Exp 3

Force due to impact of jet of water

and comparison with theoretical
practical calculated values
Jet Apparatus

Interchangeable target wanes
= 90

Flat target plate

= 180

Semi sphere target plate

= 30

degree target plate

= 120

degree conical target plate

About Apparatus

Theory
Consider a jet of water which impacts on to a target surface causing the direction of
the jet to be changed through and angle as shown in Figure. In the absence of
friction, the magnitude of the velocity across the surface is equal to the incident
velocity V
i
















The impulse force exerted on the target will be equal and opposite to the force which
acts on the water to impart the change in direction



we taking impulse
because we consider for
short interval of time
Derivation

V
i
sin
V
i
V
i
cos



Impact and exit velocity of Jet
the jet exit velocity can be calculated from the measured flow rate and
the nozzle exit area

V
n
= Q / A

Q = discharge through hydraulic bench
A= area of jet
jet Diameter = 7mm

However, as the nozzle is below the target, the impact velocity will
Be less than the nozzle velocity due to interchanges between potential
energy and kinetic energy.




Effect of Height
Applying the Bernoulli equation between nozzle and target plate.
P
n
/ +V
2
n
/2g +Z
n
= P
i
/ + V
i
2
/ 2g + Z
i
Since the jet is open to the atmosphere
P
n
/ +V
2
n
/2g +Z
n
= P
i
/ + V
i
2
/ 2g + Z
i



V
i
2
= V
2
n
2gh As Z
n
- Z
i
= h

Where h is height of target above the nozzle exit.

0
0
Procedure
Set the reference pointer to match the weight support disc after
leveling instrument.

The pump is started and the water flow is established by
steadily opening the bench regulating valve until it is fully
open.
The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet.
Weights (M) are added onto the weight carrier until the
weight platform is again floating in mid position.





The flow rate is measured and the result is recorded on the test sheet,
together with the corresponding value of weight on the tray. The form of
the deflected jet is observed and its shape is noted.


Shapes of Jets after deflection
The weight on the weight carrier is reduced in steps
and balance of weight platform is maintained by
regulating the flow rate in about eight or ten even
steps, each time recording the value of flow rate and
weight on the weight carrier.
The control valve is closed and the pump is switched
off.
The experiment is repeated with different target vanes
and nozzles.

Theoretical and practical values
of forces.
Theoretical force by impact of jet on target plate is given by
following formula.
W= mg

practical force by impact of jet on target plate is given by
following formula.
F= QV
i
( 1-cos)

Here V
i
2
= V
2
n
2gh
Practical Impact Force on
Normal plate, conical 120

, 30

and semispherical Target plate

Normal plate:
F= QV
i
( 1-cos) as = 90

so force will be QV
i
.

Conical 120

:
F= QV
i
( 1-cos) as = 120

so force will be 1.5QV

i
.

Semispherical target plate:
F= QV
i
( 1-cos) as = 180

so force will be 2QV
i
.
Last task is to compare these practical values
with theoretical values evaluated by
w= mg