Measuring Calories...

Calorimetry Lab
Energy Content of Food

Introduction All human activity requires burning food for energy. Ho much energy is released hen food burns in the body! Ho is the caloric content of food determined! Lets investigate the caloric content of different snac" foods such as marshmallo s and cheese #uffs. Hypothesis Write on your lab sheet! Concepts $ Combustion reaction $ %utritional calorie

$ Calorimetry $ Caloric content of foods

Background &hat does it mean to say that e burn food in our bodies! 'he digestion and metabolism of food converts the chemical constituents of food to carbon dio(ide and ater. 'his is the same overall reaction that occurs hen organic molecules)such as carbohydrates* #roteins* and fats)are burned in the #resence of o(ygen. 'he reaction of an organic com#ound ith o(ygen to #roduce carbon dio(ide* ater and heat is called a combustion reaction. 'he chemical equation for the most im#ortant reaction in our metabolism* the combustion of glucose* is sho n in Equation +. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat Equation 1

&ith in our bodies* the energy released by the combustion of food molecules is converted to heat energy ,to maintain our constant body tem#erature-* mechanical energy ,to move our muscles-* and electrical energy ,for nerve transmission-. 'he total amount of energy released by the digestion and metabolism of a #articular food is referred to as its caloric content and is e(#ressed in units of nutritional Calories ,note the u##ercase C-. 'he caloric content of most #re#ared foods is listed on their nutritional information labels. %utritionists and food scientists measure the caloric content of food by burning the food in a s#ecial device called a calorimeter. Calorimetry is the measurement of the amount of heat energy #roduced in a reaction. Calorimetry e(#eriments are carried out by measuring the tem#erature change in ater that is in contact ith or surrounds the reactants #roducts. ,'he reactants #roducts together are referred to as the system* the ater as the surroundings.urpose 'he #ur#ose of this e(#eriment is to determine the amount of heat released hen Cheetos are burned versus marshmallo s. !aterials"
.alance Calorimeter,/oda CanCor" and #in 1raduated cylinder* 234mL Matches Cheetos0Marshmallo s 'hermometer &ater

rocedure +. 5lace a food sam#le on the food holder. Measure and record the combined mass of the food holder and sam#le. 5lace the food holder on a ring stand. 6. 8. 9. 7btain a clean* em#ty soda can. Measure and record its mass. Add about 23 mL of ta# ater to the can and measure the combined mass of the can and ater. .end the to# tab on can u# and slide a file through the hole. /us#end the can on a ring stand using a metal ring. Ad:ust the height of the can so that it is about 6.2 cm above the food holder. ;nsert a thermometer into the can. Measure and record the initial tem#erature of the ater. Light the food sam#le and center it under the can. Allo the ater to be heated until the food sam#le sto#s burning. =ecord the ma(imum ,final- tem#erature of the ater in the can. Measure and record the final mass of the food holder and sam#le. Clean the bottom of the can and remove any residue from the food holder. =e#eat the #rocedure ith a second food sam#le.

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#itle" 'hin" of a title for this lab Hypothesis" &hich snac" food do you thin" has more calories #er gram and &H@! @ou may thin" about relative fat content vs. sugar ,carbohydrate- content if that hel#s. Background" Loo" u# information regarding nutritional Calories in relation to chemistry calories from class. Loo" u# the calorie content ,in Cal #er gram- of different molecule ty#es found in food such as fats* carbohydrates ,sugars- and #roteins. Aiscuss hich of these 8 molecule ty#es ould be dominant in the food sam#les you chose based u#on the ingredients listed. rocedure" &rite do n a ste#4by4ste# #rocedure in your o n ords and dra #ictures to better e(#lain ho to set u# the e(#eriment. $%peri&ent'Obser(ations" F77A /AM5LE AA'A 'A.LE F7= AB=;%1 LA. ;%;';AL F;%AL ;%;';AL ' MA// MA// ,'i- oC ,mi- g ,mf- g of water F;%AL ' ,'f- oC of water )*#* C*+C,+*#IO-. !*.. 0# o B,/-$) C of food of water

=ecord the mass of ater used in each of your can calorimeters each timeC DDDDDDDDDDDDD =emember that + ml of ater eighs + g ,density of ater is +g0ml- so you could try to "ee# it at 23.3mL each time for easier calculations. &hat is the s#ecific heat ,symbol c ater- of liquid ater! DDDDDDDDDDDDDD Calculations and *nalysis1 O.# +*B2" Show your work for the DATA CALCULATIONS TABLE and for the following question in your la write u!" +. &rite do n the Calories #er serving* grams #er serving and the amount of fats* carbohydrates and #roteins in each of your food sam#les. 6. 8. and nutritional Calories. 16 3 &C #2 11777 cal 3 1kcal 3 1 nutritional Cal2 A. Food /am#le + in cal* "cal and Cal .. 9. Food /am#le 6 in cal* "cal* and Cal /ubtract the final mass of the food sam#le and holder from the initial mass to determine the mass in grams of the food sam#le that burned in each e(#eriment. 1&ass burned 3 &i5&42 =ecord it in your table. Bse the results from E8 and E9 to calculate the energy content ,fuel value- of the food sam#le in of Cal0g. ,'his :ust requires ta"ing your Calories #roduced divided by mass of sam#le burned-. Calculate the Cal0gram for each of your food sam#les from your e(#erimental data A%A calculate units Calculate the change in tem#erature for each sam#le. 1 # 3 #45#i2 =ecord it in your table. Bse the heat equation to calculate the heat absorbed by the ater in the calorimeter ,thus the heat released by the food- for each food sam#le. =e#ort the results in calories* "ilocalories*

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the Cal0gram using the nutritional label information recorded from #art +. Conclusion and *pplication" Acce#t or =e:ect Hypothesis. /tate your final conclusions on Cal0gram in each food sam#le ,.. hat as learned-. &hich snac" food has the higher energy content! Com#aring the nutritional labels of the t o foods* hy#othesiFe about hy you thin" this is the case. Address the ma:or sources of error in this e(#eriment. Ao you thin" your results are off on the high or the lo side! Gustify your choice. /uggest &odi4ications to get better results. %o solved the #roblems belo as an application of hat as learned in the lab. A##lication 5roblemsC /H7& @7B= &7=HI +. A candy bar has a total mass of >2.3 grams. ;n a calorimetry e(#eriment* a +.34g sam#le of this candy bar as burned in a calorimeter surrounded by +333 g of ater. 'he tem#erature of the ater in contact ith the burning candy bar as measured and found to increase from an initial tem#erature of 6+.6oC to a final tem#erature of 69.8oC. a. Calculate the amount of heat in calories released hen the +.34g sam#le burned. b. Convert the heat in calories to nutritional Calories and then calculate the energy content ,fuel value- in Cal0g. c. Calculate the total caloric content of the candy bar in Calories. 6. Attach t o nutritional labels from one of your favorite snac" foods. =e#ort their total caloric content ,in Calories- and calculate their fuel value in Cal0g. 8. Many diet craFes come along claiming they have the secret to eight loss. At"ins Aiet. =esearch a #o#ular diet ,such as At"ins Aiet* /outh .each Aiet* the Jone Aiet* etc- and e(#lain hat this diet involves and give t o advantages and t o disadvantages.

Cheetos +abel

!arsh&allo8 +abel