BY:

PROF C.B.JOSHI
Preamble
Considering the Background of Mechanical
Engineering Students scope of syllabus should be
limited to basic level only Focus should be given to
following points:
Understanding the working principle.
Explanation at block diagram level only.
Specifications to select appropriate Instrument.
State IMP application of each instruments
Syllabus
Electronic voltmeters -analog and digital.
Digital multimeters,
Audio oscillators, signal generators
frequency counter.
C.R.O. construction & principle measurement
of voltage, current, frequency and phase by
oscilloscope
Analog Voltmeter
Basically it is galvanometer
Voltage is converted to appropriate current
Accuracy depends upon resolution of scale
Also on type of movement
Has low input impedance
Requires frequent Zero & Full-scale calibration
Problems aging ,sticky , non linearity
Errors due to parallax & improper scale selection
Advantages low cost & no power is required
Analog Multimeter
Digital Voltmeter
Digital display LCD or LED
Has very high input impedance
Uses A to D converter
Dual slope integration technique is used
for good accuracy & linearity
Resolution depends upon number of digits
Accuracy is good typically .05%
No parallax or human errors
Digital Multimeter
Extension to functionalities of digital voltmeter
Parameter to be measured is converted to
voltage of basic range ( 1v,2v,5v)
Suitable attenuators used to have multiple ranges
such as 2V ,20V,200V ,1000V
Generally functions available are volt, amp(ac &
dc),resistance, capacitance,frequency,temprature
diode, transistor tester, continuity tester
Specifications
DC voltage: 200mV - 1000V
AC voltage: 200mv - 500V
DC current: 200uA - 2A
AC current: 200uA - 2A
Resistance: 200 ohm 20Mohm
V ,I & R converters
High voltage is stepped down by attenuator
Current is passed through standard (shunt)
resistor to get voltage proportional to current
resistor is converted to voltage by passing
constant current through unknown resistances
Hence voltage produced across unknown resistor
is proportional to its value
For ac measurement of voltage and current
Precision rectifier using opamp is used
Similarly for C, frequency,temp etc converter is
used
Accurate, multifunction ,handy, bat operated
Audio Oscillators
Basically two types
Wein Bridge Oscillator
R C phase shift Oscillator
Selection depends upon frequency range
Stability & simplicity
Both use Opamp to generate loop gain AB
greater than one and suitable phase shift
Requires amplitude stabilization
Wein bridge type has very low distortion
typical value as low as 0.003%
Specifications
Frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
Amplitude 5V,10V.
Ranges 20 Hz to 200Hz, 200Hz to 2Khz, 2Khz
to 20 KHz.
Good temperature & amplitude stability.
Applications are testing of audio amp & other
instruments.
Wein Bridge Oscillator
Formula
Wein Bridge Oscillator:
Gain: 1+(Rf/ Ri )=3
R C Phase shift Oscillator
Formula
Gain=29
Signal Generator
Signal Generator
Specifications
Frequency 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz in 7 ranges
Coarse & fine control
Amplitude from 1mv to 10 V in 4 ranges
Amplitude control coarse & fine
Application testing of circuits & equipments
Function Generator
Functions such as Sine, Triangular & Square
Can have additional function such as ramp, pulse
& TTL
Output impedance 75 or 50 ohm to reduce
distortion
Frequency range from 1Hz to few MHz
Has frequency & amplitude control
Modern generators have digital display for
frequency and amplitude
Function Generator
Function Generator
Specifications
Functions: Sine, square, triangular, pulse,
ramp waveform
Frequency Range: 1Hz-1MHz
Amplitude: 5mVpp-10Vpp
22
Introduction
A graph-displaying device of electrical signal
X axis: Time
Y axis: Voltage
Z axis: Intensity or brightness
23
Introduction
Information given by oscilloscopes
Time and voltage
Frequency and phase
DC and AC components
Spectral analysis
Rise and fall time
Mathematical analysis
CRO
CRO
How does a Digital Scope work?
CRO
Specifications:
Frequency range: DC-20MHz
Input voltage range: 5mv -20v/div
Sensitivity: 5mv/div
Time base: Typically few uSec-5 Sec
Trigger: internal/external, auto/manual
FREQUENCY COUNTER
FREQUENCY COUNTER
Specifications:
Frequency range: Few Hz-50MHz
Sensitivity: 20mv
Resolution: 1 Hz
Number of digits: 8-10 digits.
Stability: 20ppm-100ppm.
Period: 1uSec-1Sec
Mulutiple Choice Questions
Criteria for oscillation is
a)AB<1 b)AB=1 c)AB>1 d)none of these
Gain f or RC PHASE SHIFT OSC
a) 12 b) 25 c) 39 d) 29
For signal generator you can adjust
a)amp b) frequency c) both c) any one
Analog Meter is not prefered due to
a)Inaccuracy b) movement becomes sticky
c) Parallax error d) all of these
MCQ cont
DMM is preferred to Analog Meter because
a) It is accurate b)it has high input impedance
c)Both of these d) none of these
CRO is basically used to measure
a) Voltage b) time c) frequency d) all of them
Frequency Counter accuracy is decided by
a)Input stage b)counting circuit c) display circuit
d) Time base
Any Questions ?
THANK YOU