Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No!

", #""$ - %a&e #

Fundamentals of CDMA
Fundamentals of CDMA
Luis A. Font
Adisor, CDMA Technical Market Support
CALA & EMEA
'lafont(nortelnet)orks!com*
Lesson # - +erie)
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,
Course Agenda
We Are Here
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
1:00
2:00
$-./
"-./
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#,-./
#-./
3:00
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4:00
0-./
L1NC2
3reak
3reak
3reak
L1NC2
3reak
3reak
3reak
L1NC2
3reak
3reak
3reak
Start-up
CDMA
For)ard Channels
'S4nc*
CDMA
For)ard Channels
'%ilot*
Architecture
+erie)
5asic Concepts
CDMA
For)ard Channels
'%a&in&*
CDMA
For)ard Channels
'Traffic*
CDMA
6eerse Channels
'Access 7 Traffic*
%o)er Control
6e&istration
2andoffs
8 & A
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .
Course Agenda
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
"-./
#/-./
##-./
#,-./
,-./
.-./
S4stem
Architecture
Start-up
A3out this
Course
Call %roc!
E9amples
%ilot
Channel
S4nc
Channel
%a&in&
Channel
F: Traffic
Channels
Access
Channels
6; Traffic
Channels
6e&istration
%o)er
Control
2andoffs
CDMA
+erie)
Monday Tuesday Thursday Friday Wednesday
We Are Here
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
"-./
#/-./
##-./
#,-./
,-./
.-./
LUNCH
d
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0
!asi"s
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <
Why CDMA?
I
=s the technolo&4 of choice for
3oth $// M2> Cellular and
#"// M2> %CS serice
proiders
I
Satisfies CT=A 1sers?
%erformance 6e@uirements
I
%roides hi&h capacit4 'man4
times the capacit4 of AM%S*
I
%roides priac4 throu&h its
codin& scheme
C
#
M
A
C
#
M
A
ode
iision
ultiple
ccess
C#MA is e$tre%e&y ro'ust and
(ro)ides e$"e&&ent audio *ua&ity
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e A
What is Multiple Access?
I Since the 3e&innin& of telephon4 and radio,
s4stem operators hae tried to s@uee>e the
ma9imum amount of traffic oer each circuit
I T4pes of Media -- E9amples-
T)isted pair - copper
Coa9ial ca3le
Fi3er optic ca3le
Air interface 'radio si&nals*
I Adanta&es of Multiple Access
=ncreased capacit4- sere more users
6educed capital re@uirements since fe)er
media can carr4 the traffic
Decreased per-user e9pense
Easier to mana&e and administer
Trans%ission
Mediu%
Each pair of users
enjoys a dedicated,
private circuit through
the transmission
medium, unaware that
the other users exist.
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium
by multiple, independent users.
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e B
Multiple Access Technologies
The ph4sical transmission medium is a resource that
can 3e su3diided into indiidual channels accordin& to
different criteria dependin& on the technolo&4 used-
2ere?s ho) the three most popular technolo&ies
esta3lish channels-

F#MA Frequency #iision Multiple Access

each user on a different fre@uenc4

a channel is a frequency

T#MA Time #iision Multiple Access

each user on a different )indo) period in time

'Ctime slotD*

a channel is a specific time slot on a specific

frequency

C#MA Code #iision Multiple Access

each user uses the same fre@uenc4 all the

time, 3ut mi9ed )ith different distin&uishin&
code patterns

a channel is a uni@ue (set of) code patterns!

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F#MA
T#MA
C#MA
Channel: n individually!assigned, dedicated
pathway through a transmission
medium for one user"s information
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e $
Defining "ur Terms
I C#MA Channe& or C#MA Carrier or C#MA Fre*uen"y
Duple9 channel made of t)o #!,< M2>-)ide 3ands of electroma&netic
spectrum, one for 5ase Station to Mo3ile Station communication 'called the
F+6:A6D L=NE or the D+:NL=NE* and another for Mo3ile Station to 5ase
Station communication 'called the 6E;E6SE L=NE or the 1%L=NE*
in $// Cellular these t)o simple9 #!,< M2> 3ands are 0< M2> apart
in #"// M2> %CS the4 are $/ M2> apart
I C#MA For,ard Channe&
the #!,< M2> For)ard Link
I C#MA -e)erse Channe&
the #!,< M2> 6eerse Link
I C#MA Code Channe&
each indiidual stream of /?s and #?s contained in either the CDMA For)ard
Channel or in the CDMA 6eerse Channel
Code Channels are characteri>ed 'made uni@ue* 34 mathematical codes
code channels in the for)ard link- %ilot, S4nc, %a&in& and For)ard Traffic
channels
code channels in the reerse link- Access and 6eerse Traffic channels
0< or $/ M2>
C#MA CHANN.L
CDMA
6eerse
Channel
#!,< M2>
CDMA
For)ard
Channel
#!,< M2>
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e "
"ther Technologies: A#oiding $nterference
I
=n conentional radio
technolo&ies, the desired si&nal
must 3e stron& enou&h to
oerride an4 interference
I
AM%S, TDMA and FSM depend
on ph4sical distance separation
to keep interference at lo) leels
I
Co-channel users are kept at a
safe distance 34 careful
fre@uenc4 plannin&
I
Near34 users and cells must use
different fre@uencies to aoid
interference
2
3
4
/
0
4
/
4
0 2
0
2

3
/
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
AM+12T#MA231M
Fi4ure o5 Merit: C67
8"arrier6inter5eren"e ratio9
AM+1: :10 d!
T#MA: :14 to 10 d!
31M: :12 to 14 d!
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #/
CDMA: %sing a &e' Dimension
I All CDMA users occup4 the same
fre@uenc4 at the same timeG
Fre@uenc4 and time are not used
as discriminators
I CDMA operates 34 usin& C+DES
to discriminate 3et)een users
I CDMA interference comes mainl4
from near34 users
I Each user is a small oice in a
roarin& cro)d -- 3ut )ith a
uni@uel4 recoera3le code
I Transmit po)er on all users must
3e ti&htl4 controlled so their
si&nals reach the 3ase station at
the same si&nal leel
Fi4ure o5 Merit: .
"
67
o
; .
'
6N
o
8ener4y (er "hi( <'it= 6
inter5eren"e <noise= s(e"tra& density9
C#MA: .
"
67
o
210 to 22 d!
C#MA: .
'
6N
o
>:/ d!
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ##
CDMA $s a (pread)(pectrum (ystem
I Traditional technolo&ies tr4 to
s@uee>e the si&nal into the minimum
re@uired 3and)idth
I
Direct-Se@uence Spread spectrum
s4stems mi9 their input data )ith a
fast spreadin& se@uence and
transmit a )ide3and si&nal

The spreadin& se@uence is

independentl4 re&enerated at the
receier and mi9ed )ith the
incomin& )ide3and si&nal to
recoer the ori&inal data
I
The de-spreadin& &ies su3stantial
gain proportional to the 3and)idth of
the spreadin& si&nal
I
CDMA uses a lar&er 3and)idth 3ut
then uses resultin& processin& &ain
to increase capacit4
(pread (pectrum *ayoff:
*rocessing +ain
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T-A#7T7?NAL C?MMUN7CAT7?N1 1@1T.M
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7n5or%ation
-e"o)ered
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1i4na&
1+-.A#21+.CT-UM 1@1T.M
Fast
1(readin4
1e*uen"e
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7n5or%ation
1ent
TA
1&o,
7n5or%ation
-e"o)ered
-A
Fast
1(readin4
1e*uen"e
Wide'and 1i4na&
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #,
(pread (pectrum *rinciples
#!,< M2>
./ E2>
%o)er is CSpreadD +er a Lar&er 5and)idth
M
A
T
H
H
A
M
M
.
-
MATH
HAMM.-
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #.
(pread (pectrum *rinciples
Man4 code channels are indiiduall4
#spread$ and then added to&ether to
create a Ccomposite si&nalD
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #0
(pread (pectrum *rinciples
UNWANT.# +?W.-
F-?M ?TH.- 1?U-C.1
1sin& the Cri&htD mathematical
se@uences an4 Code Channel
can 3e e9tracted from the receied
composite si&nal
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #<
Anythin4 We Can #o, We Can Undo
I An4 data 3it stream can 3e com3ined )ith a spreadin& se@uence
I The resultin& si&nal can 3e de-spread and the data stream recoered
i5 the ori&inal spreadin& se@uence is aaila3le and properl4
s4nchroni>ed
I After de-spreadin&, the ori&inal data stream is recoered intact
Note - The spread se@uences actuall4 sho)n are icons, not accurate or to scale
?-737NAT7N3 17T. #.1T7NAT7?N
1(readin4
1e*uen"e
1(readin4
1e*uen"e
7n(ut
#ata
8!ase !and9
-e"o)ered
#ata
8!ase !and9
1(read #ata 1trea%
8!ase !and : 1(readin4 1e*uen"e9
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #A
-(hipping and .ecei#ing/ #ia CDMA
I :hether in shippin& and receiin&, or in CDMA,
packa&in& is e9tremel4 importantG
I Car&o is placed inside CnestedD containers for protection
and to allo) addressin&
I The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receier
unpacks in the reerse order
I CDMA CcontainersD are spreadin& codes
F
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#ata
Mai&er
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.
$
#ata
Mai&er
1hi((in4 -e"ei)in4
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #B
CDMA0s &ested (preading (equences
I CDMA com3ines three different spreadin& se@uences to create uni@ue,
ro3ust channels
I The se@uences are eas4 to &enerate on 3oth sendin& and receiin&
ends of each link
I The se@uences are applied in succession at the sendin& end and then
reapplied in opposite order to recoer the ori&inal data stream at the
receiin& end
1(readin4
1e*uen"e
A
1(readin4
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!
1(readin4
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1(read21(e"tru% Chi( 1trea%s
?-737NAT7N3 17T. #.1T7NAT7?N
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #$
Ho' Many (preading Codes Do We &eed?
Discriminating Among For'ard Code Channels!
I A Mo3ile Station, tuned to a particular CDMA fre@uenc4, receies a For)ard
CDMA Channel from a sector in a 5ase Station!
I This For)ard CDMA Channel carries a composite si&nal made of up to A0
Cfor)ard code channelsD
I Some of these code channels are Ctraffic channelsD )hile other are Coerhead
channelsD needed 34 the CDMA s4stem to operate properl4!
I A set of A0 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the A0 possi3le
for)ard code channels that can 3e contained in a For)ard CDMA Channel!
The codes in this set are called -Walsh Codes/
S4nc
%ilot
F: Traffic
'for user H#*
%a&in&
F: Traffic
'for user H,*
F: Traffic
'for user H.*
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e #"
Ho' Many (preading Codes Do We &eed?
Discriminating Among 1ase (tations!
I A mo3ile Station is surrounded 34 5ase Stations, all of them transmittin& on
the same CDMA Fre@uenc4
I Each Sector in each 5ase Station is transmittin& a CDMA For)ard Traffic
Channel containin& up to A0 distinct for)ard code channels
I A Mo3ile Station must 3e a3le to discriminate 3et)een different Sectors of
different 5ase Stations and listen to onl4 one set of code channels
I T)o 3inar4 di&it se@uences called the $ and 2 (hort *& (equences or
(hort *& Codes! are defined for the purpose of identif4in& sectors of
different 3ase stations
I These Short %N Se@uences can 3e used in <#, different )a4s in a CDMA
s4stem! Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code )hich can 3e
used to identif4 a particular sector of a particular 3ase station
A 5
1p to A0
Code Channels
1p to A0
Code Channels
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,/
Ho' Many (preading Codes Do We &eed?
Discriminating Among .e#erse Code Channels!
I The CDMA s4stem must 3e a3le to
uni@uel4 identif4 each Mo3ile Station that
ma4 attempt to communicate )ith a 5ase
Station
I A er4 lar&e num3er of Mo3ile Stations )ill
3e in the market
I +ne 3inar4 di&it se@uence called the
3ong *& (equence or 3ong *& Code!
is defined for the purpose of uni@uel4
identif4in& each possi3le reerse code
channel
I This se@uence is e9tremel4 lon& and can
3e used in trillions of different )a4s! Each
one of them constitutes a mathematical
code )hich can 3e used to identif4 a
particular user 'and is then called a 1ser
Lon& Code* or a particular Caccess
channelD 'e9plained later in this course*
6; Traffic
from M!S!
H#$.BB.,//$
6; Traffic
from M!S!
H$BA0.0",/"
6; Traffic
from M!S!
H,,.AA.B0$
S4stem Access
Attempt 34 M!S!
H0.0$BA""/,
'on access channel H#*
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,#
*utting it All Together: CDMA Channels
I
The three spreadin& codes are used in different )a4s to create the for)ard and reerse links
I
A for)ard channel e9ists 34 hain& a specific :alsh Code assi&ned to the user, and a specific %N
offset for the sector
I
A reerse channel e9ists 3ecause the mo3ile uses a specific offset of the Lon& %N se@uence
!T1
WAL1H C?#.: 7ndi)idua& User
1H?-T +N ?FF1.T: 1e"tor
L?N3 C?#. ?FF1.T:
indi)idua& handset
F?-WA-# CHANN.L1
-.B.-1. CHANN.L1
%&'( )&*E:
*ata
Scrambling
+%S, )&*ES:
used as symbols
for robustness
S,&-. /':
used at 0 offset
for trac1ing
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,,
+i&ot Wa&sh 0
Wa&sh 19
+a4in4 Wa&sh 1
Wa&sh /
Wa&sh 11
Wa&sh 20
1yn" Wa&sh 32
Wa&sh 42
Wa&sh 30
Wa&sh 41
Wa&sh /
Wa&sh /0
Wa&sh
Code Channels in the For'ard Direction
I +7L?T- :ALS2 C+DE 0

The %ilot is a Cstructural 3eaconD )hich

does not contain a character stream! =t is
a timin& source used in s4stem ac@uisition
and as a measurement deice durin&
handoffs
I 1@NC- :ALS2 C+DE 32

This carries a data stream of s4stem

identification and parameter information
used 34 mo3iles durin& s4stem ac@uisition
I +A37N3- :ALS2 C+DES 1 u( to 0

There can 3e from one to seen pa&in&

channels as determined 34 capacit4
needs! The4 carr4 pa&es, s4stem
parameters information, and call setup
orders
I T-AFF7C- an4 re%ainin4 :ALS2 codes

The traffic channels are assi&ned to

indiidual users to carr4 call traffic! All
remainin& :alsh codes are aaila3le,
su3Iect to oerall capacit4 limited 34 noise
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,.
!T1 81 se"tor9 MTA !1C
F.C
Walsh 45
1yn" F.C
Walsh 467
Walsh 48
F.C
Walsh 457
F.C
Walsh 476
F.C
Walsh 479
F.C
Walsh 4::
+i&ot
+a4in4
Bo"oder
Bo"oder
Bo"oder
Bo"oder
more more
more
Trans2
%itter;
1e"tor A

2 3
(hort *& Code
*& "ffset 7:;
Coding *rocess in the For'ard Direction
A For,ard Channe& is
identi5ied 'y:
O
its C#MA -F "arrier
Fre*uen"y
O
the uni*ue 1hort
Code +N ?55set o5
the se"tor
O
the uni*ue Wa&sh
Code o5 the user
CDMA
Frequency
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,0
-.3
12C00
242
4444
!T1
Code Channels in the .e#erse Direction
There are t,o ty(es o5 C#MA -e)erse Channe&s:
I T-AFF7C CHANN.L1 are used 34 indiidual
users durin& their actual calls to transmit traffic
to the 5TS
a reerse traffic channel is defined 34 a user-specific
pu3lic or priate Lon& Code mask
there are as man4 reerse Traffic Channels as
there are CDMA phones in the )orld
I ACC.11 CHANN.L1 are used 34 mo3ile stations not
4et in a call to transmit re&istration re@uests, call setup
re@uests, pa&e responses, order responses, and other
si&nalin& information
an access channel is defined 34 a user-independent
pu3lic lon& code mask
Access channels are paired )ith %a&in& Channels!
There can 3e up to ., access channels per pa&in&
channel
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,<
MTA !1C !T1 81 se"tor9
Channe& .&e%ent
A""ess Channe&s
Bo"oder
Bo"oder
Bo"oder
Bo"oder
more more
-e"ei)er;
1e"tor A
Channe& .&e%ent
Channe& .&e%ent
Channe& .&e%ent
Channe& .&e%ent
3ong Code +en
%ong )ode (en
%ong )ode (en
%ong )ode (en
%ong )ode (en
more
4ser
%ong
)ode
4ser
%ong
)ode
4ser
%ong
)ode
4ser
%ong
)ode
4ser
%ong
)ode
4ser
%ong
)ode
Coding *rocess in the .e#erse Direction
A -e)erse Channe& is identi5ied 'y:
O its C#MA -F "arrier Fre*uen"y
O the uni*ue Lon4 Code +N ?55set o5 the
indi)idua& handset
CDMA
Frequency
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,A
#etai&s o5 ?(eration
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,B
<aria=le .ate <ocoding > Multiple?ing
Traffic Channels "nly!
I
;ocoders compress
speech, reduce 3it rate
I
CDMA uses a superior
;aria3le 6ate ;ocoder

full rate durin& speech

lo) rates in speech pauses

increased capacit4

more natural sound

I
;oice, si&nalin&, and user
secondar4 data ma4 3e
mi9ed in CDMA frames
#1+ DC.L+ B?C?#.-
Code3ook
%itch
Filter
Formant
Filter
Coded -esu&t
Feed2
'a"E
20%s 1a%(&e
-ate 1et 2 Fra%e 1iFes 'its
Fu&& -ate Fra%e
162 -ate Fra%e
164 -t.
16C 3/
02
144
2CC
Fra%e Contents: "an 'e a %i$ture o5
Boi"e 1i4na&in4 1e"ondary
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,$
Con#erting 1its into (ym=ols
I
The 3its in a ,/ ms traffic frame ma4 include one
or more of the follo)in&

oice information 'from the ocoder*

si&nalin& information

secondar4 traffic information

I
:hen For)ard Error Correction al&orithms are
applied to these information 3its, the resultin& /s
and #s are called s4m3ols

3its and s4m3ols are related in a comple9

man4-to-man4 fashion

the information in one 3it is distri3uted amon&

man4 s4m3ols, and one s4m3ol carries some
of the information of man4 3its

all for)ard traffic frames contain .$0 s4m3ols

all reerse traffic frames contain <BA s4m3ols

!its
1y%'o&s
5orward Error
)orrection
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ,"
(preading (ym=ols into Chips
I S4m3ols are conerted into special A0-chip
patterns for transmission
there are A0 such patterns called C:alsh codesD
in the for)ard link, Iust one of these patterns is
assi&ned to each user?s stream of s4m3ols
'code channel*

each J/? s4m3ol is replaced 34 the selected

pattern ':alsh code*

each J#? s4m3ol is replaced 34 the lo&ical

ne&ation of the selected pattern
in the reerse link, all the A0 patterns '3ut not
their lo&ical ne&ations* are used in eer4 code
channel

each &roup of si9 s4m3ols is interpreted as

a 3inar4 alue in the /-A. ran&e and
replaced 34 the correspondin& :alsh code
1y%'o&s
Chi(s
)oding and
Spreading
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ./
.e#erting The *rocess
ITo reert the process, first the s4m3ols are
recoered as follo)s
in the 5or,ard direction, the mo3ile station correlates
the receied si&nal )ith the selected :alsh code pattern
'inte&ratin& the po)er oer A0 chips*K a perfect match
corresponds to a J/? s4m3olK a perfect no-match
corresponds to a J#? s4m3olK for an4thin& 3et)een these
e9tremes, the mo3ile station &uesses 3ased on )hich
case the partial match resem3les closer
in the re)erse direction, the 5TS matches the receied
si&nal )ith each possi3le :alsh code and selects the
pattern that produces the hi&hest de&ree of correlation
as the representation of the last &roup of si9 s4m3ols
sent
I:hen all the s4m3ols for a ,/ millisecond frame
hae 3een recoered, the ;iter3i decoder is used to
&uess the 3lock of 3its 'frame* that most pro3a3l4
corresponds to this 3lock of s4m3ols
IThen, the C6C of this frame is calculated to
determine if the &uess )as successfulK if not, the
frame is discarded 'or CerasedD*
1y%'o&s
Chi(s
*espreading
(integraton)
!its
6iterbi
*ecoder
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .#
(pectrum %sage and (ystem Capacity:
(ignal 1and'idth, <ulnera=ility and Frequency .euse
I .a"h ,ire&ess te"hno&o4y 8AM+1;
NAM+1; #2AM+1; 31M; C#MA9 uses a
s(e"i5i" %odu&ation ty(e ,ith its o,n
uni*ue si4na& "hara"teristi"s
I The tota& tra55i" "a(a"ity o5 a ,ire&ess
syste% is deter%ined &ar4e&y 'y radio
si4na& "hara"teristi"s and -F desi4n
I -F si4na& )u&nera'i&ity to 7nter5eren"e
di"tates ho, %u"h inter5eren"e "an 'e
to&erated; and there5ore ho, 5ar a(art
sa%e25re*uen"y "e&&s %ust 'e s(a"ed
I For a s(e"i5i" 16N &e)e&; the 1i4na&
!and,idth deter%ines ho, %any -F
si4na&s ,i&& G5itH in the o(eratorIs
&i"ensed s(e"tru%
AM+1; #2AM+1; N2AM+1
C#MA
30 30 10 EHF
200 EHF
120 EHF
1 3 1 Users
C Users
22 Users
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
3
2

/
1
0
Ty(i"a& Fre*uen"y -euse NJ0
Ty(i"a& Fre*uen"y -euse NJ4
Ty(i"a& Fre*uen"y -euse NJ1
Bu&nera'i&ity:
C67 10 d!
Bu&nera'i&ity:
C67 12214 d!
Bu&nera'i&ity:
.
'
6N
o
/ d!
31M
10 d! J 10
1.0
0
14 d! J 10
1.4
2
12 d! J 10
1.2
1/
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .,
.elationship 1et'een @
=
A&
8
and (A&
.
'

J
1
-
1i4na& +o,er
!it -ate
J N
0

J
N
W
Noise +o,er
!and,idth
J
J
1
-
W
N
A J
1
N
W
-
A
1
-
N
W
.
'
N
0
J
1i4na& to Noise
+ro"essin4
3ain
. 6 t
! 6 t
J
+
-
L
#,,</,///
#0,0//
L $B L
#!"0
#/
L #"!0d7
+
-
L
#,,</,///
",A//
L #./ L
,!##
#/
L ,#!#d7
$ E3 ocoder
'Full 6ate*
#. E3 ocoder
'Full 6ate*
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ..
(A& Ad#antage of CDMA
AM+1
N2AM+1
#2AM+1
31M
C#MA
Ana&o4 FM
Ana&o4 FM
#D+1K
3M1K
D+1K6?D+1K
30 KHF.
10 KHF.
30 KHF.
200 KHF.
1;20 KHF.
C67 10 d!
C67 10 d!
C67 10 d!
C67 12214
d!
.
'
6N
o
/d!
Te"h2
no&o4y
Modu&ation Ty(e
Channe&
!and,idth
Dua&ity
7ndi"ator
16N 10 d!
16N 10 d!
16N 10 d!
16N 12 to 14 d!
16N L13.4 d!
16N
10 d! J 10
1.0
0
14 d! J 10
1.4
2
12 d! J 10
1.2
1/
213.4 d! L 10
21.34
0.04/ L
1
N
#/
0./
#/
1.94
L L #/
21.34
L 213.4 d!
1i4na& to Noise
+ro"essin4 3ain 8
W
7
-
9
1
N
A J #/
0./
#/
1.94
.
'
N
0
1
22
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .0
"#erlaying CDMA on an AM*( (ystem
Each CDMA Channel- #!,</ M2> M ./ k2> L 0#!B L N0# AM%S channels
Each Fuard 5and- ,A/ k2> M ./ k2> L $!B L N" AM%S channels
,A/ E2> ,A/ E2> #!,< M2> Nominal 5and)idth
Fre*uen"y
+
o
,
e
r
#!BB M2>
C#MA CA--7.-
0# AM%S channels 0# AM%S channels
" AM%S
channels
0# AM%S channels
0# AM%S channels
C#MA C#MA C#MA C#MA C#MA
ABA7LA!L.
ABA7LA!L.
CC MHF
Minimum Separation 3et)een AM%S7TDMA and CDMA center fre@uenc4-
'#,,</ k2> M ,* O ,A/ k2> L CC EHF
T?TAL: 1.00 MHF M 30 EHF J 9 AM+1 "hanne&s
3UA-#
!AN#
3UA-#
!AN#
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .<
CDMA Frequency Channel Assignment
=S-"< 6EC+MMENDS T+ STA6T CDMA DE%L+PMENT
:=T2 E=T2E6 T2E %6=MA6P +6 T2E SEC+NDA6P C2ANNEL
1
3
3
4
/
/
0
9
9
1
1
0
2
3
3
3
3
/
/
/
0
1

0
9
9
0
1
/
Channe&
Nu%'ers
A 8non2Wire&ine9 ! 8Wire&ine9 AI AH !I
1013 31 03 11 10 199 241 2C3 3C4 42/ 4/C 10 2 94 /3/ /91 000
C#MA A2!and Carriers C#MA !2!and Carriers
C 0 / 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 / 0 9 9 C
N N NN
N -e*uires 5re*uen"y "oordination ,ith
non2"e&&u&ar inter5erers
NN -e*uires 5re*uen"y "oordination ,ith
A2'and "arrier
A !and +ri%ary Channe& 2C3
A !and 1e"ondary Channe& /91
! !and +ri%ary Channe& 3C4
! !and 1e"ondary Channe& 000
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .A
CDMA Frequency Clearing: A)=and
&B9 .euse *attern!
I To de(&oy a C#MA
"arrier "entered on
AM+16T#MA Channe&
2C3; AM+16T#MA
Channe&s 24 throu4h
312; in"&usi)e; %ust 'e
"&eared 5ro% the C#MA
"o)era4e area
I The C#MA "hanne& is
i%(&e%ented; "entered
on AM+16T#MA Channe&
2C3. The 5irst usa'&e
AM+16T#MA Channe&s
8outside o5 the 3uard
Oone9 are Channe&s 23
and 313
333 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313
312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292
291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271
270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250
249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229
228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208
207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 187
186 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166
165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145
144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124
123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103
102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82
81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61
60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C

& B 9
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .B
"#erlay +uard Cone Deployment
AM+1 ?n&y Ce&&s
a((ro$ 19 "hanne&s (er se"tor
C#MA P AM+1 Ce&&s
a((ro$ 1/ "hanne&s (er se"tor
one C#MA "hanne&6"arrier65re*uen"y
8 42 : 9 : 9 9 M 21 J 2.C J >3 AM+1 "hanne&s %ust 'e "&eared (er
se"tor in the C#MA P AM+1 area and in the 3uard Oone to %aEe
roo% 5or the 5irst C#MA "hanne&6"arrier65re*uen"y
The Fuard Qones are needed 3et)een CDMA and other s4stems
3ecause CDMA increases the noise floor for those s4stems
AM+1 ?n&y Ce&&s 83UA-# O?N.9
a((ro$ 1/ "hanne&s (er "e&&
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e .$

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C
334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375
376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396
397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417
418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438
439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459
460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480
481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501
502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522
523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543
544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564
565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585
586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606
607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627
628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648
649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666
& B 9
CDMA Frequency Clearing: 1)=and
&B9 .euse *attern!
I To de(&oy a C#MA
"arrier "entered on
AM+16T#MA Channe&
3C4; AM+16T#MA
Channe&s 3 throu4h
413; in"&usi)e; %ust 'e
"&eared 5ro% the C#MA
"o)era4e area
I The C#MA "hanne& is
i%(&e%ented; "entered
on AM+16T#MA Channe&
3C4. The 5irst usa'&e
AM+16T#MA Channe&s
8outside o5 the 3uard
Oone9 are Channe&s 34
and 414
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e ."
CDMA D88 MHE Cellular (pectrum %sage
I All CDMA 6F carriers are #!,< M2>! )ide
can sere N,, users )7$ k3 ocoder 'N#B users )7#. k3 ocoder*
I The cellular spectrum of one operator is #,!< M2>! )ide! Pou?d e9pect that #/
CDMA carriers )ould fit! 2o)eer, onl4 " carriers can 3e used
operators must maintain a CtokenD AM%S presence for seeral 4ears
C&uard 3andsD are re@uired at the ed&es of fre@uenc4 3locks or an4 fre@uenc4
3oundaries 3et)een CDMA7non-CDMA si&nals
no &uard 3ands are re@uired 3et)een adIacent CDMA carriers
+ossi'&e C#MA
Center Fre*. Assi4n%ents
Channe&
Nu%'ers
For,ard &inE 8i.e.; "e&& site trans%its9 -e)erse &inE 8i.e.; %o'i&e trans%its9
C24
MHF
C49
MHF
C/9
MHF
C94
MHF
other
uses
AH AH A ! AI !I
1 10 10 1. 2.
A ! AI !I
1 10 10 1. 2.
9
9
1
1
0
2
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
/
/
/
/
/
0
0
1
/
0
1
0
0
9
9
9
9
1
1
0
2
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
/
/
/
/
/
0
0
1
/
0
1
0
0
9
9
>300 EHF. G4uard 'andsH (ossi'&y re*uired i5 adQa"ent2
5re*uen"y si4na&s are non2C#MA 8AM+1; T#MA; .1M-; et".9
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0/
CDMA <ersus AM*(ATDMA Comparison
#. k3ps $ k3ps
#" / / #,!</ #,!./ #,!./
#A " # #. ,/ #/!B. #!BB "!$. 0!.0 #0!#B
#0 #< , ,A 0/ "!0$ .!/, $!,/ "!/# #B!,#
#, ,# . ." A/ $!,. 0!,B A!A# #0!// ,/!A#
#/ ,B 0 <, $/ A!"$ <!<, <!/$ #"!./ ,0!.$
$ .. < A< #// <!B. A!BB .!A. ,0!A/ ,$!,.
A ." A B$ #,/ 0!0$ $!/, ,!,$ .#!#/ ..!.$
0 0< B "# #0/ .!,. "!,B #!#" .<!A/ .A!B"
, <# $ #/0 #A/ #!"$ #/!<, /!,, 0#!,/ 0#!0,
/ <B " ##B #$/ /!B. ##!BB 0A!$/ 0A!$/
APMS
channels
per 120
sector
TDMA
Channels
per 120
sector
CDMA
Carriers
CDMA Traffic
Channels per #,/R
sector
Bandwidth
devoted to
AMPS
Bandwidth
converted to
digital
AMPS
capacity
(rlangs!
TDMA
capacity
(rlangs!
AMPS "
TDMA
(rlangs!
#. k3ps $ k3ps #. k3ps $ k3ps #. k3ps $ k3ps #. k3ps $ k3ps #. k3ps $ k3ps #. k3ps $ k3ps
/ #,!./ #,!./ #,!./ #,!./ #,!./ #,!./ #,!./
# "!$. B!0/ #.!#" B!0/ #.!#" B!0/ #.!#" #B!,. ,.!/, #B!,. ,.!/, #B!,. ,.!/,
, $!,/ #0!$/ ,A!.$ #A!,0 ,$!"0 #$!0/ .#!// ,.!// .0!<$ ,0!00 .B!#0 ,A!A/ ."!,/
. A!A# ,,!,/ ."!<B ,<!.# 0<!## .#!#/ 0"!A0 ,$!$# 0A!#$ .#!", <#!B, .B!B# <A!,<
0 <!/$ ,"!A/ <,!BA 0,!#/ A$!A" .0!A$ <B!$0 0B!#$ B.!BB
< .!A. .B!// A<!"< <0!0/ $B!"B 0/!A. A"!<$ <$!/. "#!A/
A ,!,$ 00!0/ B"!#0 AA!$/ #/B!00 0A!A$ $#!0, A"!/$ #/"!B,
B #!#" <#!$/ ",!.. B"!./ #,A!"$ <,!"" ".!<, $/!0" #,$!#B
$ /!,, <"!,/ #/<!<, "#!"/ #0A!A. <"!0, #/<!B0 ",!#, #0A!$<
" AA!A/ ##$!B# #/0!</ #AA!.A AA!A/ ##$!B# #/0!</ #AA!.A
CDMA witho#tpooling
(rlangs!
CDMA with MCTA
(rlangs! $or 2 or %
carriers only
CDMA with per$ect
pooling (rlangs!
CDMA
Carriers
AMPS "CDMA witho#t
pooling (rlangs!
AMPS "CDMA with
MCTA (rlangs!
AMPS "CDMA with
per$ectpooling (rlangs!
AMPS
capacity
(rlangs!
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0#
&um=er of <oice Channels As AM*(
Channels Are Con#erted to Digital!
/
< /
# / /
# < /
, / /
# , . 0 < A B $ " # /
S #
S 0
AM%S
TDMA
#. k3ps
CDMA
$ k3ps
CDMA
N
u
m
3
e
r

o
f

;
o
i
c
e

C
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
Num3er of CDMA Carriers
/ # , . 0 < A B $ "
200
10
100
0
0
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0,
Capacity Compared As AM*( Channels
Are Con#erted to Digital!
/!//
#/!//
,/!//
./!//
0/!//
</!//
A/!//
B/!//
$/!//
# , . 0 <

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
4

i
n

E
r
l
a
n
&
s
'.-sector cells*
/ # , . 0
Num3er of CDMA Carriers
AM+1 on&y
C#MA : AM+1
T#MA : AM+1
#. k3ps no poolin&
#. k3ps )ith MCTA
#. k3ps perfect poolin&
$ k3ps no poolin&
$ k3ps )ith MCTA
$ k3ps perfect poolin&
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0.
"#erlaying CDMA on the 5F88 MHE 1and
Each CDMA Channel- #!,</ M2> M </ k2> L ,< channels
Each Fuard 5and- ,A/ k2> M </ k2> L <!, L N< channels
T?TAL: 1.00 MHF M 0 EHF J 3.4 J > 3 "hanne&s
,A/ E2> ,A/ E2> #!,< M2> Nominal 5and)idth
Fre*uen"y
+
o
,
e
r
#!BB M2>
C#MA CA--7.-
Sust as )ith the CDMA on AM%S oerla4, a 3UA-# O?N. is also needed
3UA-#
!AN#
3UA-#
!AN#
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 00
CDMA *C( 5F88 MHE (pectrum %sage
I A, 5, and C licenses can accommodate ## CDMA 6F channels in
their ./ M2> of spectrum
I D, E, and F licenses can accommodate . CDMA 6F channels in
their #/ M2> of spectrum
I ,A/ k2> &uard 3ands are re@uired on the ed&es of the %CS
spectrum to ensure no interference occurs )ith other applications
Iust outside the spectrum
3uard !ands
For,ard &inE 8i.e.; "e&& site trans%its9
-e)erse &inE 8i.e.; %o'i&e trans%its9
1C0
MHF
!
T
A
!
T
A
!
T
A
!
T
A
!
T
A
!
T
A
+aired !ands
MTA !TA MTA !TA MTA MTA
1910
MHF
1930
MHF
1990
MHF
#ata Boi"e
A # ! . F C A # ! . F C
1 10 10 1 1 1 1 1
Li"ensed
Li"ensed
Un&i"ensed
0
Channe&
Nu%'ers 2
9
9
3
0
0
4
0
0
/
9
9
0
0
0
C
0
0
9
0
0
1
1
9
9 0
2
9
9
3
0
0
4
0
0
/
9
9
0
0
0
C
0
0
9
0
0
1
1
9
9
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0<
Norte& C#MA 1yste% Ar"hite"ture
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0A
&ortel CDMA (ystem Architecture
!1C2!1M MTA !T1
C#1U #71C?
Ch. Card ACC

TFU1
3+1-
!1M
C#1U
C#1U
#71C? 1
#71C? 2
1!1
Bo"oders
1e&e"tors
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
CM SLM
L%% L%% ENET
DTCs
DMS-51S
T$")r
A
T$")r
!
T$")r
C
-FF.
A
-FF.
!
-FF.
C
TFU
3+1-
+1TN P
?ther MTAs
F%S
F%S
=+C
!i&&in4
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0B
(ignal Flo': T'o)(tage Metamorphosis
!1C2!1M MTA !T1
Ch! Card ACC

TF1#
F%S6
5SM
CDS1
CDS1
S5S
;ocoders
Selectors
CDS1
CDS1
CDS1
CDS1
CDS1
CM SLM
L%% L%% ENET
DTCs
DMS-51S
T9cr
A
T9cr
5
T9cr
C
6FFE
A
6FFE
5
6FFE
C
TF1
F%S6
F%S
F%S
=+C
+1TN
CDS1 D=SC+ CDS1
D=SC+ #
D=SC+ ,
#10 in T1
+a"Eets
Chi(s
-F
Channe&
.&e%ent
Bo"oder
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0$
Architecture: The MTG
I
%rimar4 functions

Call %rocessin&

Mo3ilit4 Mana&ement

2L6-;L6 access

=nters4stem call delier4 '=S-0#C*

=nter-MTT handoer '=S-0#C*

5illin& Data Capture

Callin& Features & Serices

Collectin& S4stem +Ms, %e&s

I
2i&h relia3ilit4, redundanc4
MTA
CM SLM
L%% ENET
DTCs
DMS-51S
+1TN P
?ther MTAs
C#MA
!1C
1nch! T#
=+C
C#MA
1!1
MA+;
B#Us
!i&&in4
L%%
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Ch
T#
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e 0"
Architecture: The 1(C
I
%rimar4 functions

ocodin&

soft handoff mana&ement

FE6-3ased po)er control

routin& of all traffic and control

packets
I
Scalea3le architecture

e9pand S5S to keep pace )ith

traffic &ro)th

e9panda3le D=SC+
!1C
TFU1
3+1-
!1M
C#1U
C#1U
#71C? 1
#71C? 2
1!1
Bo"oders
1e&e"tors
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
F%S
MTA
8)oi"e
trunEs9
MTA
L++
!T1s
T1 "hanne&iFed 824 #109
T1 un"hanne&iFed
!CN &inE 8H#LC9
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e </
Architecture: The 1T(
I
%rimar4 function- Air link

&enerate, radiate, receie CDMA 6F

si&nal =S-"<7S!Std! $

hi&h-efficienc4 T# 3ackhaul

test capa3ilities
I
Confi&urations

#, ,, or . sectors

$// M2>!- indoor

#"// M2>!- self-contained outdoor,

remota3le 6FFEs

future- #"// M2>! indoor, $// & #"//

multi-carrier options
!T1
C#1U #71C?
Ch. Card ACC

T$")r
A
T$")r
!
T$")r
C
-FF.
A
-FF.
!
-FF.
C
TFU
3+1-
F%S
!1C
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <#
Architecture: The 1(M
I
%rimar4 functions- +A&M for CDMA
components

Confi&uration mana&ement

5SC, 5TS confi&uration and

parameters

Fault mana&ement

Alarm 6eportin&

%erformance mana&ement

interface for CDMA statistics

and pe& counts collection

Securit4 mana&ement

1ni9-3ased
!1C !T1
C#1U #71C?
Ch. Card ACC

TFU1
3+1-
C#1U
C#1U
#71C? 1
#71C? 2
1!1
Bo"oders
1e&e"tors
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
T$")r
A
T$")r
!
T$")r
C
-FF.
A
-FF.
!
-FF.
C
TFU
3+1-
F%S
F%S
!1M
A2Windo,s ter%ina&s
.thernet LAN
!1M WorEstation
3N+ T.LC?
W?-K1.-B.-
1H.LF
222222222
H73H
ABA7LA!7L7T@
N?-T.L C#MA
!1M
!CN LinEs
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <,
#ata Co&&e"tion and Ana&ysis
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <.
(ources of CDMA Data and Tools for *rocessing
I CDMA data for anal4sis flo)s from three sources-
S)itch, CDMA peripherals and 3ase stations, and the 2andset
I ;arious soft)are and hard)are tools are aaila3le for collection and
anal4sis of each of these streams of data
I Data contains messa&es and arious indicators of 6F performance
A""ess M4r.6!1C2!1M 1,it"h !T1
C#1U #71C?
Ch. Card ACC

TFU1
3+1-
C#1U
C#1U
#71C? 1
#71C? 2
1!1
Bo"oders
1e&e"tors
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
C#1U
CM SLM
L%% L%% ENET
DTCs
DMS-51S
T$")r A
T$")r !
T$")r C
-FF. A
-FF. !
-FF. C
TFU1
3+1-
=+C
!1M
#ata Ana&ysis
+ost2+ro"essin4
Too&s
$()FHAI (td D Messages
$()FHAI (td D
Messages
&"$( Messages
2C)(pecific Messages
('itch "Ms,
pegs, logs
Mo'i&e #ata
+ost2+ro"essin4
Too&s
Mo'i&e #ata
Ca(ture Too&s
(elector
3ogs
&M$( Messages
Handset
Messages
.$terna&
Ana&ysis
Too&s
/)!based
/)!based
4nix!based,
/)!based
6arious
C#MA N.TW?-K .DU7+M.NT
HAN#1.T
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <0
@lements of Typical Measurement (ystems
Wire&ess
-e"ei)er
+C or
Co&&e"tor
3+1
-e"ei)er
#ead
-e"Eonin4
Main Features
I Field stren&th measurement

Accurate collection in real-time

Multi-channel, aera&in&
capa3ilit4
I Location Data Collection Methods-

Flo3al %ositionin& S4stem 'F%S*

Dead reckonin& on di&iti>ed map

data3ase usin& on-3oard
compass and )heel reolutions
sensor

A com3ination of 3oth methods is

recommended for the 3est results
I =deall4, a s4stem should 3e cali3rated
in a3solute units, not Iust ra)
receied po)er leel indications

6ecord normali>ed antenna &ain,

measured line loss
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <<
A Typical Mo=ile Test .ecei#er
I
6eceiers and decoders are installed
onl4 for the appropriate technolo&ies
and fre@uenc4 3ands
I
=nternal F%S or e9ternal F%S ma4
3e used, )ith or )ithout dead-
reckonin& capa3ilities
=nternal F%S
6eceier,
if used
1p to 0
technolo&4-specific
decoder 3oards-
AM%S, TDMA
FSM, CDMA
%a&in&
1p to 0
technolo&4 and
3and-specific
receiers-
$// M2>! cellular
#</, 0</, $// %a&in&
#"// %CS
1p to , handsets
ma4 3e connected
for FSM or CDMA
at $// or #"// M2>!
inputs to internal 6Ts
Main
+n7+ff
6F to
=nt! F%S
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <A
Decem3er, #""B <" CDMA 5SM, 5SC, 5TS
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <B
2ere is the Ec7=o of the pilot comin& from
a sector transmittin& )ith %N offset 0<A,
measured for each one of the three
fin&er at this instant durin& the call
2ere is the Ec7=o of the pilot comin&
from the sector transmittin& )ith %N
offset 0<A, )hen the data e9tracted
from the three fin&ers are com3ined
2ere is the Ec7=o of the pilot comin& from a nei&h3orin&
sector )hich transmits )ith %N offset 0<,! The Ec7=o of this
pilot momentaril4 3ecame 3etter 'less ne&atie* than -#0 d5,
therefore the mo3ile moed it from the Nei&h3or Set into the
Candidate Set and re@uested a handoff, 3ut in the meantime
its @ualit4 de&raded to -#B!< d5! =f its Ec7=o improes and the
s4stem approes the handoff, the mo3ile )ill moe this pilot
from the Candidate set into the Actie Set and fin&ers #, ,
and7or . could 3e re-assi&ned to e9tract the traffic associated
to this pilot! +ther)ise pilot 0<, )ill 3e returned to the
Nei&h3or Set!
2ere is the Ec7=o of the pilot
comin& from nei&h3orin&
sectors, transmittin& )ith %N
offsets 0$$ and 0#A
1 2
3
4
(.hese three digits in red indicate
that fingers 89", 8:" and 8;" are
currently assigned to pilot <=>)
Measuring The .ecei#ed @cA$o 'ith the
+rayson Tool
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <$
The handoff )as authori>ed and the mo3ile
re-assi&ned fin&er , to decode the traffic
associated )ith pilot 0<,, )hile keepin& fin&ers #
and . decodin& traffic associated )ith pilot 0<A
Notice that the Nei&h3or list no) includes the
nei&h3ors of the sector operatin& )ith %N ofset
0<A as )ell as the nei&h3ors of the sector
operatin& )ith %N ofset 0<,

/
Measuring The .ecei#ed @cA$o 'ith the
+rayson Tool
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e <"
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - No! ", #""$ - %a&e A/
What0s $n a Handset?
#u(&e$er P
!and(ass
Fi&ters
7F
!+F
Mi$er LNA
Lo"a&
?s"i&&ator
81ynthesiFed9
Tra55i" Corre&ator
+N 3enerator Wa&sh 3enerator
Tra55i" Corre&ator
+N 3enerator Wa&sh 3enerator
Tra55i" Corre&ator
+N 3enerator Wa&sh 3enerator
Bo"oder
1ear"h Corre&ator 8+i&ots9
+N 3enerator Wa&sh J0
C+U P
Contro&
A&4orith%s
Bo"oder
Con). .n"oder
P 1y%'o& -e(.
!&o"E
7nter&ea)er
?rtho4ona&
Modu&ator
#ata !urst
6andomi>er
#ire"t 1e*.
1(readin4
Duadrature
1(readin4
!ase'and
Fi&terin4
7F
Modu&ator
+o,er
A%(&i5ier
7F
Antenna
-e"ei)er
Trans%itter
#oice =its
#oice =its
audio
audio
sym=ols
chips
Mi$er
chips sym=ols sym=ols
.F
$F
.F
.F
3"
3"
$F
"pen 3oop *'r Control
message
=its
message =its L?N3 C?#. 3enerator
$F
$F Transmit +ain AdJust: Closed 3oop *'r Control
7F

Biter'i
#e"oder