Verb ta-form + bakari - I have just done something Bangohan o tabeta bakari desu - I have just eaten dinner

indicate a change that has taken place or will take place.become able to, become to Nihon ni kite kara kanji o kakeru ouni narimashita - I have become able to write kanji after I came here. Verb present short form + koto ni naru it has been decided!arranged thatdiscribe certain decision " it has been decided that# I will work in $ok o - $ok o de hataraku koto ni narimashita I can%t possibl ver strong sense of impossiblit &anjo no r ori wa ma'ui node totemo taberaremasen - I can%t possibl eat beause m girlfriend%s cook is nast taste it seems that Nihon-jin wa atama ga ii rashii - It seems that (apanese people are all smart verb te-form +te hajimete for the first time after V nihon ni kite hajimete sushi o tabeta - I ate )ushi for the first time after I came to (apan. Verb negative stem + naide - without doing, instead of doing amari nihon-go o benk o shinaide monku o iu gaijin wa afo da - $he foreigners who complain without stud ing much are asshole - ni otte - depends on... *i ni otte renshu shimasu - I pracrice depending on da

 N, like.. , N, such as Natsu no ouna atsui hi - + hot da like summer Nihon-jin no ouna kakkoii hito - + cool gu like (apanese $he more!less - ,$he more!less ,se conditional form -ba-, short form +hodo $abereba taberu hodo futorimasu - $he more eat, the more u get fat N+ nothing but.. .atashi no kanojo wa beer bakari nonde iru - / 01 drinks nothing but beer ( X Y ) 2 is famous for 3 3 - noun or phrase &abukicho wa hentai de uumei - &abukicho is famous for it%s kink things Nihon-jin wa oku r oko suru no de uumei desu - $he (apanese people are famous for travelling a lot N+ starting with - , including 3ak u o hajime sumo, soccor nado ga nihon de ninki ga aru - In (apan, )tarting with baseball, sumo, socco etc are popular Nihon wa kurma o hajime game, anime,pc etc o ushutsu shiteiru t pe, -ic, -ical Nihon wa rekishiteki na kuni desu -(apan is a histrorical countr . +merica teki na tabemono wa humburger dake desu. + t pical +merican food is just humburger !"(# $ !"% Y is about the only X Igirisu r ori de taberareru no wa fish4chips kurai desu.- +bout the onl food in 5ngland I can eat is fish4chips &' If onl ou do.. Noun sae Verb ba Verb stem + sae sureba Verb te-form+saeireba 6kane sae areba shiawase desu. If onl I have much mone , I am happ

Ne sae sureba genki ni narimasu. If onl

ou sleep, 3ou will be better

Sentence + hodo -" to the e7tent# e7press degree 5igo wa baka demo wakaru hodo kantan desu- 5nglish is so eas that even foolish ppl understand. (( )ituation is unchanged, as it is )hort form + mama /ado o aketa mama nemashita- I slept with the window open sono mama kite- come as ou are )*)* "take the trouble to# " taking the time to do# wa'awa'a rewrite shinakutemo ii desu o. wa'awa'a husband ni r ori o tukueu nowa taihen dakara restaurant ni ikimasho. verb volitional form + to shitara - when I was about to do something 8ekake ou to shitara ame ga futta - .hen I was about to go out, it began to rain tabe ou to shitara teberarera - .hen I was about to eat him, I was eaten + verb ta-form + ta mono da - ,sed to Verb Nihon ni ita toki wa oku onna asobi o shita mono da - I used to pla around girls when I was in (apan 0aikoku ni ita tok verb stem + tate - " something was just done# 3aki tate no akitori wa oishii tsukuri tate no ie , N+gurai - N is the minimum level,degree etc, at least *iragana gurai kakenai gaijin wa komaru *umberger kurai tsukuremasu ' 6n the contrar diet o shisugiru to kaette futoru Nihon-go ga jo'u ni naru to kaette 5igo ga wakuru natta

-. N has its own.atashi ni wa .atashi no kangae ga aru - I have m own idea Nihon ni wa Nihon nari no osa ga aru / Verb sten + ppoi, adj stem + ppoi, noun + ppoi something looks like, someone easil gets negative connotation 6nna ppoi otoko wa kimoi - feminine bo is weird )aikin wasure ppoi - recentl I feel forgetful 0" concerning, about +merica no B)5 ni kansuru mondaui - problem about +merican B)5 )ensou ni kansuru News - news about war (& !"#$%&'()*+,-./ ( 012345601745 89:;/ <=>?@ABC*9DE/ .FG;HD IJ)KALM.6.FGIJ*N;HD 1 2345 6 7 89 &2:5 "2;5 < => &' ? @

 A B) " C D -D EF G H "I2JI5 82K5 9 < Grammar/Categories including type EN GR GR GR GR GR GR GR ad anced ageru amari!( amari!nai atto iu ma au 1akari JP ! + , meaning "d anced #opics to do something &or someone else not really not ery. not much group # ex. checked $ $ $ $ % ' ) */ / / */ % % !* !* % % %

0n a &lash. 1e&ore one kno2s it. in a 1link o& an eye. in no time. $ &lash 1y. ,time- &lies 3m. er14together. mutually 5ust ,5ust recently- / nothing 1ut $ $

GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR

1eki casual Causati e dai darou dasu dashite dashita de. ni. mae dearou dearu douse doushitemo e1a ga suru garu ha!( hakanai ha@u hodo!( hoshii hotondo houga

should do 3ru

$ $ $ $ $

/ % $ 8 *; % *8 ; 8 ; ( *% 8 / ? ' ($ 8 *8 $ )

% % % % % % % !* % !* % % % % % !* !* % !* % %

Casual Patterns Casual Patterns and Slang and Slang !O"! #$% $& make. let ,someone do something6 ,&or casual 7uestionsis. 2ould 1e. pro1a1ly is9 isn:t it6

'()'*+) to pay. to place. to issue. to $ stick out. to put &orth. to ser e. '*, OO& .! .*+/ P0 ( # Q% R 1.!( 2*% 13. ,4 O4.5 time and place prepositions at in on $

0 guess. 2onder. pro1a1ly. isn:t $ it6 #o 1e. is ,&ormal e7ui alent o& $ $ <da=a&ter all9 e entually9 at 1est a1solutely. surely. 1y all means. no matter 2hat. at any cost9 a&ter all i& $ $ $

to a&&ect the senses ,to taste. to smell o&. to &eel like. to gi e $ the sensation o& etc."1 4seems ,o& some1ody else:s emotions > desires:ha ,2a-: used to indicate contrast hopeless. &leeting. transient. &ickle $ $ $

1elie e that it is so9 expect that $ it is so9 it is supposed to 1e so to the extent o&9 to the extent that 49 ,not as- 4 as 4 9 a1out <REA. 1akari9 kurai= N. to 2ant something ,desirati emost o& / rarely ,o&ten it:d 1e 1etter to do BBSuch!and!such an option is something $ $ $ $

GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR

Co2 to 2rite a 6789: Japanese letter ; 5 Jaki ka shira. ka!( kadouka kai. kana kanousei kata kininaru konna koto ni naru kotonisuru kurai. gurai kureru madeni maeni mama marude BBBBBBB no you na mitai morau na na!( naa <S *=> # . %> #@ ABC !5 S@ D3@ D@ D( E=%)F= % ,GEH ,TH -

Grammar points &or 2riting in $ Japanese Dalice. 1ad &eeling 0 2onder i&...?" type o& 7uestion mark2hether. the 7uestion o& ,su1 sentence 7uestion2hether. i& ," type o& 7uestion mark0 2onder.. ,Eased on 7uestion particle.Existence o& possi1ility ho2 to BBBBB. 2ay to BBBBB. thinking a1out. concerned a1out. 2orried a1out such9 this9 like this9 such.....as this9 o& this kind it has 1een decided/arranged that Fecide to do something to the extent that9 so 4 that 4 almost 49 at least9 the only 49 rather than 4 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

% % % ) ** % ; ; $ $ *' ( ( ) *( * $ ) % ? *( $ ) ;

% % % % % % % % % % !* % % % % % * % % % !* % % %

to gi e me. to do &or me. 0 2as $ gi en 1y BB<day. date. time. etc.=BB 1e&ore <action= as it is. lea e as it is. ,remainunchanged $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

BBBBB 5ust like. alike to. I@ J,% K #@ #@ @)@#) looks like ha e someone do something &or you ,particle used LMN na! ad5ecti es3ru. ,negati e command ! sentence ending particle"dds emphasis ! sentence

@ GR GR nado naka. ue. shita. etc. nakere1a narimasen nanoni nara naru nasai nashi nihanshite nikagitte nikui ninaru nisuru!( nitotte nitsuite no da no!( no!$ noni!( passi e polite rashii saseru #@. #O)# )#P) @. @QH@ !3 #@ @= @ @"% @* R*+ S+ E% @ ( + T%+ $ # # #HO#= H UUV*% =*% "!

ending particle9 Emphasi@es personal desires and etc. $ ; / % %

#alking a1out relati e location $ o& an o15ect must BBBB9 really should BBBBB9 it 2on:t do i& you don:t $ BBBB. 1ut. although ,contrast. surprisingi& $ $

GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR

( (* *% ( ; ( (( *; ; 8 ( *) *; ( 8 *$ ; *% % ) '

% % % % % % % % % !* % !* !( % % % % !* % % %

Gsed much like the @ o& na! $ ad5ecti es ! some2hat archaic. 0n&ormal 0mperati e ,re7uest &orm2ithout against. contrary to $ $ $

o& all the ... / especially / only / $ 5ust 0s di&&cult to do #o 1ecome #o decide on. to choose to9 &or regarding. a1out explanation $ $ $ $ $ $

#urn a phrase ending in a er1 $ into a :noun phrase: 6 ,sentence ending particle ! 7uestion- <H= in order to. to passi e er1 ending $ $ $

Polite Horm and 3er1 Stems $ ?#()#( seem. look like. apparently. 0 heard make. let someone do something $ $

GR GR GR

sekkaku shi shimau

!E * * ,WX OYOZ #hings that should 1e a certain 2ay ( O1 \%O* @QH@= @% Sho2ing signs o& something

2ith e&&ort and 3te. ,Fe&initely. completely <o&ten to ones regret= do 3-

$ $ $

; / $

% % %

GR

should

#hings that should 1e a certain 2ay ?[) )E) $ =[

GR

should do/1etter to/ought to/ha e to

you should

GR

signs

Sho2ing signs o& something ?#))#] E 3arious 2ays to express similarity and hearsay?I )#J,%)#`)# `$)#=*%)#a % Setexpressions or phrases 3m. Aooks like 0 hear that too9 too much9 excessi ely 3m. 2anting to do BBB 0n order to. 1ecause o&. &or i&. 2hen , er1 &ormdoing things like 3+ing ,< er1=!te. connects t2o sentences-

GR

similar

^_

GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR

Sonomama no koto1a sou sou!( sugiru tai tame tara tari suru &orm te tearu

` b ` ` (c ,% V ,= , ( &orm #+

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

; / ? ** 8 ) *; ' *% 8

% % % % % % % % % %

++ ,+ 3te something has 1een dO+- purposely put into a state ++%Q @% ,+e Qf%you shouldn:t. one should not

GR

tehaikenai

*8

!*

GR

teiru

3te ,Continuing states. ++% ,+ experience. repetati e e ents-/ $ gdoing currently

GR GR GR

tekuru temiru tendency

++E ,+ 3te go. do something. and return W++J ,+ to try ,outh#endencies #endencies ?#i)#T T) =%

$ $ $

8 8 %

% % %

GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR

teshimau to to douyou toiukotodesune toki tokoro tokoro de toomou totemo 4 nai totomoni tsumoridatta tsu@ukeru er1 stem + dasu/dashita 2a 2ake 2o!( 2o!$ 2okiita yasui yatto yo

++* 2ind up BBBBing. end up ,+WXO+ BBBing. &inish BBBBing YO+Z# jX %D (k ,l m(k#n D& D& ,o OYpqr +/#@% s t/$, ZQ 4'( #u [ #v #v vz%, {(% { #I ,on 2hen- doing. i& the same 2ay as. as 2ell as your message is that ... 2hen place. time. occasion 1y the 2ay 0 think 0 2ill ,doCanIt possi1ly

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

*$ ' * * $ ; ? *% ( *% ' ) ? $ *( 8 8 ** / $ 8

!* % % % * % % !* % !* !* !* % !* % % % % !* !* %

as 2ell as9 2ith9 along 2ith9 at $ the same time9 2hen9 as9 2hile 0 had the intention to do ,1ut 0 didn:tkeep on doing ... 1egin/start... ,adds emphasis- <&emale= meaning9 reason9 circumstances area passed through ,wxy,marks point o& departure- ' \y 0 heard easy to 3 &inally J ,exclamation mark. add emphasis. denote ne2 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

in&ormation 1eing impartedGR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR GR yori yori!( yotei you youniiu youninaru youtosuru youtosuru. part 00 @uni 4tokoro ,daI I | I I I@ #I( #}( [ #D&,$,o$OY$than. rather than more BBBB 1e planning to do4 appearance. looks. seems 3. #o say to ,do something0ndicates a change 2hich has taken place or 2ill take place. #ry to do something. 1ut the nuance is that it 2as unsuccess&ul. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ) $ $ 8 ; ? $ $ ( ? % % % % % % % % % %

" oluntary action stopped 5ust $ 1e&ore 1eing completed 2ithout 0 am a1out to / 0 2as a1out to $ $

~1I
" is more than E

/3(=
1ecause

i
2hile a condition holds

S @
1e concerned a1out K

S vTQ
to 1e care&ul o& K

.*+/
no matter 2hat

T%
accidentally

uu
to go out o& one:s 2ay

v *,=
2hen 0 2as a1out to 3

+E=%$
K to the extent L

,+
S# 5ust done

&E#@%
not enough

!%
perhaps 1ecause

+=3@"%
try 3!ing

#*,D@%
nothing can 1e 1etter than 4

rI
as one 2ishes

#i
to tend to 4

,=
dis1elie& marking topic sentence

Ia.
really

#%@%
it must 1e

"(
as may 1e expected

@3+
things like 4

/
although

`H*+/
e en so

#S
as &ar as9 as long as

] 6I
almost e eryday

!%%
at most

@=
although

+
on the contrary

I@
to 1ecome like

5%%(
it is 1etter to

@E+%Q!3
must

+J
try

@=
contrast

*
reason

#+*
sense o& regret

,=
i&

#
2hene er ". E.

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t2o 3 at same time

`(
looks like

?%`(
0 hear

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2ithout doing

2ithin "

~
i&

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despite "

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like

5
2ay o& 3ing

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0 think it is the case that

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one is more 4 than the other

*+
as

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due to

1.
to the extent o& S*

as it is

T
in other 2ords

+/
undenia1ly

%D
the interesting thing is

{
as expected

other than 4

w%3 N
stereotyped

@3 manage
to do

,3%+/
a&ter all

I1.
unless

#
2hen !ing

^ Q
is connected to

A, B I
like " or E

+)*/
on top o& 4

xc@%
1e nothing 1ut

/
together 2ith 4

O
in the middle o&

# A *+ B
it is not only " 1ut E

#(H
gi en that

T@
is connected to

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not ery

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originally

#}Q N
at

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according to

#%uQ$
it means that 4

# _ *+
as opposed to 4

TT
in the process o&

#=%+
5udging &rom 4

#D@
it means that 4