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PREPAR ED RESEAR C H
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ANALYSIS
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TSINGTAO ZBLACK

BOOK

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Prepared By

Research & Analysis Section


Comnbat Intelligence. OFFICE OF A. C. OF S., 25 Auigust 194 15 G--2

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TSINGTAO I1NDEX2 SHEET PAGE 1 3

SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION


SECTION

1.' Terrain 2. Climate 3. Roads 4. Railways (

4 5
8 9 11
12

5.

Water'ways

6. Port Facilities 7. Airfields 8, Japanese 0/B 9. Chinese Forces in Shantung Area


(Communist, Puppet, and Guerrilla) ' 10. 11. 12. Defenses ilitary Storage and Supply Electrical Means of Cornication Electric Power Industry
Wiater

SECTION
SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION

13 17 1 '20 21 22 25 27 28 32 33

13,
14. 15. 16. 17.

Supply

Food Supply People and Government (including Personalities) Health and Sanitation Personalities
A.

18.
19.

Japanese Military Commanders,

B. Puppets. C. White List.

NOTE:

See next page for. INDEX OF PLANS.

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140
I

TSIT GTAO

lI D1X TO PiVA iIS

'L'L u i'0. I3japof 'Tsiigtao )O. 2

:pincipal
Shantung

Routes, Tsin tao to


ailroad
0hC^rt

sinan

4.'0-13
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%'0. L4../A IDefense

5 Ts ingtao 'iarves

air

iioeaic

Tsingtao

vicinityof T IS T O, the 'terrain is eaceedingly va plain: rolling plain, hills, and.step mountains aluvi~l' g all w1taitl a tifte;-mile radius of. the city. The city itself is built on lo and. odeate hills xi:hich sloe down to a gentle gradient. at the chore. 'there are several, sandy beaches, of entle slope and sepu,.rated by rocky pz'oinontories, to the southeast and. east of the city. to the
Thi ,The terrain in this area may be divided into four sectors, lying r dially 11:, i , 1i1 , and l~ respectively, of the city.

1 E

the :ost rued country in the area lies to the northeast of the city. is a region f steep hills with occasional peaks of which the highest LAO Sbi1 (just under 4, 000 feet), These are formed of igneous intrusions

wnich, though suerfioiaJly weathered, have resisted the cutting action of mountain streams to a great extent. This section of the area is rugged and craggy, with abrupt slopes, narrow steep valleys, and frequent rock.-outcrops. is country which .would favor the defenders in any military operation, and largely; prohibit the use of military vehicles except along the few roads in the area.

It

Stretching directlyto the north of TSINGTA is a narrow stripof undulating lowland, only five miles in east-west width, but extending north, northeast, and north aganfor some forty miles, after which it broadens and. becomes irregular in outline. This gently rolling section, containing isolated hills, lends itself well to military movement, except. during the rainy season (late summer) when its loamy soil is soft and slippery. The soil drains well and dries quickly after a wetting; it tends to be very dusty when dry. Streams in this area are widely, spaced; their channels are shallow, branching, and (except, where the gradient. of the land is relatively large) approximately at the level of the surrounding country, Larger streams have broad, low natural levees, which in some- places may be surrounded by earth dikes for flood prevention. As may be expected in a semi-arid region, there is great eeasonal variation in stream flow. All but, the larger ,streams are commonly dry from late fall to early summer. 'uring late summer, however, they will be well filled, oftencausing brief floods in the surrounding plainsI
Natural soil cover is extremely scanty; forestation is absent except in certain artificially-forested areas in the immediate vicinity of TSINGAO. In the plainel-sthe soil is almosst entirely under cultivation; the staple crops are kamliang,' corn,sorghum (which grow high enough to afford concealment for, troops - and are commonl'y so used by bandits), wheat, millet, soybeans, sweet A few trees may'be found in villages and graveyards; potatoes, and peanuts. some small orchards will occur in sandy stream-bed areas.

favorable to military movement all 'year except during At the rainy season, when movemnent across country is practically impossible. this time, heavy traffic will bechanneli'zed into the very few gravelled roads Secondary :f: , which connect only a few cities in the Area (See Plan 2, "fRoas".) roads (improveddirt surface) will be impassableduring the summer rains. close network of paths, trails and cart The basic road system of the area, tracks, is in any case ,practically useless as an aid to military traffic.

This area is

.a

To the west of this rolling' country lies an irregular area of typical north China plain; flat, welldrained, almost entirely cltivated. Soil types and crops are the same as in the -case of the rolling plains described above; roads are similar; floods, in season, may have a greater extent than in the rolling country, and take somewhat longer to drain away. As military terrain it is equally favorable to movement' except when wet.
still farther to the west, the flat plain merges into a low-lying area t. s

areas hterei w~ter( frm the beter-raned it as a:drainage-basi. which 'seres tends, to acumlae, so that the. a e F'tble lies very close to te surface1

Bi~~&-1-'

~,rJ 1Mears. atove the surface in deprsisr.s Movement of e Is exremly s net radients c t sbol~tining, and the earth remains wet
and sli

at

A~

after rains.

Some rice is grown in this area,, except where the water tends to be saline. Otherwise, the usual staple crops are grown here in small fields. Near the coast, this vegetatio gives place to reeds and sedges. This area is generally unfavorable to military operations, especially in summer and fall. There are even fewer and worse roads here than elsewhere in the region under study. The population depends heavily for transportation on travel by small boats on rivers and canals wherever present.

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Aid^ s6 >x air masses are prevalent over the Tsingtao area during thewvinter months, the period of the NE monsoon, and maritime air prevails during the summer months, the time of the SW monsoon. Occasional modification of the air due to ocean trajectory causes a disruption in the usual dry regime of the winter monsoon.
Temperature--The mean temperatures for the Tsingtao area range from 250F in the winter to 60 F in the summer. The coldest months are December, Januaryand February, and the warmest months June, July and August. Precipitation--The mean annual rainfall at Tsingtao is 26.6 inches.' The mean. maximum precipitation occurs in August, totalling 6.1 inches, while the minimum rainfall occurs in February, with a total. of .34 inches; March, November and December have an average of .78 inches; April, May and October have an average of 1.5 inches each month; June and September each have a mean rainfall of 3.5 inches, and July has a mean of 5.9 inches. Of the mean annual rainfall of 26.6 inches, 12.07 inches fall in July and August; 19.03 inches fall from June through September. Cloudiness--The cloudiness reaches ,a maximum during the summer monsoon, with at 1et.half of each summer moiith having over t reater than S/lOths coverage) conditions. The time when ceilings are belowiUUUr'et also reaches a maximum during the summer months but a small percentage of the other months will ex:perience ceilings below 000 feet.
monhg and Visibilities--Fog occurrence reaches a maximum during the summer W clue dingao, to the influence of the ocean. The absolute maximum is

during the month of July, with fog limiting visibility to lower than 12 miles on an average of 18.8 days. During the month of June fog occurs on an average of 15 days, and in May 14.7 days. In March and April fog occurs on an average of. to I0 days, and no month has less than 2 days of fog, Visibilities are restricted due to haze urin the winter months when the cold, dense air prevails, but is much less evident during summer months.

Winds--The prevailing winds during the winter months are NWu, N, and NE, and with the advent of the summer monsoon blow from the .SV, S, and SE, particularly during afternoon hours.

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2 for location of pailcipal routes.

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mrediate vicinity of large towns, the region has no paved,

etaher routes. The highways are built of the native fine, clay-like soil.
This packs hard and is, very serviceable in dry weather, not even giving rise to excessive dust. However, when thoroughly wet, this dirt surface becomes a slough and unnotorable. During most of the year the rainfall is not great enough to produce such conditions for more than a few h~ours at a time. However, between mid-July and mid-September the heavier summer rain is likely to spoil the highways for frequent periods of several days together; according to one observer, who spent many years in Shantung before the war, remaining until 1943, roads in Shantung would be closed to traffic after heavy rain for sometimes as long as a week, until the surface could dry out and become solid. It is stated that during the Japanese occupation of Shantung the only real obstacle to motor transportation has been westher. Some roads have been ditched occasionally by anti-Japanese forces, particularly those of the Eighih oute Army, for immediate tactical purposes. But it is reported that the main pre-war roads and those built by the Japanese since 1937 are currently in operation and in good condition. This is said to be true both in the occupied and anti-Japanese areas; damage to routes is reported to be quickly repaired. Thus ditching of roads is stated not to have disrupted the highway network of the region. And it is doubted whether such procedures would create a serious obstruction in many areas, since the 'terrain is such that local by-passes could often serve to circumvent-over the fields--obstructed portions of route. In some places, where the route passes through more difficult country destruction of a road could serve a military purpose and substantially delay, if rot prevent, further traffic along its direction. The silty soil predominating in the eastern Shantung area is generally poor as road-construction material, either surface or fill. However, abundant gravel will be found in stream-beds near mountains. Elsewhere, stream-beds will provide sand which may be used to advantage in a mixture with local soils. In hills, bedrock will be found near the surface and will ordinarily be easily quarried (limestone, sandstone, weathered granite). Timber is very scarce in this area; natives commonly use kao-liang stalks to strengthen fills.

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IbQo,. 1. Genral

-ILWAY$

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i~ao.Tsinan)

Balroac. is a strteically

imPortant, s'ingle-

t a6irailway linking the iWorth China port of Tsingtao (Oh'ingtao) with the city of Tsinan (Chinn), 245 miles to the west.

The military significance of the Shntung linles as an enemy tailway grows


out of two considerations: (i) it carries a large volume of strategic minerals eastward to Tsingtao for export to Japan and Korea; and (2) it provides

the ony r~iL conanection inland For the: shipment of Japansles


dustrial supplies through Tsingtao.

military a~d in-

Tsingtao is the leading Japanese port of NJorth China, probably handling more

ocean-'going shipping than Iaoyao, ientin-T'agEku.

and Ch'ihuangtao put together.

Photo coverain February and iMarch 1945 showed an average of 37,400 tons of mer125' in length. chant shipping, plus some 28,000 tons of smaller craft 75'

Frm

the Japanese Standpo~nt the advantages of Tsin~tao lie in its excellent

harbor facilities, the proximity of Shantung minerals which are exported through Tsingtao and thereby attract return cargoes, and its comparative convenience

at a time when enemy shi'pping between Japan and China must follow routes up
around the Yellow Sea to avoid submarine danger. The principal tonnage hauled by the railway consists of aluminous shale,

coal and iron ore, all mined in the Changtn


the railway. Aluminou.

area 176 miles W of singtao

on

shale is the item of greatest strategic importance. the Shan-

In addition to serving as an outlet for these strategic minerals,

tung E~ links the military baso andport of Tsingtao with the rest of' the Ja.
panese military establishment in China. At Tsinan, western terminus of the line, connection is made with the Tientsin,-Pukow RR and va that line with the Lung-

hai and TehsienShhChiachuang~ lateral lines leading to interior Ohina.

All

military supplies moving into China through Tsingtao must be railed the length of this route and through the junction point of Tsinan. There is no alternative

water route, and the highway paralleling thc ri~lw~ay


by comparison.

has only limited capacity

2.

Description

a.~

Roadbed and Terrain

The railway is 245 miles long, standard guage and single track. .hroughout most of its length it traverses the level Shantung plain, broken only by

low hills.

There are no tunnels,

and the flat country presents few engineering

German specifications were problems other than a number of long bridges. stone ballast 15' wide, steel ties, minimum radius followed in construction:

of curvature 980', maximum grade

0.69ko

From its eastern terminus at Tsingtao (See PLA 3), the railway skirts the and I shores of Chiaochou Bay as far as Chiaohsien (Kiaohsien) (45.4 miles),
--

'livers.

crossing several broad streams

the Iaits'un, Peishai Ch'engyang, and Taku~

From 0 hiaohsien to Weihsien (113.8 miles) it 'continues across wide Wejhcultivated piJains, passing the town of Iaomi and the Fantsu coal miles.

sien is the chief city of central Shantung, unction point of the highway
number of rivers rise in this section, two of which, Shefoo (Yent'ai). the Wei and Yun rivers, require bridges over 800' in length.

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From eihsien the line runs to Ch'ingchou, '(Tlsingchow) another sizeable city
in the center of a large fertile plain. It continues on through a somewhat 0 hangtien is the juncmountainous area to Changtien, 17$ miles WIof Tsingtao.

tion of the important branch line running 30.4 miles S to the coal and alyminous shale mines of the Poshan-.Tzuch'uan area, and the only important rail

Seenten miles B of Cthany;tin center between Tsingto and sinan, longest bri~e on the line, a 1400' bridge over the Tzu River.
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is the

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SW

West of Changtien the railway runs through low

vagion being 521' at Wangts'un, dropping to 141' at Tsinan. The only town of any consequence is Ohou.ts'un, an old trading center. At Tsinan the line joins the Tientsin-Pukow RR just E of the main station and yards.

munt i

fhief vulnerability of the Shantung RR to air attack and ground sabotage lies in the numerous bridges spanning rivers and smaller streams of the Shantung plain. One tabulation lists 19b steel bridges on the nain line. a little less than one every 1.3 miles. Most of these are 20'1l00' in length, the larger ones built on iron piles long, or in a few Instance on caissons. Including all bridges and'culverts, even small ones, total exceeds 1,000. See PLA;N 3.

40'-50'

The longest bridge (and the bridge with the longest spans) is the Tzu River~ridge 16.9 miles B of Changtien. ieasuring 1400' in length, t1i-s bridge has nine 130' spans and two 115' spans, deck truss or deck plate girder type. Farther E, between Ch'ingchou and Weihsien is a 26 mile stretch containing 12 reported bridges, all of them over 130' long and 3 of them over
600' long.
G.

Branch Lines

tung RR is

0hangtie'Pat'ou ranch. The one important branch line of the Shanthe 30 mile line from Changtien (18 0 36 49) to Pat'ou (117 58-36 27 very important aluminous shale area, and originates a large to Tsingtao. The shale pits 5 short feeder lines running

This standard g uge line serves the diggings and coal mines of the Poshan-Tzuch'uan part of the tonnage moving B on the Shantung RR and collieries and connaected with the branch by in at various points.

Other Branches. Three other short branches are confirmed on available photo cover; A 4. 3 mile line from Chinlingchen (118 12-36 49) to the T'iehshan iron mines at Changpu. A.4 mile line SE from Tangts'un (117 43-36 41) to probable alumninous shale diggings. A 2.8 mile line from P'uchi (117 38-36 43) S to two small coal miles. d. Fuel The fuel requirement of locomotives on the Shantung RR are believed to be around 90,000-100,000 tons per year. Fuel supply presents no problem, as coal production in the Shantung region is abundant for this and other needs. The more important stations along the line are presumably all equipped with water tanks and towers. Before the war there were 20 brick towers with

tanks of 40-90 cubic.meters.

3.

Capacity and Equipment

The present capacity of the Shantung RR, with rolling stock observed on the line, seems more than adequate to handle present Japanese requirements. The limiting factor on expanding capacity in the future, as on North China lines in general, is probably rolling stock and locomotives, especially the latter. The roadbed is believed to be in good condition, and station and terminal facilities ample. Though passenger trains are reported to run 2- hours late, a timetable of Octover 1944 schedules trains between Tsingtao and Tsinan at 9 hours 50 minutes to 12 hours 40 minutes, an average of 19-25 miles per hour, The Shantung RR shares in the enemy' s common pool of rolling stock and locomotives for the North China lines, being tied intwith the general network at Tsinan. Little significance therefore attaches to the equipment present at any time, except as a clue to the volume of traffid. From this standpoint, however, it is of some interest to compare the present number of cars and lccomoivea operatig on the line wsiththat of pre-war years.

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In.estimating present equipment th-re is uncertainty as to the proper allocation of cars and locomotives in the main yards at Tsinan between the Shantung and T , n . zIM i ence the following table presents estimates first exclu&i~ ~~a #~ ~i.ing an arbitrary allocation of 20A4 of thie average car c63sai I sha ars Rolli RolJ ingStock Passenger cars
F'reight

Stock and Locomotives on the ShantunigR


JTauary-iMarch,

1945)Including

20% of

East of Tsinan

Tsinan Counts,

cars
1,530 90

95

Total locomotives

102 error of perhaps 2O%., as Of the 1,450 freight cars, predominance of coal, alu.line. Freight cars aye-

The above estimates are subject to a margin of photo cover is incomplete and of different dates. as many as two-thirds are gondolas, reflecting the minous shale and iron ore in.freight hauled by the rage 30 tons each in capacity.
In

amounting to 501, 53 5 ,48 7 ton-kilom~eters of commodity movement. Unlike many other Chinese railways, this line was primarilyya carrier of freight, which accounted for 70% of the revenue. Coal was the principal item, consisting 58% of the total tonnage.

1935..6

the Shantung RR carried approximately

3,250,000

tons of freight,

4.

Repair Facilities

Repair facilities of the Shantung BR consist of the major RR repair shops at Tsingtao and Tsinan, among the largest in occupied china; and locomotive sheds and roundhouses at several places along the line between the two terminals. The former enga a in major repairs to locomotives, and in the case of the Ssufang Shop~s at Tsingtao, the construction of rolling stock. The latter handle short-run maintenance, light repairs and sometimes medium repairs such as moving parts, damage from M/G bullets, etc.

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41

T"j

SEC

.. TER1TYS

1x

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Area there are no waterways of sufficient capacity to handle e appreciable military traffic; of the few rivers in the region, most are intermittent or very drastically in volume with the seasons. These are used by small boats (sampans) when stream conditions permit; but usually such navigation is confined to the vicinity of the rivers' mouths. In the poorly-drained area to the Northwest of TSINGTAO, streams tend to remain. more constantly full (See Section. 1, "Terrain"). However, these are few in number, shallow, winding, and useable only by small native boats. In this area the rivers and creeks serve, as well as may be, the function of tdads, for the region is notabl deficient of highways, Again in this case, the waterways are not capable of accommodating appreciable military traffic.

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PORT FACILITIES

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SEQTION 6

Reference:. Plans 5,6.

KIAOCHOW (Chiaochou) Bay indents the southern shore of the SHANTUNG Peninsula at its inner western end. The bay is roughly circular in shape and has a width of about 13 miles. It is entered between TAIPING KIO and SlANG TSUI about 3 miles southwestward. The shores of the bay arc indented by several smaller bays most of which dry out. Several streams navigable by junks only flow into KIAOCHOW Bay. TSINGTAO outer harber is moderately deep and lies between a line joining TAIPING KbO and SIANG TSUI and a line joining KIAOTZESHIH TSUI and a point marked by YUNEI SHAN 1 3/4 miles northward of KIAOTZESHIH TSUI. The bottom is sand and mud and is good holding ground. The landing place in the outer harber is at the steps on either side of the pier in TSINGTAO WAN. Vessels also anchor in the inner harbor which is just west of the outer harbor. A cuarantine anchorage is located southward and southwestward of TSINGTAO. TSINGTAO has the greatest export tonnage in NORTH CHINA; OSS studies indicate an annual total of 1,853 000 Metric Tons. The port is divided into two shipping areas, Great Harbor and Little Harbor. Great Harbor is protected by a large semi-circular breakwater. It has an area of one square mile and is entered at the southwest through a channel 306 yards wide. The outer half of the harbor was dredged to 26 feet and depths of from 23 to 27 feet exist along the wharves. Dredges are available and appear to be active so it is presumed that the depths are maintained. Details of shipping and dock installations are as follows: (Numbers in parentheses refer to key numbers in Plan $)

(41) Wharf #1 consists of 4,000 feet of quay space for large vessels; has a storage shed 270' x 30', five warehouses 170' x 125', a building 105' x several small buildings, and extensive open storage; it is served by 4 sidings which lead to two railway spurs.

85',

(42) Wharf #2 consists of 3,666 feet of quay space for large vessels; has one warehouse 410' x 135', two warehouses 300' x 135', and some open storage; it is served by three railway spurs.

(44) Wharf #3 consists of 3400 feet of quay space for large vessels; is
covered with open storages; and is served by four railway spurs.

(45) wharf #4 consists of 510 feet of quay space for large vessels; has no storage facilities apparent, has an unloading device; is connected to an oil storage area of 29,560 Tons by six inch, and eight inch pipelines; and is served by one railway spur.
a

424

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#5, .ronsts of 2900 feet of quay space for large vessels, plus
0'x'

20 buildings ranging from 210' x 20' to 40' x 20' and

large stock piles of coal and aluminum shale; it is served by two stationary cranes (one electric rated at 150 tons) and by numerous railway spurs. (46) Wharf #6 consists of 2950 feet of quay space and is probably not useable by large vessels. There are numerous shop and quarters buildings. Storage Area servicing the wharves of Great Harbor is located along the base of Wharves #1 through #4 and consists of an area 4200' x 1150'. The area contains 68 warehouses ranging from 350' x l05'tz 60' x 30', and many miscellanoouts buildings. Large stock piles are also visibly in the area. Nurrierouo railway spurs serve the area.

-9-

Little harbor, covering an area of' 180t x 1450', is protected by- two break.water's with an entrance' of 310' wide between them (14). The mean depth at low raj;L. feet. Two piers 335' and 270' long and a warehouse 270' ~ ~f~NEside of' the basin. The largest installation is a dockyar&'d ossti o 'Adrydock 480 feet long by 75 feet and capable of' handling ships up to 450 feet long and 6500 gross tons (13). A naval harbor has been developed to the south of the city by constructing a breakwater connecting the small island of' TSINGTAO with the point to the Ec st. This area is u 3sed by the .Japanese as a naval supply depot. Extensive open storage is available.

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There are three airfields and one seaplane base in the area. a. IIUTING Airdrome. (120 24-36 13)' 13 miles north of TSIN~GTAO on North Dank of PAISHA. River. runways:
-SSE, 3400' , it170' hard. surface WSW, 3300' x 170' hard surface M Di s~ereals: 24 large and S small revetments. 19 A/W positions, probably 20 mm.

Na

-efense
b.

Good highway to TSINGTA0O

TSINGTAO Air~drome.

(120 24-36 10) On East shore of Kiaochow Bay 7 mil.es NAVh'E of TSING'TA0.

Runways: NW - SE, 3700' x 320' hard surface NE SW 3575' x 320' hard surface. SE, 2300' x 95 1 un%.sed. NW Di~spersals: 25 large and 5 small revetments8 Defenses: One A/W and. 4 vI/G positions.

d. LUAbTTSUN Airfield. (120 14-36 22)

5 miles SW of LUANTSUN. A graded strip probably not useable.


d.

TSINGTAO Seaplane Base. 2.35 feet wide ramps.

(120,17-36 03)

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JAPA]S1ESE ORDER OF BATTLE ED. JAPANESE STRE]TGTH IN TSINIGTAO AND~ VICINITY: (Date: 20 Aug 191+5)

Major

army units*

Independent Mixed Brigade** 12 Independent Guard Unit

4, goo 9, 600
I, 00 1, 50'0

Army
Nava:

non-divisional units

ground unit s

Air ground units

1,000 13, 100

IIxIivIP0RPA1NT

41vjY

PERSNAITIES:
tiixed Brigade** Major General 2AGA1N0 EIJI ? (.&iso listed as CG 9 Independent Guard Unit, TSIMAN Area) Unknown

5Independent
Commnanding

General

12 Independent Guard Unit. Commanding General


*Elements

110 Division may also be in TSINGTA.0 area.

**

With 9 Independent Guard Unit, may have been expanded to new division TSINGTAO area.

f -. 2-

CHINEE FORCES. IN TEH SHAITUG


(Communists, A. COMMiiUNISTS, National Guerrillas,

E APEA Puppets)

Military Organization -- North of the LUNG-HAI Railroad Communist forces in China are under the jurisdiction of the Eighth Route Army. North of this forces in the province of SHA1UNG line and east of the TSIN-PU Railway, all belong to the Shantung Base Area. To the west of the TSIN-PU railway. the in the ChiLu-Yu (Hopei-Shantungregion covered by the present report falls Honan) Base Area. The latter Base area is divided into a northern and a The Chi-Nan (Southern Hopei) and Chi-u-Yu (Hopei-Shantung southern district: Honan) districts.
Regular troops wear uniforms and have equipment and training that is slightly better than that of the guerrillas. The regullars are mobile units; Both r .ee; This is also true of the guerrillas. service in them is voluntary. receive orders through a regular chain of command and both are supplied by The guerrillas, however, operate the Eighth Route Army supply department. in plain clothes, and generally their operations are confined to particular areas. Guerrillas are drawn from the regulars and the militia. The militia is ostensibly a voluntary service, though pressure is exerted The militiamen, unlike regulars and guerrillas, on individuals to join. The militia get some training have ordinary vocations aside from soldiering. The commanders. militia Ch'u and the hsien from and troops regular from opeDuring functions. and para-military military of variety a have militia upon may which command, military nearest to the subject rations they are occasion assemble the militia from several hsien. In general it can be said that the Communist forces in Shantung are concentrated in the mountainous areas of the LUICHU1 O and CHIAOTtUNG districts. All of these forces are subject to the ultimate authority in the Base Area of the 115 Division command. The forces include not only the regular troops, The Self-Defense guerrillas, and militia but two additional categories: The former is in effect a compulsory Corps, and Armed Torking Detachments. organization, comprising all males and females between the rages of 15 and'45. if any equipment. Like the militia, it is local, but with little The Armed Working Detachments are general-purpose guerrillas who engage not only in fighting but n the establishment of local governments, espioThe Detachments had nage, resistance to Japanese penetration, propaganda. part of 1942 when Communist frontal resistance their inception in the latter to the Japanese had proved inadequate in the course of mppping-operations. The Armed Working Detachments were formed with the objective of going into They frequently cross railways, and have underground opeenemy-held areas. rations in occupied cities and tomns. The Detachments are the basic psychological-warfare instrument of the Eighth Route Army. Made up of 20-5Q There are reported plainclothesmen each, they are led by political workers. to be about 1,000 of the Detachments altogether in the Shantung region. These units bers of the. Detachments are armed with grenade and some rifles. are employed in major operations of the Eighth Route Army and play an irrportant part in those operations.

Mem-

The Communists in Shantung also operate what amounts to a guerrilla fleet which preys on small coastal shipping. The shortage of larger vessels appears to have forced the Japanese to resort in some degree to the use of small This shipping, *sailing craft which are compelled to stay near the coast. Communist guerto the target paying a proved has manned by puppet Chinese, grenades, are hand and rifles with armed and sampans The latter, in rillas. way the this In enemy. the boarding and said to employ tactics of ramming even and transports, sailing launches, steam some Communists have acquired and kaoof rice stores as substantial as treL occasional Japaese gunboats,

HiYIdSG (131 114-36 143) has been an important larof the Communist * hng. piatos for their elow Sea operations. This molestation of enemy shipping has evidently irritated the Japcne~se into nuli -l3____________

y4v,,

~ ~i

a;*-

tv

t4

LASS

4:'. i

an occasional punitive expedition against a Communist base. unst harassing activity appears to contiz.ue. B, PUPPETS.

But the Corn-

Puppet political organization in occupied China. called Shantung to be included in the territory under the jurisdiction of the North China Political Affairs Commission. This adainistration in turn was nominally subject to the (puxppet) 1sational .Government of China at Nanking. I4ifact, the North 0 hiria Commission has enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the puppet power in its own territory, and the Nanking government practically has had no voice. However, Shantung, being a borderland of the. Political Affairs Commission's "North China", has reflected to some extent the rivalry of Nanking with Peiping -- underlain by the rivalry of the enemy' s Chinese Expeditionary Army with the Iuantung Army of the north. Thus there are elements of both national puppet armay and the !north China Pacification Army in the Shantung region. The III Area Arrny, with a reported strength of 25,000 is generally agreed to be in Shantung, being stationed in the central and northwestern parts of the province. Its commrander, Wu Husm-wen, was formerly Qommander of Governor Han Fu.-chi) s Revolver Brigade in Shantung. At the Start of the war Wu was given commriand of the Chinese 4 Division b;, the then Governor Admiral Shen Jung-lieh. In 1942, when General Yu hsueh--chung had refused to promote Wu At that time he to army commander, the latter went over to the Japanese.' received his present post as the chief puppet military commander in the province. There have also been units of the North China Pacification.Army in Shantung, This Army organized in army groups of three regiments each, has its headquarters at Peiping. The 4 Group Army, with a reported strength of about There has been some un4,500 troops, is located in northwest Shantung. Reports of August 1944 certainty as to the whereabouts of the S Group Army. A subplaced it both in southern Hopei province and. in northern Shantung. In view of this sequent report put this formation en east central Shantung. series, it seems most likely that the Group may have been in Hopei and then moved progressively southeast to a present garrison area in the Shantung region Like the 4 Group Army, the S Group is said to have a strength of 4,500. In addition to the above units of the national puppet army and the North China Pacification Arrmy, there sire provincial puppet formations in the region. Often these seem not to be integrated in any regular and unified Partly this is attributable to the fact that they are loscheme of com:and. cal forces only (stemming-from former tentral-government Peace Preservation Corps) ann4 perhaps to a greater extent it is because pert of the price of surrender by these puppet laders was stipulated to be independence from other military puppets. Into this category falls Chang Puiyun, who was commander of the 2 Peace Preservation Division of Shantung from 1940 to 1342. Other such semi-independent units are the PeopLet8 Comrunist Suppression Armay of Shantung and the Shantung Peace Preservatioh Force. The known regular puppets in the region total about 6O,000 troops strength should not be taken too But, like other puppet forces in China, its The stateuaent has been made with respect to both the organizations seriously. It may be of Wu Hua-wen and 0hang Pu-Yun that "They have good. equipment". Yet available intelligence that relative to other puppets this is true. does not suggest that more than half the puppet troops have rifles; the ratio of machine guns to troops appears not to exceed 1:100; and they possess no other arms. The Japanese arenot disposed to equip the -puppet formations well G It is by now a familiar statement that are not reliable. because the latter puppet troops regard their status only as a livelihood, anda probably temIt would appear that Chinese who have not capitulated to the porary one. enemy quite generally take this same non-political vieir of puppets at least in the lower echlons.

Even those at thetop, in their character as condottieri, are certainly not mrked by any thorough and lasting loyalty to the Jap~'nese. On the contrary, it seenis likely tht the puppPet leades are concerned now chiefly with the

.44.-i
r

...........

~ I..
question of the timing and manner of a new switch of sides in the war.
That the enemy do not trust the puppet leaders is shown by the custom of "advisers" to the puppet military units, The independence of the latter Reports of winter as the forces of the enemys Chinese ally is purely nominal. 1944 stated that the Japanese were exerting closer control than ever over the puppets. C. GUERRILLAS.

While the 6omrnunist movement came to Shantung from outside the province, These numerous guerrilla units now present in the region are indigenous. non-Communist groups are in part the survival of provincial and peace preservation troops as those existed in Shantung during the period of centralThese guerrillas continue to use the degovernment rule in the province, signations given them by the Kuomintang provincial governor two and three years ago ,when the governor's administration remained within Shantutng. There has been virtually no connection among the several guerrilla groups since the poovincial administration moved to FOUYANG (Anhwei province) late in 1943. The non-Communist guerrillas are scattered in a large number of disgricts over the region, often separated by Comm: unist-controlled or enemy The total non-oinmunist guerrilla forces in Shantung prodominated areas. bably number roughly 100,000 and allowance should be made for the puppet affiliations of some of them, It is admitted by the guerrillas that, even collectively, they are scarcely a match for the Eighth Route Army with its systematic organization and miliThe guerrilla... tant policy, and have been losing territory to the Corsmunists. groups support themselves locally, some of then can manufacture in limited quantity certain light weapons, but they are very short of ammunition; attempts of the Shantung provincial government to supply ther:m from F0UYANG are reported to have been frustrated by Eighth Routh depredations on the way, so that what munitions were not captured by the Communists were expended by the guerrillas in fighting them. Recently, no further attempts to supply the The guerrilla groups have been anxious guerrillas from Anhwei have been made. military stores, particularly acquiring to strengthen their position by with L,000,000 rounds they could that ammunition, and one leader has claimed launch an effective attack on the Japanese in Shantung which would make Wang YuAmerican invasion of the region a relatively blibdless 'affair. min's forces, strategically situated along the railroad., could, it is claimed, interrupt traffic on the line and otherwise interfere with Japanese communications in the Shantung peninsula. A final in Shantung their usual stations in complicating factor of the central-government political picture is the presence there of 300-400 Tai Li agents, charged with clandestine functions and reported to operate a half dozen radio the region.

A summaarization follows of effective Nationalist guerrilla leaders and forces: 1. 2. Wang Yu Min hantuAg Advancing Army, 15,000 Comm,'adgr, 15thh Chao Pao Yuan commaander, 12th Emergency Division, 6,000 men Chi SulHo Force of 2,000 men

en.

3.
4

King Li Chuan
Cosmander, 2nd independent Advancing olumn, 3,000 men 4,500 men 20,000 men,

5. 6.

Yen Keh Ching


Commander, 9th Column of Shantung advancing Armay,

u Tihg San
Commander, 2nd Column of Shantung Advancing Army,

7.

loosely organized and at least half puppet. Ohang 0 hing Yueh Co4 .Iander, 3rd Peace Preservation Division. 15,000 puppet . -1i~~

nn, noially

-:

i ,1

~8

~'" Ii

8.

9.
10. 31. 12.
13,

Wang You.tiWei 4000 men

(and Wang

Chi

Ping)

01kl

Cheng Chang Ting Commander, -28th Advancing Column, 5,000 men Chang Li Yuan 36th Division,. 3,000 Len. Wang Hung Chiu Commmander, 10th Columin of~ Shantung Advancing Army, Liang Chung Ting
Shen

10,000

men (5000 effective)

Commander, 2nd Peace Preservation Division, 3,000 men 14, Kung Chen Huan Coimmander, 16th.-Peace Preservation BRegt, 2,000 men Tseh Yu~ Wei 15. Commander, 2nd Peace Preservation Brigade, 9,000 men. Chang 'Z'e Liang 16. Comumander, 6th Peace Preservation Brigade, 1, 500 men. 17~ Chung Yu Ching

Tsuxig Chow

1,000 men
18. Chang

Chi'ing

Yu

19.
20. 21. 22.

Commander,' 11th Peace Preservation Brigade, 3,000 men. Sun Ping 4sien 1,000 men Chang Te Kang (1) Peace Preservation Brigade, 2,000 men. Teng iiei Wu Commander, 22nd Peace Preservation Brigade, 1,000 men.. Li Shan Liang Tsingtao Peace Preservation Corps, 4,000 men.

f.9
ti

' i - f,., ~ f;;


.

,7

..

SECTION

10

- D'FENSES Plan 4

v'w

ya z Af
+

44L

Reference:

The defenses of TSI TA0 fall into two principal categories; airfield defenses, and coastal and. harbor 'defenses. The former are clustered arond the three landing fields in the area and consist of machine guns and automatic weapons. A few machine guns also cover such obvious targets as docks, railroad shops, and principal industres. Harbor and coastal defense works are located along the coast at salient points, at the harbor entrance, and also on high points to the It is probable rear of the city which command the harbor aproaches. that the installations at Map References 1510, 1412, nd. 1714 are located in the old German coastal defense emplacements, which included underground These were constructed principally of quarters and storage facilities. reinforced concrete, with some steel turrets; they were badly damaged be capable of providing useful shelter in the last war, but should still Other former German ,works were concrete blockhouses for guns and crews. in the vicinity of Map Reference 1912 and..postib-y farther east: but there is no evidence that the Japanese are making use of these.

-1-7
!:

YA

'

rd

s.

SECTION 11

MIIT.A.RY STORAGE

ADD

ST6tA

the Japanese have made the fullest possible use of existing storage facilities. Warehouses and godowns will be espe.cially concentrated about shipping and railroad facilities; and to a lesser degree, will be associated with industrial areas (See Section 14 "Industry"; and Plan 5). In addition, they have made school grounds and buildings into supply dumps. Some storage may be expected around airfields., A coi.pilation follows of chief storage points in the TSINGTAO Area. 1. Dump at TAONG Dock No. 2; arms, ammunition and gasoline.

In TSINGCTAO as elsewhere,

2. Shipyard at HSIAOKONG - naval supplies 3. HSIAO-tsing-tao Island; gasoline 4, SHANITUNG University premises, on Vniversity Road: naval supplies

?)Factor on MONGOLIA Road: army supply durp. MING( 5. 6., No. 3, SHi.N HO Road (40 meters Southeast of Greater Harbor): air,
craft parts. Qantities of coal, salt, and other minerals are reported open wtorage in the Greater Harbor area. in

Following items are ksy-numbered corresponding to Plan 6,

36.

Storage area

43 whses ranging 350' x 105'

to 125' x 65',

25

whses and storage bld.s ranaging 115' x 40' to 60' x 30', admin. bldg 145' x 50', many small risc bldgs, large quantities of loose stores and coal stoclpiles. Area served by numerous RR spurs; $0 RR cars present 9 Sept 1944.

51.

Oil storage 1300' x 630'

former property of Asiatic Petroleum Co; 2 in diay., another of similar storage tanks dian. either being renoved or burned out, 4 tanks ranging 40' to 25' in diam., 3 tanks 15' in diam., 10 whses ranging 160' x 75' to 50' x 50', reported several small bldgs; can factory 115' x area served by RR spur.

90'

90t,

50.

Oil storage

950'

x 8501

Former property of Standard Vacuun Oil Co, and Mitsubishi Oil Co; 6 sttrage tanks ranging 105' to 55' in diam, 3 tanks av. 20' in diam., foundations of 4 tanks removed in Standard Vacuum Oil

Co. property; 4 whses ranging 195' x 90' to 95' x 401) 15 sto rage bldgs av. 50' x 20', several small
bldgs, loose stores. 52. Oil Storage
750'

x 200'

Former property of Texas Oil Co; storage tank 55' in diary, 5 whses ranging 155' x 35' to 60' x 30' reported can.factory 125' x 40', several small bldgs, some loose store.

65.

Poss, buried oil 2 circular excavations 100' x 70' in diam inside of hill probably to receive Oil storage tanks. storage under Adjacent area shows considerable construction accontruction tivity, the nature of which is not yet determinable x 400'

Coot

38.

age

Industry & Stor- 2 i ulti-story bldgs 190' x 85', 4 storage sheds 630' x 320' av 210' x 40', large quantity of loose stores.
age 1050' x 425' x 20',' large area of loose stores, water tower

x 25', 5 storage bldgs av. 100' 7. Barracks & Stor- 19 barracks av $5'

15' in diameter. 69,


Storage Depot 1970' x 1250'

5 whses 365'
100' tity

x 65', 7 whses ranging 210' x 30' to x 25', water tank 20' in diam, large quanof loose stores. Area served by 3 RR sidings.

-1g -F t
,f

v 'r
.

! t.
~,' S,

:i

.~

49,

Mlarshalling & coal storage yard 3700' x max. 1050'

Marshalling yard 10 tracks wide and. 3700' long, coal storage area 1550' x 400' served by several RR spurs and containing large stockpf~es of' coal, small repair yard. with 4 shops ranging 1001 x 50' to 50' x 30' & turntable
in

95'

diem.

3.

Explosive Storms age 380' x 170'

2 heavily revetted, paint-camouflaged prob. concrete reinf~orced. bldgs each 1.151 x 50'.

~*

'.'a

SECTION~T12

ELECTRlICAL iMUUNs

OFD C0M iICATI0N

R.(. adio-.Telegraph. It is to be expected that radio-.telegraph faci-. lities will be associated with airfields. In addition, air reports indicate the following stations:
(Follrwing items' are

key-numbered
1'E-SW,

to flan

6)

Rado tation 4+20'f x 260' Rad.io Station

3 stick mast placed in a triangle with sides 390' 300' YN-S & 235' WIT -BSE; U.-shped transittor bldg 210' x

35

'

overall,

in center of triangle.

56

Prob low frequency

750' x 650'

B/F station; 4 stick masts arranged in a square with sides 4351 long aligned NESSW and WIW-SE, each mast with bldg 10' x 10' at its base; fifth mast in. center of square admactent to T-shaped 'bldg x 30' overall; 2 bldgs 601 x 30' & 40' x 30' at N~ side. of area.

95'

16

Radio Station 1001 x 50'

Single mast with bldg 50' x 40'. nal & m~eteorological station.

Reported to be sig-

adio-telegraph call signs have been recordd as follows: 4470 XflB2 fNTT

6750
124-90

12500 These calls are probably all usec by the sane station (2) Radi.o Broadcasting, Station XG.DP, with a frequency of 1150 KC, In view of the frequency, this is probably a station broadcasting voice and programs.

B.'

Telegraph. Telegraph lines paralleled the railway to TSIAN~. These were used in the operation of the railroad and to provid~e civil telegraph sexrvice to the remainder of the country.

G. Telephone.

There was an automatic exchange serving the city, although its fate at the hands of the Japanzse is not known. Telephone building was located at the North end of CH' U1G SI{A (fo xmerly SHANTUTTG) Road.
Submarine Cables. ;None recorded

Dl.

as0 Rf 9 V) T

SECTION

1[

F'i.A2

*j

I'

t r1f

T V 'F

J POWER ST,'TIONS OF TSINT~iD (120 19-36 04) INSTh=LLLED CAACITY (kw) PRODUCED
a-c,

COMMUNITIES SEiiVED
v.,

000-% I,

6,600

50 cycles

Cotton mill
TSINGTAO power

Two plants of the Chiao Probably a/c, 3,300v., 3 phase 50 cycles An Electric Co. total 43,000 13,8$00;. Maximnum load 400,. 6,
13,800*-;

(24,000 sub-

scribers)
put

and light (8,000 subscribers) incikuding out-

of' other

plant

a-c, 3,300

v. ,

50 cyrcles

TS INGTAO

TSINGTA0
a-c, 3,300 v., 3 phase, 50 cycles
TSINGT2O lighting

000 or morn* 4,

(bulbs

capacity 160,000 of' 16 candIe power) and power (inchiding supply of' municipal pumping station at Lits'un and 4 municipal drainage pumping stations) Cotton mill
IT UT

2, 500%? 15,000

a.-c, 3,300 v., 50

cycles

15,-_000

1?

It

1,500; L.lhxium lad


1, 530;:
1,500

a-c, 600 v., 50 cycles

Factory Cotton mill (39,000 spindles Egg factory

1, 250

Supplies W'ata Kaishra' cotton mill in TSITIA (63,200


spindles)

3,500*

a-c, 3,300 v., 50 cycles

Cotton Mill
II NT

UI

It

UI

4,000 " Denotes Steam Denotes Diesel No marking, type unknown.

HT

-21-.
ir
r..

SECT

Bar 'ae

nYpp

INDUSSTRIES

ta

'IINJsingtao
&iastern Shantung and a principal Sich shops and foundries as were much -lighter scale, ship-service area, but could hardly be termed

was predominantly that of a railhead for


shipping outlet for much of North China, required to serve railroad needs (and on a facilities') were the basic industries in the heavy industry.

Tttile, food--processing (particularly powdered eggs and peanut oil, which were exported in large quantity), and minor consumer-goods plants formed the bulk of the remaining indust ries. It is to be expected that, here as elsewhere, the Japanese have converted all adaptable facilities to the manufacture of arms and ammunition. An "aircraft factory" with a capacity of thirty planes per month is also reported operating in the former Kungla Cotton Mill. (This is most likely an assembly plant.) The location of manufacturing areas is clearly shown on Plan 5. of manufacturing facilities follows: A summary

Naval Factory (location not, available). Repairs warships and naval weapons. 2. Steel Refinery, in coastal area southwest of Tsangk'ou. 3. Toyada Iron Plant, located at Shuich'ingkou, makes coloration and textile machines. Showa and Mitsuda Iron Plants; location not available. Identifiable by eight 5,. Arsenal; on Chiaochou Bay north of Tsangk'ou. high smokestacks.

1:

4.

Following factories are listed under key-numbers appearing on Plan Duplication with the above is possible.
79 Textile Mill 1650' x 10501

6.

sawtooth roof bldg 7001 x .350', 6 whsas av 230' x 60'; 12 storage-type bldgs ranging 125t x 60! to 801 x 30t, power plant 1351 x 25' with tall stack, 2 large water basins. Plant served by RR. sawtooth roof bldg 1250' x 310', 7 whises ranging 235' x 60' to 100' x 40', 8 storage and processing bldgs ranging 320' x 125' to 70' x 60', power plant 175' x 105' with 3 short st acks, water tank 25' in diem, admin. bldg 7501 x 751 overall; large wabe basin adjacent to plant area sawtooth roof bldg 675' x 351, 3 processing bldgs av. 155' x 135', 10 storage and processing bldgs ranging 175' x 40' to y 5' x 50', flat roof bldg 230' x 1251, power plant 155' x 125' with tall stack, water tower 20'in diam, 10 admin bidge ranging 125' x 50' to'80' x 30', large water basin; plant served by BR spur, 2 whse.s
2 601

61 Textile MYill 2100' x 1050'

63 Textile mill 2600' x 1350'

x 70' x 260', 360' x 165' and 260'

67

Textile Mill L870' x 940'

3 sawtooth roof bldgs 625'

x 210t; 10 storage & processing bldgs ranging 240' x 50' to 85' x 40' , power unit 70' x 701 with tall stack. 2 sawtooth roof bldgs 675' x 200' & 365' 1, 260', storage bldg 41.90' x 60', 10 processing and storage bldgs av. 80t x 30', power unit 60' x 45.' tall stack, water basin, admin. bldg 50' x 501

77 Textile mill
1300' x.730'

-orith

95 Textile mill 2100' x 730'

2 sawtooth bidge 8101 x 415' & 365'x 23)', 5 processing bldgs ranging 185' x 951 to 12 5 x'60', 3 whses 380' x 85', "4 storage bldgs av. 70' x 30', power plant 210' x 135' at N,end of area at" least partially' operated with blast furnace gas from iron mill No. '97. Large basin along shore near plant

~
-2.7

.h

yii

94

Textile miill

2 sawtooth roof bldgs 630' x 420' & 525' x 210' , 4 roSerssinig Jdg.s ranging 250' x 170' to 115' x 95' , power s' t 2>' 1x 8o6 'ith 2 tall stacks c% co'ding toter 30' n.ia:1, 6 shops av. 601 x 45' , 12 storage bldgs cv. 90' x 60' , several admin d misc "bldgs. Plant served
vper
dt

sL

~r

99

Textile iill 1350' x 1150'

436', 3 .rocessing bldgs rangsawtooth roof bldg 525' X. x 50' with ing 325' x 175' to 150' x 140' , power unit stack, water tank 25' in diam., 4 storage & admin. tall bldgs ranging 115' x 50' to 50' x 50'

80'

102

Textile mill 1350' x 750'

sawtooth roof bldg 580' x 485', 2 ahses av, 470' 10 procesiag & storage bldgs ranging 125' x 50' x 351, acmin , ldg 100' x 30'. 2 sawtooth roof bldge 250' x 190' x 190' x 75', .x 40'. tall stack, 5 storage bldgs av. 1j' saw~wtooth roof bldg 430' tall. stack

x 70',
to 50'

57

Textile mill 950' x 760'


Textile mill

one with

29

145', storage bldg 320'

x 40'

450'
30

2101

Textile mill 1050' x 500'

390' x 135' & 150' x 3 sawtooth roof bidgs 420' x 280'0 stack. -t , tall 25' :c 150' av. 95' , 10 storage bldgs time of photo cover,

largest sawtooth roof bldg w;Jas afire

76

Textile mill 750' x 300'


jiutoiobil e asseioil ;plant py 1150' <'525'

3 sawtooth roof bldgs 240' x 125', 210' x.70' & 165' x stack, 8 storage unit $0' x 50' i ith tall ~porer ,

95

and vrocessing bldgs randging 135 27

x 30' to

55'

30'

shoe-type bldgs ranging 250' x 951 to 85' x 30' 1,dl, L20' x 85' , numerous si_.aller bildgs; automobile test track; 55 vehicles present 9 Sept 15'4. Ground vehicles in TSINTO-TL0 & sources re-port an automoiile body to this may be the l.antieferred

14

1rut

97

Iron mill 100C' x 300'

2 blast furnaces each with 2 hot air stoves & tall stack adjacent, 2 Digging and blowing engine bldgs 115' x 60' & 6o' x 4o', 10 storage bldgs ranging 135' x 35' to 50' x 20'. Overhead pies carry blast furnace gas from furnaces to bldg 135' x 50' -here it is cleaned, and thence to ower plant of textile mill No. 9. Limestone, ore and coke stockpiles located nearby. Plant served by 2 Re. spurs.

10C

Light Industry T-shaped bldg 550' x Sot overall, 2;rocessing bldg 230' x 1151, storage bldg 250' x 35', 9 storage bldgs av. 70' 1960' x 525' x 30', pow,-er unit 1701 x 451 with tall stack. 2 sawtooth roof'oldgs 515' x 210' & 210' x 210', large quantities of loose stores, 2 large basins., Most of the bldgs are paint-camouflaged. Ground sources report a plant in the TSII\C .0area engaged in making grain sacks using cotton plant bark as a substitute for hemp. It is possible that this is the plant referred to.
me- 2 plants 350' x 350'

55 Poss. light
tal-xrking

& 500' = 951, the larger containing 4 shop-type bldgs ranging 115' x 95' to 6O' x 30', g 201. Smaller plant' contains 5 storage bUlcgs av, SO' to 95' x 40', 5 storage slo type bldgs ranging 100' x 15' bldgs av. 70' x 20'. composite group of sawitooth & flat roof bldg- aoprox. 95' & 105'

industries

58

Prob. light metal-working plant 1400' x


200

stac , 2 bldgs 200' 725' x 135' with tall 105' x 75' 2 sloo-type bldgs 1051'

23-,

- *; *:I I;'r ~

>~

02

'FL

-~

ag,

plant 1250' x

625' 76 \ Maching shop


500'

monitor roof shop 330x 100', 5 monitor roof shops av. 22 0 1 x 851, 9 shops & storage bldgs ranging 155' x 30' to 1001 x 301, admin bldg 135' x 30', 7 workers qtrs av. 150' x several.small misc. bldgs & loose stores.

201,

xx4001

3 shop-type 'bldgs, 200' x 40', 175' x 50' & 1501 x 85'; power unit 501 x 40' with tall stack, 5 storage-type bidgE
av,

801 x 30'

66 Prob. metal-

2 shop-type bldgs 85' x 70' & 70' x 60' each with stack working indus- adjacent, processing bldg 951 x 85', 15 storage bldgs try 400' x 250' ranging 135' x 40' to 60' x 25', admin bldg 70' x 401, numerous small misc bldgs.

93

monitor roof shops ranging 315 1 x 115' to 2301 x Metal fabrication plant 850' 75, .whse 215' x 3 5 1, admin & shop bldgs ranging 1601 x 450' x85' to 85' x 50'

54

Chemical industry 250' x 250'

8 processing bldgs ranging 60' x 30' to 351 x 30', 3


storage bldgs av, 50' x 20', 2 storage tanks 20' & 15' in diar., 2 small cooling or condensing towers, battery of small tanks or condensers, loose stores. bldg 85' x 50' with tall stack, 8 storage tanks ranging 401~ to 15' in diam., numerous loose stores in adjacent area

39 Gas

works 260' x 100'

28

Reported brewery 14 processing & storage bldgs ranging 370k x 95= to 80! stack, several smaller bldgs, some loose x50', tall 800' x 750' stores

35

Wood-working
plant 2000' x 420'

2 processing bldgs 180' x 105'1& 145' x 105', one with tall stack, 6 storage bldgs ranging 145' x.4 01 to 100' x 30', numerous small bldgs, area 1450' x av. 2101 N of main bldgs occupied by stockpiles of lumber. main liln-type bldg 260' x 125 ' with 4 short stacks,

101

Refractory i industry

7 misc. bldgs ranging 95'


type bldg 525'

1 551

to 4o' x 25', admin-

65o' x 450'
32

x 30' overall

Ceramics indus- kiln bldg 95' x 40' with tall stack, 6 storage & processing bldgs ranging 260' x 40' to 160' x 40', numerous try 1300' x smaller bldgs,. largenumber of small drying racks, 320' 3 storage tanks av. 25' in diam.

Entries 92, 103, 59, 5, 38, 53, 37, 34, 31, 6, 70, 8, also refer to light industries of unidentifiable type, or industrial areas. In addition to these described above, scattered throughout the city are from 25 to 30 small industries each consisting of'several processing and storage buildings, some rith small power units.

____________________
Sp0TI-<1
WATER SUPPLY The Germans inaugurated' the first municipal waterworks of the city. In 1914, in World War I, the Japanese took the area from the Germans, expanded. the waterworks, and held the territory until 1922 when it was transferred back to the Chinese. 'After their re-occupation the Chinese continued to expand the waterworks and started a project for an entirely'new source of supply. The area is again (1944) in Japanese hands, and as a result' a series of water shortages has summer,

occurredeach

The Iits t un and $eishaho Wells and Pu ping Plants. Shantung is a dry province. The Germans, in their search for water, sank 160 wells within the city limits and nearby country. but without success. In 1906 they erected. a pumping station and small waterworks at the Hai River; this station supplied only 600 cu. n. of water per day. Some other method had to.be found to procure more water. Experiments and test wells showed that an average depth of 14 feet under the dry bed of the Lits tun River an abundant supply of water existed. Here the Germans d.cided to establish their water. station and pumping works, 7 miles from the port. The plant was completed on l909. The Lits tun River collects the water from an area of 40 sq. miles. The plant furnished 1,800 cu. min. of water per day, which met the requirements of the city up to the tine of the Japanese occupation in 1914. When the Germans withdrew they destroyed the pumps and machinery. The Japanese installedthree double-acting cross-compound condensing fly wheel pumping engines with a capacity of 125 cu. in. p. h. each. The water is pumped seven miles from the collecting tank through a 16 -in, pipe line to the reservoirs on the summit of Moltke Hill, renamed Wakazura-Yama by. the Japanese. Service Reservoirs. Here the Japanese have enlarged the original Gerreservoir which has a papacity of 2,000 tons of water, by the addition of another which lies alongside the first one and has a capacity of 4,000 cu. m. A third reservoir was being planned in 1921.

man

The Japanese have enlarged the supply of the Lits t un station by driving 15 new wells in another part of the river and employing the same system. There are three sets of two-stage The pumping capacity also has been expanded. of 500 cu. i, p. h., operated by motor-driven turbines, each with a capacity current supplied by the ninicipal plant at TSI~hGTA.O With the growth of the city, the Japanese have been complelled to go farther afield in search of water. They selected the next large river, the Peishaho, fourteen miles from Tsingtao, as the site for a new pumping station. The pumping plant, comThe catchment area of this river is 80 sq. miles. pleted in 1920, is identical with the Litssun plant, but with some improvements in machinery. There are three' horizontal, double acting plunger pumps with a water cylinder of 220 mmz. diameter and a capacity of 125 cu. rn. p. h. These are operated by horizontal, cross-compound condensing engines, cylinders 280 x 440 mm. and 500 mm.M, stroke, 6o r. p. in. There are'3 Lancashire boilers, 7 ft. in diameter and 28 ft. 4 in. long. The 15 wells can supply 8,000 cu, . 6-in, pipe line discharges into the Moltke 'reservoir, of water per day. A 1 An additional 16-in, pipe line was laid. At the water de14 miles away. partment office in Tsingtao there is a Barr & Lennox electric water level indicator, which records for every hour the amount of water used and. the level in the reservoir. Up to September 1920 the total length of water mains in Tsingtao was 123,933 m. The Japanese had so far expended over $1,000,000 in inproving the water supply of this city. Booster Stations. When the area reverted to the Chirese the waterworks

m m

a~i.ii
L'i;i

was returned completely to the management of the Chinese, who made various improvements and expansions, including a booster pumping station at Mengkou Road and a second booster station near the Airdrome. They built also a new supply called the "Western tInlit" of the Litsrn ?works. All supplies were drawn from wells along the banks of the Hai and the Litstun Rivers and fed by the subsurface waters of the streams. In 1937 the supply appears to have been as follows: Haipo Works Lits t un. Works Peisbha Works 2,000 cu. n. d. 9,000 cu. m. d. 12,000 cu. iiid. 23,000 cu. n. .

Distribution Piping, At this time the distribution system appears to have consisted of a 400 cu, r. reservoir on Observatory Hill, a 2,000-cu. n. and a 4,000 cu. M. reservoir on Reservoir (Moltke) Hill, and about 150 km. of distribution mains, of which 60 km. were installed by the Germans, 3E km. r. the Japanese and 54 kn. by the Chinese. To meet the need for more water the Chinese prepared two projects. That known as the emergency iiasure was undertaken at once. It consisted o: (I) the drilling of five new wells at siliuchuang to aul:ent the supply from the Peisha River; (2) three newwellsat Changtsun to augment the supply of the Lits'un works; (3) the utilization of water from the exploratory drilling for dam foundation at Huangp tu, which water was conveyed to the Peisha Wroks through sluices. The last project . was completed and furnished an additional 5,000 cu. m. p. d.

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k
1

SECTION 16
FOOD SUPPLY AND PROCUP IENTI

Under normal conditions Shantung is a comparatively rich province in food production. -1pproxiately 47% of the province is. under clutivation; the principal crops being soybeans, barley, wheat, kaoliang, millet, peanuts, tobacco, and fruit. The following table gives the production of cereal crops in Shantung province in 1938 (which is considered a fair estimate of normal annual production): Rice Glutinous Rice Wheat Barley Kaoliang Millet Maize Others
*

44o,000 $1,000 61, 002, 000 4655,000 36,401,000 37,642,000 7,839,000 1,736,000

piculs* piculs piculs piculs picul s piculs piculs piculs

1 picul equals 133 1/3 pounds.

Since the Japanese occupation has been in effect.

Qf

Shantung a rationing system of a sort

Except in the large cities in Shantung, the rationing system has almost coupletely broken down and there is a marked shortage of food stuff, particu.larly flour in the Japanese controlled area, as very little grain is allowed to leave the areas under the control of the guerrillas And the Communists. Due to poor harvebt, business depression, heavy taxation and the general;high cost of living, even the better class people now subsist on corn meal which The lower middle class was in pre-war days only eaten by the lowest cass. is now consuming large ouantities of bean cake which was formerly used for fertilizer and animal food, while the poorer class do as best they can on bran- a diet which results in rapid deterioration of health-and there are many cases of starvation. In the Japanese controlled areas, the farmers are compelled to give up 20% of their farm produce to the Japanese without payment. In the guerrilla controlled areas, this form of levy takes about 30% of the crops produced whereas in the Communist controlled districts, the agricultural land has been reallocated among the farmers who are only allowed to keep sufficient food for being given to the Communist controlled their own consumption, the grain stores from which it is issued by the Communist officials to the nonagricultural population,

'alahce

Generally speaking, the cost of food in the guerrilla area is about 30% cheaper than in the Japanese controlled area; and the prices in the Communist area are only about half of that of the Japanese controlled area, ,although area money infrequently enters into such a transaction. in the latter Flour, under normal conditions is the staple food of North China. Persons emlployed by the Japanese are able to obtain restricted quantities of flour

at FRB $ at $1,000.00 per bag (49 lbs) which is $900 cheaper than the price
on the black market. The following table gives an indication of relative prices of staple foods as of the last of February 1945 ;FRB $27.00 per catty Wheat TI 17.00 " Kaoliang II 25,00 " Millet i 9.00 11 peanuts (in shells)

Cornreal Beawn Cake Flour

25,00

It

" 1,800.00 per bag of 49 lbs.;


'"

600

pl: K!

:$j'r

PEOPFLE A.&N COVMN'flI1ET

1, In order to gain a clear understanding of the'political pattern in Shantung, consideration Dust be given to, three factors, namely: (a) Puppet, "North Qhina Political Council," (b) National Goverment, (c) Communist Political Arrangements. fter the enemy occupied Peiping and a. North China Political Council. Tientsin, they formed a puppet North China Political Council consisting of eighteen members of which one is chiairman. Under this council there were three commissions: internal affairs, general affairs, and financial affairs. Then there were five other commissions for pacification, economics, educaIn each of these commissions, there was tion agriculture, and.labor affairs. a Chinese Coziissioner, a Japanese assistang commissioner, and one advisor, one director and two assistants of which all were Japanese. The narie of provincial government was changed into provincial governors:s office for the provinces Hopeh, Shantung, Honan, Shansi and Huaihai. In each province there was a governor, a Japanese-superior advisor, a Japanese director, a Japanese assistant, a Japanese liaison officer (previous secret service) The actual power of government was and two to four Japanese councillors. in the hands of the advisor and the director. Under the provincial governor s office there were.the five commissions for provincial administration, finance, The vice-commissioners were all-Japaconstruction, education, and police. nese. The provinces were each divided into Tao. Hopeh had eight, Shantung had ten, Honan had three, and Shansi had four Tao. This organization of the tao was similar to the special inspectorate of administration system which we Under each tao comes the various hsinn. (Chinese Government) originally had. governm~ent). In each hsien office hsien be called to (used offices (county) power of government, and the the real has who advisor there is a Japanese At Peiping, Tiontsin, and people called him the "Supreme hsien-governor", Tsingtao are formed the special municipal offices (directly under the control In each municipality are a mayor, of the North China Political Council). a Japanese advisor, a secretary, a councillor, and heads of four departments. There are the bureaus of police, labor, social affairs, finance, education, and hygiene, and the offices of foreign affairs, distribution of supplies, propaganda, and public management. ,Aso there are asylums, office of special administration districts, marine police bureaus, and the office of news-contro1, etc. A list of the officials of the puppet North China Political Council: Chairman Members of Standing Cormittee: Wang Yin =ts'ai Wang Yin-t'ai, Su Ti-jen, Tu Hsi-chun, Wen Yuan-mo, Wang Shih-ching, Chien -tu, Yu Ch' in-ho, Tseng-shih, T'ang Yang. Yu Hsi-chieh. Chao Chti, Ptan Yu-Xuei, Wu Tsan-chou, Leng hia-chi, Chou Tso-j en, Chang Jenli, Chang Chung-chih, Chu Shu-yuan, Chou-Ch'uan-sun. of General Affairs of Internal Affairs of Financial Affairs of Economics of Pacification of Agriculture 'of Ed~tion of, labor Affairs Su Ti}jen Su Ti-jen Wang Shih-ching Wang Shih-ching Tu Hsi-chun Ch' erg Tseng-shih Wen YIuan-o T'ang~ Yantu

Members:

Commissioner Commissioner Comaissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissiner Coissioner

;:1W ii
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, i

ti

ysa

Commander of' North China Pacification lrr Local Administration: Governor of Hopeh:' Governor's Office Sovernor of' Shantun; Governor's office Governor of Shansi: Governor' s office: Governor of Honan: Province, tao, hsien, Yung Chan
r

Icipality systemt

at Pao.-ting; has S tao, 63 hsien


Yang Ya-hsun at Chi-nan; has 10 tao, 105 hsien Wang Hsiang at Tai-yuan; has

4 tao, 92 hsien
52 hien

Governor's office:

Shao Wen-ai at K'ai-feng; has 3 tao, Mao Ptend cha at Hai-chou, has Hsu Yen-chih Chou Ti-p'ing Yao Tso-pin

Governor of' Huaihai: Governor' s office: Mayor of Peiping Mayor of Tientsin Mayor of Tsingtao

18

hsien

The puppet Hsin Mm Hul was founded on December 14, 1937, at Peiping president. It had a by the traitor Chang Yeilch'ing, who became its first headquarters under which there were directly controlled offices in the provinces and special municipalities, 25 tao-party offices, X62 hsien party

offices,

ahd 14,000 branch offices.

According to their statistics,

there were

6,154,200 odd me~ibers. After the founding of the puppet NI\anking Government, Miao Pin, the chief' of' the directing department of the Hisin Min Hut, went to the South and left the control of this department in the hands of Ando. Other changes in its organization took place. There were formed "Youth Squads", "Youth Corps", Reading Class", "Vololnteer Squads"1, "Old Men Squads", "Woen' s Societies", 'Surprise Attack Squads , "Pacifying Squads"1, and "Youth C Wang Yin-tai became its president and Yu Hsichieh, vice-president. Camps'". The various hsien (county) isin Min Hue (the' central organ for all traitors) each have a president recommended by the hsien-directing department and The term of office of appointed by the puppet Central Directing Department. by the puppet shortened or be prolonged and may years, was two the president Min Hue were: this Hsin of' aims five chief The Central Directing Department. (a) (b) (c) (d) loyalty, Support the new regime to carry out the people's will. Cultivate lands to promote the people's welfare. Join the anti-communist line-up. piety, brotherhood, Propagate the old oriental virtues of filial trustworthiness, politeness, faithfulness, purity, modesty, etc.

(e) Promote the realization of an alliance with our allies and contribute to the' Peace of Mankind. Although all this propaganda was nothing but ridiculous, still there

were those old men and book-worms and some of the educated who were fooled and joined the Hisin Min Hui. In this Hsin Mmn Hui, there has always been
the. so called

"Japanese line

of officials",

who have actual control over all

affairs.
Even during occupation by the Japanese forc~s bi National Governm~ent. some Chungking magistrates were able to function either openly (in parts of NFowthat. the Japanese have hsien not controlled by the enemy) or underground. been defeated, the National Govern..ment will be reestablished in Shantung, as elsewhere in China. A briet summary of the structure of the provincial, local and municipal governments (under the National Government) is as follows:

s1
,y

1
W
'.1

~~R
d

(1) Provincial Government - is headed by a governor who acts as chairof the governing commission of eight or ten men, all. appointed by the National Government.. At least 4 of the members of each provincial commission are concurrently _,heads, of' admiiznisViive departments of the provincial goerinent. Attached to eeca prov . is a Secretariat, and Departments of Finance, Civilxfairs, Education, and Reconstruction A provincial government may have additional departments and usually contains several bureaus such as: Accounting, Social Affairs, Public Health, Food, and Land Administration, as well as a Bureau of Police and a Peace Preservation Corps Hq. Provincial governments have the authority to issue ordinances and regulations necessary for the administration of provincial affairs so long as they do not conflict with laws and orders of the Nhational Government.

man

tssion

(2) Local government - Traditionally and currently the most important unit of local government iii China is the "hsien"; it is generally equivalent to a county, and is the basic unit for the control of local, provincial, and national affairs. The hsien government is headed by a magistrate; in nearly all areas an appointee of the provincial government. In general the responsibilities of the hsien government are (a) preservation of peace and control over local police force, (b) conscription and training of local militia, (c) conscription of labor for national andprovincial construction work, (d) collection of the land tax, in conjunction with the local tax bureaus of the National Government, (e)'purchase of army food supplies, (f) sale of bonds and solicitation of patriotic contributions, (g) economic and financial control. (c) Municipal Government - Government in each rrinicipality is headed by a mayor who is appointed by the National Government (usually upon the recommendation of the provincial government). The .mayor is assisted by two Together these counsillors and the directors of the various Municipal bureaus. officials form the Municipal council, which usually meets once a month. tber of districts called These municipalities are divided into a num "CH'U," which are further subdivided into "'AO" and "CHIA". The PAO is roughly equivalent to a precinct or ward, and included 6 to 15 chia or 36 to 225

families.

The chia, comparable to a block, is composed of 6 to I6 failies.


appointed LI

Influential family heads serve as pao and chia chiefs. On August 1F, 1945 the Nuational Government mayor of Tsingto, and KUO TAN as vice mayor.

HSXENI-LIANTG as

c. Communist Political Arrangements inShantung. Unlike the.Japanese and non-communist guerrillas in the region, the Chinese Cominnists have not In the adopted the pre-wa 'political and social structure without change. liberated areas they have erected a structure of their won, paralleling the This new political pattern of Cormnist organization elsewhere in China. structure is closely integrated with the military side of the Communist movement. The highest political organ in the Shantung Base area is the ShanThis office is in effect tung branch of the north China Political Bureau. the central Communist administration of Shantung. Its director is Chu Jui, whose first assistant, Li Yu is concurrently political vice-commissar of the In this manner there is a close working relationship at the top 115 Division. between the ranking Communist political and military figures in the Base Area. Because of the unusual powers of political officers in military staff positions, the statement of one observer would seem correct that the "ultimate political responsibility for all Communist government, military, and political affairs rests with the Communist Political Bureau." That Bureau has several departments charged with a variety of functions. Some of them are follows: Department of Peoples s Affairs - director, Liang Chu-hang; Department of Finance - director, Keng Kuang-po; Department of Education I director, Yang Hsi-wen; Department of Reconstruction - director, T'ien Shi. The communiists in Shantung have also organized what amounts to a People's political Council, with members at large and delegates repre-

as

senting the sevieral Communst districts in Shaltung. The chairmnan of this body is reported to be Fan in-su; vice chaiiman, Mla Pao-shan. Other members

3Qi

*.,.

~
i~ '

'

)II

replsr.gi %) . u ..

are Yao Ch'ien-hsiu; ivieng Lin; Xuo Te-fu (Lu-N1an) Chung) ; Ma Tsars-fei (Pin-Hai),

h o

)-sheng (Lu-

Beside the coordination of political and military leadership on the upper echelon in the Shantung Area, there is an active integration locally between the political representatives and the military commanders. The Political aureau is said to maintain one to three subordinates in each village (hsiang). These are titled People's Movement Directors and Comnmunicatitts Officers. The directors organize the local people into the SelfDefense Corps, with varying sections for young boys, women, and old people, as well as Youth and Able-bodied Corps. Corps members are givexn some general education as well as political and a little military trainihg; discussion groups, farming exhibits, and literace classes are among the activities. The most promising members of the Youth Corps are selected for training at local agricultural schools and cadre tr.ining schools, The best students at. k the latter are then given administrative or amy positions, while the remainder return to their villages to assist the Directors.

-ase

The Communications Officers generall supervise the ectivities of the


The former lead the Self-Defense Cotlps units People's Movement Directors. when they are engaged in fighting off puppet or Japanese forces. When regular or guerrilla elements of the Eighth Route Armyr are on the march, the Communications officers are responsible for infori:ing the Directors in the villages ahead of the Army units so that the Directors can furnish food and To accomplish this function and for other other requirements to the troops. purposes the comnunications officers direct intelligence units in each village. The members of these units take turns at road patrol and form a communications network in their area.

)+
'. 4 .. 4.

im

..

'

'"DfR

SECTION

18

NFJE.&LTH

4D

S ATITTI0N

The East SHAINTUNG Area contains, in general, all deseases Lound on the East China Coast. Lost Jiportant of' these are listedbelow-: Diseases-of military importance. Dysentery (bacillary and amoebic), Diarrhea, malaria, dengue, plague, cholera, veraral diseases, andsskin diseases. Diseases of' otential miitai a y amushi , scrub tT injiries cue to heat.
muine

rtance; Typhus (both luuseborne and disease), dilariasis, relapsing fever, and

Sandfly Lever (pappataci Lever), and Japanese D encephalitis are not normally present but might be introduced readily. Diseases of' minor miitarimortance. Typhoid and paratyphoid Levers, kala-azar, leptospirosis, rat--bite feve, and certain helminth infections (intestinallflukes, blood flukes, liver and lung flukes). Diseases common among the civil populatien. Acute' infections spread mainly by the respiratory tract: cerebrospinal meningitis, piphthria, smallpox, influenza, pneumonia, shooping cough, bronchial spirochetosis, anterior poliomyelitis, scarlet ev,:r, measles, and encephalitis lethargica. Various intestinal infections. Chronic infections: tuberculosis, trachoma, leprosy, yaws. A.vitaminoses, especially beriberi. IJ.scllaneous diseases. Tetanus, actinomycosis, anthrax, rabies, and certain diseases communicated from animals to men (brucellosis, Loot and mouth disease, and glanders). Howo 'r, since TSINGTAO is definitely in the temperate zone, such of the above asare generally considered tropical diseases (e.g., malaria, cholera) will be somewhat attenuated both as to Lrequcncy and severity. But it cannot be assumed that they are entirely absent. Dysentery is constantly to be reckoned with; and in addition to the above list, trachoma (an inflammatory eye disease) is prevalent in the area. TSIMNGT1AO City has a modern water supply arid sewage system. However, it is most unlikely that the water as delivered will be safe for all use. Boiling is necessary for all drining water. In the rural regions -surrounding TSI!hGTAO, all water must beeassumed contaminated and must be boiled before it may be used for drinking: A list ollows of hospital acilities in TSINIGTAO:
-

Municipal Hospital General Hospital (Lutheran Mission) Tsingtaso Hospital

150 beds.
50 beds. 100 beds.

'N,2

\\

i-l :.

9~

3'.

A. JAPANESE MILITARY COL AINDER; S.


Brig. Gen. FUJJITA - Army Commander Rear Adm. NAGAO (?) - Naval Conzunnder Col. TAIKAHASHI -'Gendarmerie Comnmander Maj. Gen. NAGANO, Eiji - 5th 13~ B. PUPPETS. TAO TSO-P'ING - Puppet Mayor of Tsingtao. (For NALSS OF PUPPET MILITARY COOLJANDEMI.S see Section, "Chinese Forces in. SHANTUNG Area". C. WHITE LIST.

General SUN LIEN CHUNG - recently appointed Commanding General of the newly formed 11th War Area (which covers provinces of Honan, Hupeh, Shantung, and part of Shansi). General LI YEN LIEN - deputy to above. LI HSIEN-LIANG - appointed mayor of.Tsingtao on 15 August 1945.(by National Government). UO TAM - appointed Vice mayor of Tsingtao (he is try of Communications). also councillor for Minis-

a. The American Embassy supplied the following names of reliable and friendly contacts to be made in Tsingtao. Dr. Chang - Chinese operator of the largest western-style pharmacy in Tsingtao, which is located near the International Club on Shantung Road. D. N. Lee - Chinese Employee of Texas Oil Company. Louis Barberat - Frenchman who has spent many years in Tsingtao. Former free-lance inspector of oil cargo. Apparently wellknown in TsinB ao. Can' be located at Iltis Huk Community, (near Chan Sham village, East of Tsingtao). b. Missionaries and Religious leaders.

A book entitled "Los Missions do Chine", published in Shanghai in 1942, list the following as the ecclesiastics in the city of Tsingtao '(Ch'ing Tao). Tsingtao District Jean Dahlenkamp Guil. Bungrt Max. Seidel Gerh. Homing Nicolas Tabellion Fr. I Tjigelmlanm Nicolas Babij. Pierre Chang Aloys. Yang Otto Joergens Jean Dostert Joseph Grendel Francois Pilgram Paul Christ

KCaLoMi.-iDi strict

Chucheng District Bertram Ruseel Charles Haase Alphouse Choinowski Joseph Juttner Ernest Montag Harm. Schablitzkd Jospph Qraisy. Jakob Marquart Henri Schmitz Tsimo District Henry Tillrnanns Anidre Tung Aloys. Liou Petrus Kuo Antoine Ku~i

Michel

Kirsch

Theodore Ti rges
Jospph Kaufhold Francois Grimm August Olbort Leo Benocke Gorgonius Boos Guil. Kromer Adolph Rygula Francois Maus
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