! te rs: L. Martellotta 0873376 E: l."#rtellott#@st dent.t e.

nl

Technische Universiteit Eindhoven ir. R.Blok T: 040-247 2619 E: r.blok@t e.nl

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8

Adaptive Daylight Structures Florian Heinzelmann

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

CONTENTS
$%&TE&T' ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1. 2. +. 4. 2. 6. 7. 5. 9. 10. 11. (iters o) li*ht .................................................................................................................................... + ,h- the s b.ect /#s chosen ........................................................................................................... 4 0o/ the sol#r bottle c#"e 1 ......................................................................................................... 4 Rel#tion to other disci1lines ............................................................................................................ 2 3escri1tion o) the s b.ect ............................................................................................................... 6 !dv#nt#*es #nd dis#dv#nt#*es ....................................................................................................... 7 4 t re develo1"ents ...................................................................................................................... 5 6e#nin* o) the 1ro1ositions ........................................................................................................... 5 3evelo1"ents #nd rese#rch............................................................................................................ 5 $oncl sions................................................................................................................................ 16 Re)erences ................................................................................................................................. 17

L. MARTELLOTTA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

1.

LITERS OF LIGHT

! *ro/in* 1roble" /ith #ccess #nd #))ord#bilit- o) indoor li*htin* in develo1in* co ntries h#s led to the rene/ed interest in st dies o) sol#r li*hts. 7n develo1in* co ntries8 indeed8 the #ccess to electricit)or indoor li*htin* re1resents one o) the essenti#l ste1s )or both soci#ll- #nd econo"ic#ll- *ro/th. 4ro" 1971 to 20028 the 1ercent#*e o) ho ses connected to the *rid electricit- in B#n*l#desh onlincre#sed )ro" +9 to ++9. 7n 20028 onl- 209 o) the r r#l co"" nities in 'o th !)ric# h#d #ccess to electricit- /hile 509 o) rb#n co"" nities h#d #ccess. %ver + "illion ho seholds s rro ndin* 6#nil#8 in the :hili11ines8 #re c rrentl- /itho t *ener#ted 1o/er. 6#n- rb#n #re#s h#ve #ccess to electricit-8 /hile r r#l #re#s do not. 4 rther"ore8 the econo"ic #))ord#bilit- h#s to be t#ken into #cco nt in 1l#ce s ch #s those8 other/ise it is o) no se. ,ith sol#r li*hts8 the cost is not #n iss e to solve8 since there #re no e;1enses )or electricit-. !lso8 the #ccessed electricit- " st be #))ord#ble8 or it is o) no se. ,ith sol#r li*hts8 the cost is not i"1ort#nt since there #re no e;1enses )or electricit-. Re*ression in the #re# o) electricit- )or r r#l co"" nities h#s cre#ted # s r*e in sol#r li*hts. The #v#il#bilit- o) li*ht enh#nces the o11ort nities )or # better ed c#tion8 # he#lthier li)e-st-le8 #nd #n e;tended #"o nt o) leis re ti"e. 6e"bers o) 6- 'helter 4o nd#tion #nd st dents o) the 6#ss#ch setts 7nstit te o) Technolo*- h#ve develo1ed #nd ) rther desi*ned # device to #id in the need )or e#sil- #ccessed #nd #))ord#ble indoor li*htin*.

Figure 1 Liter of light logo

Figure 2 Alfredo Moser in his garage

4ollo/in* the ide# o) the "ech#nic !l)redo 6oser )ro" Br#<il8 the- 1rod ce # sod# bottle sol#r li*ht th#t re)lects li*ht to #s " ch #s 20 or 60 /#tts "#de )ro" # 2 liter8 cle#r8 1l#stic sod# bottle )illed /ith /#ter #nd ble#ch. ,hen inserted thro *h the roo) o) # ho se8 /ith #11ro;i"#tel- 1=+ o) the sod# bottle o tside #nd 2=+ o) the sod# bottle inside8 the device "#ni1 l#tes #nd re)lects the ltr#violet r#-s o) the s n8 res ltin* in #n o"nidirection#l li*ht so rce. Thro *ho t the :hili11ines8 /hich h#s been the )irst #re# /here the 1ro.ect h#s been c#"e 18 sod# bottle sol#r li*hts #re bein* sed b1eo1le /ho #re not #ble to #ccess or #))ord electricit- )or indoor li*htin* in "#n- other 1l#ces. There #re n#tion#l develo1"ent 1ro*r#"s th#t h#ve been /orkin* on incre#sin* the #ccessibilit- o) electricit- to "ore #nd "ore #re#s. !ltho *h this "#- see" 1ro"isin*8 the se o) sod# bottle sol#r li*hts /ill dr#"#tic#ll- #))ect the lives o) )#"ilies /ho live e#ch d#- /itho t li*htin* #nd /ho #re str **lin* to 1rovide )or their )#"ilies.

2014 | EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

2.

WHY THE SUBJECT WAS CHOSEN

This rese#rch is #i"ed to st d- #nd develo1 the ide# o) (iter o) (i*ht. This ide# indeed8 c#n solve b- # re#ll- si"1le instr "ent8 # co"1le; iss es #s the electricit- "issin*8 #nd there)ore the li*ht #bsence in those 1l#ces /here . st # b lb li*ht c#n r#dic#ll- ch#n*e the 1eo1le st-le o) li)e. 4 rther"ore the #ddition#l 1 r1ose o) this s rve- is to #n#l-<e the sol#r bottle #s 1ossible li*ht so rce )or nor"#l b ildin* #s /ell. 7n )#ct since the )irst #11lic#tion o) this ite"8 it h#s been develo1ed in order to s 11l- li*ht in sh#cks or 1oor h ts. 7n co"1letel- #*ree"ent /ith the )irst *o#l o) (iter o) (i*ht8 this 1ro.ect #i"s to )ind o t # 1ossible #nd ) rther se o) the /orkin* 1rinci1le o) the sol#r bottle. 7ndeed the s rve- is rel#ted on the re)r#ction #nd on the beh#vior o) the li*ht r#-s 1#ssin* thro *h the bottle #nd the inner /#ter. !)ter # )irst investi*#tion #bo t the #ct #l sh#1e #nd settin* o) the (iter o) (i*ht8 the ne;t ste1 /ill be nderst#nd dee1l- #bo t the /orkin* s-ste" #nd /h#t c#n be ch#n*ed #nd develo1ed in order to el#bor#te # "ore e))icient li*ht so rce. %ne o) the initi#l tho *h is the se o) this kind o) technolo*- in re* l#r b ildin* or ) rther"ore in nder*ro nd s1#ce.'i"il#rl- #s the li*ht c#n re#ch the inner 1#rt o) clin*in* sh#cks tro *h # /#ter bottle 1l **ed into the "et#l roo)8 the s#"e 1rinci1le8 /itho t sin*8 "i*ht be sed in nor"#l ho se or o))ice.

3.

HOW THE SOLAR BOTTLE CAME UP

7n 2002 # "ech#nic in '#n :# lo c#"e 1 /ith # brilli#nt ide#8 o) ho/ to li*ht 1 # ho"e /itho t # li*ht-b lb b t b- sin* the n#t r#l li*ht )ro" the s n. !l)redo 6oser took # one liter 1l#stic bottle #nd )illed it /ith # "i;t re o) /#ter #nd so"e ble#ch >to 1revent #l*#e )ro" )or"in*?8 se#led it #nd #)ter c ttin* # hole into his tin-roo) 1l#ced the bottle into the hole >c#1 1? #nd se#led the bottle in. !s soon #s the s nli*ht hits the /#ter in the bottle it )r#ct red #nd )looded his /ork-sho1 /ith li*ht. !nd th s the sol#r b lb /#s invented. These sol#r bottles *ive #bo t the s#"e #"o nt o) li*ht #s # 20-60 /#tt b lb b t the- don@t cost # 1enn-8 onl- # bit o) rec-clin* #nd # d#sh o) ho sehold cle#ner. 7n 20118 st dents )ro" the 6#ss#ch setts 7nstit te o) Technolo*- >67T? st died the technolo*- behind (iter o) (i*ht de)ined it #s # 1ro.ect b#sed on the conce1t o) A!11ro1ri#te Technolo*iesB C # conce1t to 1rovide si"1le #nd e#silre1lic#ble technolo*ies to co"" nities in need. The ide# o) b ildin* sol#r bottle b lbs c#"e o t d rin* the constr ction o) # school cl#ssroo" "#de o t o) rec-cled bottles b- the st dents in the :hili11ine. 7ndeed d rin* the constr ction o) the school8 the- noticed th#t the ne/ school /ill not be #ble to 1#the electricit- bill8 even tho *ht it /#s # s st#in#ble b ildin*. The- re#li<ed th#t the /#lls "#de /ith cle#r bottles let li*ht in d rin* the d#-ti"e8 #nd be*#n to e;1eri"ent /ith /#-s to se rec-cled bottles to brin* in li*ht thro *h the roo).

L. MARTELLOTTA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

't dents )ro" 6.7.T h#ve no/ 1er)ected the s-ste" #nd it h#s s1re#d #ro nd the *lobe8 brin*in* )ree li*ht to the 1oor #nd ch#n*in* 1eo1le lives. $ rrentl- # tin- 4ili1ino or*#ni<#tion8 c#lled My Shelter Foundation8 is the 1oster child o) the sol#r bottle #s it h#s 1 t bottle b lbs into tens o) tho s#nds o) ho"es8 #i"in* )or # "illion. Their 1ro.ect is c#lled 7s#n* (itron* (i/#n#* >! (iter o) (i*ht?, # tr lill "in#tin* #nd brilli#nt c# se.

Figure 3 Solar bottle; Isang Litrong Liwanag logo

4.

RELATION TO OTHER DISCIPLINES

(iter o) (i*ht st#rted o t #s # reso rce o) li*ht /here # re* l#r /indo/ or # electric#l b lb li*ht c#nnot be 1l#ced. %)ten 1oor sh#cks #re one ne;t to the other8 so close th#t the onl- )ree s r)#ce re#ched )ro" the s n is the roo). The 1l#cin* o) # /indo/ on the roo) c#n res lt di))ic lt8 *iven th#t s #ll- the roo) is "#de b- "et#l sheet. 4 rther"ore the se o) *l#ss or other tr#ns1#rent "#teri#l in the b ildin* constr ction #re r#re *iven the lo/ #v#il#bilit- #nd the hi*h 1rice in develo1in* co ntries s ch o) those "#teri#l. The #v#il#bilit- o) # li*hted s1#ce sin* . st the s nli*ht8 le#ds to # r#ised o) the li)e st-le o) the 1eo1le in di))erent #s1ects. %n the one h#nd8 )#"ilies no/ inste#d to h#ve . st # d#rk 1l#ce )or slee1in*8 the- c#n se these s1#ces )or other )#"ili#r #ctivit-. %n the other h#nd8 #s in the c#se o) the inventor !l)redo 6oser8 no/ there roo"s c#n be sed )or /orkin*8 inste#d o) to st#- o tside8 no/ the- h#ve # s#ble covered8 li*hted /orkin* 1l#ce. 4 rther"ore8 in 1l#ces #s :hili11ine or other develo1in* #re#s8 /here there is no electricit-8 )#"ilies #nd 1eo1le se kerosene #nd l#"1 oil to h#ve so"e li*ht inside the ho ses. (iter o) (i*ht #voidin* the se o) hi*h )l#""#ble co"b stible s ch #s kerosene c#n besides red ce the risk o) )ires #nd into;ic#tion b- s"okes. The )irst )e#t re o) this invention is the tot#ll- se o) rec-cled "#teri#l #nd the re#ll- lo/ 1rice o) it. 7ndeed one o) the )irst #chieve"ent o) (iter o) (i*ht is not c#rr-in* li*ht into 1oor ho ses8 it is ho/ to c#rr-8 che#18 environ"ent#l )riendl-8 #nd e#s- b ildibilit- li*ht into 1oor ho ses.

2014 | EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT

The e;1l#n#tion to ho/ # 'ol#r Bottle 1l#ced into the roo) c#n li*ht " ch "ore th#n # si"1le hole in the roo) is *iven b- t/o ) nd#"ent#l o1tic#l e))ects: 'nell@s (#/ #nd the Tot#l 7ntern#l Re)lection. ,hen li*ht "ovin* thro *h the #ir r ns into # denser "#teri#l like /#ter8 it ch#n*es direction. 7n other /ords8 the li*ht be#" kinks /here it enco nters the /#ter s r)#ce so th#t itDs tr#velin* "ore directldo/n into /#ter. This 1rinci1le hel1s to collect #nd c#rr- in "ore li*ht r#-s th#n # si"1le hole in the roo) co ld *et.

Figure 4 Changing in dire tion of a ligh ray

Figure # Laser bea" tra!!ed in a !lasti ite"

3es1ite the hel1 th#t 'nell 1rovides8 so"e o) the li*ht /ill still be on # 1#th to the o11osite side o) the c-linder. ! 1ortion o) the li*ht is tr#11ed in the c-linder bec# se o) si"1le re)lection8 /hich c#n h#11en #n-ti"e li*ht 1#sses )ro" one tr#ns1#rent "#teri#l to #nother. 0o/ever8 d rin* " ch o) the d#-8 the li*ht /ill strike the c-linder /#lls in s ch # /#- th#t lots o) li*ht /ill be re)lected do/n to/#rd the hole. This is c#lled tot#l intern#l re)lection. (i*ht re)lected this /#- /ill bo nce b#ck #nd )orth #s it tr#vels do/n thro *h the /#ter col "n8 " ch like si*n#ls 1#ssin* thro *h #n o1tic#l c#ble. ! l#ser be#" tr#11ed in # 1l#stic ill str#tes the e))ect /ell. ! nor"#l hole into the roo)8 /itho t # sol#r bottle8 #ll the s n li*ht e;1ected to be collected is . st the li*ht c#rried b- the r#-s /hich hit the s r)#ce into the hole ed*e. 7n this /#- the roo" nderl-in* the roo) /ill be li*hted . st b- # li*ht be#" *oin* to the )loor.

Figure 4 Light !assing through a si"!le hole in the roof

L. MARTELLOTTA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

7) di))erentl- # tr#ns1#rent c-linder )illed /ith /#ter is 1l#ced in the s#"e hole into the roo) 1revio sl- described8 the e))ect ch#n*e. &o/ the s r)#ce hit b- the li*ht r#-s is enl#r*ed th#t the si"1l- hole8 since the li*ht /ill re#ch the /hole o t s r)#ce o) the c-linder #nd not . st the to1. Th#nks to the r#-s ch#n*in* direction /hen "et the /#ter col "n8 " ch "ore r#-s th#n be)ore /ill be directed into the roo". %nce the li*ht h#s 1#ssed in the bene#th 1#rt o) the c-linder8 it o))ers #nother "#.or bene)it

Figure # $efra ted light trough a water ylinder fi%ed on a roof Bec# se o) " lti1le re)lections #nd di))erent 1#ths c# sed b- 'nellDs (#/ re)r#ction #nd intern#l re)lection8 li*ht s1re#ds o t #s it 1#sses thro *h the /#ter col "n. Th#tDs /h#t "#de the bottles #11e#r to *lo/ #nd "#kes the s#"e e))ect o) # 40-60, electric#l b lb li*ht.

7n the )i * re 68 s nli*ht 1#sses directl- thro *h hole. 7n the second sketch8 )e/ 1ossibilit- o) the li*ht r#- 1#ths h#ve been #dded #s e))ect o) the re)r#ction o) the /#ter col "n. There #re #ct #ll- #n enor"o s n "ber o) 1ossible 1#ths the li*ht c#n t#ke8 /hich res lts in #n #11#rent over#ll *lo/8 " ch like # li*ht b lb. The sol#r bottle is e;#ctl- the c-linder . st #bove descri1ted. The c-linder is obt#ined b- # 1.2 liters :ET bottle )illed b- /#ter #nd # s"#ll #"o nt o) ble#ch. The ble#ch does not hel1 the re)r#ction o) the li*ht8 b t it 1reservers the cle#rness o) the /#ter #nd #voids the "old *ro/. The bottle is th#n )i;ed to the roo) /ith 1=+ o) it o t co"in* )ro" the 11er 1#rt o) the roo)8 se#led b- *l e in order to #void le#kin*.

!.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The sol#r bottle )or its #11lic#tion in 1l#ce s ch #s :hili11ine8 7ndi# #nd 7ndonesi# 1resents onl#dv#nt#*es. 7ndeed8 the sol#r bottle is che#1 since the cost o) the co"1onents is #ro nd so"e E ro cents. Ever-thin* th#t is needed is # 1l#stic bottle8 /#ter8 so"e dro1s o) ble#ch #nd *l e. The inst#ll#tion o) liters o) li*ht is e;tre"el- e#s- #nd )#st. 7ndeed8 . st the c ttin* o) # hole into the steel roo) is reE est8 #nd the se#lin* o) the bottle to the hole ed*e.

2014 | EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

3is#dv#nt#*es c#n be )o nd i) the sol#r bottle is inst#lled in nor"#l b ildin* in no tro1ic#l #re#s inste#d. 4irstl- the 'ol#r Bottle needs the s n e;1os re8 /hich in tro1ic#l #re#s is hi*her th#n in the rest o) the /orld. 7) it is sed in #re#s #s E ro1e the 1resence o) clo ds8 #nd the less li*ht ho rs d rin* so"e se#son /ill decre#se the 'ol#r Bottle e))icienc-. 4 rther"ore8 one o) the )e#t res o) the sol#r bottle is th#t it is s #ll- inst#lled on sh#cks roo). These roo) #re "ostl- constit ted b- # steel sheet8 /hich the thickness is hi*hl- red ced. 7) inst#lled on # st#nd#rd roo) >i.e. +0 c" o) thickness? the sol#r bottle /o ld res lt " ch less li*htin*. Bec# se even /ith #n hi*h sol#r e;1os re8 "#n- o) the re)r#cted li*ht r#-s /ill not re#ch the inner 1#rt o) the roo"8 c# se th#t these r#-s /ill co"e o t )ro" the bottle #lon* the thickness o) the roo).

".

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

Re*#rdin* ) t re develo1"ents )or the sol#r bottle8 t/o di))erent c#ses need to be tre#ted. The )irst one is the develo1"ent o) the sol#r bottle in order to i"1rove its s#bilit- in develo1in* #re#s8 the second is the st d- o) the /orkin* 1rinci1le to enl#r*e the se o) this technolo*- over # /#ter 1l#stic bottle8 b t develo1"ents #i"ed to li*htin* nor"#l b ildin* b- the re)r#ction o) the s nli*ht into the /#ter.

#.

MEANING OF THE PROPOSITIONS

7n order to /iden the se o) the sol#r bottle in the develo1in* co ntries8 t/o reE ire"ents #re needed: incre#se its e))icienc-8 kee1 the b#sis )e#t res o) it )i;ed. 7n )#ct (iter o) (i*ht h#s h#d8 #nd it is contin in* to be s ccess) l th#nks to the /ide "#teri#l #v#il#bilit-8 )#st #nd e#s- #sse"bl- #nd o) co rse to the che#1 1rice o) it. There)ore the )ollo/in* ste1 co ld be to )ind o t ho/ to tr#ns"it # *re#ter #"o nt o) re)lected s nli*ht. %n the other h#nd8 # di))erent st d- co ld le#d to # se o) its 1rinci1le in develo1ed co ntries. This st d- need to be )oc sed on the sh#1e o) the /#ter c-linder in order to obt#in the hi*hest li*ht re)r#ction even i) inst#lled on # st#nd#rd roo) ele"ent inste#d o) on "et#l thin roo).

$.

DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH

The )or"er develo1"ent *o#l h#s been st died b- the 6#ss#ch setts !c#de"- o) 6#th #nd 'cience.

The studio is based on the test of: different sizes of soda bottles, a structure of soda bottles with the same volume as one larger soda bottle (same volume, different array), the addition of a colloidal solution that creates a suspension, the use of a reflective hood surrounding the light bulb, and the use of a hanging reflective object inside of the light bulb.

L. MARTELLOTTA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

The amount of light (in lux) amplified from the ultraviolet light bulb through the soda bottles has been collected with a light sensor. There have been quantifiable data that have been transposed into various graphs and charts.
&he "ethodology of the test'

Soda bottles (clear, plastic, four 2 L bottles, two 1 L bottle, and eight 0.5 L bottles) were cleaned with cold water. The outsides of the bottles were wiped and dried. Each soda bottle has been sterilized with bleach. Eight different systems have been build: A: One 2 L bottle filled with water and 15 grams of bleach B: One 1 L bottle filled with water and 7.5 grams of bleach C: Four 0.5 L bottles filled with water and 3.75 grams of bleach D: One 1 L bottle filled with water, bleach, cornstarch, aluminum powder E: One 2 L bottle filled with water, bleach, cornstarch, aluminum powder F: One 2 L bottle filled with water, bleach, with an aluminum cylinder inserted in G: One 2 L bottle filled with water, bleach, cornstarch, aluminum foil on the surface around the hole edge H: Four 0.5 L bottle filled with water, bleach, cornstarch, aluminum foil on the surface around the hole edge

Figure ( &ested syste"s E#ch desi*n /#s inserted into the hole in the l#r*e c#rdbo#rd bo;. ! 100 /#tt ) ll s1ectr " li*ht b lb /#s inserted into # st#nd#rd )lood l#"1 )i;t re. The )i;t re /#s s s1ended #11ro;i"#tel- 90 centi"eters directl- #bove the sol#r bottles. !ll o) the li*hts in the #re# or in s rro ndin* #re#s /ere t rned o)). The li*ht b lb )i;t re /#s t rned on. The #"o nt o) l ; collected belo/ the c#rton bo#rd /#s recorded.

2014 | EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

'ever#l "ore tests /ere 1er)or"ed )or the co"1#rison o) d#t# #nd the i"1rove"ent o) the desi*ns. The i"1roved desi*ns reE ired #ddition#l #"o nts o) cert#in "#teri#ls. The co"bin#tion o) desi*ns reE ired #ddition#l #"o nts o) cert#in "#teri#ls #s /ell. The 1re1#r#tion8 constr ction8 #nd testin* o) e#ch ne/ desi*n 1rotot-1e /#s 1er)or"ed in the s#"e "#nner #s the 1revio sl- "entioned desi*ns. E#ch o) these desi*ns /#s tested 2 di))erent ti"es /ith e;ce1tion to 3esi*n 4 bec# se o) the discolor#tion o) the #l "in " )oil s b"er*ed in the /#ter. The #"o nt o) li*ht #"1li)ied )ro" # 100 /#tt ) ll s1ectr " li*ht b lb si" l#tin* the s n )or e#ch o) the 5 desi*ns8 the #"o nt o) li*ht re)lected )ro" e#ch desi*n /#s "e#s red #nd recorded 2 ti"es sin* 2 di))erent li*ht b lbs. The #ver#*e o) l ; 1rod ced h#s been c#lc l#ted

Figure ) Colle ted light data 7n the *r#1h belo/ the #"o nt o) #ver#*e #"1li)ied li*ht sin* # 100 ,#tt ) ll s1ectr " li*ht b lb si" l#tin* the s n )or e#ch o) the 5 desi*n is sho/n. 3esi*n 4 does not h#ve #n #ver#*e #"o nt o) l ; *ener#ted bec# se the testin* )or th#t desi*n /#s c#ncelled #)ter the discolor#tion o) the #l "in " )oil s b"er*ed in the /#ter.

L. MARTELLOTTA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

11

Figure * +ra!h of the a"!lified light ! desi*n "#tri; th#t sho/s the "#;i" " score )or e#ch o) the 5 desi*ns h#ve been )illedF these "#;i" " scores sho/ th#t 3esi*n $ is the "ost e))ective #nd e))icient desi*n 1rotot-1e. ,ata analysis dis ussion' !)ter th#t 7 ne/ 1rotot-1e h#ve been constr cted #nd tested8 #s /ell #s the ori*in#l desi*n kno/n #s 3esi*n !8 /ere scored b#sed on # set o) criteri# th#t /#s 1revio sl- sho/n. There #re + desi*ns th#t h#ve ) rther #"1li)ied the li*ht th#n the 1re-e;istin* desi*n th#t is bein* sed in sever#l develo1in* co ntries. The *o#l /#s to desi*n # "odi)ied sod# bottle sol#r li*ht th#t /o ld i"1rove #"bient s nli*ht th#n desi*ns recentl- develo1ed. This *o#l /#s #chieved. ! desi*n "#tri; /#s 1rod ced to deter"ine the "ost e))ective #nd e))icient desi*n. ! list o) criteri# #nd # "#;i" " score /#s #lso 1rod ced to score e#ch o) the desi*ns constr cted. The #))ord#bilito) "#teri#ls is #n i"1ort#nt #s1ect )or this 1ro.ect bec# se these sod# bottle sol#r li*hts h#ve to be sed in develo1in* co ntries )or h ndreds o) ho seholds. 3esi*ns !8 B8 #nd $ received scores o) # 9 o t o) 10 bec# se o) the s"#ll #"o nt o) ble#ch. 3esi*ns 48 G8 #nd 0 received scores o) # 7 o t o) 10 bec# se o) the s"#ll #"o nt o) ble#ch #nd #l "in " )oil. 3esi*ns 3 #nd E received scores o) # 2 o t o) 10 bec# se o) the se o) ble#ch8 cornst#rch8 #nd #l "in " 1o/der. The re1rod cibilit- o) # desi*n 1rotot-1e /#s scored b#sed on ho/ det#iled #nd co"1lic#ted the constr ction o) the desi*n /#s. The hi*hest score )or the l ; 1rod ced #nd /hether or not this #"o nt /#s s ))icient /#s *iven to the desi*n th#t 1rod ced the "ost #"o nt o) l ;. The scores decre#sed b- 1 )or e#ch ne;t desi*n th#t *ener#ted # s"#ller #"o nt o) l ;. The d r#bilit- o) the desi*ns /#s b#sed on ho/ st#ble #nd intric#te these desi*ns /ere. The vis #ll- #11e#lin* #s1ect o) the desi*n "#tri; /#s not #s i"1ort#nt to the over#ll scorin* #s the other criteri#. The desi*ns /ere scored si"1l- on the /#- th#t the- looked /hen co"1leted in co"1#rison to e#ch other. The desi*n "#tri; sho/s th#t 3esi*n $ is the "ost e))ective #nd e))icient desi*n constr cted #nd tested. 3es1ite the score8 this desi*n did not 1rod ce the hi*hest /#tt#*e o) li*ht. 3esi*n 08 the co"bin#tion o) 3esi*n $ #nd 3esi*n G8 re)lected the "ost li*ht.

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

Figure - ,esign "atri% 0o/ever this 1rotot-1e /#s not #s #))ord#ble8 re1rod cible8 or d r#ble #s sever#l o) the other desi*ns. This desi*n e"itted "ore li*ht th#n the desi*n c rrentl- bein* sed. 3esi*n $ #nd 3esi*n ! h#d the s#"e over#ll vol "es8 b t the #rr#-s #nd the distrib tions o) this vol "e /ere di))erent. This di))erent #rr#- is the re#son /h- "ore li*ht /#s *ener#ted. The intensit- o) # li*ht so rce c#n be c#lc l#ted b- dividin* the 1o/er o) # li*ht so rce b- the s r)#ce #re# o) #n ob.ect. Bec# se both desi*ns /ere e;1osed to # 100 /#tt ) ll s1ectr " li*ht b lb8 the 1o/er )or the intensito) both desi*ns /#s eE iv#lent: there)ore8 the tot#l #re# th#t re)lected the li*ht )or 3esi*n $ " st h#ve been s"#ller. This 1ro1os#l s **ests th#t # desi*n constr cted )ro" )o r s"#ller sod# bottles /ith the s#"e vol "e o) 2 liters /ill even ) rther re)lect li*ht. 3esi*n B #lso *ener#ted "ore li*ht th#n 3esi*n !. This "#- h#ve occ rred bec# se o) the s"#ller over#ll s r)#ce #re# #s /ell. 3esi*n 3 #nd 3esi*n E did not ) rther re)lect li*ht. The cornst#rch #nd #l "in " 1o/der colloid#l sol tion did not 1rove to be e))ective. 3esi*n E h#d # s"#ller #"o nt o) cornst#rch #nd #l "in " 1o/der. This se o) "#teri#ls /#s s 11osed to 1rod ce "ore l ; th#n 3esi*n 38 b t it did not even do th#t. 3esi*n 4 /#s constr cted /ith # solid8 re)lective ob.ect s s1ended in the /#ter #nd ble#ch "i;t re inside the sod# bottle. The #l "in " )oil th#t /#s sed )or this /ei*hted ob.ect be*#n to discolor overti"e. The shin-8 re)lective s r)#ce o) the #l "in " )oil /#s lost. 0o/ever8 this desi*n /#s tested shortl- #)ter bein* constr cted8 #nd the #l "in " )oil /#s c#1#ble o) bein* re)lective. The )ollo/in* testin* o) this desi*n /#s discontin ed #)ter the discolorin* o) the #l "in " )oil. This desi*n )#iled bec# se o) the co"bin#tion o) h "#n error #nd desi*n E #lit-. 3esi*n G #nd 3esi*n 0 both h#ve s rro ndin* hoods cre#ted )ro" #l "in " )oil /hich directed "ore li*ht to/#rds the sod# bottle so th#t it co ld be even ) rther #"1li)ied. This desi*n "#- c# se 1roble"s d rin* cert#in /e#ther8 s ch #s r#in stor"s. The hood "#- #ct #s # bo/l-like8 conc#ve str ct re #nd collect the /#ter. The sod# bottle sol#r li*ht #nd its holder /o ld then h#ve to be re"oved )ro" the roo). 7) the )i;t re /#s not re"oved )ro" the roo) in # cert#in #"o nt o) ti"e8 # le#k "#- )or". There is #lso the 1ossibilit- th#t the #l "in " )oil co ld beco"e discolored. These desi*ns /ill 1rob#bl- not be #s e))ective d rin* cert#in ti"es in the d#- /hen the s n is not 1ositioned directl- #bove the sod# bottle sol#r li*ht )i;t re. The l#tter ) t re develo1"ent 1ossibilit- h#s been st d- sin* so)t/#re virt #l "odels. 7n order to better nderst#nd the 1rinci1le o) the li*ht r#-s re)r#ction on the sol#r bottle8 virt #l tests h#ve been done. Usin* Rhinoceros 2.0 the bottle h#s been "odelled t#kin* #s s#"1le # $oc# $ol# 1.2 liters bottle. The bottle sketched b- Rhinoceros h#s been tested sin* Gr#ssho11er.

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

1+

Figure 1. 1/# L !lasti bottle 0irtual "odel Gr#ssho11er is # 1l *-in o) Rhinoceros /hich #llo/s b- #l*orith"ic 1#ttern to st d- the 1#th o) the li*ht r#- thro *h di))erent s r)#ce #nd "#teri#l. 7ndeed8 the )irst test h#s been done st d-in* . st one li*ht r#-. :l#cin* the so rce 1oint o) the r#-8 #nd the t#r*et 1oint o) the r#-. !t the second st#*e the bottle h#s been 1ositioned bet/een the t/o 1oints . st "entioned. 7n this /#-8 the r#- 1#ssin* )ro" one 1oint to the other8 /#s hittin* the bottle. Gr#ssho11er #llo/s to set the re)r#ction inde; o) the )irst "edi " /hich the r#- st#rts in #nd the re)r#ction inde; o) the "edi " /hich the r#- is 1#ssin* into. There)ore the re)r#ction inde; o) the #ir8 /hich is 1.00029 h#s been set )or the )irst "edi "8 #nd conseE entl- the re)r#ction inde; o) the /#ter8 /hich is 1.++++2 #t 20H$ h#s been )i;ed )or the second "edi ". The )irst #n#l-sis h#s been done b- st d-in* the s-ste" /ith the r#- /hich hits the bottle on the neck 1#rt.

Figure 11 Solar bottle hit by a singolar sunlight ray 4or # "ore re#listic vie/ the n "ber o) li*ht r#-s h#s been incre#sed8 even i) the li*ht r#-s h#ve been 1l#ced on # line8 in # t/o di"ension#l re1resent#tion o) li*ht so rce. The sol#r bottle h#s been 1l#ced #s described b- the (iter o) (i*ht :ro.ect 7ndeed the bottle is )i;ed /ith 1=+ o) the tot#l len*th o t co"in* )ro" the roo)8 #nd the rest is belo/ the li*htenin* s r)#ce 2014 | EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

Figure 12 Solar bottle under a light ray bea"

%ther sh#1es h#s been #n#l-<ed in order to incre#se the #"o nt o) li*ht r#-s 1#ssin* over the roo) sheet. The inclin#tion o) the r#-s h#s been the s#"e in ever- #tte"1t.

Figure 13,ifferent sha!es under a light ray bea"

!s c#n be seen )ro" the 1ict res the bottle sh#1e is /isel- chosen b- the sh#1e o) the 11er 1#rt. 7n )#ct the c-lindric#l s#"1le re)lect less r#-s in the inner 1#rt th#n the conic#l s#"1les.

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

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4 rther"ore the best e))ect h#11ened /hen the r#- be#" is vertic#l:

Figure 14 Solar bottle under 0erti al sunlight ray bea"

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CO8, Adaptive Daylight Structures

10.

CONCLUSIONS

'ince the 1re1ositions )or the ) t re develo1"ents /ere indic#ted #s t/o di))erent c#ses8 #lso the concl sion h#ve been distinct /ith t/o o1inions. 7n the )or"er c#se8 rel#ted to the i"1rove"ent o) the sol#r bottle in the develo1in* co ntries8 so"e concl sion c#n be done. The en*ineerin* *o#l /#s #chieved #nd # ne/ desi*n /#s constr cted th#t ) rther re)lects #"bient s nli*ht. 3esi*n $ c#n be reconstr cted #nd b ilt /ith even s"#ller sod# bottles. 7nste#d o) 4 bottles8 this )i;t re c#n be "#de )ro" 6 or 5 bottles. 7t is 1ossible th#t this desi*n /o ld even ) rther #"1li)- the s n@s li*ht #nd 1rovide # hi*her /#tt#*e o) li*ht. 0o/ever8 this /o ld reE ire #n incre#se in "#teri#ls. 3esi*n G #nd 3esi*n 4 c#n be re1rod ced sin* di))erent "#teri#ls. :#r#bolic "irrors "#- be . st #s se) l8 i) not "ore se) l8 th#n #l "in " )oil. 0o/ever8 there "#- be # )ire h#<#rd /ith the "irrors i) the s n is re)lected o)) o) the "irror #nd onto # dr- s r)#ce o) 1l#nt. 7n concl sion )ro" this rese#rch c#n be st#te th#t the #ct #ll- desi*n o) (iter o) (i*ht c#n be i"1roved incre#sin* the n "ber o) bottle kee1in* the s#"e vol "e o) /#ter8 since )o r 0.2 (iter bottle re)r#ct "ore li*ht th#n one bottle o) 2 (iter. %n the other h#nd8 the sit #tion #nd the kno/led*e in #re#s /here o)ten these sol#r bottles #re inst#lled need to be t#ken into #cco nt8 the v#ri#tion )ro" # sin* l#r bottle to )o r o) the"8 c#rries # "#.or e))ort d rin* the constr ction #nd # /ider #v#il#bilito) "#teri#l. 7n the l#tter test8 #bo t the i"1rovin* o) the sol#r bottle )or the se in develo1ed co ntr-8 so"e 1oints o) #ttention h#ve been )o nd. The sh#1e o) the bottle res lted to be )#vor#ble in order to re)r#ct li*ht r#-s belo/ the roo). There)ore the sh#1e sho ld be ke1t si"il#r. %n the other h#nd "#n- ne*#tive #s1ect #re #*#inst the se o) this desi*n in re* l#r b ildin* o t o) the tro1ic#l #re#. 4irstl- the #"o nt o) li*ht /hich hits the roo) s r)#ce o) b ildin* in E ro1e or other #re#s o t o) the eE #tori#l <one is " ch less. 'econdl- #n i"1ort#nt d#t# )or the tr#ns)er o) the li*ht tro *h #n ite" like the sol#r bottle is the thickness o) the roo). The #11lic#tion in the sh#cks does not sho/ this iss es8 since the roo) is e;tre"el- thin co"1#red /ith # st#nd#rd roo). 7n c#se o) # thicker roo) l#-er8 the tr#ns)errin* o) li*ht is e;1ected to be " ch red ced. 7n order to #void this 1roble"8 the di"ension o) the ite" c#n be incre#sed. There)ore ) rther test #nd st dios need to be done to )ind the best sh#1e in rel#tion to # nor"#l

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11.

REFERENCES
(iter o) (i*htF htt1:==#litero)li*ht.or*= !l)redo 6oserF htt1:==.ensine/#ll./ord1ress.co"=t#*=#l)redo-"oser= 7nnov#tion in li*htF o1inion#tor.blo*s.n-ti"es.co" (iter o) li*htF ///./iki1edi#.co" 'ol#r bottleF ///.1h-sicscentr#l.co" (iters o) (i*ht: En*ineerin* # &e/ 'od# Bottle 'ol#r (i*ht; Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science

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