HL 367 Major Project Winter 2014

Mission: To promote physical health in retired football linemen through education.

Kendra Miller Isabelle Dehring














http://www.courierpress.com/photos/galleries/2012/aug/27/49ers-edge-broncos-29-24/31197/
Table of Contents

Table of Contents 2
Introduction.3
Section 1: Mission4-5
Section 2: Review of the Related Literature . 6-15
Section 3: Synthesis of the Literature . 16-21
Section 4: Programming.......23-26
Section 5: Evaluation Design/Mission Fit ... 27
Section 6: Marketing and Communication .........27
Section 7: Granting Agency ..........28
Section 8: Webliography .........29-30
Section 9: Reflection............31-32












Introduction

My name is Isabelle Dehring and Im a sophomore at Northern Michigan
University. Im majoring in Community Health and Education. While I was born in
Madison, Wisconsin, Ive lived in Marquette, Michigan for the better half of my life.
From growing up in Marquette Ive always understood the importance of physical
activity. In high school I was part of the cross country and track team. Among other
sports I used to frequently cross country as well as downhill ski and within the last year I
became part of the USOEC Olympic style weightlifting team. Im interested in our
dyads mission because I know the importance of physical health and how it can be
challenging for the body to adjust in retirement from high intensity training to doing
virtually nothing. Gaining excessive weight can be life threatening in any situation and
Im interested in the process of limiting that type of behavior as I too, like a retired
linemen, will be in the position one day where I cant eat just anything and work it off.

My name is Kendra Miller and I am a senior at Northern Michigan University. I
am majoring in Management of Health and Fitness. I was born and raised in Plainwell,
Michigan but have been living in Marquette full time the past three years. From a young
age I have always been involved in sports. My freshman year of college was spent at
Ferris State University as a member of their track and field team. However it was not the
right fit for me so I then transferred to be a member of the United States Olympic
Education Center as a weightlifter. The relationship between diet and nutrition has
always been important to me since I have been competing in a sport with weight classes.
However, in a sport such as football, especially being a lineman, you want to get as big as
possible whether it be fat or muscle. I have seen firsthand that this can affect linemen
negatively post career. I want to be able to increase awareness and education of this
problem so that it will not be as prominent in retired football players.



Section 1: Mission

1. What is our mission?
Our mission is to promote physical health in retired football linemen through education
2. What are the variables in our mission?
Our variables are:
Dependent Variables: Physical health
Target Population: Retired football linemen
Independent Variable: Education
3. In what agency could we realize our mission?
We could realize our mission statement with the Northern Michigan University Athletic
Department. Their mission statement is To create an environment that promotes
academic excellence, interpersonal growth and social development; embraces diversity;
teaches lifetime leisure skills; fosters spirit and tradition; and builds a lifelong connection
to NMU.
http://www.nmuwildcats.com/information/mission


4. What job could we have in this agency and what is the job description for that job?
The job that could exist within this agency is a Head Strength and Conditioning Coach. This
university is seeking a highly motivated individual for the position of Head Strength and
Conditioning coach. This is a full-time, 12 month position. Responsibilities include directing all
aspects of the strength and conditioning program and supervising 2 full time assistant strength
coaches. This position will also be responsible for designing, implementing and scheduling of
year-round strength and conditioning programs. This position will also manage the daily
operations of the strength facilities, the maintenance of a database of assigned student-athletes,
assists with the testing of student-athletes, and other necessary duties pertaining to the oversight
of the strength and conditioning program. Specific sports assigned to this position will be
determined by the individual's experience. Candidates must be able to organize and handle all
aspects of administration and adhere to the rules and regulations of the university, athletic
association, and the NCAA.
http://www.cscca.org/careers/detail&id=525
4b. What is our job for this particular project?
Our job is to develop a program and evaluation plan to meet our mission of promoting
physical health in retired football linemen through education. As such, we shall:

-Asses the need to promote physical health in retired football linemen.
-Identify measurable objectives designed to reflect promoted physical health in
retired football linemen
-Plan an evidence-based program that has shown to promote physical health in
retired football linemen
-Implement the program shown to promote physical health in retired football
linemen
-Evaluate to see if we have met our objectives/need and promoted physical health in
retired linemen through our program, and therefore, met our mission.






































Section 2: Review of the Related Literature

5. Our mission is: To promote physical health in retired football lineman through
education.
The mission variables are:

DV=Physical health
TP=Retired football lineman
IV=Education

The 4 questions:
To analyze the literature for relevant information, our four questions with our mission dv and tp
in are:

a. Does the piece identify need to promote the physical health in retired football lineman?
b. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
c. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
d. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote the
physical health?

6. Which pieces shall we us to analyze the literature to develop our program plan and
evaluation plan designed to meet our mission?

We shall use the following pieces:

Aronsson, C. A., Berglund, G., Gullberg, B., Hedblad, B., Li, C., & Wirfalt, E. (2009). Ability of
physical activity measurements to assess health-related risks. European Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 63(12), 1448+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA213694499&v=2.1&u=lom_nmichu&it=r&p=
AONE&sw=w&asid=fb88c7d72e016bc1bccef0f8cf500cde
Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate if two different physical activity (PA)
questionnaires have similar ability to rank individuals, and to examine associations with
cardiovascular-metabolic risk factors, compared to an objective measure. In a random
sample (n= 369, age: 65 [+ or -] 6 years) from the population-based 'Malm6 Diet and
Cancer' (MDC) cohort, PA was measured by a leisuretime comprehensive questionnaire
(MDC-score), a simple leisure-time questionnaire and by accelerometer-monitoring
(CSA). Moderate correlations were observed between MDC-score and CSA in men and
women (r=0.35 and 0.24, respectively). In men, both questionnaires and CSA were
inversely associated with waist circumference, insulin resistance and metabolic
syndrome. In women, the MDC-score was positively associated with high-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol, and the simple questionnaire inversely associated with
anthropometric indexes, but no association was seen between PA estimates and
cardiovascular components. We conclude that both PA questionnaires distinguish health
risks associated with anthropometricmetabolic risk factors, particularly in men.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
No.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
Yes, this article shows us a study that evaluates if two different physical activity
(PA) questionnaires have similar ability to rank individuals, and to examine
associations with cardiovascular-metabolic risk factors, compared to an objective
measure.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote
physical health?
No.

Boss, R. (2014, February 03). Interview by K Miller []. Physical health in lineman.
Abstract: The purpose of this interview was to address the four questions regarding our
mission statement. The interview addressed problems noticed by the lineman coach and
former collegiate and AFL lineman, Rob Boss, Northern Michigan University. He goes
into detail about weight carrying, chronic injuries, and lack of nutritional advisement he
sees in the NCAA today. He addresses the need of more nutrition education for when
linemen stop playing and are still eating the same amount of food that they would during
a season for weight gain. Also the need to educate about taking care of injuries that
will continue to cause chronic pain the rest of their lifetime. On top of the poor
nutritional information and injuries, the issue of weight carrying becomes an issue.
Boss also goes into detail about the fact that in a football game lineman only perform
short burst of energy. Although they do train the same interval training as the rest of the
team, they have never experienced or learned how to train their bodies aerobically.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, this interview identified the need to promote physical health by attaining the opinion
of a former player as well as coach who is involved first hand with how the system of
post retirement works for football lineman. He states that there is lacking information
available to athletes.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Clarke, H. Department of Health and Human Services, The President. (2014). Definitions:
Health, fitness, and physical activity. Retrieved from PCPFS Research Digests website:
http://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041023064714/http://fitness.gov/digest_mar2000.htm
Abstract: Our purpose in preparing of this issue of the Digest was to define some of the
key terms of our field. We learned in the closing years of the past century that new terms
have evolved. In this issue of the Digest we draw on several of the most recent public
documents relating to health and physical activity to come up with a compendium of
terms that can be used by practitioners. Figure 3 is included here because it helps to tie
together several of the terms defined in this paper.
The model adapted from the first consensus on physical activity, fitness and health shows
the link between product and process, as well as the link between fitness and health and
wellness. It also illustrates the fact that physical activity is not the only factor that
influences fitness, health and wellness. Clearly fitness, health and wellness are greatly
influenced by factors other than physical activity, such as heredity (Bouchard, et al.,
1990). Figure 3 also illustrates that other processes (lifestyles or behaviors) also have an
impact on fitness health and wellness, as do environmental factors and personal
attributes. It is our hope that this synthesis of information will be helpful in your efforts
to promote physical activity and other healthy lifestyles as a means of improving fitness,
health and wellness in the years ahead.
1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
No.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
Yes, this article defines physical health as A set of attributes that people have or achieve
relating to their ability to perform physical activity. This article then also goes on to
define each of those characteristics, along with other health related terms that will be
used throughout this project.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Garber, G. (2013, Nov 27). When losing is winning. Retrieved from
http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/10042606/losing-weight-winning-former-nfl-offensive-linemen

Abstract: This article discusses the recent increase in awareness for the need to have
resources for retired NFL football players. The main issue discussed in the article is that
once football players leave the league they maintain similar eating schedules as they did
while working out daily but no longer have intense, if any, workouts at all causing them
to gain extreme weight very quickly. Not only is obesity a concern but its a dominos
effect and once they gain the weight then they also have other complications such as
diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, damage to the coronary and carotid arteries etc.
Some options listed are the Living Heart Foundation, NFLPAs The Trust, as well as Vol
for Life. All these programs either help prepare players for life after football or help
manage physical issues that arise during retirement.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, A few years ago, as he swelled to nearly 500 pounds, they visited Davis constantly,
relentlessly. They were all from the same generation of Volunteers linemen -- and
weighed less than he did at the time of their death, mostly due to heart-related issues. The
retired seven-year NFL offensive lineman always carried aspirin in his pocket because,
every day, he was convinced his heart was going to stop.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Baechle, T. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics. DOI:

Abstract: In this textbook, written for the National Strength and Conditioning
Association, effective measures of physical health are proven valid for athletes such as American
football lineman. The measures are explained in detail of how to test, measure, and perform.
The text book also lists charts with averages and norms specifically based for each particular
sport, gender, age and type of athlete.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
No.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
Yes. Measures to gauge physical health include body composition, VO2 Maximal
Uptake, 2 minute Army push-up test, 1 repetition maximal effort, and the sit and reach
flexibility test.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.


Golightly, Y., Marshall, S., Callahan, L., & Guskiewicz, K. (2009). Early-onset arthritis in
retired national football league players. Retrieved from
http://media.mgnetwork.com/ncn/pdf/101111_arthritis_football.pdf

Abstract: Injury has been identified as a potential risk factor for osteoarthritis. However, no
previous study has addressed playing career injuries and subsequent osteoarthritis in a large
sample of former athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and
determinants of arthritis and osteoarthritis in retired professional football players. Methods:
Self-reported arthritis prevalence and retrospectively-recalled injury history were examined
in a cross-sectional survey of 2,538 retired football players. Results: Football players
reported a high incidence of injury from their professional playing days (52.8% reported knee
injuries, 74.1% reported ligament/tendon injuries, and 14.2% reported anterior cruciate
ligament tears). For those under 60 years, 40.6% of retired NFL players reported arthritis,
compared with 11.7% of U.S. males (prevalence ratio =3.5, 95%CI: 3.3 to 3.7). Within the
retired NFL player cohort, osteoarthritis was more prevalent in those with a history of knee
injury (prevalence ratio = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.5 to 1.9) and ligament/tendon injury (prevalence
ratio = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.4 to 1.9). Conclusions: In males under the age of 60, arthritis is over 3
times more prevalent in retired NFL players than in the general U.S. population. This excess
of early-onset arthritis may be due to the high incidence of injury in football.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and determinants of
arthritis and osteoarthritis in retired professional football players as injury has been
identified as a potential risk factor for osteoarthritis.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Judge, L. (2012). Reconditioning of the postcompetitive football lineman: Recognizing the
problem. Strength and Conditioning Journa;, 35(5), 28-32. Retrieved from
http://zc9gn3am3j.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-
8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.g
enre=article&rft.atitle=Reconditioning the Postcompetitive Football Lineman: Recognizing the
Problem&rft.jtitle=Strength and Conditioning Journal&rft.au=Judge, Lawrence
W&rft.au=Stone, Michael H&rft.au=Craig, Bruce&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1524-
1602&rft.eissn=1533-
4295&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=28&rft.epage=32&rft_id=info:doi/10.1519/SSC.0b
013e3181df8963&rft.externalDBID=n/a&rft.externalDocID=10_1519_SSC_0b013e3181df8963
mdict=en-US
Abstract: Recently, the body mass of college football lineman has increased markedly
and places them at a higher risk for a number of postcompetitive pathologic chronic
health consequences. Recognition of problems associated with oversized athletes is
easily accepted intellectually. However, the practicalities of solving the problem have
not been fully realized

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, the body mass of college football lineman has increased markedly and places them
at a higher risk for a number of postcompetitive pathologic chronic health consequences.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
Yes, The exit physical can be a crucial tool for assessing the health and wellness of
postcompetitive athletes as the first step of the reconditioning process. The areas of
assessment we recommend are given in the Table.

Marc, M., & et al, (2007, Dec 29). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in retired national football
league players . Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914908000544

Abstract: The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health mortality study of
National Football League (NFL) players concluded that retired NFL linemen have an
increased risk of cardiovascular death compared with both nonlinemen and the general
population. Though elevated body mass index contributed to the increased cardiac risk of
linemen, it could not fully account for the mortality observed, suggesting that other
unmeasured cardiovascular risk factors were involved. We performed a cross-sectional
prevalence study of metabolic syndrome (MS), and its individual component criteria, in
510 retired NFL players who were recruited to multicity health screenings from February
2004 through June 2006. The International Diabetes Federation criteria were used to
define MS. The MS component criteria of body mass index >30 kg/m
2
, reduced high-
density lipoprotein, and raised fasting glucose were more prevalent in linemen compared
with nonlinemen (85.4% vs 50.3%, p <0.001; 42.1% vs 32.7%, p = 0.04; 60.4% vs
37.6%, p <0.001, respectively). Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in linemen
compared with nonlinemen (59.8% vs 30.1%, p <0.001). In conclusion, linemen
exhibited a high prevalence of MS, almost double the prevalence of their nonlinemen
counterparts. These findings may partially explain the increased risk for cardiovascular
death observed in retired linemen and could have significant public health implications
for preprofessional training regimens and postprofessional health maintenance.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health mortality study of
National Football League (NFL) players concluded that retired NFL linemen have an
increased risk of cardiovascular death compared with both nonlinemen and the general
population.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

NFLPA Communications. (2013, Nov 13). Nflpa announces the trust. Retrieved from
https://www.nflplayers.com/Articles/Press-Releases/NFLPA-Announces-The-Trust/

Abstract: This article announces the launch of The Trust, a type of support program
provided for former NFL players. Theyre focus is on overall health as they move from
professional football to other professions. Theyre program is based around a wellness
plan that has six parts: Brain and Body Health, Career Transition and Development,
Education and Entrepreneurship, Financial Literacy, and Personal Interaction. They offer
a way to create structure to ones life for those who have had their entire days preplanned
for as long as they can remember. The Trust allows former NFL players to get their feet
on the ground for what new path they choose to embark on.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, The Trust is designed to provide an ecosystem of support for former players, with
an emphasis on overall health and successful transition from professional football.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the Piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
Yes, The Trust staff counsels players through a wellness plan across six primary pillars:
Brain and Body Health, Career Transition and Development, Education and
Entrepreneurship, Financial Literacy, and Personal Interaction.

Omalu, B., DeKosky, S., Minster, R., Kamboh, I., Hamilton, R., & Wecht, C. (2005, July).
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player. Retrieved from
http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/Abstract/2005/07000/Chronic_Traumatic_Encephalopathy
_in_a_National.21.aspx

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We present the results of the autopsy of a retired professional
football player that revealed neuropathological changes consistent with long-term
repetitive concussive brain injury. This case draws attention to the need for further
studies in the cohort of retired National Football League players to elucidate the
neuropathological sequelae of repeated mild traumatic brain injury in professional
football.
METHODS: The patients premortem medical history included symptoms of cognitive
impairment, a mood disorder, and parkinsonian symptoms. There was no family history
of Alzheimers disease or any other head trauma outside football. A complete autopsy
with a comprehensive neuropathological examination was performed on the retired
National Football League player approximately 12 years after retirement. He died
suddenly as a result of coronary atherosclerotic disease. Studies included determination
of apolipoprotein E genotype.
RESULTS: Autopsy confirmed the presence of coronary atherosclerotic disease with
dilated cardiomyopathy. The brain demonstrated no cortical atrophy, cortical contusion,
hemorrhage, or infarcts. The substantia nigra revealed mild pallor with mild dropout of
pigmented neurons. There was mild neuronal dropout in the frontal, parietal, and
temporal neocortex. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was evident with many diffuse
amyloid plaques as well as sparse neurofibrillary tangles and -positive neuritic threads in
neocortical areas. There were no neurofibrillary tangles or neuropil threads in the
hippocampus or entorhinal cortex. Lewy bodies were absent. The apolipoprotein E
genotype was E3/E3.
CONCLUSION: This case highlights potential long-term neurodegenerative outcomes in
retired professional National Football League players subjected to repeated mild
traumatic brain injury. The prevalence and pathoetiological mechanisms of these possible
adverse long-term outcomes and their relation to duration of years of playing football
have not been sufficiently studied. We recommend comprehensive clinical and forensic
approaches to understand and further elucidate this emergent professional sport hazard.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, We present the results of the autopsy of a retired professional football player that
revealed neuropathological changes consistent with long-term repetitive concussive brain
injury.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Past - retired athletes pain management and medical resource group. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.pastpain.com/program-a-philosphy.html

Abstract: This article shares the program and philosophy of P.A.S.T. Its a program that
is in place to offer medical and personal help to former professional athletes. The
P.A.S.T. philosophy is to treat the whole person, mind and body, while also emphasizing
and providing education and preventive care for retired players of all ages. Former
professional athletes have lifelong issues that will never leave, P.A.S.T. helps with the
long term suffering a person pay encounter and looks at the big picture with each case.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, Many former athletes find themselves in medical crisis and with no means to get
the assistance they need.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
Yes, P.A.S.T. has developed a retired players Colorectal Screening and Education
program that will provide retired players with essential testing and education that will
save lives. Treatment is available through P.A.S.T. for conditions discovered through the
screening programs.


Sander, L. (2010). Colleges Struggle to Protect Athletes From Concussion and Its Aftermath;
Research shows the head injury is far more common, and more complex, than previously
thought. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 57(06). Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA238181175&v=2.1&u=lom_nmichu&it=r&p=
AONE&sw=w&asid=1000ca7a0ead121892ceeb8625f469ce
Abstract: When the National Football League came under fire last year for the
harrowing long-term effects of head injuries among many of its former players, the
league's commissioner took a hard line: He ordered the 32 NFL teams to abide by strict
new policies for managing concussions and said players could not return to competition
until cleared by an independent physician. At the college level, the response has not been
nearly as clear-cut.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, the National Football League came under fire last year for the harrowing long-term
effects of head injuries among many of its former players
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Smith, J. (Producer), Solotaroff, I. (Director), & Handsher, J. (Director) (2013). House of pain
[Television series episode]. In Smith, J. (Executive Producer),Casualties of the Gridiron.
Retrieved from http://casualtiesofthegridiron.com/
Abstract: Casualties of the Gridiron provides a raw look into the day-to-day struggle of
men who once reached the pinnacle of athletic accomplishment and now, as a result of
their injuries on the football field, have become homeless, drug addicted, suicidal and
isolated. Through the support of one another and the help of a team of dedicated medical
professionals, this series follows their painstaking journeys back to health and
redemption.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, this documentary provides a raw look into the day-to-day struggle of men who
once reached the pinnacle of athletic accomplishment and now, as a result of their
injuries on the football field, have become homeless, drug addicted, suicidal and
isolated.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No, but shows education of getting back to physical health.

Sports concussions require long-term follow-up. (2013). The Science Teacher, 80(5), 20.
Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA335293422&v=2.1&u=lom_nmichu&it=r&p=
AONE&sw=w&asid=bc4553bab3c0d30e31f964eebe5bd834
Abstract: As the National Football League braced for lawsuits by 4,000 former players
alleging the league failed to protect them from the long-term consequences of
concussions, game-changing research by a leading Canadian researcher has shown
damage to the brain can persist for decades after the original head trauma.
Neuropsychologist Maryse Lassonde's research, which is supported by the Canada
Foundation for Innovation demonstrates that brain waves remain abnormal in young
athletes for two years following a concussion, and atrophy occurs in the motor pathways
of the brain following a hit. Lassonde also adds that concussions should require long-term
follow-up to make sure players are not aging prematurely in terms of cognition.

1. Does this piece identify need to promote physical health in retired football lineman?
Yes, the National Football League braced for lawsuits by 4,000 former players alleging
the league failed to protect them from the long-term consequences of concussions
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote physical
health?
No.

Lesson 6: Planning for Physical Fitness. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2014, from
http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/frame_found_gr11/rm/module_b_lesson_6.pdfwww
.ode.state.or.us/teachlearn/subjects/pe/curriculum/fittprinciple.pdf
Abstract: This document gives a lesson plan on how to teach students about physical fitness.
It gives a detailed account of what the FITT principle is and how to apply it, design a fitness
plan as well as safety precautions that should be taken when using this model.
1. Does the piece identify need to promote the physical health in retired football lineman?
No.
2. Does the piece theoretically define physical health?
No.
3. Does the piece tell us how to measure physical health?
No.
4. Does the piece give us a model program or education that has shown to promote the
physical health? Yes, A well-designed personal physical activity plan will outline how
often (frequency), how long (time), and how hard (intensity) a person exercises, and what
Does the piece identify need to promote the physical health in retired football lineman?
No.

Section 3: Synthesis of Literature
Our mission: To promote physical health in retired football lineman through education
7. What is the need for our mission?
The need is to increase the physical health in retired football lineman.
A few years ago, as he swelled to nearly 500 pounds, they visited Davis constantly,
relentlessly. They were all from the same generation of Volunteers linemen -- and weighed less
than he did at the time of their death, mostly due to heart-related issues. The retired seven-year
NFL offensive lineman always carried aspirin in his pocket because, every day, he was
convinced his heart was going to stop. (Garber, 2013)
The body mass of college football lineman has increased markedly and places them at a higher
risk for a number of post competitive pathologic chronic health consequences. (Judge, 2012)
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health mortality study of National Football
League (NFL) players concluded that retired NFL linemen have an increased risk of
cardiovascular death compared with both nonlinemen and the general population. (Marc, 2007)

We present the results of the autopsy of a retired professional football player that revealed
neuropathological changes consistent with long-term repetitive concussive brain injury.
(Omalu, 2005)

Many former athletes find themselves in medical crisis and with no means to get the assistance
they need. (Past)

The National Football League came under fire last year for the harrowing long-term effects of
head injuries among many of its former players (Sander 2010)

The day-to-day struggle of men who once reached the pinnacle of athletic accomplishment and
now, as a result of their injuries on the football field, have become homeless, drug addicted,
suicidal and isolated (Smith, 2013)

The National Football League braced for lawsuits by 4,000 former players alleging the league
failed to protect them from the long-term consequences of concussions (Sports Concussions,
2013)

8. What is the way which we will theoretically define physical health?
According to the literature Physical health is defined as a set of attributes that people have or
achieve relating to their ability to perform physical activity. These attributes include
physiological (metabolism, morphological, bone integrity, motor skills), health-related (body
composition, cardiovascular, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscle strength), and skill-related
(agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, reaction time) aspects of overall physical health
(Clarke, 2014). However, for the purpose of our project we will only be focusing on the health-
related portion.
8a. How can we model our theoretical definition for physical health?




















Metabolic
Physical Health: A set of attributes that people have
or achieve relating to their ability to perform physical
activity.
-Clarke, H. (2014).

Physiological:
Includes non-
performance
components of
physical fitness
that relate to
biological systems
that are influenced
by ones level of
habitual physical
activity.
Health-Related:
Relates to the
relative amounts of
muscle, fat, bone
and other vital
parts of the body.
Skill-Related:
Consists of those
components of
physical fitness that
have a relationship
with enhanced
performance in
sports and motor
skills.
Morpholo-
gical
Motor
Skills
Bone
Integrity
Flexibility
Muscle
Strength
Muscular
Endurance
Cardiovas
-cular
Body
Composition
Balance
Coordination
Speed
Power
Reaction
Time
Agility


















Physical Health: A set of attributes that people have
or achieve relating to their ability to perform physical
activity.
-Clarke, H. (2014).

Health-Related:
Relates to the
relative amounts of
muscle, fat, bone
and other vital
parts of the body.
Flexibility: A health-related
component of physical
fitness that relates to the
range of motion available at
a joint. (From Surgeon General's
Report on Physical Activity and Health,
USDHHS, 1996 as adapted from Wilmore
and Costill, 1994).
Muscle Strength: A health-
related component of
physical fitness that relates
to the ability of the muscle
to exert force. (From Surgeon
General's Report on Physical Activity and
Health, USDHHS, 1996 as adapted from
Wilmore and Costill, 1994).
Muscular Endurance: A
health-related component of
physical fitness that relates
to the muscle's ability to
continue to perform without
fatigue. (From Surgeon General's
Report on Physical Activity and Health,
USDHHS, 1996 as adapted from Wilmore
and Costill, 1994).

Cardiovas-cular: A health-
related component of physical
fitness that relates to ability of
the circulatory and respiratory
systems to supply oxygen
during sustained physical
activity. (From Surgeon General's Report
on Physical Activity and Health, USDHHS,
1996 as adapted from Corbin and Lindsey,
1994).
Body Composition: A
health-related component of
physical fitness that relates to
the relative amounts of
muscle, fat, bone and other
vital parts of the body. (From
Surgeon General's Report on Physical
Activity and Health, USDHHS, 1996 as
adapted from Corbin and Lindsey, 1994)

9. A test is valid if it measures what it says it will measure.
We will test physical health through the following measurements
Body composition: Skin Caliper Test (7sites)
Cardiovascular: VO
2
Max
Flexibility: Sit and reach
Muscular endurance: Push-up (number of push-ups in 2 min)
Muscular Strength: One rep max back squat

(Baechle, 2008)

9a. Test Validity: Our test has content validity, that is, it actually measures physical health
per the theoretical definition of physical health.
Poor Bad Good Great Excellent
Body Comp 25.9 22.4 19.5% 15.9 11.8
Tony: X
VO2 Max 40 41 42ml*kg*min 47 51
X
Sit & Reach 15.5 16.5 17.5 Inches 19.5 21.75
X
Push-Ups 20 25 30 Reps 40 50
X
Back Squat 355 375 395 Pounds 430 500
X

Our test is valid because we defined physical health as being composed of body composition,
cardiovascular, flexibility, muscular endurance and muscular strength which as a whole, these
five aspects, as defined by Clark, 2014 make up physical health. We will perform a test for each
one of these aspects as listed above. In addition, we would find in the literature validity scores
for each of the measures. For example, validity of body composition by skinfold 50
th
percentile
is 19.5%, VO2 Max 42 ml*kg*min, sit and reach 17.5 inches, push-up test 30 Reps, and back
squat 365 pounds. (Baechle 2008)
9b. Test reliability is test consistency.
A test is reliable when the validity is consistent. We will develop our tests reliability by
performing the same pretest, posttest at Michigan Tech, but unlike at Northern Michigan
University they will not have the intervention training program. We will retest them after 12
weeks to see that they can pass four out of the five tests at good level. If they cannot pass four
of the tests, they must return every four weeks until they have passed.
9c. Measurable objectives for final test results:
Tony will decrease his body composition to the 30
th
percentile rank of 19.5% body fat by the end
of the 12 week program.
Tony will increase his cardiovascular abilities by scoring within the 50
th
percentile rank of 42 ml
x kg
-1
x min
-1
in VO
2
maximal intake by the end of the 12 week program.
Tony will increase will increase his flexibility to the 50
th
percentile rank on the sit and reach test
by achieving 17.5 inches by the end of the 12 week program.
Tony will increase his muscular endurance to reach the 50
th
percentile rank by completing 30
push-ups in 2 minutes by the end of the 12 week program.
Tony will improve his muscular strength to score in the 50% percentile rank in the 1 RM of a
back squat by completing a lift of 395 lbs by the end of the 12 week program.






























Section 4: Programming

Planning an evidence based program

10. Based on the literature, we will be using parts of the FITT Principle to create an
evidence based program (Manitoba Fitness Counsel, n.d.)
Mission of program: To promote physical health in retired football linemen through education
Health Benefit Variables Variables Variables Variables
F I T T
Body Composition 5 to 7 times per
week
Combination of
intensities
Dependent on
intensity
Aerobic,
anaerobic,
resistance
Cardiovascular
(VO2 Max)
3 to 5 times a week Moderate to
vigorous intensity
(60% to 85% of
max heart rate)
Minimum of 20
minutes
Continuous
motion of large
muscle groups
such as running
Flexibility
(Sit and Reach)
Daily Slow and
controlled
movement
20 to 30 seconds Static
Muscular
Endurance (Push
Ups)
Alternate days 3
times per week
Low to moderate
resistance
3 sets of 10 to 20
repetitions
Free weights,
universal gym,
tubing, body
weight
Muscular Strength
(Squat 1RM)
Alternate days 3
times per week
High resistance
(sets to maximum
capability)
1 to 3 sets of 8 to
12 repetitions
Free weights,
universal gym,
tubing, body
weight
Anaerobic Alternate days 2 or
3 times per week
90% of maximum
heart rate
2 to 3 minutes per
bout
Sprinting, jumping
Active Daily
Living/Health
Daily Low to moderate
intensity
30 to 60 minutes Gardening,
walking, bowling

How we will be modifying the program for the Lineman Reconditioning Program

Health Benefit Variables Variables Variables Variables

F I T T
Body
Composition
(Skinfold 7 sites)
5 to 7 times per
week
Combination of
intensities
Dependent on
intensity
Aerobic,
anaerobic,
resistance
Cardiovascular
(VO2 Max)
3 to 5 times a
week
Moderate to
vigorous intensity
(60% to 85% of
max heart rate)
Minimum of 20
minutes
Running, Biking,
Swimming
Flexibility
(Sit and Reach)
Daily Slow and
controlled
movement
20 to 30 seconds Static, PNF,
Dynamic
Muscular
Endurance (Push
Ups)
Alternate days 3
times per week
Low to moderate
resistance
3 sets of 10 to 20
repetitions
Push ups, Bench
Press, Shoulder
Press, Rows, Flys
(Baechle, 2008)
Muscular
Strength (Squat
1RM)
Alternate days 3
times per week
High resistance
(sets to maximum
capability)
1 to 3 sets of 8 to
12 repetitions
Back Squat,
Deadlifts,
Goodmornings,
Lunges, Core
(Baechle, 2008)

Model Program: FITT Principle
The FITT principle is a framework for developing
fitness programs that emphasizes the variables
Frequency, Intensity, Type of exercise and Time or
duration of exercise
How we will model this program to the Lineman
Reconditioning Program
We will be using the FITT principle to create the
Lineman Reconditioning Program by using the
same variables: frequency, intensity, type, time
and applying them to the five aspects found in our
theoretical definition.

The Lineman Recondition Program will be a 12
week program. Athletes will be tested at the end
of the 12 week program and must pass four out of
the five tests.
For Safety Purposes:
Before any tests are given, an injury-illness
questionnaire will be given to all athletes to fill out
and have examined by an athletic trainer and/or
doctor.
- Injury-illness questionnaire

Training for Coaches/Athletic Trainers:
- There will be an initial meeting with all
coaches and athletic trainers that will be
involved to make sure all are aware of the
correct procedures to follow throughout the
testing period.
Orientation Day:
- Demonstrations on technique will be given on
orientation day where each athlete will be
encouraged to ask questions and will have to
prove they can perform each movement
properly and safely.

Frequency:
Body Comp: 5 to 7 times per week
Cardiovascular: 3 to 5 times a week
Flexibility: Daily
Muscle Endurance: Alternate days 3 times per week
Muscle Strength: Alternate days 3 times per week
Anaerobic: Alternate days 2 or 3 times per week
Daily Living: Daily
Frequency:
Body Comp: 5 to 7 times per week
Cardiovascular: 3 to 5 times a week
Flexibility: Daily
Muscle Endurance: Alternate days 3 times per
week
Muscle Strength: Alternate days 3 times per week

Intensity:
Body Comp: Combination of intensities
Cardiovascular: Moderate to vigorous intensity
(60% to 85% of max heart rate)
Flexibility: Slow and controlled movement
Muscle Endurance: Low to moderate resistance
Muscle Strength: High resistance (sets to maximum
capability)
Anaerobic: 90% of maximum heart rate
Daily Living: Low to moderate intensity
Intensity:
Body Comp: Combination of intensities
Cardiovascular: Moderate to vigorous intensity
(60% to 85% of max heart rate)
Flexibility: Slow and controlled movement
Muscle Endurance: Low to moderate resistance
Muscle Strength: High resistance (sets to
maximum capability)
Time:
Body Comp: Dependent on intensity
Cardiovascular: Minimum of 20 minutes
Flexibility: 20 to 30 seconds
Muscle Endurance: 3 sets of 10 to 20 repetitions
Muscle Strength: 1 to 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions
Anaerobic: 2 to 3 minutes per bout
Daily Living: 30 to 60 minutes
Time:
Body Comp: Dependent on intensity
Cardiovascular: Minimum of 20 minutes
Flexibility: 20 to 30 seconds
Muscle Endurance: 3 sets of 10 to 20 repetitions
Muscle Strength: 1 to 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions
Type:
Body Comp: Aerobic, anaerobic, resistance
Cardiovascular: Continuous motion of large muscle
groups such as running
Flexibility: Static
Muscle Endurance: Free weights, universal gym,
tubing, body weight
Muscle Strength: Free weights, universal gym,
tubing, body weight
Anaerobic: Sprinting, jumping
Daily Living: Gardening, walking, bowling
Type:
Body Comp: Aerobic, anaerobic, resistance
Cardiovascular: Running, Biking, Swimming
Flexibility: Static, PNF, Dynamic
Muscle Endurance: Push ups,
BenchPress,Shoulder Press, Rows, Flys
(Baechle, 2008)
Muscle Strength: Back Squat,
Deadlifts,Goodmornings, Lunges, Core
(Baechle, 2008)
If an athlete does not pass four out of the five
tests at the end of this 12 week program they will
be required to return every four weeks for further
testing until they have passed at least four out of
the five tests.






11. What apps are out there that would help us with our programming?
To track their overall progresses some athletes may use the PumpNLog App. This
app allows one to check their performance against their previous results, and they
will receive notifications every time they improve their performance. This
positive reinforcement will improve their self-efficacy as their weeks progress
(PumpNlog logo [Logo]. 2014, February 18.)
PumpNlog logo [Logo]

To help the athletes improve their flexibility in an alternative interactive manner
they may wish to use the Touch Your Toes in 10 Days app. This app includes
features such as step by step training, as well as instructions from nationally
certified personal fitness trainer (Garn, J. 2012, February 8).
Touch Your Toes in 10 Days logo [Logo].
To increase ones number of push-ups the PushUps Trainer Free app will also be
available to the athletes. This app includes pre-set workouts that will give athletes an
opportunity to mix up their workouts from those provided in the handbook. It offers
short workouts from 5-10 minutes, and can connect with Facebook and Twitter
communities, this allows for athletes to communicate and share their progress
with other athletes in the training program (Labs, Z. 2014, January 30).

Finally, for athletes to improve their back squat progression there is the Squats Coach Free app.
This app provides additional workout plans, custom squat reminders, track squat
progression, and allows one to share their training with their friends. Much like
the PushUps Trainer Free app this type of interaction with other athletes will
increase the positive environment for the athletes to continue to their training
(Software, M. 2014, January 30).

12. First do NO harm and then do good. What safety considerations for our program are
there?
Our initial health assessment questionnaire will indicate if there are any major health
concerns, based upon their answers if one may not be able to safely complete the program/tests
those will be exempt of the sections that would be contraindicated for the athletes health. Also
during the initial health assessment there will be demonstrations for proper technique. For safety
we will also be having an athletic trainer onsite for each testing.
13. Social Cognitive Theory Light says people are more likely to engage the prescribed
program behaviors if they know what to do, know how to do it, want to do it, believe they
can do it, and have a supportive environment.

The retired football lineman know what to do?
PushUps Trainer Free
[Logo]
Squat Coach Free
Logo [Logo]
- We will provide clear instructions within the handbook for the proper protocols as well as a
workout online for the volume load.
The retired football lineman know how to do it?
- There will be clear demonstrations at the initial testing session where athletes will be
encouraged to ask questions on correct technique and each athlete will be required to prove
that they can safely perform each exercise.
The retired football lineman want to do it (are motivated)?
- The retired football lineman will be motivated to complete the program to improve their
overall physical health and to gain basic knowledge for future independent workout plans.
The retired football lineman believe they can do it (self-efficacy)?
- The retired football lineman will gain self-efficacy by using their apps to track their progress
as well as by seeing gradual results as they work through the training program.
The retired football lineman have a supportive environment?
- The retired lineman will have a supportive environment because they will be encouraged
during testing by other teammates to reach their goals. Athletes will also be encouraged to
complete program with other teammates.

















HL 367 Sections 5-9
Section 5: Evaluation design/mission Fit
12. What evaluation design will we use?
Experimental Design: Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design:
Northern Michigan University:
O X O
Pretest Intervention Posttest

(Skin Fold (Skin Fold
VO
2
Max VO
2
Max
Sit and Reach Sit and Reach
Push-Ups Push-Ups
Back Squat) Back Squat)
(Lineman Reconditioning Program
based off of FITT Principle
(Manitoba Fitness Council, n.d.)
Michigan Tech:
O O
Pretest Posttest

(Body Comp (Body Comp
VO
2
Max VO
2
Max
Sit and Reach Sit and Reach
Push-Ups Push-Ups
Back Squat) Back Squat)

13: Internal validity has to do with our ability to say that our program caused the change
in the retired football linemans physical health, and not something else. Some threats to
internal validity that accompany an experimental design pretest/posttest design are:
Testing instrumentation, regression, and mortality
14. Evaluation in program planning is about being mission fit. Our mission fit question as
follows:
Did we promote physical health in retired football lineman through education?
We will know we met our mission per the improved posttest scores of the group who received
the intervention whereas the control group scores will not improve.
Section 6: Marketing and Communication
15. How can we use social media or traditional media to market your program?
To market our program we will use Facebook. This will allow not just those participating in the
program but those within the university, athletic department, boosters, community members and
granting agency to follow the progress of the program and athletes.
https://www.facebook.com/linemanreconditioningprogram?ref=hl
16. How can we use social media or traditional media to communicate with the members in
your program about the program?
To communicate with our members participating in the Lineman Reconditioning Program we
created a Facebook page. Facebook is such a widely used social media that makes it a great place
to keep members up to date on their workouts, post weekly reminders about how they should be
progressing as well as creating a place for athletes to post if they have questions about technique
or other things regarding the program. Facebook will be a helpful tool to keep everyone on the
same page and focused on the same goals.
https://www.facebook.com/linemanreconditioningprogram?ref=hl
Section 7: Granting Agency
17. What granting agency could we use to help us fund our program?
To fund the Lineman Reconditioning Program we will be using a grant given out by the NCAA.
NCAA Mission: The mission of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athlete
Advisory Committee is to enhance the total student-athlete experience by promoting opportunity,
protecting student-athlete well-being and fostering a positive student-athlete image.
(NCAA,2014)
The grant the NCAA is providing is called the NCAA Innovations in Research and Practice
Grant Program. This program will award $100,000 in grants to scholars or practitioners
conducting studies or piloting on-campus programs that benefit student-athletes and NCAA
member institutions. To receive this grant topics include, but are not limited to, managing
transitions, identity development, stress management, substance use, bystander intervention,
cultivating healthy relationships, career exploration, and sport exit strategies. (NCAA,2014)
This grant would be suitable for the Lineman Reconditioning Program for our program is based
around both a transition, lineman transitioning from working out in a very supportive
environment to becoming an independent individual and our program works to ease this dramatic
transition through an exit sport program.
NCAA (n.d.). NCAA Logo [Logo]. Retrieved from
http://compliance.lsu.edu/agents/Pages/NCAA-Regulations.aspx
http://www.ncaa.org/ncaa-innovations-research-and-practice-grant-program

Section 8: Webliography
Aronsson, C. A., Berglund, G., Gullberg, B., Hedblad, B., Li, C., & Wirfalt, E. (2009). Ability of
physical activity measurements to assess health-related risks. European Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 63(12), 1448+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA213694499&v=2.1&u=lom_nmichu&it=r&p=
AONE&sw=w&asid=fb88c7d72e016bc1bccef0f8cf500cde

Baechle, T. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics. DOI:

Boss, R. (2014, February 03). Interview by K Miller []. Physical health in lineman.

Clarke, H. Department of Health and Human Services, The President. (2014). Definitions:
Health, fitness, and physical activity. Retrieved from PCPFS Research Digests website:
http://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041023064714/http://fitness.gov/digest_mar2000.htm

Garn, J. (2012, February 8). Touch Your Toes in 10 Days logo [Logo]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/touch-your-toes-in-10-days/id499757365?mt=8

Garber, G. (2013, Nov 27). When losing is winning. Retrieved from
http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/10042606/losing-weight-winning-former-nfl-offensive-

Golightly, Y., Marshall, S., Callahan, L., & Guskiewicz, K. (2009). Early-onset arthritis in
retired national football league players. Retrieved from
http://media.mgnetwork.com/ncn/pdf/101111_arthritis_football.pdf

Judge, L. (2012). Reconditioning of the postcompetitive football lineman: Recognizing the
problem. Strength and Conditioning Journa;, 35(5), 28-32. Retrieved from
http://zc9gn3am3j.search.serialssolutions.com

Labs, Z. (2014, January 30). PushUps Trainer Free [Logo]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pushups-trainer-free-exercise/id544599901?mt=8

Lesson 6: Planning for Physical Fitness. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2014, from
http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/frame_found_gr11/rm/module_b_lesson_6.pdfwww
.ode.state.or.us/teachlearn/subjects/pe/curriculum/fittprinciple.pdf
Manitoba Fitness Council. Active Healthy People: Fitness Theory Manual. Winnipeg, MB:
Manitoba Fitness Council, n.d. Resistance Training Manual.Winnipeg, MB: Manitoba Fitness
Council, n.d.

Marc, M., & et al, (2007, Dec 29). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in retired national football
league players . Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914908000544

NCAA (2014, January 15). NCAA Innovations in Research and Practice Grant Program | NCAA
Public Home Page - NCAA.org. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from http://www.ncaa.org/ncaa-
innovations-research-and-practice-grant-program
NFLPA Communications. (2013, Nov 13). Nflpa announces the trust. Retrieved from
https://www.nflplayers.com/Articles/Press-Releases/NFLPA-Announces-The-Trust/

Omalu, B., DeKosky, S., Minster, R., Kamboh, I., Hamilton, R., & Wecht, C. (2005, July).
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player. Retrieved from
http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/Abstract/2005/07000/Chronic_Traumatic_Encephalopathy
_in_a_National.21.aspx

Past - retired athletes pain management and medical resource group. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.pastpain.com/program-a-philosphy.html

PumpNlog logo [Logo]. (2014, February 18). Retrieved from
http://www.apptweak.com/pumpnlog-workout-log-tracker/iphone/united-states/app-store-
optimization-aso/reviews-ratings/latest/latest-version/656220224#.UypaIoVgKeg

Software, M. (2014, January 30). Squat Coach Free Logo [Logo]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/squats-coach-free-do-200-squats/id495887140?mt=8


Sander, L. (2010). Colleges Struggle to Protect Athletes From Concussion and Its Aftermath;
Research shows the head injury is far more common, and more complex, than previously
thought. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 57(06). Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA238181175&v=2.1&u=lom_nmichu&it=r&p=
AONE&sw=w&asid=1000ca7a0ead121892ceeb8625f469ce

Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health, USDHHS, 1996 as adapted from
Corbin and Lindsey, 1994

Smith, J. (Producer), Solotaroff, I. (Director), & Handsher, J. (Director) (2013). House of pain
[Television series episode]. In Smith, J. (Executive Producer),Casualties of the Gridiron.
Retrieved from http://casualtiesofthegridiron.com
Section 9: Reflection
1) On your professional growth relative to the program plan/evaluation process (do you think
you can assess a general need to have a warrant for proceeding, a specific need to identify
measurable objectives, find an evidence-based program, implement it, and then evaluate?):
We have increased our knowledge on how to assess if there is a need within a certain
population through using credible literature. We then improved our analytical skills to
identify measurable objectives based off of the need. Also, we have improved our overall
knowledge of how to address a problem by being able to find valid evidence based programs
and being able to identify internal and external factors that may cause the test to be invalid.
With regards to implementation we have found the benefits to having a control group to give
more power to say our program works. Through learning about implementation and internal
validity, we have come to know how to evaluate the outcomes of an intervention/program .
2) On your independent/self-directed learning:
By having this class based around independent/ self-directed learning it forced us to be
proactive and search all available resources not commonly used in the classroom. This type
of learning is great preparation for potential future jobs that community health
education/management of health and fitness majors may encounter.
3) On your critical thinking (determining what research is valid, and finding/using valid
materials):
This class increased our critical thinking skills by having us make crucial decisions on
determining what materials were and were not appropriate to incorporate into our project. It
was very necessary for us to think critically on choosing sources otherwise our whole project
would be invalid.
4) On collaborative learning working with others to achieve common goals:
It is essential to be able to work collaboratively with another person or in a team because in
the future, no matter what job we will obtain you, you will be working with others to obtain
a common goal.