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second edition
March 2010
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Contents
Historical General Rules Map showing Regions A & B background Principles of the System 3 5 8
12 & 13
Maritime Contents
Buoyage System
01
International
--61Bf:::c?
~
HistoricaL Background
PRIOR TO 1976
There was once more than thirty different buoyage systems
systems
in use world-wide,
many of these
conflict
with one another. over the way In since using they first In 19th century.
has long been disagreement buoy lights should countries be used favoured towards some the port the end of the
favoured them for marking Another major difference principles the mariner. starboard
hand.
of opinion revolved around the adopted the principle according of to At the end of World War II many countries urgently. to suit found of In the were local
the Lateral system whereby marks indicate the port and sides of the route to be followed of Cardinal some agreed direction. dangers are marked where the danger However, several countries also their aids to navigation restoration absence adopted conditions on a of of anything with or destroyed better, without conflicting and the process
favoured using the principle laid out in the quadrants system being particularly
by one or more buoys or beacons of the compass lies in relation to the mark,
the Lateral buoyage direction The nearest approach unified system 1936. This Agreement, the League of Nations, outbreak separated of World the use of either Cardinal
wide and sometimes to international of buoyage was reached was never ratified The Agreement marks or Lateral systems. at Geneva in In 1957 the, the then,
Authorities goals
in order
War II.
technical
to bring
marking.
impetus
was
of the
03
International
Association
Committee,
by a series
of
disastrous scheme,
the need for co-operation tries and with Hydrographic of the new System.
between neighbouring
coun-
in the Dover Strait area in 1971. These wrecks, in one lane of a traffic by mariners. separation to mark them in a way that could be
FROM 2010
There were three basic issues to address: i) ii] the need to retain possible existing equipment as far as Although in the the 1970s, Maritime after the Buoyage 2006 System IALA [MBS) has in to avoid undue expense green and red rules. channels served the maritime Shanghai, further To meet the conflicting using the colour channels the starboard requirements, it was thought two systems, one Worldwide principles well consultation revealed that the fundamental be retained. However, practices and patterns, as developments, of the MBS should community well since its inception Conference
the need to define how the colours were to be used when marking Lateral
China, it was decided to review the system in in the navigation of electronic environment and the aids to navigation.
and Cardinal
light of changes
development
red to mark the port hand side of the using the colour of channels. red to mark These were side
due to changes in navigation as innovations some enhancements Ideally, principle, Members the aim towards through consistent a unified
and technological
called System A and System B, respectively. The rules for System A. which and lateral System gradually by the International was spread Maritime in throughout included both cardinal [IMO) The its use has New
to the MBS were needed. marking arrangement would, detrimental However, safety, can with advances such as In
be desirable
Australia,
be achieved
characteristics, on port
and starboard
FROM 1980
The rules for System These were considered North, Central Korea and Philippines. The rules for the two Systems were so similar IALA Executive two sets Maritime allows regions Committee into System". Authorities of rules Buoyage Lighthouse one, known that the the IALA B were completed to be suitable in early 1980. in of
hand marks
regardless
of region. in the 2010 revision are used for marking additional to the This is aimed at of aids to navithe Emergency of other marks will aids to radio the are
The most significant the inclusion recommended buoyage system providing gation Wreck and
changes that
description It includes
for the
being known as Region A and Region B. convened by IALA in November the [IHOl. 1980
e-Navigation
concept
by this booklet. Buoyage System will continue anywhere in the world, fear of without
assistance
of IMO and
Thus, the IALA Maritime to help all Mariners, to fix their ambiguity, Continuity Marking authorities. position
navigating
International
Organisations System.
now and for the years to come. and harmonization of Aids to Navigation by all competent maritime
buoyage regions were also decided and illustrated map annexed to the rules. The Conference
underlined
Maritime Historical
04
----------------------------------------~~
The responsibility for safe navigation resides with the mariner, through the appropriate use of aids to navigation in conjunction with official nautical documents and prudent seamanship, including voyage planning as defined in IMO Resolutions. This booklet provides guidance on the Maritime Buoyage System and other aids to navigation for all users. The IALA Aids to Navigation system has two components: The Maritime Buoyage System and other aids to navigation comprised of fixed and floating devices. This is primarily a physical system, however all of the marks may be complemented by electronic means. Within the Maritime Buoyage System there are six types of marks, which may be used alone or in combination. The mariner can distinguish between these marks by identifiable characteristics. Lateral marks differ between Buoyage Regions A and B, as described below, whereas the other five types of marks are common to both regions. These marks are described below:
LATERAL MARKS
Following buoyaqe. denote the sense lateral the port of a 'conventional in Region starboard direction of An aide-memoire regarding the black bandlsl: to their
Cardinal colouring
marks and
A utilize sides
red and
the top-marks
as pointers
[refer to section
However, in Region B [refer to section 2.5) are reversed with red to starboard and
North:
Top-marks pointing upward: band; black band above yellow
lateral that
mark divides
may
be
used
at route
the or
South:
Top-marks pointing downward: black band below yellow band;
to distinguish by the
the precompetent
is so designated
East: Top-marks
pointing
CARDINAL MARKS
Cardinal marks indicate that the deepest water for example, The mariner consult a North in the mark but
area lies to the named side of the mark. is necessary even though water may have navigable safe further Cardinal normally to the North,
This convention
West: Top-marks
pointing
towards
each other:
marks also have a special system of flashing The rhythms are basically phase. all
but shall
lights. lengths
"very
into
but broken
"Very quick
flashing" is defined as a light flashing at a rate of either 120 or 100 flashes per minute, "quick flashing" is a light flashing at either 60 or 50 flashes per
minute.
05
International
Association
lights,
occulting,
one
feature
publication. suitable
to mark channels
"X" top-mark,
avoid the possibility of three, six, nine is easily remembered it with a clock face. The long Their shape will marks. located cylindrical be lettered of not less than that three be flashes cannot
of confusion
white in poor visibility, the yellow lights of Special marks The concept when flash, defined 2 seconds, or nine mistaken "very do not have any of the rhythms not conflict used for white lights. with that of navigational that a special Special marks buoy may may be one associates is merely quick" for six.
to ensure
for example,
and may also include the use their purpose using the IHO
It will be observed that two other marks use white lights; Isolated Danger marks and Safe Water marks. Each has a distinctive light rhythm that cannot be confused with the very quick or quick flashing light of the Cardinal marks.
of a pictogram symbology
where appropriate.
.
hazards, in the be
are
newly
discovered
or man-made,
that may not yet be shown and publications, promulgated, and until should
danger that has navigable water all around it. Because the extent of the danger and the safe passing distance cannot be specified and nautical Marks red for all circumstances for with Group in which this the chart Isolated broad black marks mark may be used, the mariner publications are black and bands. Danger horizontal spherical lights, serve shall consult guidance. one or double Danger
information by:
sufficiently
marking or equally
using
appropriate
marks
Isolated
Danger marks.
more
Distinctive Isolated
Wreck Marking
Buoy [EWMB)
top-marks marks.
flashing
[2) white If the competent authority considers the risk to navigation to be especially be duplicated. high at least one of the marks should
to distinguish
from Cardinal
vertical/perpendicular
yellow
a blue and yellow alternating of a new danger Morse "0" may include identification
appearance
buoys.
radio
alternatively
and a single
Maritime Marks
Buoyage System
06
---~
Marking of a new danger may be discontinued appropriate information competent concerning Authority is the "New Danger"
Leading with
satisfied
precision
ficiently promulgated
light may used. aids include lightvessels, intended light floats to mark
OTHER MARKS
Other lights, marks. navigation regarding Marks leading These include visual limits beacons and/or lighthouses, marks are beacons, intended sector to aid Auxiliary assist include Lighthouses, different and other aids of lesser usually indicate ranges are fixed aids to navigation colours rhythms that may display over designated Marks navigation of defined are those or other marks used to These that are do not provide information. significance and otherwise lines, major floating aids, and auxiliary not necessarily Major floating and large approaches navigational buoys
as information channel
to mariners, or obstructions.
the port and starboard as well for navigational Harbour lights, Marks traffic
to be followed information
arcs. Beacons may also be unlighted. Sector rhythms lights display different arcs. information colours and/or
over designated
Port
or
as
bridge
waterways
aids to navigation
in section 8.71
Vn
SOlAS
CHAP.iT1ER ",
13 - C.onsolidated
- I I
Regulation
and necessary,
or in co-operation
and the degree of risk requires. possible uniformity in aids to navigation, such aids. relating adversely notice
2.
3.
Contracting
Governments
to all concerned.
Changes in
Recommendations
and guidelines
Buoyage System.
07
International
Association
~~----------------------------
RULES
1.GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The Maritime navigation floating Buoyage System that and other apply to all aids to fixed, provide rules
where
and electronic
1.2.3 Isolated
dangers
isolated
1.1.1 The latera llim its of navigable chan nels. 1.1.2 Natural
dangers and other obstructions
of limited
such as wrecks.
IS
1.1.3 Landfall.
features
position,
to
The Maritime
Buoyage
the following
used in conjunction
direction
for marks
of
well indicate
buoyaqe",
starboard
of the may
route
and/or light
a channel route.
1.3.3 By electronic
complement
e.g. as a
between
in MBS Sections
1.3.4 By electronic
symbology
solely.
D
I--
I-
Maritime Rules
Buoyage System
08
2.3
General Rules for Lateral 2.3.1 Colour The colour Sections 2.3.2 Shapes Lateral conical marks shape. should of lateral
Marks
in appropriate
and documents,
marks
must
comply In
a harbour,
from seaward,
determined countries.
by the
be of cylindrical
and
authority should
However, where they do not shape for identification, practicable, carry the where
or lettering
2.2
Buoyage Regions 2.2.1 There are two international divisions Buoyage marks differ. of these map on Regions A and B, where lateral The current the centrefold geographical
If marks at the sides of a channel are numbered or lettered, shall follow the buoyaqe protocol numbers the numbering 'conventional lateral or lettering direction of The
from seaward.
should be 'even
2.3.4 Synchronisation If appropriate, synchronised lights [all flash lights [flash of both
or a combination
o
09
International of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Association Authorities
2.4
Description
of Lateral
Colour Shape of buoy Topmark (if any) Light (when fitted) Colour Rhythm
wZ
4:1-
l?Q
>-u Ow ~a::
!Do
2.4.2 Starboard
hand Marks
2.4.3
a channel divides, when proceeding in the "conventional direction of buoyaqe." may be indicated by a modified Port or Starboard lateral mark as follows:
2.4.3.1 Colour Shape of buoy Topmark (if any) Light (when fitted)
wZ
>-u Ow ~a::
4:1-
l?Q
!Do
Preferred
channel
to Starboard
2.4.3.2
Preferred
channel
to Port
Red with one broad green horizontal Cylindricalleanl. pillar or spar Single red cylinder lean)
band
Green with one broad red horizontal Conical, pillar or spar Single green cone, point upward
band
Colour
Rhythm
Maritime Marks
Buoyage System
10
----~
2.5
Description
of Lateral
WZ l?Q
f-
2.5.1 Port hand Marks Colour Shape of buoy Topmark (if any) Light (when fitted) Colour Rhythm Green Any, other than that described in section 2.5.3. Green Cylindrical lcanl, pillar or spar
hand Marks
2.5.3
a channel
divides.
when
proceeding
direction
of buoyaqe.'
may be indicated
by a modified
Port or Starboard
mark as follows:
2.5.3.1 Colour Shape of buoy Topmark (if any) Light (when fitted) Colour Rhythm Green
Green with one broad red horizontal Cylindrical lcanl, pillar or spar
Red with one broad green horizontal Conical, pillar or spar Single red cone, point upward
Icanl
11
Association Authorities
IALA/AISM MARITI
Buoyage R
140W 100W
sow
20W
60'N
,r
55N
0
Q)
~
0
.~
Q) 3O'N
-.
io
B
100N
C')
io
5N
o
30'S
B A
0
~
0 C\J r-
B
...
~
0
0 C\J
so'S
180
140W
100W
sow
20W
Information
believed
Not to be used for navigation Users should consult current nautical publications for latest status
E BUOYAGE SYSTEM
gions A and B
2O'E 6O'E 100'E 140'E 180'
A
C Q) 30'N
cu o
1------J----+----~~-_+_-____7_---~~_t=__J:_j~~;:__+__-----+0
A
~-_4+-~~---~-----_+--~-~~-~~-~-+~~
A
~--+------~-----_+-----~f__-----+60~
20'E
60'E
100'E
140'E
180'
_ _
RegionA RegionS
~f-------
L~.~ .. ~~.RDINAL
MARKS
and marks NW-NE, NE-SE, SE-SW, and
SW-NW, taken from the point of interest. 3.1.1 A Cardinal mark is named after the quadrant mark indicates in which it is placed be passed to the named side of the mark.
that it should
3.2 Use of Cardinal Marks A Cardinal mark may be used, for example: that the deepest water in that area is on the named side of the mark.
the safe side on which to pass a danger. to a feature in a channel such as a bend, a junction, before establishing a bifurcation or the end of a shoal. marks in a water-
authorities
should consider
carefully
way or area as this can lead to confusion, 3.3 Description of Cardinal Marks
characteristics.
Mark
Mark
Toprnark'"
CoLour Shape of buoys Light (when fitted) CoLour Rhythm
2 black cones, one above the other, points upward Black above yellow Pillar or spar
2 black cones, one above the other, base to base Black with a single broad horizontal yellow band Pillar or spar
White VQ or Q
Mark
Mark
Toprnark'"
CoLour Shape of buoys Light (when fitted) CoLour Rhythm
2 black cones, one above the other, points downward Yellow above black Pillar or spar
2 black cones, one above the other, point to point Yellow with a single broad horizontal black band Pillar or spar
White VQ(6] + Long flash every 10s or Q(6] + Long flash every 15s
is a very important
Note
1.1 :
feature of every Cardinal mark by day, and should be used wherever between the cones.
Maritime Marks
Buoyage System
14
----~
NW
111111111111111111111111111111111
NE
111111111
POINT OF INTEREST
!H
III III III
!"
III
HHH!H
111111111
HHH!!!
SW
SE
15
International
Association
~~-----------------------------------------
MARKS
4.1 Definition An isolated of IsoLated Danger
Marks on, or danger which has 5.1 Definition Safe Water
oA
of Safe Water marks Danger mark is a mark erected it. moored on or above, an isolated navigable water all around mark may also port entrance, or estuary The light rhythm 4.2 Description of IsoLated Danger Marks 5.2 Description Description CoLour Black with one or more broad horizontal red bands Optional, but not conflicting with lateral marks; pillar or spar preferred Two black spheres, one above the other Colour Shape of buoy
Marks
serve to indicate
navigable water all round the mark. centre line marks and mid-channel be used to
indicate
approach,
Description Red and white vertical stripes Spherical; pillar or spar with spherical top mark Single red sphere
Shape of buoy
Top-mark Top-mark
101
(if any)
Light (when fitted) Colour White Isophase, occulting, one long flash every 10s or Morse 'K
Rhythm
Note
101 :
The double sphere topmark is a very important feature of every Isolated Danger mark by day, and should be used wherever practicable and be as large as possible with a clear separation between the spheres.
16
----------------------------------------~~
...................
: 6. SPECIAL MARKS
of Special Marks a special area or feature from mark marks reference They are channels are more may be apparent nautical intended where to other
/ ( 'I
to a chart
publication.
obstructions
l,~
6.2 Description
j
of Special Marks
suitable. Some examples 6.1.1 marks. 6.1.2 Traffic separation marks where use of conventional channel marking confusion. 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 6.1.8 Spoil Ground marks. Military exercise zone marks. marks. may cause Colour Shape of buoy of uses of Special Marks Systems [ODASi Description Yellow Optional. but not conflicting with lateral marks Single yellow "X" shape
Top-mark (if any) Light (when fitted) Colour areas renewable Pictogram Rhythm
Yellow Any. other than those reserved for cardinal. isolated danger and safe water marks. The use of pictograms is authorized. as defined by a competent authority.
such as offshore
i..!..~ ...~~RKING
discovered documents. occurring
NEW DANGERS
is used to describe yet such shown include newly
7.1 Definition of New Dangers The term "New Danger" hazards 'New obstructions not in nautical naturally or
Dangers' dangers
as sandbanks
rocks or man-made
such as wrecks.
7.2 Marking of New Dangers 7.2.1 'New Dangers' using Lateral, Buoy. should Cardinal, be appropriately Isolated considers marked Danger marks the risk to
or by using the Emergency If the Authority should navigation the marks 7.2.2 to be especially
be duplicated.
If using a Lateral lighted mark for this purpose a VQ or Q light character shall be used.
7.2.3
to its
7.2.4
7.2.5
identification
or in addition to physical Aids to Navigation. 7.2.7 The marking information otherwise of the new danger may be removed Authority is satisfied that concerning resolved. the "New Danger" or the danger
promulgated
7.3 Description
Description Blue/Yellow vertical stripes in equal number dimensions [minimum 4 stripes and maximum 8J Pillar or spar Vertical/perpendicular Yellow cross
Colour
Yellow/blue
alternating
Rhythm
One second of blue light and one second of yellow light with 0.5 sec. of darkness between
Maritime Marks
Buoyage System
18
-------------------------------------------~
8.1.1
Definition of Leading Lines/Ranges A group of two or more marks in the same vertical navigator same bearing. can follow the leading or lights, line on the
8.2.1
Definition of Sector Lights A sector light is a fixed aid to navigation that displays and/or a light of different over designated colours arcs. The rhythms
8.1.2
Description Leading
Line structures
Description of Sector Lights A sector light may be used: To provide directional information in a fairway; To indicate navigational To provide that should a turning point, a junction with other channels, a hazard or other items of on hazard directional areas light
Description No colour significance. Competent authority determines the optimum colours to contrast with the dominant background colour at the location No shape significance. Rectangular or triangular are recommended. figures Colour Shape Any colour. Competent authority determines the optimum colour to contrast with the dominant back ground colour at the location. Any, however fixed characteristics should be used sparingly and the use of synchronisation can assist in the overcoming background light Light
.In some
cases a single
Colour
may be used.
Shape
Colour
Colour Rhythm
If using to mark channel limits follow convention for IALA region indicated in Section 2. Lights may have oscillating boundaries As appropriate
Rhythm
19
International
Association
~~-----------------------------------------
8.3 Lighthouses
8.4 Beacons
8.3.1
Definition of a Lighthouse A lighthouse geographical is a tower, or substantial erected at a designated to carry a signal light daymark. It range light for location
8.4.1
Definition of a Beacon A fixed man-made be recognised topmark, tion of these. navigation mark that can or a combina-
building or structure,
or light character,
and provides a significant provides a long or medium identification 8.3.2 Description by night.
8.4.2
Description of a Beacon
e Can
for other AtoN navigation. by day. A
carry
a signal a light
of a Lighthouse
is termed beacon;
such as DGNSS, Racon or AIS as an Aid to to assist marine is a structure for identification that may provide
provides
or conspicuous
radar mark;
Description Description Colour Colour/Shape Lighthouse structures can be of any colour, shape, or material generally designed to provide a distinctive daymark. Shape Topmark (if any) Any As appropriate, mark As appropriate including cardinal
Light Colour Rhythm White, Red, or Green Any number of flashes, isophase or occulting or as appropriate, to allow light to be readily identifiable.
Maritime Marks
Buoyage System
20
8.6 Auxiliary
Marks
8.5.1
Definition of Major Floating Aids Major floating aids include lightvessels, buoys.
INFORMATION OPTIONAL
of Major Floating Aids aids are generally intended deployed 8.6.1 Definition of Auxiliary Marks Minor aids that have not been previously
locations, traffic
from offshore
areas, where
described.
concentrations
for other Aids to Description of Auxiliary Marks These marks are usually outside of defined channels and generally or obstructions do not indicate the to be avoided. port and starboard followed - predominantly red They also include convey information safety. other navigational promulgated and documents. within
:
sides of the route to be those marks used to related to navigation marks and shall be nautical charts be mark is available
.
Light (when fitted) including off station lights Colour Rhythm As appropriate As appropriate
Marks Local Aids to Navigation of: signals; may include, but not be
should be careful to take account of any local measures that may be in place and will often or by-laws. first time, of local Before mariners marking
restricted
to, marking
breakwaters,
make
themselves
aware
leisure areas. and other rivers, channels, canals, locks and waterways marked within the responsibilities of competent authorities.
arrangements.
AND GUIDELINES
provide information on planning, operating, managing, and implementing at: www.iala-aism.org.
1.
21
Association Authorities
J.
Racon 0
-"1..
New Wreck
::1.
REGION A - by d ay
~
M Raritime eqron A
Buoyage System
22
Racon 0
---1...
New Wreck
:0..
REGION B - by day
Preferred Channel Secondary Channel
-+ -+
23
Maritime
BUOya-~-~--~~~;~~Region B