FICHAMENTO 1

WIDDOWSON, H.G. Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 1996.

TEXT: AREAS OF ENQUIRY: focus on meaning
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SEMANTICS: it is the study of meaning in language. Generally, it is
concerned with the meaning of words as lexical items, but we should not
consider only words as such. Meaning also figures at levels of language
below the word and above it, as sentences and morphemes, respectively.
SEMANTIC COMPONENTS: a semantic component is a potentially
contrastive part of the meaning of a lexical item. That is, when
morphological elements have become fused into one.
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS: when we establish similar minimae pairs of
lexical items with respect to their semantic components that provides an
inventory of the semantic features encoded in lexical forms.
ANTONYMY: terms that express opposite directionality.
e.g: give/take - buy/sell
SYNONYMY: terms that are relational equivalents
e.g: "buy" and "purchase"
SUPERORDINATE: it is the general term, and the others, the more
particular instances included within it, are its subordinate or hyponym.
e.g: animal - mouse
HYPONYMY: it is a specific instance of a more general word.
e.g: mouse - rodent - mammal - animal
FORMULAIC PHRASES: they are complete units of semantically equivalent
to single words, they too can be considered as single lexical items.
e.g: "OFTEN" - "over and over again"
COLLOCATIONS: some sequences of lexical items that are fixed. The
words are compounded into a fixed association which syntax cannot middle
with.
PRAGMATICS: it is the study of language in use, how the people actualize
its meaning potential as a communicative resource.
REFERENCE: it is a linguistic expression that refers to a concrete or
abstract object in a communicative situation.
ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE: it is the speaker's intention in producing that
utterance.
PERLOCUTIONARY EFFECT: some kind of effect on the second person as
persuade, frighten, impress, not just the intention to be understood.
SPEECH ACTS: it is concerned with relationships between aspects of the
language and aspects of the external circumstances in which is used on a
particular occasion, its context of occurance.
SCHEMA: it is an indexical connection by linking features of the language
with familiar features of world, with is established in people's minds as a
pattern of reality.