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Coherent radiation
If radiations emitted from sources are identical in frequencies, amplitudes & are always in phase( or at least in const. phase) with each other , then the radiation is called coherent radiation. -To produce the regular diffraction patterns(Light/Dark) coherent radiation is necessary. -If the first slit in the Exp. is very narrow , then the radiation reaching the second slits are originating from the same small region of the source. -Hence the radiations emitted from the two slits are coherent.(though source may be random type) -If two individual tungsten lamps are used as sources for the two slits, then the sharp difference between light & dark patterns disappears. -It is because of incoherent character of filament sources. -A beam produced by these source is not the trains of infinite length but a series of wave trains length of few meters only( lasts for 10-8s) -The result is a more or less uniform illumination of the screen. -It is because the two lamps are sources of incoherent radiation.

Sources of coherent radiation:

-These are to produce electromagnetic radiation in the form of trains with essentially infinite length & constant frequency. e.g., radio frequency oscillator, microwave sources, optical lasers. -If a coherent radiation source is available, the first slit in Thomas youngs Expt. not required. -Various mechanical sources: A two-pronged vibrating tapper in a water-containing ripple tank(produces mechanical analog of coherent radiation).

Transmission of Radiation
-The rate of propagation of a radiation through a transparent medium depends upon the atoms , ions or molecules in medium. -The rate of propagation of the radiation through the substance is less than that its velocity in vacuum.

Interaction of radiation with the matter

Refractive index ni = c vi

A measure of interaction of radiation with matter.

Where, ni = RI at a specified frequency(i) vi = Velocity of the radiation in the medium. c= vacuum. -RI for most liquids : 1.3 1.8 solids : 1.3 - 2.5 or higher for solids. -If frequency change of radiation is not observed No permanent energy transfer .

-Refractive index of a substance changes with wavelength. (But c is independent of wavelength)

Dispersion:
The variation of RI of a substance with wavelength or frequency of radiation is called its dispersion.

Types of dispersion: 1.Normal dispersion: Gradual increase in RI with increasing frequency/decreasing WL. 2.Abnormal dispersion: Sharp change in RI. -Abnormal dispersion is because of permanent transfer of energy from radiation to the substance.

At the natural harmonic frequency of the parts of molecule, atoms or ions Energy from the radiation is absorbed(permanent transfer of energy)

Refraction of Radiation:
When a radiation is incident on a plane surface separating two different media, the initial direction of the radiation changed while it passes through the second medium. -This bending of the radiation when it travels from one to the other media is called Refraction. -The two media have different densities, hence the difference in velocity causes the bending of radiation.

-When the beam passes from a less dense to a more dense environment, the bending is toward the normal. -Snells law (Extent of refraction): Sin1 = n2 = v1 Sin2 n1 v2 -If M1 is vacuum, v1 is equal to c, and n1 is unity.

Upon rearrangement: (n2)vac= (Sin1)vac Sin2 -Refractive indexes of M2 can then be computed from measurements of (1)vac & 2. -The RI is generally measured in air, hence (n2)air = (Sin1)air Sin2 -The conversion relation for RI measured in air into RI into Vac. Or vice versa. nvac= 1.00027nair -For a beam that enters an interface at right angles, the fraction reflected is given by: Ir = (n2 n1)2 I0 (n2+ n1 ) 2 Where, I0 is the intensity of the incident beam & Ir is the reflected intensity: n1 and n2 are the refractive indexes of the two media.

Reflection of Radiation
-When a radiation crosses interface between two media differing in refractive index, reflection always occurs. -The fraction of reflected radiation becomes greater with increasing differences in refractive index. Reflective losses at the polished glass or quartz surface: -It increases slightly as the angle of the incident beam increases up to 600 . -Beyond this increases rapidly to 100% at 900.

Polarization of radiation
Isolation of net electric vector vibrating in a single plane from randomly oriented planes of natural light results linearly polarized light(radiation). -Ordinary radiation consists of a bundle of EM waves. -The vibrations are equally distributed among a huge number of planes.

-The planes are centered along the path of the beam.

-The vector of any one plane(e.g XY) or all the planes of a beam of monochromatic radiation can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components AB & CD. -Removal of one of the two resultant planes of vibration produces a plane polarized beam vibrating in a single plane. (Nicol prism is used)

Sources of PP radiation:
i)Radio waves coming from an antenna. ii)Microwaves produced by a klystron tube. (Used as an amplifier for high frequencies) iii)Visible or UV radiation from the relaxation of a single excited atom or molecule. Production of polarised UV/Vis. radiation: -Polarised UV/Vis. radiation is produced by a passage of radiation through media. -The media selectively absorb, reflect, or refract the radiation that vibrates in only one plane.