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A Study of Corporate Social Reporting (CSR) on

Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia

Azlina Rahim, Zaharah Abdullah and Zaleha Mahat

Faculty of Accountancy, UiTM Melaka

azlina@bdrmelaka.uitm.edu.my

zaharah@bdrmelaka.uitm.edu.my

zalehamahat@melaka.uitm.edu.my

ABSTRACT

This study examines the disclosure of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the annual reports of trading,

plantation and industry companies listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. The relevant data were obtained

through analysis of annual reports in the Bursa Malaysia library for the year 2003. Out of 304 companies, 44 percent

from Trading, 15 percent from Plantation and 41 percent from the Industrial Product sector disclosed OSH

information. Most of the companies disclosed the information in a separate section (54 percent) while others in

chairman statement (21 percent), stand alone report (8 percent), operational review (11 percent),dairy or calendar (2

percent) and 4 percent in other section. The most popular aspect of disclosure was workplace safety and health

management.

This study suggests that, companies disclose the information because they like to demonstrate their commitment in

managing and improving OSH within the organization. On the other hand, some of the companies did not disclose

because there is no requirement by the Bursa Malaysia or Securities Commission to disclose such information.

Keywords: Corporate Social Disclosure, Occupational Safety and Health.

Paper number: 3686422


1.0 I+TRODUCTIO+

There has been a shift in social consciousness and awareness within the society where
publics become more sensitive on the companies activities. The expectation for the company to be
responsible to the society has influenced them to operate the business in socially manner. For
sustainability, companies have to communicate their triple bottom line - social, environmental and
economic performance. According to Friedman (1962), as cited by Thompson and Zarina (2004),
to maximize profit and therefore shareholder value, companies are advised to make money legally
and pay little attention to corporate social responsibility. The companies need to demonstrate
convincingly that they are socially responsible by communicating to stakeholders on their
commitment through Corporate Social Disclosure (CSD).

The accounting profession has responded to the public need to encourage voluntary
disclosure by companies. The CSD covers areas non-financial reporting especially on
environmental soundness and social performance. In United Kingdom (U.K) the issue of CSD in
the area of social performance has raised up the attention of the public towards occupational safety
and health (OSH) since 1970s due to the high instances of occupational injuries and illnesses (Chan,
1979).

Corporate social disclosure on OSH generally will portray the companies’ interest and
concern of the workplace health and safety, employee retention, labor rights, human rights, wages
and working conditions at outsourced operation. The demand for greater transparency and
responsibility has developed from the increased social awareness caused by occupational injuries
and illness and the enormous costs they inflict on the victims and the economy. Non-financial
reporting especially on environmental soundness and social performance is a going concern for the
business community and its stakeholders.

In Malaysia, Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) were introduced in 1994.
OSHA gives details on the responsibilities of the employers, self-employed persons, manufacturer,
suppliers and employees to ensure the safety and health and welfare of employees at work. The
awareness on the importance of OSH is further demonstrated with the incorporation of Non-Profit
Organizations such as National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) which
contribute towards efforts in upgrading OSH in the country. The Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of Human Resources has also been entrusted to
ensure the enforcement on OSH awareness.

1.1 BACKGROU+D OF THE PROBLEM

Previous study on corporate social disclosure shows that the occupational, safety and
health has raised up the attention of the public in United Kingdom since 1970s due to high instances
of occupational injuries and illness (Chan, 1979). Literatures have shown that United Kingdom and
Australia had made compulsory for the companies to disclose the information on OSH due to high
occupational injuries and illness. However, this practice has not been emphasized in Malaysia

Even though OSHA was introduced in 1994, there is no requirement or guideline on


disclosure of occupational safety and health practice under OSHA or Bursa Malaysia. Since
literature has revealed that the corporate social disclosure in Malaysia is still in early stage, this
study will focus on this social reporting of trading, plantation and industrial sector in Malaysia
and disclosure of OSH in particular. According to the articles published in Health, Safety and
Industry Bulletin 2003, research in occupational injuries and diseases has been identified as
Paper number: 3686422
priority area in the medical/health sector under the Intensification of Research in Priority Area
(IRPA).

Therefore, this study will focus on the social reporting of Trading, Plantation and
Industrial Products Sectors in Malaysia and disclosure of OSH in the annual report in particular.
Since the disclosure of OSH in Malaysia is on voluntary basis, the study would like to determine
the attributes towards the disclosure and perceived benefits of the disclosure.

1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to explore the social reporting on the disclosure of OSH by companies
in Malaysia. The objectives of this study are as follows:
1. To identify the companies that disclosed information on OSH in the annual
report.
2. To identify the location of OSH information in the annual report.
3. To examine the aspects of OSH information disclosed in the annual report.
4. To investigate the attributes towards disclosure of OSH information in the annual
report.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Tricker (1998) cited that Corporate Governance is concerned with good management and
governance by the Board of the company and its good relationship with the shareholders,
regulators, auditors, top management and other legitimate stakeholders. Based on the several
views make by the researcher, Gray, Kouhy and Lavers (1995), cited that Corporate Social
Disclosure (CSD) is the reflection of the accountability and transparency concept of a good
Corporate Governance that broadens the scope of management responsibility.

The practice of CSD has become accepted as a legitimate and important function of a
business. Consequently, firms will expend effort and resources in selecting and implementing
CSD practice. Pava and Krausz (1996) indicate that a characteristic that makes a CSD practice
legitimate is the close relationship of the practice to the activities of the firm. Providing a quality
financial disclosure certainly meets this criterion. In addition, providing increased disclosures is
arguably responsive to the needs of several stakeholder groups.

2.1 CORPORATE SOCIAL DISCLOSURE

David and Joyce (2001) has proposes an alternative explanation why firms make
disclosures beyond their mandated. They argue that companies have incentives to undertake
socially responsible activities and that providing extensive and informative disclosures. They
examine the relationship between firms’ disclosures and measures of social responsibility. Their
result shows that there is a positive association between firm’s disclosures and measures of their
corporate social responsibility.

These findings suggest that some firms may provide more informative disclosures
because of a sense of responsibility to their stakeholders. This literature is focused on the nature of
and motivations for corporate social responsibility. Most of the research indicates that attitude
towards CSD has changed dramatically (Donalsdson, 1995).

Friedman (1970) credited the “traditionalist” view of the corporation and its role in
society. According to Friedman, the business entity is accountable only to its stockholders, and its
sole social responsibility is to maximize the value of the firm. Reacting to this view, Pava and
Paper number: 3686422
Krausz (1996) conducted a comprehensive investigation of the phenomenon that they term the
‘paradox of social cost’ – the persistent empirical finding that firms perceived as socially
responsible perform as well as or better than their counterparts that they do not engage in costly
social activities.

In contrast to the traditionalists view, Freeman (1984) advanced the argument that
systematic attention to stakeholder interests is critical to firm success. According to Freeman, the
management must pursue actions that are optimal for a broad class of stakeholders rather than
those that serve only to maximize shareholder interests.

According to Guthrie and Parker (1989), the idea of CSD has been practice since
twentieth century. One of the early works in CSD literature was contributed by Howard R. Bowen
in 1953, which he concerns on the CSD definitions and principles. This clear definitions and
principles stood as guidance for future researchers in CSD.

Belkaoui (1984) cited a study conducted by Ernst and Ernst from 1971 to 1978 to evaluate
the nature of social responsibility disclosure in Annual Reports of the Fortune 500 industries, 50
life insurance companies and 50 commercial banks. Results from the study shows that there are
seven dimensions of corporate social responsibility disclosures that are environment, energy, fair
business practice, human resources, community involvement, products and other social
responsibility disclosure. Many studies have used these findings to investigate to the extent of
social disclosure.

2.2 OCCUPATIO+AL SAFETY A+D HEALTH

One of the areas that are equally important to disclose is occupational safety and health.
This is because it deals with the safety of the employees. According to Rampal KG (2003), some
common occupational health problems facing the Malaysian workforce are silicosis and pesticide
poisoning, work related upper limb disorders due to assembly line work, sudden unexplained
deaths among migrant workers, sick building syndrome due to efforts to conserve electricity,
psychological stress due to increased demands on the worker with low control and burnout are
reported.

However, most studies in Malaysia concern on the occupational injuries and illness faced
by the employees. These studies will look from different dimension, which is from the disclosure
point of view. The accounting profession has responded to the public’s need to know the social
performance of corporations by calling adequate disclosure. An important question: to what
extents have business responded to the public’s concern about OSH via disclosures in their annual
reports.

Brown J & Butcher F (2005) as cited in Cutler & James (1996) observes that it is
premised on the assumption that there is no inherent conflict between the goals of workplace
health and safety and organizational profitability. It is simply a matter of “educating” employers
on the merits of using an accounting based approach to OHS.

According to Brown J & Butcher F (2005), OSH disclosures may be used symbolically to
publicly indicate interest and concern from the top of the organization but at the same time
disguise hidden agendas to preserve managerial prerogative (cited in Hutter, 2001). It may be seen
as a “tool of regulatory resistance”; with audit and cost benefits analyses becoming “as much a
form of mystification as an analytical tool” (ibid).

Paper number: 3686422


According to Deegan C, putting about environmental performance within the annual
report emphasizes that environmental performance is one part of the total performance of a
company and not an area of performance that should be divorced, or separated from others. Others
argue that some stakeholders are particularly interested in some facets of organizational
performance but not the others.

Fortes H (2001), mentioned that the responsible use of our natural resources has become a
major social and political issues. As such, it has also developed into a significant factor in
business decision making, and accounting practice now needs to include the measurement and
analysis of environmental costs as part of the information provided to decision-makers. According
to Fortes H 2001, since the reports are voluntary basis, it needs a proactive attitude of companies
towards environmental issues. Without rules, standards and regulations there is little homogeneity
and it is difficult to make comparisons between different reports. As a result, the quality of
reporting is not always good and it is difficult for stakeholders to evaluate the information
provided.

3.0 RESEARCH DESIG+ A+D METHODOLOGY

This research are design as a descriptive research where describe the population by
answering three research objective. For research objective one on to investigate the companies
that disclosed information on OSH in the annual report and objective two, to examine the aspects
of OSH information disclosed in the annual report a content analysis were adopted. According to
W. Lawrence Neuman (2003), content analysis is a technique for gathering and analyzing the
content of text. The text is anything written visual or spoken that serves as a medium of
communication.

In addition, for research questions three on to investigate the attributes towards disclosure
of OSH information in the annual report a survey was conducted through distribution of
questionnaires. The total sample size were 304 companies, of which 127 listed under Trading, 39
Listed under Plantation and 148 Under Industrial Product in the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia.

These research focuses on the sample or data set consist of companies from the trading,
plantation and industrial product that was listed in Main board of Bursa Malaysia for the year
2003. Data obtained from content analysis on the social reporting of OSH disclosure in the annual
report for the year 2003 and questionnaires distributed to those companies mentioned above.

In addition to that, a structured questionnaire was developed and distributed for data
collection to the accountant of the companies which are categorised under Trading, Plantation and
Industrial Products Sectors as listed on Main Board of Bursa Malaysia for the year 2003. The
questionnaire has been designed in 2 sections. Section 1 comprise of demographic characteristic
of the respondents. This section provided with the respondent’s background profile. Second
section listed some attributes towards disclosure of OSH information in the annual report. The
respondents rank the significance of the attributes using five point Likert-Scale that is 5 point
indicating ‘strongly agree’ to 1 point.

In order to obtained reliability of the questionnaires a pilot study has been conducted on
10 selected companies from various sectors in the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. Based on the
feedback from these respondents, several modifications were to suit with the need of the research.
These questionnaires later were mailed to the respondent from the sample selected. The total
sample size were 304 companies, of which 127 listed under Trading, 39 Listed under Plantation
and 148 Under Industrial Product. A total of 31 responses were received which represent 10.1% of
the sample size.

Paper number: 3686422


4.0 DATA A+ALYSIS A+D RESULTS
The study covers the social reporting of OSH disclosure in the annual reports for the year
2003. For that particular year, 304 companies were under study. The companies then further
classified according to their sectors namely trading, plantation and industrial products.
4.1 A+ALYSIS FROM THE A++UAL REPORTS

The selected annual reports has been analysed to determine the numbers of companies
disclosed on Occupational Safety and Health. The analysis comprises of 127 companies from
Trading Sector, 39 companies from Plantation and 148 companies from Industrial Sector with a
total of 304 companies.

Table 1: Companies disclosed on Occupational Safety Health

Sector Disclosed +ot Total


Disclosed
+o % +o % +o %

Trading 24 19 103 81 127 100

Plantation 8 21 31 79 39 100

Industrial
Product 23 15.5 125 84.5 148 100

Total 55 18 258 82 304 100

Based on Table 1, the result of the analysis shows that out of 304 companies, only 18% of
the sample size disclosed information Occupational Safety and Health in their Annual Report. Out
of that comprises of 44% from Trading, 15% from Plantation and 41% from the Industrial Product
sector.

Companies disclosed information on Occupational Safety and Health in the annual report
in different areas such as chairman statement, dairy/ calendar, stand alone report, in separate
section for Occupational Safety and Health , operational review and in any other areas.

Paper number: 3686422


Table 2: Location of Occupational Safety Health Disclosed

Sector Chairman Dairy / Stand Separate Operational Others Total


Statement Calendar Alone Section Review
Report
+o % +o % +o % +o % +o % +o % +o %

Trading 7 30.4 - - 3 13 11 48 1 4.3 1 4.3 23 100

Plantation 1 12.5 - - - - 3 37.5 3 37.5 1 12.5 8 100

Industrial 3 14 1 5 1 5 14 67 2 9 - - 21 100
Product

Total 11 21 1 2 4 7.7 28 53.8 6 11.5 2 4 52 100

Based on the study, it was found that 53.85 % of the companies, disclosed Occupational
Safety and Health information in a separate section for Occupational Safety and Health
information or environmental disclosures, 21% in chairman statement, 2% in dairy or calendar of
the year, 7.7% in stand alone report, 11.5% in operational review and 4% in other section. This
gives a total of 94.5% (52 companies) from a total of 55 companies disclosed the Occupational
Safety and Health information in the annual report.The detail was shown in Table 2

Meanwhile, there are three companies disclosed the information on OSH in more than one
section. This represent 5.5% from total of 55 companies disclosed the information inthe annual
report. Bintulu Port Holding Berhad disclosed their OSH in the chairman statement and other
section, Shell Refining Company disclosed in the chairman statement and separate section for
OSH and Meico Chipboard Berhad disclosed in chairman statement, operational review and other
section.

Paper number: 3686422


Table 3 : Aspect of Occupational Safety Health Disclosed

Sector Workplace Health Control on Hazardous Prohibition


safety Management Major Chemical use of
Industrial Managements Substance
Accidents
+o % +o % +o % +o % +o %

Trading 23 42 22 40 13 24 11 20 7 12.5

Plantation 8 14.5 6 11 - - 4 7 1 2

Industrial 21 38 18 33 10 18 7 13 2 3.5
Product

+ot 3 5.5 9 16 32 58 33 60 45 82
disclosed

Total 55 100 55 100 55 100 55 100 55 100

Companies that disclosed the information may include information on workplace safety,
health management, control on major industrial accidents, hazardous chemical management and
prohibition use of substances. These five aspects were listed in the Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA) 1994.The analysis of the annual report shows that, companies had made a
disclosure of information on Occupational Safety and Health almost in all aspect, where
workplace safety and health management is the most popular aspect on Occupational Safety and
Health that has been disclosed. From 55 companies which disclosed information on Occupational
Safety and Health, 94.5% is a disclosure on workplace safety, 84% on health management, 42%
on control on major industrial accidents, 40% on hazardous chemical management and only 18%
on prohibition use of substance. (see Table 3)

Paper number: 3686422


Table 4: Length of Occupational Safety Health disclosed in the Annual Reports

Sector Less 100 Half page 1 page More than 1 Total


words page
+o % +o % +o % +o % +o %

Trading 11 46 1 4 5 21 7 29 24 100

Plantation 4 50 1 12.5 3 37.5 - - 8 100

Industrial
Product 14 61 3 13 3 13 3 13 23 100

Total 29 53 5 9 11 20 10 18 55 100

Table 4 shows that most of the companies (53% out of 55 companies) made a disclosure
of less than 100 words on Occupational Safety and Health information, while the others made a
disclosure of a half page and more than 1 page which are 9% and 18% respectively. This is
consistent with the research done by ACCA in 2002, where in 1999, more than 95% of the
reporting company’s limited environmental information to a page within the annual report. It was
noted that all disclosure were made in the annual report of the companies itself.

4.2 A+ALYSIS FROM THE QUESTIO++AIRES


There are 304 of questionnaires distributed to the Trading, Plantation and Industrial
Product sectors from the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. However, only 32 respondents replied
the questionnaires. The next table shows findings from the questionnaires received.
Table 5 : Companies apply Occupational Safety and Health

Sector Applied +ot Applied


+o % +o %

Trading 12 80% 3 20%

Plantation 3 75% 1 25%

Industrial 12 92% 1 8%
Product

Total 27 84.4% 5 15.6%

From the table, out of 32 respondents, 84.4% apply Occupational Safety and Health in
their companies. There are comprises of 12 companies from Trading, 3 companies from Plantation
and 12 companies from Industrial Product. On the other hand, 15.6% do not apply the
Occupational Safety and Health.

Paper number: 3686422


Generally from the cross tabulation, it was found that regardless of the sector all of the
companies would like to demonstrate their commitment to managing and improving Occupational
Safety and Health within the organization by disclosing Occupational Safety and Health in the
annual report. Trading sector and Plantation sector strongly and generally agreed with four
attributes i.e. to demonstrate the organization measures and compares it’s with Occupational
Safety and Health performance, to demonstrate its achievements in workplace safety and
employee welfare, to show management’s legal and moral responsibility for providing a healthy
and safe workplace and to show leadership in establishing a workplace culture committed to
Occupational Safety and Health as the reasons to disclose Occupational Safety and Health in their
annual report.
From the analysis, mean shows that on average majority of the companies generally
agreed that to demonstrate a commitment and improving Occupational Safety and Health within
the organisation, to demonstrate the organization measures and compares it’s with Occupational
Safety and Health performance, to demonstrate its achievements in workplace safety and
employee welfare, to show management’s legal and moral responsibility for providing a healthy
and safe workplace, to show leadership in establishing a workplace culture committed to
Occupational Safety and Health, to show management’s commitment to achieving best practice in
Occupational Safety and Health , with a focus on continuous improvement and as contribution to
corporate performance are the reasons to disclosed of Occupational Safety and Health in the
annual report.
Even though some of the companies agree that cost, relevant, time expertise and objection
from top management are some of the reasons not to disclose information on Occupational Safety
and Health in the Annual Report but these are not the excuses. It was found that, some of the
companies not taking the disclosure as important because there is no requirement by the Bursa
Malaysia or Securities Commission to disclose on the Occupational Safety and Health.
Meanwhile, the disclosure of Corporate Social Reporting is still on voluntary basis in Malaysia.
Beside the reasons mentioned above some of the companies highlighted that, the nature of
their business requires a minimum safety on workplace and staff and they believe before the
government requires Occupational Safety and Health to be included as an additional in the annual
report, the awareness on the safety and health should be emphasis at all level in each of the
companies in Malaysia.

5.0 CO+CLUSIO+

In Malaysia, Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) were introduced in 1994.
OSHA gives details on the responsibilities of the employers, self-employed persons,
manufacturer, suppliers and employees to ensure the safety and health and welfare of employees
at work. The awareness on the importance of OSH is further demonstrated with the incorporation
of Non-Profit Organizations such as National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) which contribute towards efforts in upgrading OSH in the country.

This study will focus on the social reporting of Trading, Plantation and Industrial
Products Sectors in Malaysia and disclosure of OSH in the annual report in particular. Since the
disclosure of OSH in Malaysia is on voluntary basis, the study would like to determine the
attributes towards the disclosure and perceived benefits of the disclosure.

The selected annual reports have been analyzed to determine the numbers of companies
disclosed on Occupational Safety and Health. Out of 304 companies, 44% from Trading, 15%
from Plantation and 41% from the Industrial Product sector disclosed OSH information. From the
analysis, it was found that 54 % of the companies, disclosed Occupational Safety and Health
information in a separate section for Occupational Safety and Health information or
Paper number: 3686422
environmental disclosures, 21% in chairman statement, 2% in dairy or calendar of the year, 8% in
stand alone report, 11% in operational review and 4% in other section.

The analysis of the annual report shows that, companies had made a disclosure of
information on Occupational Safety and Health almost in all aspect, where workplace safety and
health management is the most popular aspect on Occupational Safety and Health that has been
disclosed.

Based on the questionnaires distributed, 84.4% of the samples apply Occupational Safety and
Health in their companies. It was found that regardless of the sectors, all of the companies would
like to demonstrate their commitment to managing and improving Occupational Safety and Health
within the organization by disclosing Occupational Safety and Health in the annual report.
Trading sector and Plantation sector strongly and generally agreed with four attributes listed in the
questionnaires.

It was found that, some of the companies not taking the disclosure as important because there is
no requirement by the Bursa Malaysia or Securities Commission to disclose on the Occupational
Safety and Health. Meanwhile, the disclosure of Corporate Social Reporting is still on voluntary
basis in Malaysia.

5.1 LIMITATIO+ A+D RECOMME+DATIO+

This study was completed with several limitations. Firstly, the response rate of this study is low.
Out of 304 questionnaires distributed, only 32 companies responded.
Secondly, this study only focuses on three sectors namely trading, plantation and industrial
sector. Others sectors may have different presentation or area to be disclosed base on their
activities. The study excludes other industry that traded in Bursa Malaysia such as manufacturing,
construction, plantation and etc. Therefore, the results could not be used to compare OSH
disclosure of different industries classifications.

Future research on OSH can be further covers several types of industry such as
manufacturing,construction, property, consumer product and etc. By having several types of
industry the results of the research can generalized. Due to the useful of OSH disclosure it is
suggested that similar study to be conducted covering bigger sample size and with involvement of
NIOSH.

.
ACK+OWLEDGEME+T

We are grateful to Allah s.w.t. for giving us courage to complete our research. We sould like to
thank to IRDC for giving us opportunity to conduct this research and provide support in monetary
terms.

The appreciation also extended to Datuk Prof. Madya Dr. Mizan Hitam (UiTM Melaka Campus
Director) and Prof. Madya Dr. Hjh. Hanim Norza Baba (Head of IRDC UiTM Melaka). We
grateful acknowledged the excellence contributions of Prof. Madya Dr. Loo Ern Chen for her
comments and guidance in completing the research.

Finally, we wolud like to acknowledge the encouragement and support from families and friends
that directly or indorectly contributed to the completion of this research.

Paper number: 3686422


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