1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Abstract The most important problem the world faces today is the unprecedented use of fossil fuels, because the fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel have become one of the essential requirements for human beings. These fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy source so one day in the near future we will face a situation in which we dont have even a few liters of these fossil fuels and at the same time the use of these fossil fuels also causes extremely harmful effects to the environment. To prevent this situation from occurring we have to think of new fuel resources and ways of using the fossil fuels in a controlled manner and as low as possible in consumption. In this concept we use Oxyhydrogen or Brown gas a gaseous mixture of oxygen hydrogen in the form 2 molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen to reduce fuel consumption. This gas is capable of burning at a very high rate producing great thermal energy. If this oxyhydrogen mixture is aspirated into an IC engine, it burns along with the fuel air mixture and is capable of burning at a higher and faster rate than just fuel air mixture. This oxyhydrogen is also capable of increasing the life time of an automobile engine. Thus aspirating an engine with oxy hydrogen we will be capable of achieving a good increase in fuel efficiency. Let us see about the properties of this gas in this journal.

2. PROJECT SCOPE

This concept of Oxyhydrogen aspiration can be implemented on any IC engine and can be used with any kind of fuel. Whatever the fuel is used the work of the Oxyhydrogen gas is to increase combustion efficiency thus reducing the use of fuel. This kind of aspiration can be used even in power generators that use diesel to generate power. Use of Oxyhydrogen aspiration in generators reduces the use of diesel so more energy can be generated for a given amount of fuel. In the case of aircraft engines such as turboprop and turbojet engines, the concept of Oxyhydrogen can be used, provided the required alterations are made to the composition of the fuel and the fuel intake systems. Since it does not require any large alterations in engine

structures and dimensions the only alterations are with the fuel inlet systems, so this concept can be used in all kinds of Internal combustion engines whosesoever it may be used. Oxy hydrogen is also used gas welding as it is highly combustible. Oxyhydrogen gas obtained from the Oxyhydrogen generator must be filled up in a container and must be pressurized for this welding process.

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

a. Features: By using oxy hydrogen aspirated engines it possible to reduce the use of fuel to a great extent thus the environment can be kept greener for a long period of time. Some of the disadvantages of using conventional IC engines over the use of Oxyhydrogen aspirated IC engines are as follows: b. Environmental aspects: Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some soot also called particulate matter (PM). The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some un-combusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio.

Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in
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diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon monoxide (CO). Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants. Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx is hazardous to both plant and animal health, and leads to the production of ozone (O3). Ozone is not emitted directly; rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of NO"x" and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. Though the same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not be confused with stratospheric ozone, or the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain. In comparison to the effects of a normal IC engine as discussed above, the oxyhydrogen aspirated IC engine will be capable of using only 40% to 50% of fuel consumption than a normal engine so the effects of emission from the IC engines will also be reduced to 50%. 4. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Salt water being a good conductor of electricity is capable of being electrolyzed into a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. This hydrogen oxygen mixture after electrolysis from water is in the form of gas. This gaseous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is called as Oxyhydrogen. When this Oxyhydrogen is sent into the IC engine combustion chamber it blends perfectly with the fuel air mixture and on combustion it burns and produces thermal energy at a much faster rate than a normal fuel air mixture.Water with any soluble salt is taken in a container. Electric current from a battery is passed into the salt water such that the anode and cathode are separated from each other by a small distance. When electric current is passed, the water gets electrolyzed and hydrogen gas is formed as bubbles from the cathode and oxygen gets separated from the

anode. This is the working of the oxyhydrogen separator. It works based on the following chemical equation. Electrolysis: 2 H2O 2 H2 + O2 Combustion: 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O The generated oxyhydrogen gas is sent into the engine through a tube connected to the inlet of fuel air mixture. This oxyhydrogen mixes with the fuel air mixture and enters into the combustion chamber. When the fuel air mixture is combusted inside the combustion chamber oxyhydrogen is burnt much easily and more energy is generated thus increasing the torque of the engine. Since hydrogen is burnt easily only a lean mixture of fuel and air is sufficient to produce necessary energy and torque thus less fuel is consumed than a normal IC engine.

Fig 1

Fuel cell design:

The fuel cell to be used for production of Oxyhydrogen has to be capable of being produced at a low cost and also to be portable. So the fuel cell is materialized as below: The outer cover is about 300mm and is made of inert material, Plastic. The Anode is the part where hydrogen gas will be generated during electrolysis and is made of stainless steel. The cathode is a part where oxygen is obtained and is made of stainless steel. The electrolyte is evenly spread along the fuel cell for better contact with the electrodes.

Outer cover Dia 300mm Material: Plastic Electrodes Dia 25mm Material: stainless steel

Fig2

Other uses of Oxyhydrogen

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Oxyhydrogen welding:

Oxyhydrogen Welding is a Gas Welding process using a combustion mixture of Hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) for producing gas welding flame. Oxyacetylene flame has a temperature of about 4500F (2500C). Combustion reaction is as follows: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O. Oxyhydrogen Welding is used for joining metals with low melting points, like aluminum, magnesium, etc. Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases, typically in a 2:1 molar ratio, the same proportion as water. This gaseous mixture is used for torches for the processing of refractory materials and was the first gaseous mixture used for welding. In practice a ratio of 4:1 or 5:1 hydrogen: oxygen is required to avoid an oxidizing flame. Oxyhydrogen will combust when brought to its auto ignition temperature. For a stoichiometric mixture at normal atmospheric pressure, auto ignition occurs at about 570 C (1065 F). The minimum energy required to ignite such a mixture with a spark is about 20 micro joules. At normal temperature and pressure, Oxyhydrogen can burn when it is between about 4% and 95% hydrogen by volume. When ignited, the gas mixture converts to water vapor and releases energy, which sustains the reaction: 241.8 kJ of energy (LHV) for every mole of H2 burned. The amount of heat energy released is independent of the mode of combustion, but the temperature of the flame varies. The maximum temperature of about 2800 C is achieved with a pure stoichiometric mixture, about 700 degrees hotter than a hydrogen flame in air. When either of the gases are mixed in excess of this ratio, or when mixed with an inert gas like nitrogen, the heat must spread throughout a greater quantity of matter and the temperature will be lower

Fig3

Fig4

5. PROJECT ANALYSIS

5.1 Properties of Oxyhydrogen

Oxyhydrogen will combust when brought to its auto ignition temperature. For a stoichiometric mixture at normal atmospheric pressure, auto ignition occurs at about 570 C (1065 F). The minimum energy required to ignite such a mixture with a spark is about 20 micro joules. At standard temperature and pressure, Oxyhydrogen can burn when it is between about 4% and 95% hydrogen by volume.

When ignited, the gas mixture releases energy and converts to water vapor, which sustains the reaction: 241.8 kJ of energy (LHV) for every mole of H2 burned. The amount of heat energy released is independent of the mode of combustion, but the temperature of the flame varies. The maximum temperature of about 2800 C is achieved with a pure stoichiometric mixture, about 700 degrees hotter than a hydrogen flame in air. When either of the gases is mixed in excess of this ratio, or when mixed with an inert gas like nitrogen, the heat must spread throughout a greater quantity of matter and the temperature will be lower.

5.2 Design calculations Inputs: Engine type Bore 87.5mm Stroke length 110mm No. of cylinders 01 No. of strokes 04 Type of cooling Air cooled Rated power 3.5 kW at 1500RPM Engine capacity 50cc Compression ratio 17.5 Variable CR range 12 to 18

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

A more commonly used yardstick for expressing thermal efficiency is known as Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). It is simply fuel flow (in pounds-per-hour) divided by measured HP, and is expressed in Pounds-per-Hour-per-HP. BSFC = Fuel Flow (PPH) Horsepower or BSFC = 5.92 x Fuel Flow (GPH) Horsepower

The calculation for Thermal Efficiency (TE) is: HP = TE x FUEL FLOW (PPH)

FUEL FLOW = 0.1339 x __ hp / 0.283

Our expected fuel flow : = 0.1339 x hp / 0.283

= 1.7033 pph

BSFC calculation: = = BSFC = fuel flow / hp 1.7033(pph) / 3.6 hp. 0.4731 As BSFC is known, thermal efficiency can easily calculated. Thermal Efficiency :

=1 / BSFC = 2.1135

= Output:

Thus a theoretical Thermal efficiency of

is obtained.

6. PROJECT TESTING

6.1 Practical testing The Oxyhydrogen gas obtained from the Oxyhydrogen generator is coupled to the IC engine by use of tubes.

Effect of Oxyhydrogen on a four wheeler:

Engine used for test:

Volume of engine: Maximum power output: Maximum torque output: Number of cylinders:

796 CC oil cooled 4stroke. 47 BHP. 63 Nm. 3

The engine used for test is 796CC oil cooled 4 stroke engine used in a Maruthi Alto car. The Oxyhydrogen generator is connected rigidly to a fixture. The power supply wires of the Oxyhydrogen generator is connected to the terminals of the battery. Once the power supply is given, oxyhydrogen is generated in the generator and is supplied to the engine by means of tubes. The tube is separated into two and one tube is connected to the inlet manifold and the other is connected to the carburetor outlet.

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After connection of the Oxyhydrogengenerator, the fuel supply of the engine was reduced slowly up to a point at which the engine was able to run at a constant rate.

Tabulation

Without Oxyhydrogen aspiration

Analysis without Oxyhydrogen aspiration: Trial Fuel filled (In liters) 1 2 1 1 Distance run (in kilometers) 16.7 17 Total mileage (in KM/l) 16.3 17

Average mileage without Oxyhydrogen: 16.65km/l

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With Oxyhydrogen aspiration

Analysis with Oxyhydrogen: Trial Fuel filled (In liters) 1 2 1 1 Distance run (in Km) 22.4 23 Total mileage (in KM/l) 22.4 23

Average mileage with Oxyhydrogen: 22.7km/l

Test result: As a result of aspirating a 796cc IC engine with Oxyhydrogen it inferred that the mileage of the engine increases from 16.65 km/l to 22.7km/l Project Issues Determination of correct electrodes for correct uses. Different levels of Oxy-hydrogen gas are required for different purposes.

In case of light consumer vehicles, a smaller level of oxy-hydrogen is sufficient. In case of heavier vehicles like SUVs and Trucks, a much higher level of Oxy-hydrogen is required.

Periodic maintenance

Replacement of Ions and Water whenever required. Replacement or cleaning of Electrodes. Replacement of lubrication systems.

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Project risks: Since hydrogen is a highly combustible gas, there is a risk of bursting in case of accidents.

Since heat generated is higher than the heat generated by a normal Internal Combustion engine, there is a requirement of practical testing on the lubrication system.

Maintenance of correct ionization of water at all times to produce optimum level of oxyhydrogen.

Advantages of Oxyhydrogen aspiration: Increase in fuel economy of about 30% - 50% based on the engine and fuel used. As Oxyhydrogen inside the combustion chamber reacts with the carbon deposits, it is removed out from the engine as hydrocarbons thus cleaning the engine simultaneously. Reduced emission of Greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide, sulphurdioxide thus reducing pollution.

7. CONCLUSION

As oxyhydrogen inside the combustion chamber reacts with the carbon deposits inside the engine it is converted into hydrocarbons in the form of gas and so it is removed through exhaust thus making the IC engine environment friendly.

The exhaust gas of oxyhydrogen aspirated engines contains only very small amounts of pollutants such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulphurdioxide. If the engine is run with the Oxyhydrogen for a long time and once all the carbon deposits are removed, carbon compound release from the engine will eventually come to a stop thus making it a green vehicle.

Thus Oxyhydrogen proves to be a promising clean and sustainable energy source for the future.
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8. REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyhydrogen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell http://how_stuffs_work.com

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