkifatmifvdkY&,f ajymjywmyg? ckawmh olYtazuvnf;qHk;?
olYtaruvnf; jrefatmifrSm vdIifeJYvdkufaeaewm qdkawmh 'Dwpfacguf ighrdbawG ac:cJhNyD;&if
jrefatmifrSmyJ tm;vHk; pDpOfvdkufrSmyg? rif;vnf; ar&DeJY pDpOfp&m&Sdwm pDpOfvdkufawmhav}
onfvdkESifhyif rdrdESifh ar&D apYpyfjzpfcJhonf/ 'gaMumifhvnf; aemufqHk;wpfacguf jyefqHkMupOfu
ar&Du ]olpdrf;awGrS r[kwfwm} [k qdkcJhjcif; jzpfayrnf/
odkYaomf wu,fwrf;usawmhvnf; ar&DESifh vufrxyfjzpfcJhjyef/
92
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
]rdvdIif? pdwfudk cdkifcdkifxm;yg[m? ig tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk qHk;IH;&NyD;NyD? eifwpfa,mufyJ

usefawmhw,f? eifhtwGuf ig pdwfrylyg&apeJY? eif pdwf"mwf cdkifrmw,fqdkwm ig pdwfcsyg&ap}
w,fvDzkef; wpfzufrS IdufoHoJhoJhudkom Mum;ae&onf/
]rdvdIif}
]at;yg[m at;yg}
idkoHyguav;ESifh ajzonf/
]eif olYtwGufom vkyfp&m&Sdwm tm;vHk; vkyfay;cJhyg? ighpdwfudk igEdkifygw,f}
]at;at; ig tJ'Duae jrefatmif wef;jyefvmcJhr,f}

at your OWN RISK.
93
vuFm&nfausmf
(8)
rdvdIif {nfhcef;xJwGif wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,muf Munfh Muufaoao &yfaerdMuonf/ rdvdIifu
pum;wpfcGef;rS ajymrxGufEdkif&Sm/ &if0wGif pum;tm;vHk;wdkY wpfqdkYaeav[ef/
ESpfodrfh &Edkifaumif;aom pum;vHk;wdkYudk rdrdvnf; pOf;pm;r&/
aemufqHk;awmh wqwfqwf wkef,ifaeaom rdvdIif\ teD;odkY jznf;nif;pGm uyfoGm;rdonf/
MuifempGm ayGUzuf tm;ay;csifpdwfu &ifxJwGif jynfhESufaomfvnf; rMumao;rDurS uG,fvGefoGm;aom
tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;\ cspfol ZeD;avmif; [lonfh owfrSwfcsufu wpfzufowf cspfaeqJ cspfolqdkonfh
owfrSwfcsufxuf BuD;rm;aejyefonf/
nmbuf ycHk;uav;udkom nmvufjzifh zGzGuav; qkyfudkifay;rdonf/ xdk vufzsHay:odkY
rsufESmtyf rdvdIif idkavonf/ idkcsifoavmuf idkygap[kom wdwfqdwfpGm &yf cGifhjyKxm;vdkufonf/
tidk pJawmhrS vufudkify0guav;wpfxnf xkwfay;vdkufonf/
rsuf&nfpwdkY woGifoGif pD;qif;aeao;aomfvnf; dIufoHwdkY Nidrfoufp jyKvmprSmyif rdvdIifu
wpfzufodkY vTJMunfhae&if;u wdk;wdk;uav; ar;onf/
]bmrSmoGm;ao;w,fwJhvJ [if? udkvwf}
]bmrS rSmvdkufEdkif[ef rwlygbl;[m? nudk owdvpf? reufapmapm qHk;wmyJwJh}
]vG,fvdkufwm[m}
rdvdIifu acgif;uav; rodrom cgonf/
]'Davmuf tzdk;wefwJh touf wpfacsmif; 'Davmuf tzdk;wefwJh vli,fwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm kef;uef ysKd;axmifcJh&wm uHMurm&JU rsufawmifwpfcsuf cwfpmyJ &Sdw,faemf}
bmjyefajym&rSef; rod olYudkyif wdwfqdwfpGm ai;Munfhaerdonf/
vdIifu quf &yfraeEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmh[ef csmceJ vSnfh aemufaz;cef;odkY 0ifoGm;onf/
oGm;idkayvdrfhOD;rnf/ 0atmif idkygap[laom todjzifh eD;&m ukvm;xdkifodkY ajcypfvufypf0ifxdkifrdonf/
eH&Hay:rS wdkifuyfem&DBuD;\ wcsufcsuf jrnfoHu wdwfqdwfaomtcef;udk BuD;pdk;aeavonf/
aMomf r&PzGm; ESpfcg&SdNyD aorvdkY[k aemufajymifvdkufrdaom odef;rdk;onf oHk;cgajrmufwGifawmh
jyefrvmEdkifawmh&Smygvm;/
]udkvwf eifbmpm;cJhvJ? ig wpfckck vkyfvdkufr,fav}
rsuf&nfpwdkYudk pifatmif okwfNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; eD&JrdkYtpfaom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh twGif;cef;
wHcg;0wGif &yfaeol rdvdIifu toHtuftufuav;jzifh ar;aejcif; jzpfonf/
94
vuFm&nfausmf
kwfw&uf bmu pajym&rSef; rodojzifh olYrsufESmuav;udk

ai;Munfhaerdonf/ olu ajcmufuyfuyftoHjzifh &,fonf/
,lusHK;r&
oem;MuifempGm
]&w,f? ighudk pdwfryleJY? wpfvavmufawmh 'DvdkyJ owd&wdkif; idkae&OD;rSm? eif 'Davmuf c&D;a0;BuD;
um;pD;vm&wm? wpfckck pm;ygvm;}
]rdvdIif}
rxifrSwfbJ rdrdtoH us,foGm;onf/ kwfw&uf tvefYwMum; rdvdIifyg;pyf ta[mif;om;
jzpfoGm;onf/
]bmvJ [if udkvwf}
]odef;rdk; ighudk rSmoGm;w,f}
rdvdIif rsufESmuav; pdwfIyfaxG;[ef ay:vmonf/
]bmvJ[? eif olYtoufudkrS rrDvdkufwm? bmudkvJ}
ajym&cufaom pum;twGuf oufjyif;cs&jyefonf/
]eifwdkY a&SUv vufxyfMur,f qdkwmudka&m?bmaMumifh csufcsif; pDpOfvdkuf&ovJqdkwmudka&maygh}
rdvdIifrsufESmuav; azG;ceJ aoG;qkwfoGm;onf/
EIwfcrf;tpHku wpfpHkwpfckudk xpfxpfaighaigh &Sif;jy&efjyifaeMuonf/
bmoHrSawmh xGufrvmEdkif&Sm/
95
vuFm&nfausmf
(9)
{&m0wD jrpfa&jyifonf 0ifvkqJqJ aea&mifjcnfatmufwGif wzswfzswfcg vufae\/ jrpfurf;yg;,Hudk
NydKrusap&eftwGuf umqD;zdkY wifxm;aom ausmufom;jyif eH&HBuD;\ xdyfzsm;&Sd jrufcif;jyifay:wGif
pufbD;uav; a'gufaxmuf ESpfa,mufom; xdkifrdMuonf/
ausmufavSum;xpfBuD;ESifh a0;vHaom ae&muav;jzpf ae&mwGif oabFmwdkYruyf/ xdkYaMumifh
vlolvnf; rIyfaxG;/ [dkta0;qDwGif ukefwifukefcs jyKvkyfaeMuaom armfawmfrsm;udk ai;armMunfh&if;u
wdk;wdk;uav; ar;vdkufonf/
]bmjzpfvdkY rjzpfEdkifwmvJ rdvdIif}
rdvdIifujznf;nif;pGm acgif;cgonf/
]uHMurmu ighwpfa,mufwnf;udk &ufpufoGm;wmygudkvwf&,f? eifu rMumcif ar&DeJY vufxyfNyD;
eifhb0uav; eif wifhwifhw,fw,f jzpfatmif wnfaqmufawmhr,fhqJqJ? acgif;0ifvQdKNyD; tepfrGef;
rcHprf;ygeJY? NyD;awmhvnf; ig vufxyfjzpfcJh&ifvnf; tJ'g tcspftwGufyJ jzpf&r,fvdkY wpfoufvHk;
tcdkiftrm qHk;jzwfxm;wm eif pdwfrqdk;eJYaemf}
aqG;jrnfhpGm jyHK;rdonf/
]pdwfrqdk;ygbl;[m? eif ighudk rcspfbl;qdkwm ig tckrSod&wmrS r[kwfwm? NyD;awmh eifodyfcspfwJh
odef;rdk;&JU &ifaoG;udk ighudk taz rac:apcsifwmvnf; obm0 usygw,f}
ajymvufp pum;udk &yf ausmufurf;yg;,HBuD;udk vufdI;xdk;jyvdkufonf/
][dkrSmMunfhprf; rdvdIif]
rdvdIifu aMumiftrf;trf;ESifh vSrf;Munfhonf/
]wdkYb0awGu t&G,fuav;vnf; a&mufvma&m? aysmfp&muav;awGu enf;enf; vmvdkufwm? [dk
jrpfa&wdkufpm;vdkYyJhyJh ygoGm;wJh ajrom;urf;yg;jyifvdkygyJ[m? igvnf; b0rSm tqifb,favmufyJ ajyajy
aysmfae tm;&aewmrsKd;awmhvnf; rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;[? 'gayrJh eifhb0rSm urf;yg;NydKovdk
jzpf&r,fhta&;rsKd;rSm tck jrifae&wJh ausmufurf;yg;,HBuD;vdk 0ifNyD; umuG,fay;vdkufEdkifwJh tcGifhta&;rsKd;
wpfoufrSm wpfcgawmh &zl;csifw,f[m? tJ'D tcGifhta&;om &cJhr,fqdk&if aemif ighb0rSm bmaysmfp&mrS
jzpfrvmcJh&ifawmif ig eifhtwGuf 'Dvdk vkyfay;vdkuf&zl;w,f qdkwmudk wpdrfhpdrfh jyefawG;NyD; ig
aowJhtxd MunfEl;oGm;csifw,f}
EIwfcrf;vSvSuav;wdkY wpfpHkwpfckudk txpf txpf ajym&ef BudK;pm;vmMujyefonf/
]aeOD; rdvdIif? eifrajymeJYOD;? igqufajymr,f? igeJY q&mr,fvuGefu wpfzuf? [dktkyfpkuwpfzuf
jyemawG wufMuwm eifodw,f r[kwfvm;}
toHwdwf acgif;ndwfjyNyD;rS ]ig wm;om;yJ} [k wdk;wdk;ajymonf/tom&,f ....
96
vuFm&nfausmf
]rSefw,fxif&if ravQmhwwfwm eifvnf; od&ufom;eJY tckawmh [dkvlvnf; jyKwfNyD? igwdkYudkvnf;

vlpkuGJNyD? q&mr,fvuGefu csDaAG? igu csif;awmif 'DvxJ oGm;Mu&awmhrSm}
pdk;&drf[ef rsufESmuav; ay:vmonf/ ]eif b,fvdk vkyfrvJ} [k ar;onf/
]at;? 'DrSm eifeJY igeJY vufxyfMur,f} [efaqmif vifr,m;aygh[m? tefwDhudkyJ trSefudkay;odr,f?
vlawG rar;&atmif cPaejyNyD;&if ig csif;awmifoGm;r,f? wpfcgwavvnf; cGifheJY jyefvmawGUr,f?
arG;cgeD;&ifawmh eif 'Dtvkyfu xGufvdkuf? &efukefrSm vmarG;? uav;rsufESm jrifNyD;avmufusawmh ig
uGmay;r,f}
rdvdIifu acgif;udk jyif;xefpGm cgonf/
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]eif ajymwm odyf pdwful;,OfqefvGef;w,f? ar&DUudk b,fem; oGm;xm;rvJ}
]ar&DUb0u NydKusr,fh urf;yg;rS r[kwfwmuGm? olYvrf;ol qufavQmufrSmaygh}
]eifhb0usawmha&m}
ajcmufuyfuyf toHESifh [uf[ufyufyuf &,frdonf/
]igh b0urf;yg;u NydKusNyD;oGm;wm Mumyga&mvm; rdvdIif&,f}
rdvdIif bmjyefajym&rSef; rod/ qGHUtoGm;onf/
[dk;ta0;rSmawmh ausmufurf;yg;BuD;onf {&m0wDjrpf\ twGef;twdkufudk MuHhMuHhcHaeqJ/
97
vuFm&nfausmf
BudK;Mum0dnmOf
(1)
]uRefawmf a'gufwmvwfNidrf;ESifh uRefr a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIifwdkYonf tdrfaxmifr&Sd vlysKd?tysKdrsm;
jzpfMujcif;udk toD;oD; 0efcH ajymqdkMuNyD;aemuf wpfOD;udk wpfOD; jrwfEdk;pHkrufonfh tm;avsmfpGm}
rdrd cspfaomolESifh wpfoufvHk; onfodkY &Gwfqdk Edkifvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhxm;cJh&mu wpfckaom
we*FaEGaeYwGif jrefatmifNrdKUe,f w&m;Hk; onfodkY oHNydKif &GwfqdkcJhMu&zl;aMumif;udkvnf; jyefajymif;
owd&rdae\/
MunfEl;p&m tajctaersKd; r[kwfonfudk odpdwfu odaevsufESifh tvdkufrodwwfaom &ifu
wdwfwcdk; xckefjzpfonfudkvnf; trSwf&rdao;onf/
]udkvwfNidrf;? cifAsm; awmfawmf qdk;wJhvlAsm? uRefawmf 'Davmuf cifAsm;eJY wGJaewmawmif cifAsm;
vQdKxm;w,f? 'Daumifrav; ajymif;vmuwnf;u tJ'g uRefawmfh &nfpm;AsvdkY ajymxnfhvdkuf NyD;a&m}
q&m r,fvuGefu yGifhvif;pGm usDp,fonf/ rdvdIif rsufESmuav; rodrom ysufoGm;ojzifh
olYvufuav;udk vSrf;qkyfudkif cyfzGzGuav; Spfay;vdkuf&onf/
xdkYaeYu rdvdIif? olYararESifh rdrdwdkY oHk;OD;ae&ef iSm;xm;aom tdrfuav;ay: twufwGif pwwf?
aemufwwfaom q&marmfvuGefwdkY\ a&TBudK;udk cJzdk;jzifh z,f&Sm;cJh&ao;onf/ vlr&dyfrdap&ef
r*Fvmtcrf;tem; tuste jyifqifxm;ayrJh xdktcef;wGif rdvdIifESifholY ararom tdyfcJhNyD; rdrduawmh
rdvdIiftartcef;[k trsm;odaom tcef;wGif oHk;&ufaecYJonf/ NyD;awmh csif;awmifodkY ajymif;jzpfcJhonf/
arxm;&Dudkawmh BudKwif aqG;aEG;cJh&onf/ rdrd ajymorQudk ESpfem&DcefY wpfcGef;rS jyefrajymbJ
em;axmifaeaom arxm;&D rsufESmuav;u ai;ai;idkifidkif&,fyg/ NyD;awmhrS ....
]q&m EdkifiHjcm;u tazeJY tarudk 'gawG ajymjy raeeJYawmhav? q&mwdkYvnf; uav;arG;NyD;&if
jyefuGmMuOD;rSmqdkawmh jrefatmifu vlawGyJ todcHNyD; usdwfvkyfvdkufygvm;}
]uRefawmfwdkY 'DoDwif;uRwf vufxyfr,fvdkY olwdkYu odxm;wm usawmha&m}
ar&Du cyfajcmufajcmuf &,fonf/
]'gu uRefrbufu wpfzufowf pDpOfvdkY &ygw,f? uRefrtdrfu uRefr wpfcGef;yJ? EdkifiHjcm;uvnf;
oGm;p&m &Sdao;vdkY? jyefrvmrcsif; tdrfaxmifa&;udk rpOf;pm;csifao;vdkYayghav}
tm;empGmjzifh aus;Zl;wifrdonf/
]apYpyfwmawmh zsufaMumif; q&mhrdbawGudk uRefrrdbawG vSrf;ajymcdkif;vdkufr,faemf}
98
vuFm&nfausmf
]cifAsm? aMomf [kwfuJY}

]txifrvGJygeJY q&m? q&mhudkpdwfuGufvdkY ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? q&m bmrqdk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
tjrJ qHk;jzwfEdkifatmif zGifhxm;ay;wJh oabmyg}
em;rvnf/
]uRefawmfu bmudk qHk;jzwf&OD;rSm rdkYvdkYvJ}
ar&Du oJhoJh &,fjyefonf/
]xm;ygawmh q&m&,f? q&m vdIifhudk cspfovdk pdwfrsKd;eJY ar&DUudk cspfr,fhvl r&Sdwmawmh
ar&DUuHw&m;yJvdkY oabmxm;yghr,f? q&muom avmuBuD;rSm tJoavmuf pGefYvTwfNyD; cspfwwfwJhvl
q&mwpfa,mufwnf; &Sdw,fvdkY xifrxm;ygeJY}
ya[Vdrsm;pGmudk xm; arxm;&Dudk ausmcdkif;cJhavonf/
rdvdIifESifh qufqHa&;uawmh vltrsm; r&dyfrdap&ef ]udkvwf} ]vdIif}[k ajymif;vJ oHk;EIef;
cJhMuonfrSty tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;rsm;xuf ydkrvmcJh/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumcJhNyD; onftcsdefwGifawmh rdrdu csif;awmifwGif udk,ftkyfcsKyfaom aq;HkwGif
jyefwufae&aom vlemjzpfaeNyD; ]vdIif}a&m? ]arxm;&D} a&muawmh &efukefwGif usifvnf aeMuavonf/
aMomf? [kwfom;yJ/ arxm;&D vdkufvmrnf[k ajymxm;om;yJ/
reufjzef av,mOfESifh ygvmrnf xifonf/
wu,fawmh rdrduvnf; oufompawmh jyKaeavNyD/
]bm oufomwmvJ q&m? awmf awmf? tvkyfjyefvkyfzdkYawmh vHk;0 pdwfrul;eJYOD;? 'DtcsdefrSm
uRefawmfu q&mh q&m0ef? uRefawmf cGifhrjyKbl;}
a'gufwm ,rif;EG,fu twnfayguf a[mufcJhao;onf/
]at;yg? rEG,f&,f? q&muvnf; rEG,fudk tdrfjyefem;ygvdkYyJ ajymwmyg? 'DaeY &moDOwkuvnf;
awmfawmf qdk;aew,f? rEG,fuvnf; aq;Hk vmtdyfwm rsm;aeNyD? wpf&ufwav tdrfjyeftem;,laygh?
vlemvnf; pdwfyl&wmrsKd;rS r&Sdwm}
tawmf ajym,lawmhrS rEav;ol q&m0efr vufcHawmhonf/ 'gawmif olemjyK q&mruav;udk
vSnfh ]vlem ta&;BuD;&if &moDOwk qdk;vnf; uRefawmfhudk &atmif vmac:aemf? q&mhudk oGm;rajymeJY?
q&m rxapeJY} [k rSmaeao;onf/
]&w,f rEG,f? pdwfcsjyef? arG;vlemvnf; wpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f? tdkaurSmyg}
a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f jyefoGm;awmh taMumaq; wef;vef;ESifhyif wa&;tdyfjzpfonf/
99
vuFm&nfausmf
(2)
]udkvwfa&? udkvwf}
bk&m;a&/ odef;rdk; toHygvm;/ 'g rjzpfEdkifbl;xifw,f/
rsufvHk;ESpfzufudk twif; tm;,lzGifhMunfhawmh tarSmifwdkuf rnf;rnf;udkom jrif&onf/ tm;aeaom
vufwpfzufESifh rsufvHk;udk xyfyGwfMunfhrdonf/
yxrawmh 0dk;wdk;0g;wm;/ ysysaom tvif;a&mif atmufwGif wjznf;jznf; vlvHk;uGJvmonf/ odef;rdk;
rdrdckwifwGif wifykvTJ xdkifaeygvm;/
]odef;rdk;? oli,fcsif;? rif; aoNyDqdk}
odef;rdk;u toHrxGufatmif &,fonf/
]aow,f &Sifw,f qdkwmeH&H yg;yg;uav;yguGm? r&PzGm;? rif;vnf; aorif;udk tBudrfBudrf
&ifqdkifcJhwmyJ? r&dyfrdao;bl;vm;}
pdwfIyfpGmjzifh acgif;cgjyrdonf/
]tck ig aooGm;wmrsm;vm;}
]rif; ayyHk awyHkeJY aooifhwm MumNyD oli,fcsif;? rif;u rif;udk,frif; rapmifha&Smufayr,fh
wcsKdUvlawG uHaumif;aeao;vdkY rif; raowm}
]b,folawGvJ}
]rif;vlemawGav? NyD;awmh}
odef;rdk; rsufESm dI;oGm;onf/
]vdIifav? ig xifwmawmh vdIif uHaumif;aeao;vdkY}
onfwpfcgawmh rdrd &,frdonf/
]vdIifeJY ig bmqdkifvdkYvJuGm? vdIifhudkig? rif;wdkY&ifaoG;uav; ysufusNyD;NyD;csif;yJ uGm&Sif;pmcsKyf
vufrSwfxdk;ay;cJhwmyJ}
udk,f0efysufuspOfu vdIif &efukefwGif a&mufaeonf/ owif;Mum;&aom rdrdu vdIif aq;Hkqif;NyD;
tdrfjyefa&mufNyD;rS vdkufvmEdkifcJhonf/ vdIif &ufaygif;rsm;pGm ikdcJhao;onf[k vdIifhararu ajymjyonf/
odef;rdk;&ifaoG;rdkY vdIif ESajrmwornfrSm trSefyif/ onfuav;twGuf rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;
wnfaqmufvkqJqJ b0wpfckESifh &if;ESD;vdkuf&ayr,fh rdrdb0udkawmh rdrd trSwfw&odyfr&SdvS/ odef;rdk;ESifh
vdIiftwGufom pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf/
100
vuFm&nfausmf
]rif;udk vdIifu pmcsKyfawmif;vdkYvm;}

]rawmif;awmh rawmif;bl;av? 'gayrYJ 'gu BudKpDpOfxm;wJhtwdkif;yJOpm}
odef;rdk;u jyHK; acgif;cgonf/
]rif;uvnf; aemuftdrfaxmif xyfjyKzdkY pdwful;r&Sdawmhbl;qdkNyD; vdIifhudk pmcsKyf ESpfapmifpvHk;
ay;cJhw,f? vdIifuvnf; rif; wpfjcrf;wnf; vufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh pmcsKyfudk bmrS rvkyfbJ tHqGJxJudk
wnfhxm;w,f? t"dym,fu vdIifu tcktcsdeftxd rif;&JU w&m;0ifZeD;yJ oli,fcsif;? rif; tJ'gudk
&dyfrd&JUvm;}
pdwfIyfpGmjzifh rsufarSmifMuKwfrdonf/
]bmvdkYvJuG? tcspftwGufuvGJ&if tdrfaxmifwpfckudk rxlaxmifcsifbl;vdkY vdIifyJ ighudkajymcJhwmyJ}
]tJ'gu rif;u olYtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;ay;zdkY vufxyfr,fhqJqJ ajymcJhwmav? rif;udkol rcspfbl;vdkY
ajymcJhwmrS r[kwfwm}
][kwfygw,f? 'gayrJh ighudk rcspfbl;vdkY ajymcJhNyD;om;av}
odef;rdk;u acgif;cgonf/
]odyfudk MumcJhNyDuGm? a[Yaumif rif;vnf; vli,fuav;wpfa,mufrS r[kwfawmhwm? tcspfqdkwm
wpfoufrSm wpfcgysufoGm;NyD;&if jyefjzpfzdkY r&awmhwJh xl;qef;aom t&mBuD;vdkY cH,laewkef;yJvm;?
NyD;awmh vdIifu aq;ausmif;om; udkvwfudk rcspfcJhwm? q&m0ef a'gufwm vwfNidrf;eJY aq;ausmif;om;
udkvwf&JU toGifa&m tESpfa&m wlvdkYvm;? rif; enf;enf; owdxm;Munfhrd&if &dyfrdzdkY aumif;wmawG
trsm;BuD;&Sdaew,faemf a[Yaumif}
bk&m;a&/
]'Davmufuav; ywfoufcGifh jyKoifhygw,fuGm} [k rsuf&nfav;0J ajymaom &xm;ay:u
rsufESmuav;/
]tJovdk pum;rsKd;awG ajymwdkif; pdwfxJrSm b,favmufxdckdufrdwwfovJ qdkwma&m &dyfrd&JUvm;} [k
ajympOfu avqdyfxJwGif 0Jvmaom rsuf&nfpufrsm;/
NyD;awmh ....
yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf csif;awmifrS jrefatmifodkY cGifhjzifhjyefvmpOfu ....
101
vuFm&nfausmf
(3)
]tefwD udk,fwdkif vmBudKwmudk;? em;a&maygh tefwD&,f? uRefawmfvmaeusyJ[m}
vdIifhararu at;csrf;pGm jyHK;onf/
]tefwD BudKcsifvdkY vmBudKwmaygh om;&,f? tefwDvnf; aeaumif;ygw,f}
]vdIifa&m aeaumif;&JUvm; tefwD}
]aumif;w,f om;? [dkrSmav}
vrf;rD;wdkifrS tvif;a&mif roJruGJatmufwGifyif jzL0if;oG,fvsaom oPmefudk ,ckrSyif
owdxm;rdonf/ vdIifu ycHk;av;usKHU vufydkuf&if;u tjyHK;jzifh csOf;uyfvmonf/ aysmfwwfaom NrdKUe,f
or0g,rvlBuD;u us,favmifaom toH0gBuD;jzifh vSrf;ponf/
]q&mES,fhAsm a':oG,fpkvdIifu q&mvmr,fqdkNyD; arQmfaewm ckavmufqdk a&wif oHk;cgcsKd;NyD;NyD?
rjrifbl;qdkawmh tif; q&mawmh cg;ukef;NyD}
rdrdvufqGJtdwfudk qGJay;xm;aom or0g,r pma&;vli,fuav;u ]bmvJ tpfudkBuD;&?cg;u
bmvdkY ukef;&rSmvJ} [k 0ifar;onf/
]aMomf AdkufvdrfqGJ&if cg;u ukef;rayghuGm? rif;uvJ}
tm;vHk; &,fMuawmh vdIifvnf; &Suf&,f&if;u acgif;udkiHkonf/ ykcHk;xyfusKHUonf/
]csrf;aewmvm;[if}
]'Davmufat;r,f rxifrdvdkY taEG;xnf ,lrvmrdbl;}
]q&m OD;vwfNidrf;? jznf;jznf;om vdkufcJhAsKdU? uRefawmfwdkY um;ay:uapmifhr,f}
or0g,rvlBuD;u &,farm aemufajymif&if; vdIifhararESifh pma&;uav;udkyg ac:NyD; *spfum;av;
&yfxm;&modkY avQmufoGm;ESifh aeMuonf/
ycHk;xufrS om;a&tdwfBuD;udk blwmMurf;jyifay:odkY cs 'l;auG;xdkifNyD; Zpfudk zGifhvdkufonf/
tay:qHk;wGif tqifoifh wifxm;aom odk;arG;qG,fwmuav;udk xkwfvdkufonf/
]tawmfyJ? 'g vdIifhtwGufav}
vdIifu a`E&&uav; jyHK;&if;u jyefar;onf/
]odyfvSwmyJ awmfawmf ay;cYJ&rSmaygh}
]udkvwfu qif;&Jom;yJ? odyf ay;&&if b,f0,fEdkifrSmvJ? wpfcgwnf; 0wfvdkufav}
102
vuFm&nfausmf
tjyHK;uav;ESifh acgif;ndwfonf/ vufydkufudkrl rjzKwf? ykcHk;u usKHUxm;qJ/ awGa0pGmjzifh

taEG;xnfuav;udk udkif&if;u vdIifhrsufESmuav;udk ai;Munfhaerdonf/ vdIifu rsufvTmcsonf/
onfawmhrS t"dym,fudk &dyfrdNyD; usKHUxm;aom ykcHk;ESpfzufay:odkY odk;arG;qG,fwmudk vTrf;
wifay;vdkufonf/ rdrdxHrS ESif;aiGUjzLwdkYvTrf;aom xGufoufavonf vdIifhem;o,fqHpuav;rsm;tm;
wdk;a0SYoGm;MuaMumif; owdxm;jzpfatmif owdxm;rdvdkufao;onf/
&ifuawmh aEG;axG;pGm ckefaecJhonf/
103
vuFm&nfausmf
(4)
]vdIifu ighudk oli,fcsif;vdkyJ cspfcJhwmvdkYyJ tjrJ ,lqxm;cJhwmuG}
odef;rdk; acgif;cgonf/
]oli,fcsif;vdk tcspfwdkY? 1500 wdkY? tpuwnf;u rif; em;aum em;vnfcJhvdkYvm;uGm? rSwfxm;
wG,fwmwmuG? wG,fwmwm? tjrJ jrifaecsifwm? tjrJ twl&Sdaecsifwm? aumif;wmav;awGyJ jzpfatmif
az;ray;aecsifwm? tJ'gawG[m bmpnf;rS r&Sdbl;? igvnf; vdIifhudk oli,fcsif;vdkyJ cspfcJhwmvdkY
udk,fhudk,fudk xifcJhwm? tJ'D pdwfuav; &ifhvmawmh cspfoljzpfcsifvmcJhwm? vdIifvnf; ightay:rSm
tJovdkyJ jzpfcJhw,f xifwmyJ? at;? rif;tay:rSmvnf; twdkif;twm wpfckxdawmh &SdcJhrSmyJ}
pdwfIyfpGmjzifh acgif;cgjyonf/
]vlESpfa,mufpvHk;udk cspfzdkY jzpfEdkifyghrvm;uG}
odef;rdk;u ae&mrS xonf/
]ynwfawGyguGm? tcspfqdkwmrsm; rif;u bmBuD;rSwfaevdkYvJ? ynwf cHpm;csuf oufoufyJ? pdwfu
vufawGUb0eJY vdkufavsmnDaxGatmif xdef;uGyfNyD; oHk;xm;vdkYom vSvSyy &Sdaewmyg? bmyJjzpfjzpf
ckcsdefrSmawmh rif; olYab;uae wpfcsdefvHk; cGmxGufaewm vdIif odyf pdwfqif;&J&SmrSmyJ]
]rif; ajymovdkawmh ighudk t&dyft>rufawmif rjyygbl;uGm}
]jyrvm;uG? olYbufrSm tm;enf;csufeJY tm;i,fae&wm? rif;bufrSmvnf; arxm;&Dvnf; bmrS
rqdkifawmhbl;}
odef;rdk;u &,fonf/
]olwdkY rdef;rcsif;u ydk&drfrdrSmayghuGm? arxm;&Dvnf; rif;udk cspfaewkef;yJ qdkwm}
]vmjyefNyD}
odef;rdk;u &,fonf/
]ol&Jaumif;udk rcspfwJhvl r&Sdbl;wJh? rif;udk q&m0ef ol&Jaumif;vdkY jrifwJhvlawG trsm;BuD;
&SdrSmayghuGm? at; reufjzef arxm;&D vm&ifom ar;Munfh? vdIifhudk rif; aeraumif;wm ajymjycJh&JUvm;vdkY?
rajymjycJhbl;qdk&if ol rif;udk cspfaewkef;yJ? aocsmNyD}
]ajymjycJh&ifa&m}
]ajymjycJh&ifvnf; olrif;udk rcspfbl;vdkYawmh wGufvdkYr&bl;? 'gayrJh ig wpfckawmh aocsmw,f}
]bmvJ}
104
vuFm&nfausmf
]ajymjycJh&ifawmh reufjzef av,mOfeJY a&mufvmr,fh rdef;uav;[m arxm;&D rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? vdIifyJ

jzpfvdrfhr,f}
odef;rdk; kwfw&uf tarSmifxJwGif aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
105
vuFm&nfausmf
(5)
zswfceJ tdrfrufu vefYEdk;vmonf/
tdyf&mEdk;vm&wmESifh rwl/ acgif;wpfckvHk; Munfvifaeonf/ tdyfcsifpdwf idkufrsnf;pdwf pdk;pOf;rQ r&Sd/
ywf0ef;usifwGifawmh tarSmifxku BuD;pdk;aeonf/ tjyifbufu rdk;BuD;avBuD; &Gmcsaeojzifh vQyfpD;
wpfcsuf wpfcsufvufvQifom tcef;xJwGif vif;ceJ wpfcsuf wpfcsufjzpfoGm;onf/
bm odef;rdk;rSvnf; r&Sd/
aMomf igpdwfa&m vlyg odyfyifyef;aeNyD xifw,f/
ESpfESpfjcdKufjcdKuf tdyfaysmfoGm;rdom acgif;u Munfvifaejcif; jzpfrnf/ wpfoufvHk;u awG;cJhaom
tawG;? cHpm;cJh&orQaom cHpm;csuf tm;vHk;wdkYudk tdyfrufxJodkY xnfh rufypfvdkufjcif;ygay/ odef;rdk;u
tqpf 0ifygvdkuf&ao;onf/
wpfa,mufwnf; &SufjyHK;jyHK;rdjyefonf/
vdIifuvnf; udk,fhudk cspfaeowJhav/ awmfawmf jzpfcsifwJhbuf vdkufNyD; rwfwwfwJhtdyfruf/
aemufwpfacguf jyeftdyfypfvdkufzdkYawmif aumif;ao;&JU/ odkYaomf acgif;u odyfMunfvifaeacsNyD/
&ifuvnf; rodrom usyfcsifovdkdvdk/
armhMunfhawmh trdkifEdkzdkifvif; xnfhxm;onfh taMumaq;ykvif;u ydkufxJtxd t&nfcef;aeNyD;
&yfwefYaeaMumif; awGU&onf/
jzKwfvdkufNyD; aq;yJ &SL&aumif;rvm;/ wpfykvif;yJ xyfazsmfcdkif;&aumif;rvm;/
aemufqHk;awmh &SLvnf;&SL? taMumaq;vnf; qufrnf[k qHk;jzwfonf/
ckwifab;odkY ,lxm;aom cgwdkif; pm;yGJay: wifaeus vlac: acgif;avmif;uav;udk ESdyfvdkufonf/
ajcoH wcRwfcRwf Mum;&NyD;aemufwGif tcef;rD; zswfceJ vif;oGm;onf/ aq;Hk tvkyform;uav;
0ifvmonf/
]nDav; q&mr &dSvm;uG}
]q&mr arG;cef;xJrSm q&m? naeu arG;vlem rarG;EdkifvdkYwJh}
q&m0efpdwfudk aoewfarmif;uGif; Spfcsvdkufovdk cHpm;&\/
]a[ awmfawmf MumaeNyDvm;}
106
vuFm&nfausmf
]MumNyDeJY wlwmyJ q&m? uRefawmfhudkawmif a'gufwm ,rif;EG,fudk oGm;ac:cdkif;w,f? uRefawmfvnf;

tck xGufrvdkY[m? tjyifrSm rkefwdkif;u wtm;jyif;aew,f? aq;Hkaxmifhu vufyHyifawmif usKd;usoGm;NyD}
]'Drdk;eJY rif;u oGm;Edkifawmha&m rEG,fu b,fvdk vdkufrvJuG? ig &SdaewmyJ[m? uJ t&ufjyef
ykvif;ay;? 'DydkufjzKwfNyD; oGm;Munfh&atmif}
107
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
]tck ]qifwdk} u b,favmuf jzpfaeNyDvJ}

]wl; ,lepf? omwD;'a&mhyf yg rdepf q&m? tay:u udkif&wmawmh rmvmwmyJ? atmufuprf;awmh
tjrifhBuD; vdkao;w,f}
]tufzftdwfcsftufpf ua&m}
]vGefcJhwJh em&D0ufuawmh 0rf;tdwfwD; q&m}
]uJ x&rf;yufay;}
acR;ap;rsm; jyef vl;vdrfhnnf;xGm;aeaom rdef;r\Adkufay:okYd uvyfcGufuav;\ t0udk arSmuf
axmufNyD; tajcbufwGif em;udk uyfvdkufonf/
qlnHjrefqefaom uav;ESvHk;ckefoHu tcsufay; acgif;avmif;aygif; rsm;pGmudk wpfNydKifeufwnf;
wD;cwfvdkufouJYodkY &dSavonf/
]cGJcef;jyifawmh q&mr? tckzGifh&r,f? aemufus&if uav;aumif;rSm r[kwfawmhbl;? 'pfx&ufpf
0ifaeNyD}
q&mru wHkYqdkif;qdkif; jzpfoGm;onf/
]rEG,f oGm;ac:vdkufr,f q&m&,f? q&m [dkwpfcgvdk}
]uRefawmf aumif;ygw,f? tck SLaq;vnf; SLxm;w,f? 'Drkefwdkif;eJY b,fvdkvkyf oGm;ac:rvJ?
vmyg zGifhMu&atmif}
108
vuFm&nfausmf
(7)
cGJcef;0wfpHk 0wfNyD; vuftdwf pGyfaecsdefwGifawmh rdrdtouf&SLoHu w&TD;&DT; pjrnfonf/ acgif;pGyfESifh

rsufESmzHk;Mum;wGif uGufuGufuav; ay:aeaom olemjyK q&mrav;\ rsufvHk;wpfpHku rdrdbuf
vSnfhvmonf/
]q&m trdkifEdk xdk;vdkuf&atmif? NyD;rS vufjyefaq;aygh}
acgif;cgjyvdkufonf/ vlemuvnf; tylcsdef wufaeonf/ uav;uvnf; touf&SL&ef
BudK;pm;awmhrnfqJqJ/ rdepfydkif; aemufusHkESifh ESpfa,mufpvHk; toufudk &awmhrnfr[kwf/
]pr,f? &,f'D}
q&mruav; oufjyif;cs cGJpdwf ckwifay: vTrf;&efydwftpdrf;udk ,lvmonf/
109
vuFm&nfausmf
(8)
uav;udk tarhAdkufay: arSmufcHk wifvdkufonf/ kwfw&ufawmh uav;u Nidrfaeonf/ csufBudK;udk

jzwfNyD;onfESifh olemjyKtuluav; vufudk vSrf;ray;cif ajcz0g;uav; ESpfzufudk axmif rdrd
vuf0g;ESifh ESpfcsufdkufvdkufawmh ]tJ}ceJ toHuav; xGufvmonf/
olemjyKtul uav;,loGm; tEDS;pdkudk okwfoif vJvS,faecsdefwGifawmh atmifjrif pl;&Saom
uav;\ idka<u;oHu w&TD&TD jrnfaeaom rdrd\ touf&SLoHudk zHk;oGm;onf/ arm[dkuf yifyef;aom
'Pfudk p ododomom cHpm;&p jyKvmaomfvnf; tm;wif; jyHK;NyD; olemjyK q&mruav;udk
vufrwpfacsmif; axmifjyvdkufonf/
olemjyK q&mruav;uawmh wkef,ifaom toHESifh vSrf;ajymonf/
]q&m uvifhzfyfzrf;NyD; cPxGuf aq;xdk;vdkuf&atmif}
acgif;cgjy&if;u jrefjrefqufcsKyfaeonf/
wpfcsuf wpfcsufwGif rdkufceJjzpfcsif\/
110
vuFm&nfausmf
(9)
]q&m xGufawmh q&m? q&mryg xGuf? q&mhudk aq;xdk; uRefawmf a&mufNyD}

a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f\ toH cGJcef;0rS ay:vmonf/ tvkyform;u rdk;xJ avxJrSmyif &atmif
oGm;ac:vm[efwlonf/ aemuf cGJcef;0wfpHkESifh ajy;0ifvmonfudk awGU&\/
odkYaomf rdrdu ta&jym; aemufqHk; tyfcsKyfcsufudk xdk;NyD;aeNyD/ xdkYaMumifh EHk;acGaeaom vufjzifhyif
BudK;pudk qGJcsnfvdkufonf/
vuftdwfwdkYudk qGJcRwfcsdefwGifawmh vufonf;rsm; jymESrf;aeonfudk owdxm;rdonf/ owduvnf;
wpfcsuf wpfcsuf vpfrvdk jzpfaeonf/ tdyfaq;aomufNyD; vrf;avQmufaeonfh vlwpfa,mufESifh
rjcm;vS/
olemjyK q&mrav;u ab;u 0ifwGJ ukvm;xdkif t0dkif;uav;wpfckqDodkY ac:vmcJhonf/ a'gufwm
,rif;EG,f taMumaq;tyfudkudkif ajy;vmaeonfudkvnf; 0g;aeaom rsufvHk;u vSrf;jrifonf/
rdrdab;odkY a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f ta&mufwGifawmh q&mruav; wGJxm;onfhMum;rS 'l;rsm;
TwfusoGm;onf/ vufwpfzufu olYudk dkufrdonf/
][m}
cGyfceJ zefom; uJG&SoHudk Mum;&NyD; Murf;jyifay: odkY yHkvJusoGm;onf/ at;pufaom Murf;jyif\
tawGUudk yg;wpfzufjzifh odEdkifaeao;\/
]atmufpD*sif? atmufpD*sif}
a'gufwm
,rif;EG,f\
atmfoH/
uav;i,f\
idka<u;oHuvnf;
xGufay:aeqJ/
]uav;aumif;aeao;yJ/ bmvdkY atmufpD*sif awmif;aeygvdrfh/ tarrsm; jymvdkYvm;} [k awG;aerdpOfwGif
tarSmifwdkufu ydwfzHk;oGm;\/
111
vuFm&nfausmf
(1)
csif;trsKd;om;av; wG,fcefYcdkifu vufxJu vufywfem&Dudk iHkYMunfhvdkufonf/ t&SdefaooGm;NyD;
jzpfaomfvnf; av,mOf yefumwdkYu cgaeMuqJ/ wjznf;jznf; aES;auG;vmNyD; aemufqHk;rS
&yfwefYoGm;onf/
awmfygao;&JU/ nu rdk;rkefwdkif; 'Dreuf pJoGm;vdkY/ EdkYrdkYqdk&if 'DaeY av,mOf qif;EdkifrSmawmif
r[kwfbl;[k awG;rdonf/
av,mOfuGif;rS tvkyform;rsm;u wGef;avSum;uav;udk wyfqifay;vdkufonf/ av,mOfay:rS
wzGJzGJ qif;vmonfh c&D;onfrsm;xJodkY wG,fcdkifcefY tuJcwfvdkufonf/
qHyif&Snf&SnfESifh cyfoG,foG,f kyf&nf acsmarmvSyaom rdef;rysKdwpfOD; cyfoGufoGuf
qif;vmonfudk jrifvdkufonf/ q&m a'gufwmvwfNidrf;ESifhtwl &efukefrS vmpOfu avqdyfvdkufydkYaom
tpfrayyJ? vGJp&m r&Sdawmh/
tem;odkY ajcvSrf;usJrsm;jzifh avQmufoGm;vdkufonf/
]tpfr vm? vm 'Dbufudk uRefawmfhudk rSwfrdygw,faemf}
rdef;rysKdu oJhoJhrQ jyHK;jyonf/
][kwfuJY? q&m vTwfvdkufwmvm;}
][kwfuJY uRefawmf*spfum; ,lvmygw,f}
]q&ma&m oufom&JUvm;}
pdk;&drfaom rsufESmuav;jzifh tavmwBuD; ar;aeonf/
]raeY reufydkif;uawmh uRefawmf a&mufcJhao;w,f? taMumaq;awmh oGif;xm;&wkef;yJ? xawmh
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aq;Hk taqmufttHk t0if0odkY oGufoGuf avQmufcJhMuonf/
a&SU0ifayguf wHcg;udk a[mif;avmif; zGiYfxm;onf/ tapmiYfr&Sd/ jyifyvlemXmeudk jzwfawmh
aomhcwfydwfxm;aom vlemprf;oyfcef;udk tHhtm;oifhpGm awGU&jyefonf/ r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dtcsdef a'gufwm
,rif;EG,f jyifyvlem MunfhaeusyJ[m/ bmvdkYrzGifhxm;ygvdrfh/ a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f b,fa&mufaevdkYvJ/
wG,fcefYcdkif pdwfxJwGif xifhceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
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pdwfudk ajzodrfhNyD;rdef;rysKdbufodkY wpfcsuf vSnfhMunfhrdonf/
atmufEIwfcrf; twGif;om;udk oGm;jzifh rodrom udkufxm;onfudk awGU&\/
wdwfqdwfpGmyif rdef;rysKdudk ausmfjzwf wm0efcef;bufodkY avQmufvmcJhonf/ ajcoHwdk;wdk;
ygvmojzifh rdef;rysKdvnf; aemufu vdkufvmaMumif; &dyfrdvdkufonf/
wm0efcef;wHcg; yGifhaeonf/
txJwGifawmh b,folrS r&Sd/ q&mrawGvnf; r&Sd/ tvkyform;vnf; r&Sd/ jznf;jznf;
vnfywfaeaom pm;yGJwif yefumwpfvHk;\ wtDtD jrnfoHu olwdkYESpfa,mufudk qD;BudKaeaom
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vSJvsuf &SdaeMuaomvlemrsm; rsufvHk;aygif; rsm;pGmwdkYu xufMuyfruGm vdkufvmMuonf/
113
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wG,fcefYcdkifu rdef;rysKdbufudk vSnfh BudK;pm;jyHK;jyonf/
rdef;rysKduawmh yuwd wdwfqdwfaeqJ/
114
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vlem ckwifqDodkY Munfhvdkufawmh vdIufceJ [moGm;onf/ ukwifay:wGif b,folrS r&Sd/ oefYjyefYaom
aq;Hktdyf&mcif; tjzL cif;xm;onfh arGU&may:wGif acgif;tHk; wpfvHk;ESifh apmifwpfxnfom &Sdonf/
aq;HkoHk; ADdkuav;ay:wGifvnf; bmrS r&Sd/
tcef;xJwGifvnf; b,folqdk b,folrS r&Sd/
ckwif ajc&if;&Sd vlemrSwfwrf; csdwfxm;aom oHjym;uav;onfyifvQif [mvm[if;vif; jzpfaeonf/
bm pm&Guf pmwrf;rS r&Sd/
rdef;rydsKu vnfvmaom rsuf&nfwdkYudk rusap&ef OD;armh wpfzufodkY vSnfhvdkufonf/
wdwfqdwfrIESifh twl wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;rIu BuD;pdk;vmcdkuf ....
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cyfa0;a0;u xGufvmonf/ vlawG trsm;BuD;&JU toH/ odyfta0;BuD;awmhvnf; r[kwf/ odkYaomf
tm;vHk;u wdk;wdk;uav; pum;ajymaeMuonfh toHrsKd;/ oJhoJhuav;om Mum;ae&onf/ pum;vHk;
roJuGJ/
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xGufvmcJhonf/ pBueH&HESpfzufonf wG,fcefYcdkif\ ab;wGif w&dyf&dyf ajy;vsuf&Sdonf/
rdef;rysKduvnf; rsuf&nfpwdkYudk odrf; wG,fcefYcdkifaemufrS tajy;wpfydkif; vdkufvmcJhonf/
115
vuFm&nfausmf
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a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f? olemjyKtkyf q&mrBuD;? olemjyK q&mrrsm;? aq;Hk0efxrf; tm;vHk;vdkvdkygvm;/
tdk b,furvJ/ NrdKUrdNrdKUzvlBuD;rsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rS yk*dKvfrsm;tm;vHk; jrufcif;ay:wGif &yfaeMu&mrS
tajy;wpfydkif; 0ifa&mufvmaom wG,fcefYcdkifESifh rdef;rysKdudk vSnfhMunfhMuonf/
wG,fcefYcdkifuawmh bmpum;rS rajymEdkifbJ vltkyfBuD;xJodkY uref;uwef; wdk;a0SY 0ifa&mufoGm;onf/
vltkyfu &SJay;onf/ rdef;rysKduav;vnf; xyfMuyfruGm vdkufygvmonf/
vltkyf tvnfaumifwGifawmh ol&Smaeaomoludk &SmazG awGU&SdoGm;onf/
a'gufwm vwfNidrf;/
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]udkvwf}
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Mum;vdkufEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/ vltm;vHk;uawmh rjrifzl;onfh rdef;rysKd\ rsufESmudk tHhtm;oifhpGm
0dkif;MunfhaeMuonf/
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r[kwfygvm;/
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&SJay;onf/ onfawmhrS a'gufwmvwfNidrf; ab;wGif &yfaeonfh ta0;ajy; um;vkyfief;ydkif&Sif
olaX;vifr,m;udk owdxm;rdonf/
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q&meJYawmif
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tajz&Sm& oGm;ojzifh wG,fcefYcdkif\ &ifxJwGif Nidrf;csrf;oGm;onf/
rdef;rysKduawmh bmpum;rS rajymEdkifao;bJ wkef,ifaom ajcvSrf;rsm;ESifh a'gufwm vwfNidrf;
teD;odkY cyf,dkif,dkif csOf;uyfoGm;onf/
NyD;awmh ....
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116
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idkoHESifh avoHrQaom pum;oH AvHk;AaxG; a&maeojzifh ab;uvlrsm; Mum;Edkif[ef rwl/
Mum;rMum;udkvnf; a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIif wpfa,muf *kpdkufrnfh[ef r&dS/ a'gufwm vwfNidrf;\
tus&ifbwfwdkY pdk&TJonftxd rsuf&nf NzdKifNzdKif us&if;u wdk;wdk;uav; awmif;yef&Smonf/
a'gufwm vwfNidrf;u a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIif\ ycHk;uav;udk cyfzGzGuav; zuf&if;u acgif;armh
tvSL&SifbufodkY vSnfhajymonf/
]a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIifwJh? uRefawmfh trsKd;orD;yg? &efukefrSm txl;ukoifwef; wufae&mu
vdkufvmwm ?uRefawmfwdkYudk cP cGifhjyKygOD;}
rSifwufrdaeaom tvSL&Sifu ,ckrS touf0ifvmovdk jzpfNyD; ajzonf/
]oGm;yg q&m? oGm;yg nuwif wtm;usyfxm;w,fvdkY a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f ajymxm;wm?
xvdkufvmvdkY uRefawmfwdkYu tm;emaewm}
a'gufwm ,rif;EG,fESifh wG,fcefYcdkifwdkYu tvdkufodpGmyif vltkyfBuD;udk OD;aqmif aq;Hk
taqmufttHkbufodkY ac: oGm;Muonf/
a'gufwm vwfNidrf;uawmh a'gufwm oG,fpkvdIif\ ycHk;av;udk zuf az;r&if; aq;Hknmbuf
tpGef;
awmifukef;xdyf
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awmifwef;atmufwGif vSypGm &SdaeNyD; rsufpda&SU wnfhwnfhwGifawmh wdrfjzLjzLtrQifrsm; ajy;vsuf
&Sdaeavonf/
a'gufwm oG,fpkvdIifuawmh tm;&atmif idkaeqJ/

at your OWN RISK.
117
vuFm&nfausmf
(6)
]cGJNyD; xGufxGufoGm;&muae jyefrvmrSmudk tjrJ aMumufcJh&wmyg udkvwf&,f? vdIifh bufuvnf; pOf;pm;

ay;ygOD;}
rsuf&nfvnf&TJ rsufESmuav;udk ycHk;bufwGif rSDvsufu avoHuav;ESifh awmif;yefawmh &ifxJwGif
eifhceJ cHpm;&onf/
]pdwfcsyg vdIif? 'Dwpfcg b,fawmhrS xGufroGm;awmhbl;? oGm;cJh&ifvnf; vdIifhudkyg tjrJac:
oGm;awmhrSm? vdkufr,f r[kwfvm;}
rsuf&nfrsm; Mum;rSyif jyHK; acgif;ndwfjyonf/ vufwpfzufuvJ a'gufwm vwfNidrf;\
vufwpfzufudk qkyfudkif zGzGuav;Spfudkifonf/
&ifxJwGif MunfEl; csrf;ajrhjcif; twdESifh aumif;uifudk armhMunfhrdonf/
tvdk ....
BudK;MumawG [dkta0;rSm tkyfpkvdkufBuD; ysHaeMuygvm;? rdkifaxmifcsDwJh c&D;&SnfBuD;udk ysHoef;vmMuwJh
tm;rmeftjynfheJY iSufawGaygh/
rdrd vufudk qkyfudkifxm;aom vdIifhvufuav;udk jyefiHkYMunfhrdonf/ El;nHh aEG;axG;aom
vufuav;rS tm;opf tifopfrsm; rdrd cEmudk,fxJodkY pD;arsm 0ifa&mufvmMuovdk cHpm;ae&onf/
]zdk0ifiSuf}(Phoenix)vdk wpfzef jyefvnf &Sifoef&OD;rSmwJhvm;/ onfvdkrsKd;om jzpfvQifawmh
rdkifaxmifcsDaom c&D;ru? aomif;? odef;txdyif tiftm;tjynfhjzifh ysHoef;Edkifrnf[k xifonf/
tmHkxJwGif ]BudK;MumawmifyHcwfoH}udkyif oJhoJh Mum;&ovdkvdk/
vuFm&nfausmf
(20-7-2006)
118
vuFm&nfausmf
pma&;ol\ ukd,fa&;tusOf;
trnf&if;rSm a'gufwm &Jjrifhausmf jzpfonf/
tz OD;wifGefY? trd a':jr&DwkdYrS 1961 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif {&m0wDwkdif;? jrefatmifNrdKUe,f?
NrdKUr wJBuD;ukef; aus;&GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/
&efukefNrdKUwGif BuD;jyif;cJhNyD; t.x.u (1)? vrf;rawmfwGif ynm oifMum;cJhonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif
trSwf (2) a'oaumvdyf &efukefwkdif;rS ]yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&; twwfynm 'Dyvdkrm} &&SdcJhonf/ 1980 rS
1985 twGif; aq;wuodkvf (1) &efukef ESpfvnfr*Zif; aumfrwD\ wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf
aqmif&Guf&if; ]vuFm&nfausmf} trnfjzifh 0wK? uAsmrsm; pwifa&;om;onf/
1985 wGif M.B.,B.S. bGJU &&SdNyD;aemuf 1986-87 twGif; aq;okawoe OD;pD;XmewGif
uGif;qif;okawoe t&m&Sdwm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ 1987 ckESpfrS 1990 twGif; ]Adkvf} tqifhjzifh
wyfrawmfwGif aq;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmif&if; &Srf;jynfe,f? rGefjynfe,fESifh u&ifjynfe,f a&SUwef;
ppfrsufESmrsm;wGif taeMumcJhonf/ 1990 wGif t&yfbuf wm0ef jyefvnf xrf;aqmifonf/
1990 rS 1991 ckESpftwGif; oxHkNrdKUe,f jynfolY aq;HkwGif vufaxmufq&m0ef wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1991 rSp bGJUvGef aq;ynm oifwef;rsm; qufwdkuf wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1993
ckESpfwGif aq;wuodkvf (1) &efukefrS M.Med.Sc. (Paediatrics) bGJU &&SdcJhonf/ 1997 rS 1999 twGif;
UK EkdifiHodkY ynmawmfoif oGm;a&mufNyD; MRCP (UK) bGJU? MRCPCH bGJUESifh DCH (Glascow)
bGJYrsm; &,lcJhonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif aq;wuokdvf (1) &efukefrS Dr.Med.Sc (Paediatrics) yg&*lbGJUudk
vnf;aumif;? 2006 ckESpfwGif Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh rS FRCP (Edin)
bGJUudkvnf;aumif; csD;jrifhcJhonf/
2000 jynfhESpfrSp emrnf&if;jzifh a&;om;aom uav; usef;rma&;ynm aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh
pmaye,fodkY jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcJhNyD; ]vuFm&nfausmf} trnfjzifhvnf; &opmayrsm; jyefvnf
a&;om;cJhonf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif ausmfoufckdif pmayrS xkwfa0aom ]usef;rmjynfh<u,f? &ifaoG;i,f}
pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk; xkwfa0aom tifwmAsL; aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf jzpfNyD; 2006 ckESpfwGif &wemokduf
pmayrS xkwfa0onfh ]yxrtdyfruf 0wKwdkrsm;} pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk; xkwfa0aom 0wKwdkaygif;csKyf
pmtkyfjzpfonf/ 2007 ckESpfwGif eef;a'0D pmayrS xkwfa0aom ]uav; usef;rma&;qkdif&m t,ltq
trSm;rsm;} pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk; yifudka&; aqmif;yg; aygif;csKyf jzpfNyD; ]BudK;MumawmifyHcwfoH} onf
yxrOD;qHk;aom 0wK&Snf p? qHk; jzpfonf/
q&monf ,cktcg wdkif;jynfolY aq;HkBuD;? rauG;wGif wm0efcH uav;txl;uk q&m0efBuD;
&mxl;jzifh oifMum;a&;? ukoa&; wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifaeqJjzpfNyD; a'gufwm&J (uav;txl;uk q&m0ef)?
vuFm&nfausmf ponfh uavmif trnfcGJ ESpfckjzifh okw? &o pmayrsm; pOfqufrjywf a&;om;vsuf
&Sdonf/
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