SUBSIDENCE REVEALED BY PSI TECHNIQUE IN THE JAKARTA CITY, INDONESIA Alex Hay-Man Ng, Linlin Ge, Kui Zhang

and Xiaojing Li Geodesy and Earth Observing Systems Group, School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
ABSTRACT Subsidence in urban area has the potential to cause severe damage to ecosystems as well as economic loss. Therefore it is important to understand the subsidence phenomenon in urban area. The objective of this study is to investigate the terrain deformation in the metropolitan area of Jakarta, Indonesia using multiple satellite radar imagery. In this study the GEOS-PSI, a software developed at UNSW for persistent scatterer radar interferometry, was used to map the land subsidence in Jakarta region with L-band ALOS PALSAR radar images. A total of 17 ALOS PALSAR images acquired from 31 January 2007 to 26 September 2010 over Jakarta were used in this study. The results demonstrated that the land in the area of Jakarta was deforming at different rates. Several subsidence bowls with peak displacement rates over -150 mm/yr along the radar looking direction have been observed at the northern Jakarta. Index Terms PSI, urban subsidence, deformation monitoring, SAR interferometry 1. INTRODUCTION Land subsidence in urban areas may result in adverse impacts and can lead to serious problems. Urban subsidence can lead to increased risk of flooding of coastal areas, severe damage to the buildings and infrastructures, destruction to local groundwater systems, and also tension cracks and reactivated faults [1]. Therefore it is necessary to monitor urban subsidence in order to enhance the understanding of the land as well as the management of urban area. The causes of urban subsidence include extraction of resources, the compaction of soils by the weight of building, underground activities, and so on. Subsidence due to groundwater extraction is one of the major sources for the land subsidence in urban area throughout the world. Space-borne Radar Interferometry (InSAR) has already shown its capability for subsidence measurement to complement other conventional methods such as GPS, levelling, total station, and extensometer, due to its precision, spatial coverage and resolution. It has been used SAR, for mapping land deformation in many applications, including volcanic activity [2], crustal movement [3-5], underground mining activity [6-8], and so on. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), which utilises multiple SAR image data to improve the detection ability for slow ground deformation, is an extension of conventional InSAR techniques. The capability of PSI techniques, developed by different investigators (e.g. [9-14]), have already been proven in a number of applications, including deformation arising from urban subsidence [10-11], volcanic activity [15], slope stability [16], just to name a few. This paper describes the land deformation over Jakarta, Indonesia detected by GEOS-PSI [14] with L-band ALOS PALSAR radar images. 2. STUDY AREA AND DATA AVAILABILITY Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, which is located on the northwest coast of Java, covering an area of about 661 square kilometers. The total population of Jakarta is approximately 10 million as of 2010 [17]. It has been reported in many studies that Jakarta was prone to land subsidence as a result of [1, 18-19]: (1) uncontrolled extraction of groundwater, (2) massive construction, (3) natural consolidation of soil layers and (4) tectonic movements. The estimated subsidence rates by GPS surveys between 1997 and 2005 were 1-10 cm/yr and these subsidence rates were closely related to the groundwater extraction in middle and lower aquifers [19]. The measurement carried out by GPS methods in Jakarta were limited to specific points and therefore real subsidence phenomenon might not be observed. PSI techniques are considered in this study as they provide a more complete spatial coverage. The deformation measured by PSI can provides more information to aid understanding of the land subsidence phenomenon in Jakarta. A total of seventeen L-band ALOS PALSAR images acquired from 31 January 2007 to 26 September 2010 over Jakarta were used in this study. The master image was chosen (3 February 2008) with shortest possible perpendicular and temporal baseline corresponding to other images. Table 1 shows the perpendicular baseline and the temporal baseline of all images with respect to the image acquired on 3 February 2008. Sixteen differential

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interferograms were generated with respect to the master image. A three arc-second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to remove topography phase from the interferograms. Table 1. ALOS PALSAR dataset (Orbit direction: Ascending; Imaging mode: FBS/FBD; Path: 437; Frame: 706; Incidence angle: 38.7; Look direction: Right; Polarisation: HH). The letter M denotes the master image.
Image number 1 2 3 4 5 6 (M) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Date (dd/mm/yyyy) 31/01/2007 18/06/2007 03/08/2007 18/09/2007 03/11/2007 03/02/2008 20/03/2008 05/05/2008 20/06/2008 20/09/2008 05/11/2008 21/12/2008 05/02/2009 08/08/2009 08/02/2010 11/08/2010 26/09/2010 B* 427.6 -192.3 526.6 -157.7 175.4 0 -622.2 -277.4 1201.3 1066.9 944.6 740.4 781.9 324.4 220.4 36.7 87.3 Btemp** -368 -230 -184 -138 -92 0 46 92 138 230 276 322 368 552 736 920 966 Mode FBS FBD FBD FBD FBD FBS FBS FBD FBD FBD FBS FBS FBS FBD FBS FBD FBD

Average 457.8 332.8 * Perpendicular baseline. ** Temporal baseline.

3. METHODOLOGY In this study, GEOS-PSI [14] is performed to map the land subsidence in Jakarta region. GEOS-PSI consists of six main steps as briefly described below: a) Persistent scatterer candidate (PSC) selection. GEOS-PSI utilises the persistent scatterer to generate the displacement time-series. There are two methods for estimating the phase stability of the pixels and to detect PSC which make use of: (1) amplitude dispersion index (DA) [10], and (2) coherence stability [13]. In this study, the stability of the phase in each pixel along the image stack is determined by amplitude dispersion index [10-11] because this method allows preservation of spatial resolution. An empirical SAR calibration method is developed to calibrate the SAR images. The calibration is carried out in two steps: (1) the amplitude observations of each SAR image are corrected using the calibration constant provided; (2) another calibration factor per image are calculated based on the modes of the potentially stable pixels (i.e. pixels with low amplitude dispersion index) of each image. Once the

images are calibrated, the calculation for the amplitude dispersion index of each pixel can be performed. b) Network construction and estimation of the parameters of the network. Pixels with DA less than 0.25 are assumed to be reliable and are used to construct the reference network. The network is constructed based on Delaunay triangulation network with a maximum arc length of 1.5km. The ILS estimator with LAMBDA method [12] is then performed to estimate the modelled parameters for the arcs of the triangulation (i.e. displacement rate difference, DEM error difference and azimuth sub-pixel position difference). The arcs with absolute ensemble phase coherence [10] lower than 0.75 are assumed to fit the model poorly and hence are removed. A spatial integration process and integration testing process, similar to the method used in adjusting a levelling network, is performed to estimate the absolute values. c) Inclusion of pixels into the network. The less reliable PSCs, which were not included during the construction of the reference network (DA>0.25) or were removed during the spatial integration process, can be added into the reference network to maximise the pixel density of the PSI result. An adaptive estimation strategy has been developed in GEOS-PSI to estimate the parameters of these PSCs. The adaptive estimation strategy consists of two parts: adding an individual pixel into the reference network, and adding multiple pixels into the reference network. The parameters of each isolated pixel (to be added into the reference network) are estimated with respect to all pixels of the reference network within a spatial search window independently. The spatial search window is an adaptive window which increases its size based on the result of the integration and integration testing processes. An iterative process is performed to add the isolated pixels into the network based on two factors: pixels stability and its distance from the reference network. The process is developed based on the multi-layer process described in [9]. In GOES-PSI, the isolated pixels with higher reliability and shorter distance from the reference network are estimated before those with less reliability and longer distance from the network. This estimation process is iteratively performed with the up-to-date reference network until the last one is reached. d) Atmospheric error and orbital error estimation. The spatial linear trends appeared in the estimated modelled parameters is corrected by least squares fitting if the gradient of the trend is greater than a threshold. The residual phases for each interferogram, calculated by unwrapped modelled phase minus the differential interferometric phase, are first unwrapped by the sparse MCF unwrapping algorithm [20]. The elevation-related atmospheric signal is estimated based on the linear relationship between the pixels elevation and their unwrapped residual phase. The rest of the atmospheric signal is estimated using the filtering operation discussed in PSInSAR approach [10-11]. The

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Figure 1. Measured linear displacement rate (LOS direction) map generated from ALOS PALSAR data (Path 437) superimposed on the Landsat 5 image of Jakarta metropolitan and its surrounding. The close-up image (highlighted by the red broken line) is shown at the bottom right. The red cross represents the location of the reference point. atmospheric signal for the pixels that are not included in the network can be estimated by TIN (bilinear) interpolation or kriging for extrapolation. e) Regression process. In GEOS-PSI, the displacement, DEM error, atmospheric and orbital error components are iteratively updated until they hardly affect the number of accepted pixels and the displacement estimates. f) Estimation of non-linear components of the displacement. The non-linear displacement component is estimated from the residual phases (after removal of the phase contribution due to modelled parameters, atmospheric and orbit errors). Low-pass filtering process in both time and spatial domain is carried out to estimate the non-linear displacement component. A detailed description of the GEOS-PSI can be found in [14]. 5. RESULTS The linear LOS displacement rate map generated with the ALOS PALSAR data is shown in Figure 1. The reference pixel was chosen in area away from the city centre which was assumed to be stable. Several subsidence bowls have been observed from the linear displacement maps over the Jakarta region. Relatively higher displacement rates have been observed in northwestern Jakarta even though there are several subsidence bowls in the central and northeastern parts. Displacement rate of over -150 mm/yr along LOS direction has been observed in Penjaringan and Cengkareng. The subsidence bowl in Penjaringan is located at land reclamation area. The subsidence bowl located between Kalideres and Cengkareng is the settlement area and the extraction of groundwater is expected to be the major factor causing the land deformation in this region. In order to compare the PSI results with the differential interferograms, the differential phase for each PS point was simulated based on the temporal baseline of the pair and the linear displacement rate at the point. The simulated differential interferogram was then plotted against the original differential interferogram for comparison purpose. Figure 2 shows two simulated differential interferograms and their corresponding differential interferograms. It can be seen that the simulated and original differential interferograms agreed well with each other. The difference between the results was expected to be the DEM error, atmospheric noise and decorrelation noise. 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS In this study, GEOS-PSI has been presented to map the ground displacement over the Jakarta region, Indonesia. GEOS-PSI uses an adaptive estimation strategy that improves the quality of PSI results as well as maximises the pixel density. The orbit errors introducing the linear trends in the initial PSI results and the elevation-related atmospheric signal are also considered in GEOS-PSI. Seventeen ALOS PALSAR data acquired between 2007 and 2010 were used to measure the displacement in Jakarta. Several subsidence bowls have been identified over the Jakarta region with highest displacement rate of over -150 mm/yr along LOS direction. The comparison between

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Figure 2. (a) Simulated and (b) original differential interferogram of the ALOS PALSAR pair acquired on 3 February 2008 and 3 November 2007 (B = 175.33m and Btemp = -92 days). (c) Simulated and (d) original differential interferogram of ALOS PALSAR pair acquired on 3 February 2008 and 8 August 2009 (B = 324.44m and Btemp = 552 days). The close-up images (highlighted by the red broken lines) are shown at the bottom right. the simulated interferograms based on PSI-measured displacement rate and the original differential interferograms showed agreement with each other. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research work has been partly funded by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Australian Research Council, the Cooperative Research Centre and the Australian Coal Association Research Program. The authors wish to thank the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) for providing the ALOS PALSAR data. METI and JAXA retain ownership of the ALOS PALSAR original data. REFERENCES
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