BALANCED MODULATOR Diode Lattice Modulator

Figure 3.1(a) At Po iti!e "al# c$cle E%&lai'atio'( Carrier sine wave is used as a source of forward bias and reverse bias for the diodes. The carrier turns the diode off and on at a high rate of speed. Diodes acts like switches that connect the modulating signal at secondary T1 to primary T2. When the polarity of carrier is at the positive half as shown above, D1 and D2 are forward biased. D and D! are reversed biased "open circuits#. Currents are divided e$ually in the upper and lower portions of the primary winding of T2. The current in the upper part of the winding produce an e$ual but opposite magnetic field as the current at the lower half of the secondary. Thus, magnetic field cancels out each other and no output is induced in the secondary. Thus carrier is effectively suppressed.

Figure 3.)(*) At 'egati!e "al# c$cle E%&lai'atio'( When the polarity of carrier is at the negative half as shown above, D and D! are forward biased. D1 and D2 are reversed biased "open circuits#. Currents are divided e$ually in the upper and lower portions of the primary winding of T2. The current in the upper part of the winding produce an e$ual but opposite magnetic field as the current at the lower half of the secondary. Thus, magnetic field cancels out each other and no output is induced in the secondary T2.Thus %ero carrier output. The carrier is balanced out.

Note ( 1. Degree of carrier suppression depends upon degree of precision with which the transformers are made and placement of the center taps to ensure perfectly e$ual upper and lower currents and magnetic field cancellation. 2. Degree of carrier attenuation also depends upon the diodes, where the diode characteristics must be perfectly matched.

BALANCED MODULATOR(co'ti'ued)

When info signal is applied to primary T1, it will appear across the secondary T1. The diode switches will connect the secondary T& to primary T2 at different times depending on the polarity of the carrier. When the carrier polarity's is at positive half "as shown in .1"a##, diode D1 and D2will conduct and act as closed switches. Thus modulating signal is applied to primary T2 through D1 and D2. When carrier polarity is in the negative half "as shown in .1"b##, diodes D and D! will conduct as closed switches. (gain, a portion of modulating signal will be applied to primary of T1 but this time the leads have been effectively reversed because of the connections of D and D!. The result is a 1)** phase reversal. Thus, if modulating signal is positive, the output at the secondary winding of T2 is negative, and vice versa. The carrier is operating at higher fre$uency, thus the diode will switch off and on at a high rate of speed, causing portions of modulating signal to be passed through the diodes at different times.

AMPL+TUDE DEMODULATOR D+ODE DETECTOR

+'#or-atio' out AM ig'al i' E%&lai'atio'( The (+ signal is usually transformer coupled. ,t is applied to a basic half wave rectifier circuit consisting of D1 and -1. Diode D1 conducts when the positive half cycle of the (+ occurs. The diode is reversed biased during the negative half cycle. Thus the voltage across -1 is a series of positive pulses whose amplitude varies with the modulating signal. ( capacitor is connected across -1 to recover back the original modulating signal. ,ts value is chosen to have a low impedance at the carrier fre$uency and high impedance at the modulating signal. (s a result, the capacitor filter outs the carriers, leaving only the modulating signal. .ecause the diode detector recovers the envelope of the (+ signal, the circuit is sometimes known as e'!elo&e detector. Out&ut ,a!e#or-( Acro R1( Diode curre't ('o #ilter)

Acro

ca&acitor( Filtered ,a!e#or-.de-odulated ig'al