Team Teaching

Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2013/2014
Steel Structural Design
Tension Member
Tension Members
Structural members that are subjected to
axial tensile force (truss members, cables in
suspension bridges, bracing for buildings,).
Any cross-sectional configuration may be
used, since the only determinant of strength
is the cross-sectional area.
Circular rods and rolled angle shapes are
commonly used.
Examples
truss members,
cables in suspension and cable stayed
bridges,
bracing for buildings and bridges
cable for suspended roof systems
Section Property
The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
1. near the point of application of load, and
2. at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.
Stress
stress in an axially loaded tension member is:
A
P
f =
where P = magnitude of load
A = cross sectional area
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
7/8 in. diameter hole
Section a-a
Section b-b
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
7/8 in. diameter hole
b
b
a
a
8 x in. bar
Gusset plate
7/8 in. diameter hole
Section a-a
Section b-b
Section a-a
Section b-b
Example :
Area of a a = 8 x = 4 in
2
Area of b b =
(8 2 x 7/8 ) x = 3.12 in
2
The reduced area of section b b will be subjected to
higher stresses and therefore the higher stresses will be
localized around section b b.
Section area with hole :
T T
Fy
Nn
Nn
Elastic stress Yield stress
Reach Nominal Strength
Steel Stress Strain Curve
Strain, c
c
y
c
u
c
y
c
u
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

f
F
y
F
u
E
Strain, c
c
y
c
u
c
y
c
u
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

f
F
y
F
u
c
y
c
u
c
y
c
u
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

f
F
y
F
u
E
1. Deformations are caused by the
strain (c)
2. Small deformation if c < c
y
3. Large deformatin if c > c
y
F
y
is the yield
stress and F
u
is
the ultimate
stress
c
y
is the yield
strain and c
u
is
the ultimate
strain
A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:
(1) Excessive deformation due to the yielding of the gross section
(section a-a)
(2) Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress at the net
section (section b-b) reaches the ultimate stress F
u
.
The objective of design is to prevent these failure before reaching
the ultimate loads on the structure.
Limit states of tension member
A tension member can fail by reaching one of the two
limiting states: yielding or fracture :
Nominal Strength: Pn
1. Nominal strength in Yielding,
2. Nominal strength in Fracture
y g n
F A P =
Where :
Fy = yield stress
Ag = gross area
Ae = effective net area= U An
An = net area
U = efficiency factor
u e n
F A P =
(Strength Reduction Factor) |
SRF for yielding,
|
t
= 0.90 |P
n
= 0.9 F
y
A
g
SRF for fracture failure,
|
t
= 0.75 |P
n
= 0.75 F
u
A
e
Mechanical Properties of Steel in Indonesia
Mechanical Properties of Steel in America
Steel Type
Ultimate Stress Fu
(Mpa)
Yield Stress Fy (Mpa)
Minimum
Elongation (%)
BJ 34 340 210 22
BJ 37 370 240 20
BJ 41 410 250 18
BJ 50 500 290 16
BJ 55 550 410 13
Steel Type Fu (Ksi) Fy (Ksi)
A36 58 36
A242 63 - 70 42 - 50
A572 65 50
A992 65 50
Designed Nominal Capacity |P
n
Axial factored loads P
u
should meet the
requirement :
P
u
< |P
n
Where |P
n
is designed nominal capacity.
The value is the smallest between the two
limit states yield strength and fracture
strength
Hole diameter
The usual practice is to drill or punch
standard holes with a diameter 1/16 in. larger
than the fastener diameter.
To account for possible roughness around
the edges of the hole, AISC requires the
addition of 1/16 in. to the actual hole
diameter.
Thus :
d hole = d bolt + 1/8 in. or +1/16
d hole = d bolt + 3.2mm
Net section area is determined based on two conditions and the
smallest among them :
1. The maximum hole allowed is 15% of total gross area, therefore :
An > 0.85 Ag
2. An is calculated by deducting gross area with hole area.
Net Section Area (A
n
)
2. Net Section Area (A
n
)
u
u
s
1
3
2
Nu
Nu
t hickness = t
Section 1 3 :
Section 1-2-3 :

+ =
=
u
t s
ndt A A
ndt A A
g nt
g nt
4
2
Example
A
g
= 5 x = 2.5 in
2
A
n
= (5-2 x ) x = 1.75 in
2
The connecting bolts can be staggered for several reasons:
(1) To get more capacity by increasing the effective net area
(2) To achieve a smaller connection length
(3) To fit the geometry of the tension connection itself
A
n
of Staggered Bolts Holes

+ =
u
t s
ndt A A
g nt
4
2
A
n
= w
n
x t
w
n
= w
g
E d + E s
2
/ 4g
w
n
= net width
w
g
= gross width
E d = sum of the hole diameters
s (pitch) = spacing of two adjacent holes
(parallel to direction of the load)
g (gage) = transverse spacing of lines of
bolts
3 in.
5 in.
5 in.
3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
3 in.
3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
b
a
c
d
e
i
j
f
h
3 in.
5 in.
5 in.
3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
3 in.
3 in.
3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
3 in.
3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
b
a
c
d
e
i
j
f
h
Hole diameter: 1 + 1/8 = 1.125 in.
Line : a-b-d-e
w
n
= 16.0 2 (1.125) = 13.75 in.
Line : a-b-c-d-e
w
n
= 16.0 3 (1.125) + 2 x 3
2
/ (4 x 5)
= 13.52 in.
Line : a-b-c-f-h
w
n
= 16.0 3 (1.125) + 2 x 3
2
/ (4 x 5)
= 13.52 in.
a-b-c-d-e is the smallest net width thus:
A
n
= t w
n
= 0.75 (13.52) = 10.14 in
2
Possible line fracture :
Staggered bolts in angles
If staggered lines of bolts are present in both legs of an
angle, then the net area is found by first unfolding the
angle to obtain an equivalent plate
Gage line crossing the heel of the angle should be
reduced by an amount equal to the angle thickness
g = 2 + 3 t = 5 =4.5 inch
If the thickness of flange and web is different (t
f
t
w
)
g = g + g
2
- t
w
or
Determine design strength of this tension member (using A36 and bolt with
7/8in diameter)
Line abcdeg :
Determinethesmallestnetarea(boltdiameterstw =0.550and
tf =0.622)
27
Effective Net Area (A
e
)
When all elements of the cross section are
not connected ( Ex: only one leg of an angle
is bolted to a gusset plate), shear lag occurs.
The connected element becomes overloaded
and the unconnected part is not fully
stressed.
This can be accounted for by using a
reduced, or effective, net area.
Examples of Shear Lag
W 8 x 24
in. diameter bolts
3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
Holes in beam flange
W 8 x 24
in. diameter bolts
W 8 x 24
in. diameter bolts
3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
Holes in beam flange
3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
Holes in beam flange
29
Effective Net Area (A
e
)
For Bolted Connections: A
e
= U A
n
If all elements of the cross section are
connected, then, U = 1
If not, use the recommended values of the
reduction factor, U (see next slide)
Recommended
U value
for bolt
connections
Effective Net Area
For welded connections: A
e
= U A
g
For any W-, M-, S-, or tee shape
connected by transverse weld alone:
A
e
= area of connected element
Recommended U value for welded connections
For a rectangular bar or plate A
e
= A
n
For plates or bars connected by longitudinal
welds at their ends:
U=1 l > 2w
U=0.87 2w > l > 1.5w
U=0.75 1.5w > l > w
l = length of
the pair of welds > w
w = distance between
the welds
U = Reduction Factor
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

L
x
U 1
Where :
An = net area
U = reduction factor due to efficiency
x = the distance from the centroid of the connected area
to the shear plane of the connection
L = length of the connection in the axial load direction
the length between the edge bolt or
the length of welding
U = 1- of bolt connections
(a)
x
x
2
1
Gusset Pl at e
CG
Gusset Pl at e
Gusset Pl at e
CG
x
(b)
(c(
x
x
L
x
Example: L = 9 inch
U = 1- of weld connections
L
x
x = 1.68 inch
L = 5.5 inch
A
g
= 2.86 in
2
(dari tabel profil)
Net section area = A
n;
Bolt diameter = 5/8 in.
Hole diameter for calculating net area = 5/8 + 1/8 = 3/4 in.
Net section area = A
g
(3/4) x 3/8
= 2.86 3/4 x 3/8
= 2.579 in
2
1. Determine Nominal Strength of L 4 x 4 x 3/8 in made from A36 steel (fy
= 36 ksi, Fu=58 ksi) connected to gusset plate with 5/8 in bolts as shown in
figure, where bolt spacing is 3 inch (centre to centre)
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
a
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
a
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
a
x
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
x
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
Effective Net Area A
e
x = jarak titik berat ke pelat sambung,
dari tabel profil x = 1.13 in.
L = panjang sambungan = 2 x 3.0 in. = 6.0 in.
U = 1- x/L = 1- 1.13/6 = 0.8116 in.
A
e
= 0.8116 x 2.579 in
2
= 2.093 in
2
Yielding design strength :
| Pn = | A
g
F
y
= 0.9 x 2.86 in
2
x 36 ksi = 92.664 kips
Fracture design Strength :
| Pn = | A
e
F
u
= 0.75 x 2.093 in
2
x 58 ksi = 91.045 kips
Design strength = 91.045 kips (net section fracture governs)
A
n
= A
g
= 5.00 in
2
A
e
= U A
n
U = 1 x/L
x= 1.68 in
L = 5.5 in
U = 1- 1.68/5.5 = 0.79
2. Welded single angle L 6x 6 x tension member made from A36 (fy = 36
ksi, Fu=58 ksi) steel shown below. Calculate the tension design strength.
Gross yielding design strength :
|Pn= |F
y
A
g
= 0.9 x 36 x 5.00 = 162 kips
Net section fracture strength :
|Pn= |F
u
A
e
= 0.75 x 58 x 0.79 x 5.00 = 171.825 kips
Design strength = 162 kips (gross yielding governs)
Determine design strength of tension member made from A36 steel and
connected with 7/8 bolts.
Line abcdeg :
Block Shear
For some connection configurations, the tension member
can fail due to tear-out of material at the connected end
called block shear
TT
TT
Shear failure
Tension failure
Shear failure
Tension failure
Shear failure
Tension failure
Failure mode
(a) Shear yield and tension fracture: if F
u
A
nt
> 0.6 F
u
A
nv
] 60 , 0 [
nt u gv y n
A F A F R + =| |
(b) Shear fracture and tension yield: if F
u
A
nt
< 0.6 F
u
A
nv
] 60 , 0 [
gt y nv u n
A F A F R + = | |
75 , 0 = |
Upper Limit :
the block shear strength can not exceed the
maximum strength :
Shear failure
Tension failure
Shear failure
Tension failure
Shear failure
Tension failure
] 60 , 0 [
nt u nv u
A F A F + |
Rn = 0.6 F
u
A
nv
+ U
bs
F
u
A
nt
< upper limit
|Rn -- |= 0.75
Upper limit : 0.6 F
y
A
gv
+ U
bs
F
u
A
nt
AISC 2007
Ubs = 1 if tensile stress is uniform
(angle, gusset plates and most
coped beams)
Ubs = 0.5 if tension stress non uniform
(coped beams with two lines of bolts or with
nonstandard distance from bolts to end of
beam)
..\hasil download purdue univ\block shear
failure.mpg
..\hasil download purdue univ\block shear
areas.mpg
Block Shear Area
Assuming block shear failure :
x
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
x
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
a
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
L 4 x 4 x 3/8
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
0.6 F
u
A
nv
= 0.6 x 58 x 2.109 = 73.393 kips
0.6 F
y
A
gv
= 0.6 x 36 x 2.813 = 60.76 kips
F
u
A
nt
= 58 x 0.609 = 35.322 kips
F
u
A
nt
< 0.6 F
u
A
nv
: gross fracture (failure mode b)
| R
n
= 0.75 (0.6 F
u
A
nv
+ F
y
A
gt
)
| R
n
= 0.75 (73.393 + 36 x 0.75) = 75.29 kips
Cek upper limit :
| R
n
= 0.75 (73.393 + 35.322) = 81.53 kips
Block shear strength : 75.29 kips
Yielding strength : 92.664 kips
Fracture strength : 91.045 kips
Nominal Design Capacity : 75.29 kips
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
d
b
= 5/8 in.
Gusset plate
a
1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

1
.5

3
.0

3
.0

2
.0
A
gt
= gross tension area = 2.0 x 3/8 = 0.75 in
2
A
nt
= net tension area = 0.750.5 x (5/8+1/8)x3/8
= 0.609 in
2
A
gv
= gross shear area = (3.0 + 3.0 +1.5) x 3/8
= 2.813 in
2
A
nv
= net shear area = 2.8132.5 x (5/8 + 1/8) x 3/8
= 2.109 in
2
] 60 , 0 [
nt u nv u
A F A F + |

C6x10.5
3/8(9.53mm)
152mm
12.6mm
80m
gussetplate 3/8
Determineblockshear strengthofgussetplatewith3/8inch
(9.53mm)inthicknessweldedtocanalC6x10.5.
SectionpropertiesofC6x10.5:A=1993.5mm
2
Bf=50.8mm
tf=12.83mmtw=7.94mm
1.5

3@3=9
centertocenter
T
gussetplate
C15x50
Yielding Strength :
2. Determine the design tension strength for a
single channel C15 x 50 (A
g
=14.7 in
2
t
w
=0.716in) connected to a 0.5 in. thick gusset
plate with 3/4 in. diameter bolts. The plate is
made from steel with F
y
=50 ksi dan F
u
= 65 ksi.
(x = 0.798in)
kips P
n
662 7 . 14 * 50 * 9 . 0 = = |
( )
2
19 . 12 716 . 0
8
7
4 7 . 14 in t nd A A
e g n
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2
57 . 10 19 . 12 *
6
798 . 0
1 1 in A
L
x
UA A
n n e
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
kips P
n
515 57 . 10 * 65 * 75 . 0 = = |
Fracture Strength:
Yield strength = 662 kips
Fracture strength = 515kips
Block Shear = 445kips
Design Strength = 445kips
Block Shear
6925 . 296 716 . 0 *
8
7
3 9 * 65 =
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
nt u
A F
|R
n
= | 0.6F
u
A
nv
+ F
u
A
nt
| |
= 0.75 296.69 + 296.69
| |
= 445kips
0.6F
u
A
nv
< 0.6F
y
A
gv
6925 . 296 716 . 0 *
8
7
* 5 . 2 5 . 7 * 2 * 65 * 6 . 0 6 . 0 =
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
nv u
A F
0.6F
y
A
gv
= 0.6 * 50 * 2* 7.5
| |
* 0.716 = 322.2kips
F
u
A
nt
= 0.6 F
u
A
nv
6925 . 296 716 . 0 *
8
7
3 9 * 65 =
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
nt u
A F
] 60 , 0 [
nt u gv y n
A F A F R + = | |
kips R
n
16 . 464 ] 69 . 296 2 . 322 [ 75 . 0 = + = |
Upper Limit control
Slenderness
If the axial load in a slender tension member
is removed and small transverse loads are
applied, undesirable vibrations or deflections
may occur.
Thus AISC recommends:
r > L/300 ( not for cables or rods)
Slenderness Ratio L/r
Stiffness limitation to prevent :
Deformation due to self weight
Vibration due to wind load or machine movement
where :
r = minimum radius of gyration of the cross section
L = length of the member.
Maximum value of L/r
Primary member : 240
secondary member : 300
Threaded Rods and Cables
When slenderness is not a consideration, circular
rods and cables are often used (hangers, suspended
bridges).
Rods are solid and cables are made from individual
strands wound together.
Threaded Rods and Cables
Threaded Rods and Cables
|
t
P
n
= 0.75 (0.75 A
b
F
u
)
A
b
= nominal (unthreaded) area
It is common to use a min diameter of
5/8 in. for rods.
Sag Rods
Sag rods are used to provide lateral
support for the purlins (to prevent sag in
direction parallel to a sloping roof due to
vertical applied loads).