Tlingit Dictionary Web

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2009 by Sealaska Heritage Institute
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-9825786-6-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939134

Sealaska Heritage Institute
One Sealaska Plaza, Suite 301
Juneau, Alaska 99801
907-463-4844
www.sealaskaheritage.org

Printing History: First Edition, December 2009
Printing: CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, CA, U.S.A.
Front cover design: Kathy Dye
Front cover artwork: Robert Hoffmann
Book design and computational lexicography: Sean M. Burke
Copy editing: Suzanne G. Fox, Red Bird Publishing, Inc., Bozeman, MT

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Mh6,iN 1- 5-(); 6- 1$ H, EH6E /0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$6' 2036-( H,
Mh,0(3(iN 1- $%, 3(V513(); 6$) ,0( "%$45*6,1%$ 23(91D 1- 5$#$%&$
-% ,0( ,0(+( 1- -1+2':<

Bc~cE66t M2%-1,1%$N
h9%3 M-1$*'5'63N B ,% -1,; 8( -(6,()i

!$%,0(3 (D6+2'( %9 6 2%-1,1%$ 7(38 1- H, ,H$ Mh1, 1- ':1$* ,0(3(iNE
C$ ,01- "6-(; ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$6' 2036-( 1- 3(V513() 6$) ,0(
,0(+( 1-<

@c, ~c,H$ M2%-1,1%$N
h9%3 6 "%$,61$(3 %3 0%''%& %84(", ,% '1( 6, @i


ZgE WdSdWd[PdB
Q65($065(3; [%36 ?63#- 6$) W1"063) Q65($065(3E XYYXE
=b$*b, pjJ1$HI BHK B6: 1, 1$ /'1$*1,< ! /'1$*1, @036-( O%%#E
B(6'6-#6 A(31,6*( C$-,1,5,(E

Q65($065(3; [%36 ?63#- 6$) W1"063) Q65($065(3E
M9%3,0"%+1$*NE C$,(3+()16,( /'1$*1,E B(6'6-#6 A(31,6*(
C$-,1,5,(E

=((3; >(99E Z^^ZE h/0( B"0(,1" P6,(*%31(- %9 ,0( /'1$*1, U(38Ei
@0EQE )1--E; n$17(3-1,: %9 P01"6*%E

B,%3:; ]1''16$ =E 6$) P%$-,6$"( ?E [61-0E Z^_È /'1$*1, U(38
Q1",1%$63:E S61386$#-< !'6-#6 [6,17( =6$*56*( P($,(3E

4,3#.3$ $" 5#.,3&6

Dictionary of Tlingit - !L!6 - 47

!L!6
6 Pronoun its [possessive]
6c Pronoun him, her, it [object]
H noun it; that place, time, reason, fact
Q5 ,H6:1 *5#-01,G H&J ,'J1r& H6 6#66&6066E She planted berries in the
corner of her garden.
}6 6*6I,%%'%%$ :J :1$66)J :66 *6*GK Walk toward the place we will
hunt!
H particle [puts focus on preceding phrase]
66 Pronoun one, one of [object]
\J(- 66 6 #H)1 6&'1:JIE He made a new spear head.
/'J' 5-01#J1:1 66 :%% I6,H$# H&J ,-H 6E6I41 $%%"0 E She always only
hears the bad talk.
H6 noun lake
}6 #66)J I66,J($ ,((,E I see waves on the lake.
\6*J1 6 #66:b &J H6 ,'(1$E The size of that big lake is immense.
66H particle yes
H6)66 noun spear (for fish and seal)
\J(- 66 H6)66 66&6E%%E He bought a new spear.
}6)66 )5 4((, 6&-1,H$E She gave him a spear.
66sH6 Adverb then, around, after, for
[H6#& -J H6 :J1 #r&6E%% 6I #((: 66sH6 ,-H &J1 #6-0u%# *&J1'E I
will put medicine on my knee first, then the heating pad.
Q6I6)%%-0G :6*1:(( -05$66DJ(D 66sH6 )66# &5-1,6$1 :JE It has
been raining for seven days.
H6#& noun little lake; pond
}6#&)( 66&6E66,E People walked to the pond.
TJ H6#& )J1$, H&J H, &%%*%%, &J -0(("0 )Rb-#5 ,'(1$E The big cow
moose was walking around in the vicinity of the pond.
}6#& noun Auke Bay
}6#&)( :66 $6rGIE He is driving to Auke Bay.
}6#&D 5&6IJ1 &J -066&H,E That woman camped at Auke Bay.
}6#& m&H6$ noun people of Auke Bay, southern Lynn Canal, Juneau area,
and northern Admiralty Island
}6#& m&H6$I 06- -1,((E They are Auke Bay people.
}6#& m&H6$ 06- 6'(1IE The Auke Bay people are dancing.
48 - !L!6 - Dictionary of Tlingit

H6 r5:6)54(( :J noun correctional facility
)5 H6'1 noun his/her grandparent
66$ noun town; village; settlement; inhabited or owned land
Q66r& 66$ -H&J{ Which town is that?
m6'#H,-# :HD&"01"0 :6I :6&-1IH6 066 66$b #66)HIE The sea otter
has devoured the yellowneck clams on our land.
66$ postpos. with it
!6$ 6)5'(1I 6IH6 #6r6"0H6#&, H:H H6 I6, 41#6&)5&6r66E I have
been commissioned to carve a dance paddle.
!6$ H&J -0u%, 6I&)1EH# &J #6:(1I,Hs5E I built a fire with the wood
shavings.
66$)66, #6$60b# noun monkey
VARANTS: 66$)66, #6$60b*1 M/N; 66$)66, #6$60((# M!,N; 66$)66,
#($(0((# MPN
TJ 6, :H,D1 66$)66, #6$60b# 06- 6&-1,(($E The children saw the
monkey.
TJ 66$)66, #6$60b# &J1I :66 $6-0bDE The monkey is running along
there.
66$)66:66*G noun rowboat
/'H6#& 6IH6 )5 66$)66:66*GE He is rowing his rowboat quickly.
!I J(# )5 66$)66:66*G H&JE That is my brother's rowboat.
66$ *6'6rG noun flood
VARANTS: 66$ *6'rG
!6$ *6'6rG )(1 #6$6I :66&6)H6E The flood went over the road.
P0H6#& 66$ *6'6rG :66 #6$)5,'H#&E A flood from long ago is being
researched.
!6$*u%$ noun Angoon
\66 !6$*u%$, H:H '6EH6 066 0b)1 !6$D66*1 Ab, :u% )5&6-H6#&E
Our clan house standing in Angoon is called Aanx'aagi Ht.
TJ :66#& ,'(1$ !6$*u%$D ,'(1:J1 :J1 &%%,((E The big boat stopped in
Angoon.
H6$4b- noun orange
}6$4b- 6#6&)1E%%E She bought herself oranges.
!, :H,D1 H6$4b- 06- )5 ,5&H6 -1*u%E Children like oranges.
H6$4b- #60J($1 noun orange juice
}6$4b- #60J($1 r66 J( :6#J1E Orange juice is good for people.
AJ($ H6$4b- #60J($1 I%%, 6#6&-1DH6E He poured water in with the
orange juice.
66$#6)5-0D1, H, noun camera
/-66 *(($b 66$#6)5-0D1, H, ,(($ 6#6&-01Db,E She took a picture of the
seal tail flippers with a camera.

66$#6$H6*5 noun large-leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum) or possibly
arnica species-- Arnica species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A.
gracilis
NOTES: T63$1$*< 63$1"6 1$"3(6-(- 8%): ,(+2(36,53( &0($ ,6#($
1$,(3$6'':; (D,(3$6'': 1, 6",- 6- 6$ 6$,1-(2,1"
!6$#6$H6*5 6:6&-10H6E She gathered large leafed avens.
!6$#6$H6*5 ,b$ -0 &5)R1$(1IE She healed herself with medicine from the
land.
66$#6:JI66 noun plane for scraping wood
!6$#6:JI66 ,b$ 6#66&6:JIE He planed it with a plane.
TJ rH6 6I J(-0 4(()HI 66$#6:JI66 66&60J(-E The man borrowed a
plane from my Dad.
}6$#1"0 noun Anchorage
}6$#1"0 :u% )5&6-H6#& =1$*b, IJ1$HI !$"0%36*(E Anchorage is
called ankich in Tlingit.
B06:6)10J1$ }6$#1"0D r5&6E%%&5 =1$*b,E There are a lot of Tlingit
people living in Anchorage.
66$ #&J1:1 noun flag
Q5 0b)1 #1$H6# H&J H, &5'1-((- &J 66$ #&J1:1E The flag is blowing
around above his house.
!$u%-01 66$ #&J1:1 H&J H, &5)5)R1:br &J -b-66 :66#& I5#HE They
raised a Russian flag on the deck of that sailboat.
66$ #&J1:1 ,5*H6-1 noun flagpole
/'6s6$b- 66$ #&J1:1 ,5*H6-1I 06- 6&'1:JIE They made a flagpole out of
a sapling.
66$rH6&5 noun rich man; man of wealth; chief
FH6 ,'(1$ :b#, H, :6&)5&6I66 &J 66$rH6&5E The rich person is being
driven around in a limosine.
QHI$HI 66$rH6D5 &J 6,:H,D1 4((:b- 06- 6, &%%-0((E Two chiefs sang
for the children.
!6$rH6&5 noun God, Lord
>%0$"0 0J($, 6:66&6,J( 066 !6$rH6&5E John baptised our lord.
66$ -66,b noun mayor
=1$*b, -066&H, H&J 066 66$ -66,bE Our mayor is a Tlingit woman.
\J(- 66$ -66,b 06- )5 4(( :J1 :6,((E They have a new mayor.
66$,r(($b noun townspeople; crowd or large group of people
Q(1 #HD :J1 41$J1:1 I(1- 06- 6, *6&)R1EJ( &J 66$,r(($bE The
townspeople cooked food for the people working on the road.
TJ 66$,r(($b &%%-0 41E(($ *H$ 06- 66&6DH-0E The townspeople cut
wood together.
66$ I6:(( noun in a town, on the streets of a town
!6$ I6:(()J M06N- &%%E66, )5 #H6$1 ,(($E She and her sister-in-law

went downtown.
!6$ I6:((D 6&)5&6'(1IE People danced in the streets of town.
66$:H)1 noun high class person, aristocrat
VARANTS: 66$:J)1 MPN
!6$:H)1 H&J &J -066,#E The young girl is an aristocrat
!6$:H,D1 H&J &J1)( 1:6,J($E Those are high class people you see there.
66$ :6)5D6- H, noun razor
VARANTS: 66$ :6,D6- H,
/'6*5 66$ :6)5D6- H, 66&6,(1E He found an old-time razor.
!6$ :6)5D6- H, )5 4((&G &J rH6 -066$E The old man has a razor.
66- noun tree (esp. conifer)
!6I DH-0 &J 66- DH$1K Cut the outer limbs of the tree off!
\u% ,'1:66 66-)J1 #-6DH, &J1 #6DJ(- 6I 6, -0b ru%# *G*5 :b-K Attach
the wire to that tree over there for my radio antenna!
66-)66sH6)'1 noun bracket fungus
!6-)66sH6)'1 6:6,J($E She sees the tree fungus.
!6-)66sH6)'1 66I 66&6-G&E He chopped off the tree fungus.
66-)66#u%I5 noun tree pitch
!6-)66#u%I5 $H6#& -H#& :J1 6&-1$(1E She gathered tree pitch for
medicine.
[H6#&I 6&'1:JI 66-)66#u%I5E She made medicine out of pitch.
66-)66DJ(-1 noun tumor in a tree, with branches growing from it
!6-)66DJ(-1 ,'J1' 66- J( 5#JE A tree tumor is not good for the tree.
!6-)66DJ(-1 :6#%%*J 6:6,J($E He sees lots of tree tumors.
66-*5,G noun forest; timbered area
VARANTS: 66-*6,G M/N; 66-*(,G MPN
F6'6sJ1 $%%"0 66-*5,G :(1-, r5&5066:bE The forest is brilliant when fall
comes.
!6-*5,u%, &5*%%)b; )Rb-#& I5-E((,b 6&-1,(($E He saw moose tracks
when he was walking in the woods.
66- 41-(1:b noun the shelter of a tree
VARANTS: 66- -(1:b M!,N
!6- -(1:b H6 &)'1-H6E He rested in the shelter of the tree.
TJ 66- -(1:b, &541DbD -J(& ,u%)HIE She ran to the shelter of the tree to get
out of the rain.
66- :H)1 noun sapling
VARANTS: 6-:H)1
66-0H, noun steelhead trout
!6-0H, ,'(1$ 6&)R1,(1IE She hooked a big steelhead trout.
! #HI 6#s&6-,J1I 66-0H, :66 :6$60J1$1E He will fish for steelhead trout
when they run upriver.

)5 66, noun his/her paternal aunt
\6#J1:1 I6:(1, H&J )5 4((&G 6I 66,E My paternal aunt has nice dishes.
TJ 0%%$ -66,b (($ :u% I6'1EH,# 6I 66,E My paternal aunt is talking with
the storekeeper.
66,'(1$ Quantifier much, lots of, really
!6,'(1$ )HD& 66&6Eb$E She picked lots of lowbush cranberries.
!6,'(1$ -066I #6$J(*&H' :J1 I&-1$(1E I made a lot of gray currant berry
sauce.
}6 /'(1$ noun Atlin
}6 /'(1$ #H6 #6&)5&6:J'E It is calm on Atlin Lake.
}6 /'(1$ m&H6$ noun people of Atlin
}6 /'(1$ m&H6$ H&J :H6D 066, 06- 5&6EH,E Atlin Lake people came
here.
}6 /'(1$ m&H6$ H&J 06- 66&6'(1IE The Atlin people danced.
H6 :6I Adverb turning over
H"0 6, )5-I6 H, noun fork
VARANTS: H"0 6, :6)5-I6 H,
NOTES: /0( 76316$, '1-,() 0(3( "%$,61$- ,0( :6c 23(91D 6$) 1- ,0(
9%3+ 5-() 8: %$( %9 ,0( 9'5($, -2(6#(3- "%$-5',() 9%3 ,01- 23%4(",E
A66$)J &J H"0 6, )5-I6 H,K Hand me the fork!
}"0 6, )5-I6 H, ,'(1$ 66&6E%%E She bought a big fork.
6"0 #%%-0Ib'66 :(1, noun sled (for recreational sledding)
VARANTS: ("0 #%%'Ib'66 :(1, MPN
6)H,D1 noun children
VARANTS: 6,:H,D1; 6,:J,D1 M/N; 6)J,D1 M/N; ()J,D1 MPN
TJ1 B0((,#66)HI 6)H,D1 6, *5,u%D H&J 06- )5 J( 6, )5',u%&E The
kids from Sitka are taught out in the wilderness.
6)6&u%,' noun war; trouble; rush, hurry
!)6&u%,' :HI 6, &%%$(1 )5 66$bDE There was trouble in her town.
TJ J1' 0J($ )1:H6$6IEH 6)6&u%,' :HI H6 6, :6,((E There is a war
going on across the ocean.
!*6$H6K interj. Oh no!; Yikes!
H*J particle [focus + interrogative]
H0J particle this/that (over here), the other [focus]
6#60J1I1 noun farmer
TJ 6#60J1I1 4(()HI #G$,- 06- 66&6E%%E They bought potatoes from the
farmer.
T6-u%- &J 6#60J1I1 4(( -06:6)10J1$E The farmer has lots of cows.

6#%%'IJ1,' noun fear
VARANTS: 6#%%'IJ(,' M!$!/N; (#%%'IJ1,' MPN
H#:H particle this (right here) [interrogative]
H#:G particle that (distant), yonder [interrogative]
H#E0J particle this/that (over here), the other [interrogative]
H#E&J particle that (at hand) [interrogative]
AJ($ ,H6,I H#E&J )5E(($ &J1 #6$,Hr&{ Is the lupine picked from the
water?
P06- 0J($ H#E&J 6 #66)J1 :u% :6)5)R1DJ1# :H #6,H#I1{ Is water all
that was put on these dried berries?
6')66&H6 noun checkers; games played using string in the hands
6'rH6 noun gambling; game of chance
6'(1I noun dance
!I 6'(1I #%%)H-1 "0H6*5 #6&u%, H&J 6 )66&G HE There are old
beads on my dance shirt.
6'u%$ noun hunt
!'u%$ &5*%%)b 5I*6$rH6- )5 s6',u%)( 6:66&6E%%E When he was
going hunting, he put matches in his pocket.
TJ 6'u%$ ,'J' &H6 -H &%%,((E The hunt went alright.
6'u%$1 noun hunter
!'u%$1 &J &6$6)u% b,I #(1 $6*G,E The hunter is following the sheep that
is going uphill.
v1' 0J($1 )1:H6$6IEH H6 :J1 :6,(( &J 6'u%$1E The hunter lives across
the ocean.
!$H6-#1 noun Alaska
6$60%% noun rutabaga; turnip
!$60%% -b$ ,(($ &5)5-,66:b :6#J1E Turnip boiled with carrots is good.
!$60%% 06- 6#6$60J141$E They used to plant turnips.
!$6Eu%, noun Aleut
!$6Eu%, r5E%% 066 IH$, 06- 5&6EH,E Aleut people came to see us.
!$6Eu%, I%%D 5&6&H, &J rH6E That man grew up among the Aleut people.
H$#& noun person who cries easily
mG$HI H$#& H&J &J -066,#H,-#5E The young girl is a real crybaby.
}$#& H&J #J1 06- 6$6-&H, &J1, '1$*b,"0E Those people are raising a
crybaby.
!$u%-01 noun Russian
\H6 6I J(-0 :1$66$HI r5E66 H:H !$u%-01I &5-1,((; AJ($I
m5&6'6E66)bI &5-1,((E My father's side was Russian, he was a baptizer.

!$u%-01 66$b noun Russia
!$u%-01 !6$b)HI H:H :66 B6$ S36$-1-"%, 06- &5'1*H-E They had
moved to San Fransisco from Russia.
P06 :u% !$u%-01 !6$bD :66 ](3+6$ -066&H, H:H )5 IH$D :J1
&%%,((E While in Russia he was with a German woman.
6-*5,5:1#-0H6 noun spider
6-s(1&G noun seine fisherman; seine boat
\66#& r6 s(1&G 6-s(1&G 41-06*u%$I -1,((E A boat and a net are a seine
fisherman's tools.
!-s(1&G -66,bI -1,(( 6I &u%E My father-in-law is a master seiner.
6-,(1Ib noun fisherman (troller)
6-D66$ -0H6"01 noun green bird (sparrow or finch)
6-06'Iu%,1 noun sport fisherman
H, noun thing
!, *J1, &5)R1*b, &J rH6 H,D1 66&5,H6&5E He went against the law when
he stole the man's belongings.
= H, :HI r%%$%%#E He doesn't act normal.
H,# 60(($ noun faith
VARANTS: J,# (0(($ MPN; H,D 60(($ M/N
H,# 60(($b noun believer
VARANTS: J,# (0(($b MPN; H,D 60(($b M/N
6,#H,-#5 noun child
\H 6,#H,-#5 '1E%%- "06#:J1- :HIE This child is as playful as a young
eagle.
P06 ,'H#& H&J :J1 $6,(("0 6I IGI; "05 6,#H,-#5I -6,((:b)HIE
My husband is like this often, and has been even since he was a child.
H, r5#6&5E66sG noun director, planner; commander
VARANTS: H, 6, #6&5E66sG; J, (, #6&5E66sG MPN; J, r5#6&5E66sG MPN
6,D66:b noun centipede
AJ($ #H, 41$6-#&6$"01 H, H&J &J 6,D66:bE The centipede swims on top
of the water.
=5-01#J1:1 H, H#&J 6,D66:b{ Is the centipede poisonous?
6,D66$ 0b)1 noun smokehouse
VARANTS: (,D66$ 0b)1 MPN
!I 6,D66$ 0b)1 ,'(1)%%-0G r66 I%%- r6 )66D%%$I -1,((E My smoke
house is six feet by four feet.
>1#6rH6- #HI 6-06:66&6,J( &J s66, 6,D66$ 0b)1 :((DE She hung the
sockeye salmon on the stick in the smokehouse.

6,IH noun food, a meal
P%-,"%)HI 66&6Eu%& 6,IHE He bought food from Costco.
P0H6$&66$ 6,I66:bs66 6&u%K Order some Chinese food!
6,I6 H, noun moth
!,I6 H,"0 H&J 5&6IH6 6I #1$66#EH)1E A moth ate my coat.
!,I6 H, $H6*5 6 I%% :6$ :J1 #-6$JK Put some moth balls among it!
6,IH )66#60b)1 noun restaurant; tavern
!,IH )66#60b)1D *1-0%% ,66:b r6 #&H, 6&)R1sH6IE She ordered bacon
and eggs at the restaurant.
/'( 6 ,5&H$ H&J 6,IH )66#60b)1 H6 &)5)'1:JIE They built a restaurant
next to it.
6,IH 41-06*u%$ noun kitchen utensil
6,:H,D1 noun children
VARANTS: 6,:J,D1 M/N; 6)J,D1 M/N; ()J,D1 MPN; 6)H,D1
B*u%$&66$ 6,:H,D1 06- -06:6)10J1$ \66#&)H6,DE There are a lot of
school children in Yakutat.
QHI$HI 66$rH6D5 &J 6,:H,D1 4((:b- 06- 6, &%%-0((E Two chiefs sang
for the children.
6,:H,D1 '6,b$1 noun babysitter
F(1' 6,:H,D1 '6,b$1I $6I-6,(( :H DH6$66E Let Keil be the babysitter this
evening.
!,%%-s(1&G 6,:H,D1 '6,b$1 IH$I 06- s6rJ("0 6I :H,D1E When we are
gillnetting my children stay with a babysitter.
H,'H$1 noun slime (inside clamshell)
!,-#6$J(K interj. Yikes!; Scary!
H&J particle that (at hand) [focus]
P06- 6 *%%-0b H&J )5,(($ $%%"0 #J(,E All that can be seen of a
killerwhale is the dorsal fin.
/'66)J1$ H&J H, ,H$ &J ru%#E The box is sitting sideways.
HD r66 J( 6, )5',u%& :J noun school
}D r66 J( 6, )5',u%& :J H6 :J1 I6, *5s&6,J( -(1sH$E I will be in
school tomorrow.
6I Pronoun my [possessive]
]1:6r& m&H6$I -1,(( 6I I%%$b; W5--(''E My friend Russell is Alutiq.
TH6$s6$(($-D :6$6I #(1 -06#bI"0 6I :%% I6,H$*1E Sometimes my
words get hung up.
6IH6 noun paddle
Q66D%%$ :6,(( 6I 6IH6:1 :66#& :bDE There are four paddles in my skiff.

H:H particle this (right here) [focus]
mG$HI #(('4H6 :J1 6:6*5I)6,J( H"0 H:H 066 :66*G )Hr)(
,5-6IG,DE It's going to get stormy so we are dragging our boats up.
=%%# #60H6*5 H:H :6#J1 #6$6,H #6$J(*&H' -H#&E Coho salmon
eggs are good for blueberry sauce.
6:60((:H6 noun curlew
6:HI particle thus, that's how
H:G particle that (distant), yonder [focus]
56 - P0 - Dictionary of Tlingit

P0
c"0 postpos. because of; by means of
NOTES: C$)1"6,(- 6*($, %9 ,36$-1,17( 7(38 &1,0 )(91$1,( %84(",E
>1)5rJ1 6, &5-#u%&5I -6,((:J("0E He is paid because he is a
knowledgeable person.
B0(($)JK /H6"0 1#s&6-0H6E Get up! You're going to oversleep. (Lit: Sleep
will marry you.)
PA!! verb root
6#6&'1"0H6 6#'6"0J1I 6#'6"0J1I
s/he strained it | s/he is straining it | s/he strains it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'c"066t M~ 6",N
for S to strain, filter, drain off O
!#6&-1,66:1 ,'J1r& #6sH)66 ,u%$HI 6#6&'1"0H6E He strained the
boiled berries through cheesecloth.
PA!!F verb root
6#66&6"0H# 6#6"0H6# 6#6"0H#I
s/he packed it | s/he's packing it | s/he packs it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c"0H6#t M~ 6",N
for S to pile, stack away neatly, pack O (food, clothing, firewood, etc.)
P0H6-0 6 #66)J1 #6&,5&6"0H# &J &5,5&6E5$1 )Rb-#&E We packed
branches on the moose that we shot.
! #u%')( #6:"0H#K You all pack it in the stern!
)5 "066$ noun his/her mother-in-law
PA!![ verb root
&5'1"0H$ '1"0H$ #(1 '6"0H$"0
he/she/it stank | he/she/it stinks | he/she/it stinks (regularly).
THEME: ec'c"0H$ M*6 -,6,(N
for O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for O to smell strongly
TJ IJ(' &5'-((Db '1"0H$E When the slime rots it stinks.
P0H6$&66$ noun Chinese
P0H6$&66$"0 H&J &5'1:JI :H IH6, )66#60b)1E The Chinese built this
cannery.
"0H6- noun pink salmon; humpy, humpback salmon
P0H6- :6#J1 -(1rI -6,((:bE Pink salmon is good smoked.
! &6$H6D :6#%%4J' &J "0H6-K Put the Humpback salmon separate from
them!
Dictionary of Tlingit - P0 - 57

"0H6-0 noun bough, branch with needles on it, especially of spruce
F1)J1$ #6"0H# &J "0H6-0K Pack the branches well!
"0H6,' noun halibut
P0H6,' ,bD1 :66 M06N- 6 -05#H $6rGIE They're setting halibut gear.
/-J(# J($ 06- 6&-1EJ( &J "0H6,'E They barbecued the halibut.
"0H6,' 6-,(1Ib noun halibut fisherman
"0H6I noun horned grebe or red-necked grebe
P0H6I 0J($ ,H6)( 6&41,H#&E The grebe dove into the water.
"0H6:%% noun tea
TJ -066,# *GD66 #H, "0H6:%% 6I 4((, 6&-1Eb$E The young girl gave me
tea in a cup.
]GD66 #6,u%,, #66&6)H6 &J "0H6:%%E The cup is filled part way up with
tea.
"0H' noun platform cache; house cache; shed
VARANTS: "0b'
vK B060b#I 066 "0H'1 s66,H6 :J1 )66,%%$(1:bE Check it out! When we
are out trapping, our storehouse is full.
TJ 0J($ I6:66I "0H' &5,5'1:JIE We built a storehouse on the edge of the
river.
"0(("0 noun porpoise
Q6I:((#66)J1 "0(("0 H&J :66 J1' #66)J1 I&-1,(($E I have seen two
kinds of porpoise in this ocean.
P01"05&66 "0(("0 :HI #66DH,E Dolphins look like porpoise.
"0JI1 MPN noun shade, shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc.
VARANTS: "0bI1 M/N; "0J(I1 M!,N; "0J(I66 M!,N; "0J1I66 MPN
TJ 66- "0JI1 ,6:((, H&J ,%%rJ($E We are sitting in the shade of the tree.
!&)'1-b$ "0JI1 ,u%DE He is hiding in the shadows.
"01"05:66 noun shark (porpoise-like)
VARANTS: "01"05&66
"0b' D%%# noun fish air-dried in cold weather and allowed to freeze
VARANTS: "0H' D%%#
mG$HI :6-1DG## "0b' D%%#E That salmon smoked after freezing dries very
easily.
\J1 I6EHI41$ :H6 "0b' D%%# >1'rH6,D H&J :J1 )66)5$J1:1$E I used to
hear of smoked salmon being prepared on the Chilkat.
"0%%#H$ noun grass
VARANTS: "0%%#J$ MPN; "0%%#&H$ M/N

P0%%#6$(1)b noun Chookaneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crests are the Porpoise and Brown Bear
PAee[ verb root
6&'1"0G$ ccc 6'"0G$I
s/he injured it | --- | s/he injures it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c"0%%$t M~ (7($,N
for S to wound, injure, bruise O
Q5 *%%-0 6&'1"0G$E He hurt his thumb.
Q5 r6,':H 6&'1"0G$E He hurt his side.
&5)1"0G$ ccc )6"0G$I
he/she/it is injured | --- | s/he gets injured (regularly).
THEME: ec)c"0%%$t M~ (7($,N
for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O to be hurt (emotionally)
NOTES: /0( +%-, "%++%$ 5-( %9 ,01- 7(38 1- 1$ ,0( 2(39(",17( 9%3+E
[%,( ,06, 1, "6$ 6'-% 3(9(3 ,% 6 +($,6' -,6,(; 6- 1$< rG$HI 066
&)1"0G$ &(3( 3(6'': 053,1$* M(+%,1%$6'':N M69,(3 ,0( '%-- %9 6
96+1': +(+8(3; (E*ENE
m66 )Rb-#& *&J1$'1 &5)1"0G$E The hoof of the bull moose is injured.
"0%%$(1, noun arrow
P0%%$(1,I H&J )5':J1I &J "0H6'E Willow is made into arrows.
/J1D *&H6 &J*J H,I )5':(1Ib$ "0%%$(1, -H#&E Little stones must have
been used to make arrows.
PAeeo verb root
6#66&6"0GD 6#6"0u%D 6#6"0u%DI
s/he kneaded it | s/he kneads it; s/he is kneading it | s/he kneads it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c"0%%Dt M~ 6",N
for S to knead, press, pat O with palm of hand
"05)J1 noun tomcod
! ((Ib *(1I :H "05)J1 )5-E((:bE There is a lot of oil in the tom cod when it's
cooked.
P05)J1 H&J 6 r6$%%IG H&5E Tom cod have a beard.

P0
"06 particle the very, just
P06 H6 :6$ 6&'1EH, &J *H$ 'HI1E He just left the wet outer part of firewood
there.
\H6 r5,66$D 66)J r5*6I,%%,J($ 1D#J( "06 s66I,5-6,J($ &J -0H6E
This summer we are going to travel down south just to see the girls.
"06 66)u% -H noun anyone, anybody; whoever
VARANTS: "06 66 -H
"06 66$ particle although, even though, however, nonetheless, yet
T5-1EH6D& )5 :%% I6,H$*1; "06 66$ H&J )5 IJ1)( r5&)5)R1E66IE
His words were biting, yet people listened to him.
"06 66 -H noun anyone, anybody; whoever
VARANTS: "06 66)u% -H
"0H6*5 adj. old
Q(1 "0H6*5 6, -0((:b rG$HI )5 ,5&H6 -6*u% $5"0E S/he always likes
old time songs.
"0H6#& Adverb long ago; back then; in the old days
VARANTS: "0H#&
P0H6#& I(1$,H6D66 -066&H, IJ :J1 $)5E(1"0E Long ago women
would wear a labret.
/'J1 "0H6#& IH &J 66,I #J1 066 &-1)HrE It was a long time ago that we
migrated from there.
"0H6# noun bald eagle
P0H6# $66I I6, -1,((E I am of the eagle moiety.
P0H6# 'G :u% #6,H$E A bald eagle's beak is curved.
"0H6# '%%&G noun dark yellow; eagle's beak
P0H6# '%%&G :HI $J(*&H' I&66E%%E I bought some dark yellow paint.
P0H6# '%%&G :HI $J(*&H' ,(($ I&66$J(*&H' #6I6"0H6*5
#%%,J(:66E I painted my totem carving with dark yellow paint.
PA!!FT verb root
6#66&6"0H#& 6#6"0H6#& 6#6"0H#&I
s/he carved it | s/he is carving it | s/he carves it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c"0H6#&t M~ 6",N
for S to carve O (usually smaller, detailed work) using a knife
obD"0 6 :H6D #6I&66"0H#&E I carved a frog on it's face.

!, DH-0)1 ,J(' -H#& H&J #6$H*66 6#66&6"0H#& 6I 4((:b-E He
carved a form for making moccasins for me.
"0H6' noun willow
P0%%$(1,I H&J )5':J1I &J "0H6'E Willow is made into arrows.
Q5 41$Hr )66# &5'10H-0 &J "0H6'E The willow drifted out away from
him.
)5 "0H6,&5 noun his/her skin (surface)
PA}PAp verb root
ccc #6)'1"0H"0I ccc
--- | it's spotted | ---.
THEME: #6c)c'c"0H"0I M-,6,(N
for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
"06 )66 -H noun anything; whatever
"06 *%%,H -H noun anywhere, anyplace; wherever
VARANTS: "06 *%%,J -H MPN
"06 *&H,*(($ -H noun any time (in the future); whenever (in the future)
"06 sJs66 Adverb in vain; for nothing; without success
P06 sJs66 I6I%%IE I call him (but he won't come).
P06 sJs66 66I #(1 )60H$"0E He tries to stand up from there (but is unable
to).
"06 su%, particle different, other
P06 su%, rH6 6, u%&5; ,'J1' HI %%-0((E You don't touch another person's
possessions.
AG r5E66 H:H "06 su%, :J1)( :6$ #6&)1:H6 6I ,'H6; )5 J(-0"0 H:H
)5 :H, -66 5&6,b B066D(1)1 /'H6E But with my mother it happened
differently, because her father named her Shaaxeidi Tla.
P06 #((,H6$HIK interj. Cool it!; Calm down!
"06 #%%*J1:1 Adverb however, any which way
"0H#& Adverb long ago; back then; in the old days
VARANTS: "0H6#&
"06 #1#H, particle at least, once in a while
VARANTS: "06 #H,; "06 #((#H, M!,/N
P06 #1#H, )5 4((:b- 6, $6E%%K At least buy him something!
/-66 v1I #66)HI H&J :6&,5&6)'66r "06 #1#H, &J #6$(1',-H#&E
We finally managed to get some swamp currants from Seal Slough.
"06#:J1- noun immature eagle
P06#:J1- H&J :J1 06- #66DH, 6,IH s66E Young eagles are after food.

eagle.
"06 ')6#H, H, noun everything
"06 ')6#H, rH6 noun everyone, everybody
"06 ')6#H, :J noun everywhere
VARANTS: ')6#H, :J
"06- particle only, just
P06- 6 *%%-0b H&J )5,(($ $%%"0 #J(,E All that can be seen of a
killerwhale is the dorsal fin.
P06- #J(,-6$ H:H :H6s66 &%%,((E There's nothing but false azalea
around here.
"06 ,'H#& particle always, all the time, constantly
"06 :H#& particle suddenly, immediately, right away
VARANTS: "06 :H6#&; "06 :u%#
"06 :J1 particle ordinary, usual
"06 :u%# particle suddenly, immediately, right away
VARANTS: "06 :H#&; "06 :H6#&
"0J($ noun ribbon
p66$ "0J($ 1 -06I66&G #HD #(1 #s&6#J1E A red ribbon in your hair
would be good.
T%%"0 s5$6:H6)(1 "0J($ 1 )'66# 4((&GE Your sister has different kinds
of ribbons.
"0((, noun auklet or murrelet
P0((, -0(1-0u%I H&J 6#66&6"0H#&E She carved a murrelet rattle.
"0J(,s66 noun skate (ocean creature related to the shark and the ray)
P0J(,s66 #J1 6&)R1,JIE He pulled up a skate.
"0((I noun thimbleberry
VARANTS: "0(1I
m5#J(, *6I,%%EH6, "0((Is66E We are going to pick thimbleberries.
P0((I :6*J1 :u% )(1 :66IE There are plenty of thimbleberries along the
road.
)5 "0J(I1 noun his/her first finger
PAdCpT verb root
6&'1"0JI& :66 6$6'"0JI& 6'"0JI&I
s/he got it dirty | s/he's getting it dirty | s/he gets it dirty (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c"0J1I&t M~ (7($,N
for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing or person)

&5'1"0JI& :66 $6'"0JI& ccc
he/she/it is dirty | he/she/it is getting dirty | ---.
THEME: ec'c"0J1I&t M~ (7($,N
for O to be dirty
C 4b$ &5'1"0JI&E Your hands are dirty.
mG$HI &5'1"0JI& :%% I6,H$# H&J H,I 1'6:J1IE You are using very
dirty language.
"0J1I& noun dirt, dust
F1)J1$ 66I $6Eu%- "0J1I&K Wash the dirt off good!
! :66)J1 *J "0J1I& 1:6,J(${ Do you see dirt on the face of it?
"01:H6-0 noun sea otter hunting canoe with an angular prow for breaking the
waves
[6-*6)%%-0G "01:H6-0 #6I&66"0H#& 05$ :6:b-E I carved eight sea
otter hunting canoes to sell.
"05 particle still, even
VARANTS: "0%%
p66$ :6#6&'1#b-E TJ #J', r5E66; "05 5&6,H6E The fire has gone out
but the ashes are still warm.
"05 )J1I Numeral both
"05 -0u%*5 particle the same
P05 -0u%*5 66$ &5)5)'1:(I1 ,Gr' H&J 6 #6I:(( &J1 ![O 06''E
Those are the original young spruce they used to build the ceiling of the ANB hall.
"05 ,'(1 particle when, while
"05 ,'(1I particle forever
Dictionary of Tlingit - Q - 63

Q
6 )66 RelationalNoun around it; about it; concerning it
TJ D6#6-#J1$ )66D H&J :J1 41$JE She is working on the unfinished basket.
C ,5rj6,H6'1 1 )66I :(1 4((#6$6DbDE Your pants are falling down.
Q!!
Z
verb root
6$6I :66&6)H6 6$6I :66 $6)J1$ ccc
it flowed through it | it is flowing through it | ---.
THEME: @c$HI :6c~c)66t M~ +%,1%$N
for water, the tide to flow through P; for water, the tide to flood P
!6$ *6'6rG )(1 #6$6I :66&6)H6E The flood went over the road.
H, #66&6)H6 ccc ccc
the (water) level rose to there | --- | ---.
THEME: @c,t #6c~c)66t M~ +%,1%$N
for water to flow, rise to P
]GD66 #6,u%,, #66&6)H6 &J "0H6:%%E The cup is filled part way up
with tea.
H, 5&6)H6 66)J :66 $6)J1$ HI )66
it flowed to it | it's flowing to it | it flows to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ~c)66t M~ +%,1%$N
for water to flow to P
p60J($1 )5 IJ1, 5&6)H6E He is drooling.
HI #66&6)66 HI #6$66)66 ccc
it flowed along it | it's flowing along it | ---.
THEME: @cI #6c~c)66t M$6 +%,1%$N
for water, blood to flow, run along P
Q5 ,'H,*1 )6*1:*J H&J 0J($H#& HI #6$66)66E A small stream flows in
the middle of her land.
lb' :HI #6$66)66 &J 0J($E The water is flowing down the face of the rock
cliff.
)66r 5&6)H6 )66r $6)J1$ ccc
the tide is in | the tide is coming in | ---.
THEME: )66r ~c)66t M~ +%,1%$N
for the tide to rise, come in
Q66r 5&6)H6E The tide is in.
#66&6)66 ccc ccc
it flowed; it's flowing | --- | ---.
THEME: #6c~c)66t M$6 +%,1%$N
for water, blood to flow; for a nose to run
Q5 I60J($1 #66&6)66E His saliva is flowing.
#(1 5&6)H6 #(1 $6)J1$ ccc
the water level rose | the water level is rising | ---.
64 - Q - Dictionary of Tlingit

THEME: #(1 ~c)66t M~ +%,1%$N
for water level, tide to rise
A66, #(1 &5)66:b ,'J1' 5I-6,b$"0E He has not seen the tide rise yet.
Q!!
X
verb root
)5 IJ1I &%%)66 )5 IJ1I :66 $6)J1$ )5 IJ1I :%%
:6)J1#
s/he got used to (the flavor, pronunciation of) it | s/he is getting used to (the
flavor, pronunciation of) it | s/he gets used to (the flavor, pronunciation of) it
(regularly).
THEME: [ IJ1I ~c)66t M$6 (7($,N
for N to become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of speech or flavor of food)
!I IJ1I &%%)66E I got used to (the pronunciation, flavor of) it.
)H6 noun weasel
)5 )66)'((:b noun his/her flesh
)H6)R1 noun firestone; iron pyrite
)H6s1 Adverb out of the water onto the beach, shore
)66# Adverb out to sea; out into the open; (falling) down
T6,-bD H6 #H6 )66# 06- 6&'1#J' &J s%%"0E The wolves chased the
caribou out onto the lake.
A6- )5 :H6 )66# 5&6*G, &J Du%,- ,'(1$ #6$6,H 06- 6EJ($1E While
they were picking blueberries, the brown bear came face to face with them.
6 )66#H RelationalNoun around the outside surface of it
F1)J1$ '6:JI :H r6$H6IH$ &J *1-0%% )66#H :b-K Build this fence well
around those pigs!
)5 )66#6$u%D5 noun his/her grandparent (term of respect)
!6$*u%$)HI H&J 6I #H6$1 )5 )66#6$u%D5E My sister-in-law's
ancestors are from Angoon.
)5 )66#6-0G noun his/her fate
)66#(1, noun container for it
TJ $H6#& )66#(1)b H:HE This is a container for that medicine.
Fu%D )66#(1, #H6 :J1 )5EGIDE Rice is put into a container.
)66r Adverb up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the
water's edge, inside)
Q66r 5&6)H6E The tide is in.
Q!!m
X
verb root
#(1 &-1)Hr ccc ccc
s/he migrated | --- | ---.
THEME: #(1 ec-c)66rt M~ +%,1%$N
for O to move household (permanently), migrate

/'J1 "0H6#& IH &J 66,I #J1 066 &-1)HrE It was a long time ago that we
migrated from there.
)66r&E66 -H noun which (one); some (certain one)
Q66r& 66$ -H&J{ Which town is that?
/'J1' I&6-6#G )66r&E66 IH6, -H 6 r6$%%IG r5-,((:bE I don't know
which fish have beards.
Q!!= verb root
&%%)H' :6)H' #(1 )H'"0
it got heavy | it's heavy | it gets heavy (regularly).
THEME: ec~c)H' M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be heavy (usually of inanimate things); (fig.) to be weighty, important (of
abstracts)
\6)H' &J ,1$H6E The copper shield is heavy.
! #6,u%,, -06'6,'b,; ,'J' #(1 #s&6)H'K Fill it halfway, then it won't be
heavy!
6 )66'(1'b noun its wrinkled, baggy skin, hide
6 )H6'1 noun its rumen, main stomach (of ruminant)
QRb-#5 ,'u%s5 r6 6 )H6'1 6I IJ :6#J1E I like to eat moose liver and its
tripe.
T6,-bD )H6'1 6*6&)R1EJ(E She cooked caribou tripe for herself.
Q!!= verb root
6#6&'1)H' 6#'6)H6' 6#'6)H'I
s/he typed it | s/he is typing it | s/he types it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'c)H6't M 6",N
for S to type O
)H6$66 noun silver
)H6$66 noun money, coin, dollar
!I )H6$6:1 6 &6$H6 :J1 66 $6E%%K Put my money separate from the
others!
Q5 41$,H6D :J1 :6,(( )5 )H6$6:1E His money is in his grip.
)H6$66 #6,J(I1 noun silversmith
)H6$66 -66,b noun rich man
)H6$66 -0%%&G noun half dollar; fifty cents
)H6$66 ,J(I1 noun silversmith
Q!!B verb root
6&)'1)H- ccc 6')H-I
s/he snared it | --- | s/he snares it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc)c'c)H6-t M~ (7($,N

for S to snare O
lHI 6&)'1)H-E She snared a rabbit.
)H6-66 noun snare
)5 )66-06*u%$ noun his/her body parts
VARANTS: )5 )66-0(*u%$
6 )66, noun (telling) about it
\H6 6 )66, DGD :HI H&J 6 )66D :J1 41I&66$(1E I worked on it
according to the book.
/'J' #(1 *5I'6,-H6 1 )66, -0 #6'$((#E Gossip about you is not going to
smell good.
)66& noun seaweed, kelp on which herring spawn
)66D%%$ Numeral four
Q66D%%$ r66 I%%- 6 #66:b &J $6)H6#&E That table measures four feet.
)66D%%$)60J($ Numeral four times
VARANTS: )66D%%$)(0J($ MPN
)66D%%$b$HI Numeral four (people)
NOTES: /01- 1- 5-() 9%3 "%5$,1$* 2(%2'( %$':E
Q66D%%$b$HI rH6 -066 -06#J()( 6'u%$ 06- &%%E66,E Four men went
up on the mountain hunting.
)H6I noun canoe under construction
6 )66I :66 )5'-0(("0 H, noun banister; railing
6 )66:b noun its bark
6, )66:b noun birch
VARANTS: (, )66:b MPN
6, )66:b rH#& noun birch bark basket
)5 )66E(1, IH6# noun his/her joints
)5 )66E1, noun his/her/its body
)66E1,,5$J(#& noun arthritis
VARANTS: )66E1,,5$u%# M/N
)5 )66E1,&J1-1 noun his/her gland
6 )6"0u%$ RelationalNoun straight towards it; directly towards it
QRb-#& 6&5-,(($b ,'( 6 )6"0u%$ #J1 5&6*G,E When he saw the moose
he turned to walk straight towards it.

)5 )6"0IH$ noun his/her grandchild
l5&6#66$ 6, DH-0)1 ,J(' 6I )6"0IH$# 4((:b- 6I ,5&H6 -1*u%E I
would like deer skin moccasins for my grandchild.
/(1r&(1)b )6"0IH$ H:H IH,E I am a grandchild of the Teikweid.
)H*H6 particle indeed, for sure
VARANTS: -)H*H6
)6*6,*1:H6 noun hummingbird
VARANTS: )(*&6,*((:H6 MPN; )6*&6,*1:H6 M!,/N
Q6*&6,*1:H6 'G :6:H, r6 :J1 #&'1-H6E A hummingbird's beak is long and
skinny.
6 )6*1:*J RelationalNoun middle of it
VARANTS: 6 )6*1#:J; 6 )6*1:1*J
TJ H6#& rG$HI 6 )6*1:*J H&J &6,-bD H, 0H$E A caribou is standing
right in the middle of the pond.
Q5 ,'H,*1 )6*1:*J H&J 0J($H#& HI #6$66)66E A small stream flows in
the middle of her land.
)6s6c Other [pluralizer]
VARANTS: )6Ic; )6rc
NOTES: /0( )1-,3185,17( 23(91D )6s6c 6,,6"0(- ,% ,0( 7(38 6$)
1$)1"6,(- 2'536'1,: %9 ,0( 3(9(3($,; 6$) 3(9(3- %$': ,% 1$6$1+6,( %3
3("(--17( 6$1+6,( 263,1"126$,-; &01'( ,0( 2'536'1R(3 06- 3(9(3- ,%
6$1+6,( M$%$c3("(--17(N 263,1"126$,-E /0( )1-,3185,17( 23(91D 1-
%$': 5-() ,% 3(9(3 ,% ,0( 68-%'5,17( 63*5+($, M,0( -584(", %9 6$
1$,36$-1,17( 7(38 %3 ,0( %84(", %9 6 ,36$-1,17( %3 %84(",17( 7(38NE
\G -*u%$ ,'H,*1 ,'(1$; 6 *u%$$HI )6I:6$66*u% &J #H6E The cars are
traveling on the isthmus of the big school yard.
l5$6#6)(1, )66, ,'66*G )6Ir5)R1,((E There are legends about sea
monsters.
)6s6$rG noun afterlife, "happy hunting ground"
Q6s6$rG)( &%%*%%,E He left us (died).
)6s6-66 noun squid
VARANTS: )6r-66
)60%%$b noun salesman; clerk; storekeeper
)H#)( H, noun thing heading offshore, esp. wind
QH#)( H, Du%$ H&J 6:6&)1,((E An offshore east wind is blowing.
)H#)(-6#66# noun mackerel
VARANTS: )H#)(-6D66#
)H#&,6-1 noun cracklings of rendered fat, grease unfit for consumption
QH#&,6-1 H,I )5':J1I ,H6: :bDE Rendered fat is used in the garden.
)Hr)( Adverb toward the inland, interior; up to the woods; back (away from the
open)

VARANTS: )Hr)(1
QHr)( rH#& 66&6:66 1 'J('#&E Your grandmother died. (Lit: Your
grandmother took her basket into the woods).
mG$HI #(('4H6 :J1 6:6*5I)6,J( H"0 H:H 066 :66*G )Hr)(
)6rJ1- noun sewing
p6'6#H"0 I66&G )6rJ1- ,(($ H,I )5':J1IE Porcupine quills are used in
sewing.
Q5 41:((D :6$ 6&'1EH, )5 )6rJ1-1E She placed her sewing nearby for her.
)6r#H noun up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the
water's edge, inside); inland; interior
Q6r#H :%% 66&6EH,E People walked into the interior.
/'J1' :H )6r#HD :J1 5,b &J s6$%%#E Here in the Inland we don't have any
petrels.
Q6r'6&(1)b noun Dakl'aweid, locally called "Killer Whale"; a clan of the
Eagle moiety whose principal crest is the Killer Whale
)6'(1:b noun lake trout
/'J1' 6 r6$%%IG r%%-,b )6'(1:bE Lake trout do not have beards.
6, )6$H6:1 noun drunk; drunkard
)6$(1, noun large box for storing grease, oil
)6-J1#& noun life; breath
\J(- )6-J1#&s66 &%%*%%,E He went to get fresh air.
)HD& noun lowbush cranberry, bog cranberry
B0H"0*1 #H6 #6EJ1I )HD&E Lowbush cranberries grow in the meadow.
c)HI postpos. from, out of; since
VARANTS: c,I
NOTES: [%,( ,06, &0($ c)HI 6,,6"0(- ,% 6 $%5$ ($)1$* 1$ 6 7%&(';
c)HI %2,1%$6'': '%-(- 1,- 7%&('; 8("%+1$* c,IE S%3 (D6+2'(; (1,0(3
%9 ,0( 9%''%&1$* 63( 6""(2,68'( 9%3 93%+ 63%5$) ,0( 0%5-(< &J 0b,
)66)HI L &J 0b, )66,IE /0(-( $%5$- 6$) 3('6,1%$6' $%5$- 067(
6',(3$6,( 9%3+- &0($ "%+81$() &1,0 c)HI<
H 1,; ,0(3( )HI q 66)HI L 66I 93%+ 1,f 93%+ ,0(3(
6 #H -5396"( c)HI q 6 #66)HI L 6 #66I 93%+ 1,- -5396"(
6 :H 1,- 96"( c)HI q 6 :66)HI L 6 :66I 93%+ 1,- 96"(
6 ,G 1,- 1$-1)( c)HI q 6 ,u%)HI L 6 ,u%I 93%+ 1,- 1$-1)(
!I J(# -1EH6,1 0J($ *%%$)HI 6:H6:1$E My brother used to pack cold
water from a spring.
m5$H6*5 4(()HI 41#6EH, :J1 6:6Eu%E He is wearing a wrist guard from the
doctor.
)6IH"0D1 noun tugboat
Q6IH"0Dj1 :66#& ,'J$Dj H, 06- 6$6IH"0"0EE Tugboats tow large vessels.

)6I6)%%-0u%$HI Numeral seven (people)
)6I6)%%-0G Numeral seven
Q6I6)%%-0G #66: :J1 #5$66'J1 &J 66$; 0J($ -0H6#)HIE The town is
seven miles from the head of the river.
)6I)60J($ Numeral twice, two times
VARANTS: )J1I )60J($
Q6I)60J($ :6$ :66&6*H-E He fell on his face twice.
)HIs66 Numeral two at a time, two by two
QHIs66 6 :b#)( 06- &%%E66, &J :66#&E They boarded the boat two by
two.
)HIs66$HI Numeral two (people) at a time
QHIs66$HI :66 06- 6$6'JIE They're dancing two by two.
)HI$HI Numeral two (people)
NOTES: /01- 1- 5-() 9%3 "%5$,1$* 2(%2'( %$':E
QHI$HI $66 -0H6)1 $HrD1 &J 6, :H,D1 06- )5 4((:b- 06- 6,
&%%-0((E Two chiefs sang for the children.
QHI$HI rH6 :6EH6# H&JE It's wide enough for two people.
)6I:((#66)J Adverb two different kinds, types; two different ways, directions
VARANTS: )6I:((#66)J1
Q6I:((#66)J1 "0(("0 H&J :66 J1' #66)J1 I&-1,(($E I have seen two
kinds of porpoise in this ocean.
6 )6:J($ RelationalNoun facing it
TJ -066 )6:J($ H6:HI 5&60H$E He turned around to face the mountain.
!I )6:J($ 0H$ Du%$ $1:66E He is standing facing me, shielding me from
the North Wind.
)( particle already, (by) now
VARANTS: )(1
B((# )( 06- )5 r%%&G ,u%)( 06- &%%E66,E Black bears have already
gone into their dens.
Q(1 H, 06- &%%E66, &J1 :J(- #J1)'6)1E The young seagulls are already
walking around.
)((*H6 noun dipnet (for eulachon)
\6&u%' :H )((*H6E This 'dipnet has holes in it.
QddB verb root
6&)'1)J(- ccc :(1 6')J(-"0
the moon is shining | --- | the moon shines (regularly).
THEME: 6c)c'c)J(-t Ms6 (7($,N
for the moon to shine

TJ #6sb, ,u%I :66 $,%%EH)1 6&)'1)J(-E As we walked along in the
darkness, the moon shined bright.
Qddo verb root
6I(1&6)bD ccc 6I6)bDI
s/he corked it up | --- | s/he corks it up (regularly).
THEME: ecI(cBc~c)J(Dt M~ (7($,N
for S to cork up O (bottle); for S to shut, cover mouth of O
m6,(1' ,u%)(1 :6$6-DH #1)J1$ I6)bDK Pour it in the jug and cork it up!
)(1 noun path, trail; road, street
/J1' )(1 :66I, '6EH,E Scraps of pitchwood are lying along the road.
)J1 particle now, this time
/'J' )J1 I&6,(($ 6I #6&u%, #6Eb-066E I can't see my needle anymore.
BbD I%%, 1',H"0 )J1K Wash up the dishes now! (Lit: Slap (up) the dishes now).
QJ1 H&JK interj. Stop it!; That's enough!
c)JM1N t c)(M1N postpos. to, toward; until; in the manner of
NOTES: /0( ,%$( %$ ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ c)(1 1- ,0( %22%-1,( %9 ,06, %$
,0( 91$6' -:''68'( %9 ,0( $%5$ &01"0 1, 6,,6"0(- ,%E /01-
2%-,2%-1,1%$ "6$ 8( 23%$%5$"() '%$* %3 -0%3, Mc)(1 %3 c)(N;
)(2($)1$* %$ -2(6#(3 )16'(",E
B%+( $%5$- 6$) 3('6,1%$6' $%5$- 5$)(3*% "06$*(- 1$ 7%&(' '($*,0
6$)L%3 ,%$( &0($ "%+81$() &1,0 c)JM1N<
H 1,; ,0(3( c)JM1N q 66)JM1N ,%&63) 1,f ,%&63) ,0(3(
6 #H 1,- -5396"( c)JM1N q 6 #66)JM1N ,%&63) M,0( -5396"( %9N 1,
6 :H 1,- 96"( c)JM1N q 6 :66)JM1N ,%&63) M,0( 96"( %9N 1,
6 ,G 1,- 1$-1)( c)JM1N q 6 ,u%)(M1N ,%&63) M,0( 1$-1)( %9N 1,
lb,s66 6:6I-60H6 :u%)( &%%*%%,E She went over there to gather spruce
needles.
Q'((:sH6 H&J 66)J1 66&6E66,E People went there for meat.
Q(1#(($66 noun Haida
Q(1#(($66 r6 /-%%,-DH$ H6 -06:6)10J1$ F1"0IH6$E There are a lot of
Haida and Tsimshian people in Ketchikan.
Q(1#(($66 ,u%)( 066 #)'1D&H-E Our roots stem from the Haida
)J1'1 noun shelter (from wind or weather), harbor
QJ1'1 H6 06- -06&)R1:66E They anchored in a harbor.
l((: ,H )J1'1, 6&-1rGI )5 :66*GE She drove her boat to the head of the
bay.
6 )J1$ RelationalNoun (in) the area of it or around it, (in) its vicinity
TJ -066 6 )J1$)( H6 :66 $6*G,E He is walking in the direction of the
mountain.

6 )J1$)( 66 RelationalNoun the rest of it
! )J1$)( 66 )5 $66EH)1 66I 6&'1E66,E She picked up the rest of her
clothes.
! )J1$)( 66 &J *H$ :6I 6:6#6&'1DG,E He chopped up the rest of the
wood.
Q(1-'(($ noun Teslin
Q(1-'(($D #(14b$ 06- :6,(( r66 -0H6)( $HrD1E In Teslin there are five
leaders.
Q(1-'(($ 4H641 #1)J1$ &5)5)R1#u%E Teslin snowshoes are well-known.
Q(1-'(($ m&H6$ noun Teslin Lake people
Q(1-0((,66$ noun Deisheetaan, locally called "Beaver"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Beaver
B1*(1)b Q(1-0((,66$ r66 6, %%0J1$1 H&JE The Beaver is the property of
the Deisheetaan Clan.
Q(1-0G noun Haines
/-6#H6&H-0 Q(1-0G)HI 06- 66&6E%%E They bought dried fish strips from
Haines.
Q(1-0GD 6&-1,(($ &J s6$%%#E She saw a petrel in Haines.
)J1I Numeral two
QJ1I IH6, 066 4((D 64((&6$HrE He left two salmon for us.
/'(1 )J1I r6,(1' :HI H&J &5,5-1$(1I -0H#& #60J($1E We just saved
two gallons of the strawberry juice.
)(1 :66I noun side of the path, trail, road, street
P0((I :6*J1 :u% )(1 :66IE There are plenty of thimbleberries along the
road.
)(1 :b# noun on the path, trail, road; bed of the path, trail, road
)1*1,*1:H6 noun hummingbird
!I ,'(1r #H6 &41r66r )1*1,*1:H6E A hummingbird landed on my finger.
Q1#H6$rH6&5 noun God
VARANTS: Q1#J( 66$rH6&5
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 noun God
VARANTS: Q1#H6$rH6&5
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 J(# 6,5&60(($E We believe in God.
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 :J(, b,I $6E66)b 06- )5 (($ -0 #H6 I6&)1*HDE
Jesus prayed with his disciples.
)b- noun month
\J(- )b- H&J 066)J :66 $6*G,E A new month is coming.
)b- noun moon
TJ )b- #6*H$1 #H6D :J1 41$JE He works by moonlight.

)b- &%%IJ1:1 noun calendar
)b- I5-:(( noun moonbeam
Qb- I5-:(( #6&)'1Eb,"0 &J )'(1, #HIE Moonbeams are sparkling on the
snow.
)5 )bI noun his/her back
Q5 )bI $J(#& $%%"0E His back always hurts.
)1:H6$6IEH noun area across, on the other side (especially of body of water)
\u% )1:H6$6IE66)HI H&J 066, :6I&66IH6 &J1 #6DH-,1 066 0b)1
-H#&E I hauled the lumber from across the other side for our house.
Q1:J( 66$rH6&5 noun Satan
Q1:J( 66$rH6&5 4((, &5)R1*b,E He fell into satan's hands.
Q%uK interj. See how you are!; Look what you did!
6 )%%*G noun its skin (of animal); hide
p6'1,-(($ &J I6',%%"0 $66s6-J1 )%%*GE The skin of a black fox is
expensive.
/J1' :J1 6:6Eu% 6, )%%*G 6#'6-JrI1 :b-E She is using dry wood for
smoking that hide.
)5 )%%# noun his/her skin, complexion
Q5 )%%# :6#J1E Her complexion is good.
)u%' noun sandhill crane
)5 )%%$:66 noun under or inside his/her clothes; next to his/her skin
)%%$:66I #%%)H- noun undershirt
Q5 )%%$:66I #%%)H-1 HI s66-0u%E His undershirt is hanging out.
)%%$:66I'66# noun petticoat; slip
Q%%$:66I'66# :J1 6:6Eu%E She's wearing a slip.
)u%-0 noun cat
TJ )u%-0 #6)6sH6IE The cat is crying.
TJ )u%-0 4b$ )'(1, #66I #b$)( 6'-0H,E The cat is holding its paw up off
the snow.
)u%-0 :H)1 noun kitten
Qu%-0 :H)1 (($ H&J 6-0 #%%':H, &J 6,#H,-#5E The boy is playing with
a kitten.
Qeeo verb root
6#66&6)GD 6#6)u%D 6#6)GDI
s/he tied it | s/he's tying it | s/he ties it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c)u%Dt M~ 6",N

for S to tie O in a knot
Q5 ,J(' I6)R66-b 6#66&6)GDE She tied her shoelaces.
)5 Pronoun his/her [possessive]
Q5 #(1)'b )5 41$Hr r5, &541D((DE His dog ran away from him.
TJ rH6 )5 41-06*u%$1 r5, #66&6-u%-E The man's tools are lost.
)Gr noun cottonwood
QGr (($ )5':J1I -((, :66#&E The canoe is made out of cottonwood.
)Gr noun canoe made of cottonwood
)Gr' noun young spruce or hemlock
)G- noun soot
QG- H6 :6*J1 &J I66$ ((,bE There's soot where the fire was.
)G-0 noun tadpole; polliwog
74 - Q' - Dictionary of Tlingit

Q'
)5 )'66# noun his sister
T%%"0 s5$6:H6)(1 "0J($ 1 )'66# 4((&GE Your sister has different kinds
of ribbons.
!I )'66# ,b$ o5$66)J r5*6I,%%,J($ #6$6,H r5#J(, :b-E We are
going to travel to Hoonah to pick blueberries with my sister.
Q=!!m verb root
6:66&6)'66r ccc :%% 6:66)'Hr#
s/he won it | --- | s/he wins it (regularly).
THEME: ec:6cBc~c)'66rt M$6 (7($,N
for S to win, gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to
defeat, beat O
NOTES: /0( 23%0181,17( 9%3+- Q%$, &1$ 1,K 3(V513( "%$,(D, 1$ %3)(3
,% +6#( -($-(E !$ (D6+2'( &%5') 8( ,01- -,6,(+($,; -61) 4%#1$*':<
=b' :%% :(()'Hr*1r c :6#r&6)'H6rK Q%$, &1$ 1, c C+ *%1$* ,% &1$
1,K
oH#& #H 6:66&6)'66rE He made it to the sand bar.
/-66 v1I #66)HI H&J :6&,5&6)'66r "06 #1#H, &J #6$(1',-H#&E
Q=!![ verb root
&%%)'66$ s66)'66$ :(1 )'H$"0
it became deep | it's deep | it gets deep (regularly).
THEME: ~c)'66$t Ms6 -,6,(N
for water to be deep; for snow to be piled thickly
NOTES: /01- 7(38 1- %$( %9 6 7(3: -+6'' -(, %9 )1+($-1%$6' 7(38-
&1,0 (D,($-1%$6' 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+- M=((3; Z^^ZNE C, 1-
)1-,1$*51-0() 8: 6$ 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+ &01"0 3(V513(- ,0( s6c
"%$45*6,1%$ 23(91DE
F6')66sJ1$HI :66 *6I,%%ru%I; ,'J' s&6)'66$ :H J1I :b#E We will
travel along slowly, it's not deep in this slough.
:6$ #66&6)'H$ :H$)( :66 #6$6)'H$ ccc
it's piled up | it's beginning to pile up | ---.
THEME: :6$t #6c~c)'66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be deep, thick, pile up
:J1 #66&6)'H6$ :J1 #s&66)'H6$ ccc
it got that deep | it's that deep | ---.
THEME: :J1 #6c5c~c)'H6$ Ms6 -,6,(N
for a body of water to be so deep
/'(1rH6 &66, :J1 #s&66)'H6$E It's twenty fathoms deep.
Dictionary of Tlingit - Q' - 75

Q=!!pT verb root
:6I &%%)'H6I& ccc :6I #(1 )'HI&"0
it got stuck on the beach | --- | it gets stuck on the beach (regularly).
THEME: :6I ~c)'H6I&t M*6 (7($,N
for a boat, sea mammal to get stuck (on beach), be beached
TJ :H6: :6I &%%)'H6I&E The whale is stuck on the beach.
\6I #(1 #s&6)'H6I& &J :66#&E The boat will get stuck on the beach.
)'6*&H6 noun fish spear; harpoon for spearing salmon
)'H*&66 noun peavy
\J(- 66 )'H*&66 H&JE That is a new peavey.
Q'H*&66 ,b$ :J1 41$JE He is working with a peavey.
)'((: noun meat, flesh
TJ s5&6#66$ )'((:b 6, I6IJ()'1 #1)J1$ 66I DH-0; ,J1I -H#&K Cut
the trimming off the deer meat well for the broth!
TJ )'((: :6,J(DE The meat is tough.
)'(1, noun snow
snow.
AJ($ -H#& &J )'(1,)HI #6'u%I466 ,6:((D :6$ ,H$K Set that below the
snow drip for our water!
)'(1, noun white
TJ sHI )'(1, :HI I6-1,((E The rabbit is white.
]Gr' )'(1, :HI )6s66,((E Swans are white.
)'(1, sJ()1 noun snowstorm, snow shower
)'(1, #6#J,-# noun dry snow
)'(1, rH6 noun White, European, Caucasian (man or person)
Q'(1, rH6"0 H&J 6&'1:JI &J IJ1 -06)6*5,I1 'b,66E The white man
invented the pocket knife.
)'(1, r66)b noun snowslide; snow avalanche
)'(1, ,'J1s5 noun snowberry
Q=v[p!! verb root
6#66&6)'J$I66 6#%%)'J$I66 :%% 6#6:6)'J$I66
he/she/it tempted him/her | he/she/it is tempting him/her | he/she/it tempts him/her
(regularly).
THEME: ec#6c5cBc~c)'J$I66 M$6 6",N
for S to tempt, try out, test O
QH6$66 ,b$ 06- 6#%%)'J$I66E They tempted him with money.
TH6 :6,((:1 66 -066D&-H6$1 -H 6-0 #%%)'J$I66{ What kind of girls
does he find tempting?
76 - QR - Dictionary of Tlingit

QR
)R66- noun babiche, string, leather thonging
Q5 4H641 6 )R66-b :(1 $6-0H6-0E The thongs of his snowshoes are wearing
thin.
QR66- H&J :J1 6#s&6E%% s((sH"0 6#6&5-$(1:bE She will use string
when she crochets a hammock.
)RH$,1 noun flounder
P0H6,' :H,D1 %%&6:H6 )RH$,1E Flounders look like little halibut.
QRH$,1 H&J "0H6,' rb$ r5)'1*J1E Flounders are smaller than halibut.
QRH$,1#1 AJ($1 noun Juneau; Gold Creek (in Juneau)
QRH$,1#1 AJ($1D H&J I6, r%%&)R1,((E I was born in Juneau.
F1)J1$ 06- 41)5rJ1 #6,bI66 -66,b QRH$,1#1 AJ($1DE Jailers are paid
well in Juneau.
Qkdd verb root
&5'1)RJ( '1)RJ( #(1 '6)RJ("0
it was difficult | it's difficult | it gets difficult (regularly).
THEME: ec'c)RJ( M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be difficult, frustrating
\66& Db)'66 :J1 &)5E%%&G; ,'J' 5')RJ( $%%"0E Using a herring rake is
not difficult.
=1)RJ( #6:66$b 6 #66)J1 #6&5'-J(-1 &J '66rH-#E It's frustrating when
leaves are blown onto the black seaweed.
)RJ(D& noun baby clams
)R(1, noun ladder; stairs
QR(1, HI #(1 &'1-0u%E The ladder extends up there.
)R(1, noun dock, pier
)R(1, -05:(( noun at the landing of a dock
QR(1, -05:((, 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat motored to the landing.
)Rb-#& noun moose
QRb-#5 sH)R1 :66 6$6:J1$E He is packing a moose hindquarter.
F6,b-066 >%!$$( S6831"-)HI I&66E%% )Rb-#5 )%%*G :b-E I bought a
leather needle from JoAnne Fabrics for (sewing) moose hide.
)Rb-#& M!,/N noun owl; great horned owl
)R1:H6*1$ Adverb after a while; later on
P06 ,'( )R1:H6*1$D ,-H s5$J1 *6I,%%EH6,E Pretty soon we're going to
start walking.
Dictionary of Tlingit - !" - 77

#"$%&'( Adverb just now; a while ago, earlier
*!"$%&'( &+, +--.--/0 He left a while ago.
*1234 #"$%&'( &+, $524+/45$/660 We were expecting you a while ago
#"7-83 noun tiny clams (too small to eat)
*96:83 %,$ /66; #"7-830 Small clams are found on the beach.
#4 #"<( noun at his/her back; right behind him/her
78 - dLd(Ld1 - Dictionary of Tlingit

dLd(Ld1
vK interj. Check it out!; Wow!
NOTES: /01- 1- 6$ (D"'6+6,1%$ %9 231)(; 6"01(7(+($,; %3 &%$)(3E
)5 ((t Pronoun him, her
NOTES: /01- 1- 6 23%$%+1$6' 86-( &01"0 2%-,2%-1,1%$- 63( 6))() ,%;
3(-5',1$* 1$ ,0( 9%''%&1$* 9%3+-<
)5 J(,
)5 J(I
)5 (()JM1N L )5 J()(M1N
AH6- )5 J(, :J1 5&6$J1 :H :6*1:((E He has been vomiting today.
v(K interj. Yuck!; Eeeew!
(("0 noun reef; large rock or boulder lying on the ocean floor
d("0 #H, 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat ran over a reef.
(("0 #6#&J1:1 noun fixed buoy
/'H#& -(($H6 6 #H6 :J1 $6,(("0 (("0 #6#&J1:1E There's always a light
on a fixed buoy.
@%1$, W(,3(6, (("0 #6#&J1:1 H&J Point Retreat is a fixed buoy.
(("0 #&J1:1 noun floating buoy
J("0 noun something compact and very heavy
v("0 6#66&6$u%, \J1'E Raven swallowed a stone.
J()66 noun phosphorescence (sparks of light in ocean water); luminescence (on
rotten wood)
F6)'1Eb,"0 J()66 DH6$6DE The phosphoresence glows at night.
6 ((sH6 noun waiting for it
TJ -6#&$J1$ J(&5 :6$ s6E((, ((sH6 H&J I6EH6E I am sitting, waiting
for the bread to finish cooking.
6 ((s6:H6# RelationalNoun the beach, shore below it (a town)
Fu%-0)66 066 ((s6:H6#$HI :6$ 5&60b$E The land otter swam through
our beachfront.
!6$ ((s6:H6D -0u%, 6&)1EH#E He made fire for himself below the town.
J(s1 Adverb from the woods onto the beach, shore
)5 J(# noun her brother, cousin
!I J(# )5 66$)66:66*G H&JE That is my brother's rowboat.
/-G :H6 6I ,'H6 r5E66 B0((,#HD H:H r%%&)R1,((E m6 )5 J(# ,-G
Dictionary of Tlingit - dLd(Ld1 - 79

H6 r%%&)R1,((E My mother was born in Sitka. And her brother was also born
there.
((r noun copper
J(r noun beach; waterside; down on the beach, shore
VARANTS: J1r
p6')66:J(41 J(r, &541D((DE The sandpiper is running around the beach.
v(rD :J1 ,((I )Ru%DE Small clams are found on the beach.
((r 0H6,'1 noun verdigris
J(r '5#6rJ(-1 noun low tide (point at which the tide will begin coming in)
(($ postpos. (along) with, by means of; as soon as
VARANTS: ,1$; ,b$; ,(($; ,J($
!I J(# r6 6I -H$1 6'u%$1 (($ H, 06- $6EH,41$E My brother and my
paternal uncle used to accompany hunters.
]u%$ )H6$66 (($ H&J #6&)5&6,bI 6I 4((:b- :H #J(-E This bracelet
was pounded out of a gold coin for me.
)5 (($ 66 noun his/her kinsman, moiety mate
J($66 noun scraper, as for scraping off bark from roots
)5 J($(( noun his/her armpit
VARANTS: )5 J($:((; )5 J($1 MPN
)5 J($(( I66&G noun his/her armpit hair
VARANTS: )5 J($:(( I66&G; )5 J($1 I66&G MPN
J($&5 noun food taken home from a feast or dinner to which one was invited
VARANTS: J($5 M/PN
)5 J(-0 noun his/her father
P06 :H =1$*b, :1$66$HI r5E66 H:H ,'J1' r66 J(-0"0 H:G r66 :H)1
-66 6 :HI 5,((:b$E In our Tlingit culture, a father never names the children.
\H r5,66:sH6 *H*1 5*%%,"0 :(( J(-0E During the warm season your
father would come out.
d(-0H6$K interj. Poor thing!
d(-0H6$# #6',J('r H&J 066, &541DbD 6I )6"0IH$#E Poor thing, my
grandchild ran over here shoeless.
d(-06$)J1$ ,5&6,((E He's feeling sad.
((, noun room
A66, 06- r5&5,(($b :b- H:H :6$ I&6-1$J1 :H6 ((, #HE I have reserved
this room for when they arrive.
6 ((,J($HI Adverb lacking it; without it
v1' ((,J($HI :6,(( &J ,6I0J($1E The broth needs salt.
F%%DJ()66 ((,J($HI :6,(( &J -066,#E The young girl needs a pencil.
80 - dLd(Ld1 - Dictionary of Tlingit

6 ((,b RelationalNoun (in) place of it; place where it was; its imprint or aftermath
o(1$ $6*(1"0 r5,66$ ((,bDE After the summer there are a lot of
spawned-out salmon.
=66D& ((,b &J r66 4(()HI 6,IH 06- )5 s6$(1IbI &5-1,((E After the
famine, the food given to them became their salvation.
)5 ((,b #H noun (in) his/her room, bedroom
VARANTS: )5 ((,b
Q5 ((,b 6 #6I:((, 6#6&'1-bD& r66 :6066:b &J -066,#H,-#5E The
young girl pasted a photo on the ceiling of her room.
J(,#6,'u%I5 noun bullhead
J(D Adverb downstream; south
((I noun oil, grease
VARANTS: (1I MPN
! ((Ib *(1I :H "05)J1 )5-E((:bE There is a lot of oil in the tom cod when it's
cooked.
/-66 ((Ib ,(($ :6#J1 6, IJ(-01E Seal oil is good with dryfish.
((I #H, -6#&$(1$ noun fry bread, bannock
!I ,'H6 41:HI ((I #H, -6#&$J1$ I6-6EJ(E I cook fry bread like my mom
does.
((: noun bay
J1' noun salt
v1' 6 #66)J1 #6$6-DH &J1 6 #H, :6)5E5-#5 H,K Pour salt in the wash
basin!
J1' noun ocean; salt water
VARANTS: J1' 0J($; J1' 0J($1
v1' #66)HI IH6, #1)J1$ 66I :1DH- 6 #64(1sbK You all scrape the scales
off the fish from the salt water well!
J1' #60J($1 noun saltwater brine
v1' #60J($1 #H6 :J1 $6E%% &J #60H6#&E Put the fish eggs in the saltwater
brine.
v1,-#K interj. Yum!
(1I MPN noun oil, grease
VARANTS: ((I
/-66 (1Ib ,(($ H&J :6#J1 ,H 6, IJ(-01E Dry fish king salmon is good with
seal oil.
/-66 (1Ib )5 )66*G H*J 6 :6$H6I :(1 6, )5,H$"0{ Is a cover put on
when rendering seal oil?
Dictionary of Tlingit - !"!#"!$ - 81

%$&' noun slough
)*+,-++.%$/0& 1++ 2+&344564&7 3,%, .8+-,++/ 10 %$&' 19:; We will
82 - ] - Dictionary of Tlingit

]
]!! verb root
:6$ 6#6&'1*H6 :H$)( :66 6#6$6'*J1$ :6I 6#'6*H6
s/he put up food | s/he is putting up food | s/he puts up food (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ec#6cBc'c*H6t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food for winter); for S to finish
distributing things (esp. at party)
*H6' noun cataract
VARANTS: &6r*H6'
*H6' noun clam
]H6' 06- 6#60H6E They are digging clams.
*66$ noun smokehole
]!![
Z
verb root
H, 6#66&6*H$ ccc HI 6#6*66$
it's lit | --- | it lights (regularly).
THEME: @c,t 6c#6c~c*66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for P (light) to be on; for P (fire) to burn, catch alight
B(($H6, 6#66&6*H$E The light is on.
H, 6#6&'1*H$ ccc HI 6#'6*66$
s/he lit it | --- | s/he lights it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t 6c#6cBc'c*66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to light, set fire to, cause P to shine; for S to turn on P (light)
/%%& -(($H6 H, 06- 6#6&'1*H$E They lit a candle.
nI*6$rH6- ,1$ HI 6#)5'*66$E It is lit with a match.
6&)1*66$ :(1 6$)6*H$ :(1 6)6*H$"0
it's sunny | it's getting sunny | it's sunny (regularly).
THEME: 6c)c*66$t Ms6 (7($,N
for the sun to shine
!&)6*66$b"0 H&J; )'(1, #66I #6'u%I466 #%%'DH6-"0 0b, #66)HIE
Because the sun is shining, the snow drips fast off the house.
\(1 6$)6*H$E The sun is beginning to shine.
6 #H, #6&)1*H$ ccc 6 #HI #6)6*66$
it's shining on it | --- | it shines on it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t #6c)c*66$t M~ (7($,N
for a light to shine on P
Ab, #6*(1)b H, #6&)1*H$ &J -(($H6E The light is shining on the side of
the house.
mG$HI H&J r6-1*u% 1 -06I66&G; 6 #H, 6#6&)6*66$bE Your hair is
really beautiful when the sun shines on it.
Dictionary of Tlingit - ] - 83

#6&)1*H$ ccc #6)6*H$I
it's bright | --- | it brightens (regularly).
THEME: #6c)c*66$t M~ (7($,N
for something to shine, produce light by burning
#(1 6&-1*H$ #(1 6$6-*H$ #(1 6-*H$"0
s/he burned it up | s/he is burning it up | s/he burns it up (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ecBc-c*66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to burn O up
NOTES: ! "%++%$ 5-( %9 ,01- 7(38 1- 1$ )1-"5--1$* ,0( ,36)1,1%$6'
236",1"( %9 853$1$* ,0( "'%,0(- %$( &6- &(631$* &0($ -L0( 26--()
6&6:; 6- 1$)1"6,() 1$ ,0( (D6+2'( -($,($"(E
m66 $66EH)1 #(1 )5-*H$"0E They burn the person's clothes up.
*H6$ noun outdoors; outside
]H6$)( :66 $6:EH)1 &%%"0 :HI D&H$ 6$6:'(1IK Be sure to all dance
alike when you walk out!
!6&6Eu%-1 41s&J1$66 *H6$I 6-06:66&6,J(E She hung the towel that she
washed outside.
*H6$ noun menstrual discharge; period
NOTES: ]H6$ 66&6E%% -0( 06) 0(3 2(31%)E
*66$ #H noun smokehole
*66$ &%%'b noun opening of smokehole
]66$ &%%'b 6 #60H6)1 H6 #(1 66&6,J(E He put the cover for the smoke
hole up there.
*66$ I60H6)1 noun smokehole cover
]!!B verb root
66)J &'1*H6- ccc 66)J :%% '1*H-#
s/he moved there | --- | s/he moves there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec'c*H6-t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to P
H, &5'1*H- ccc HI '6*H6-
s/he moved there | --- | s/he moves there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec'c*H6-t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to move household (with future plans unspecified) to P
!$u%-01 !6$b)HI H:H :66 B6$ S36$-1-"%, 06- &5'1*H-E They had
moved to San Fransisco from Russia.
6 #H, -0 &5)'1*H- ccc 6 #HI -0 1'*H6-
he/she/it leapt on it | --- | he/she/it leaps on it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t -0 Bc)c'c*H6-t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to leap, pounce on P
\u%, -0 &5)'1*H- 6 r%%&G)HIE It charged out of its den.
! &H$)HI H&J 6 :b#, -0 &5)'1*H- &J :J1'E The raven leapt into it from
the edge.

:6$ :66&6*H- ccc :6I :6*H6-
s/he fell on his/her face | --- | s/he is nodding off, falling asleep while sitting.
THEME: :6$t ec:6c~c*H6-t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up
Q6I)60J($ :6$ :66&6*H-E He fell on his face twice.
*H6- noun house post
*66& noun bell
TJ I6*H6D )66#60b)1 *66&G 1r$H6"0 ,(($ &5)5)'1:JI The church
bell is made of brass.
*66& noun time
\6,J(D1 *66& 6 ,u%$HI :1:6*G,E You walked through that period of hard
time.
o%%$ *66&D -H{ At what time?
*66& noun drum
*66& noun clock
]!!T verb root
-6&'1*66& -6'1*66& #(1 -6'6*66&"0
he/she/it was loud-voiced | he/she/it is loud-voiced | he/she/it gets loud-voiced
(regularly).
THEME: ec-6c'c*66& M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be loud-voiced, noisy in speech
NOTES: [%,( 6 3('6,() 7(38 &1,0 6 -1+1'63 +(6$1$*< I6'1*66& -L0(
06- 6 '%5); 2%&(395' 7%1"(E
!6$rH6&5 l((:D H&J 06- -6'1*66& rG$HI &J #6s((,E The loons are
really loud in Ankau Bay.
*66&Hr noun serviceberry; saskatoonberry
*66& b,D noun late; after the appointed time
VARANTS: *66& b, MPN
]66&,6rE66$ noun Hoonah
*66& IH6# noun hour
*66& :HI noun on time; in time
VARANTS: *66& :JI M/N
*H6D& noun duck
AJ($ &H, H, 06- &5-1#&66$ &J *H6D&E The ducks are swimming around
at the mouth of the river.
Q5 -J(# :6*((:b #6:b- H&J *H6D& 6&-1EJ(E She cooked a duck for her
daughter's birthday.

]!!o verb root
-0 #H6 I6&)1*HD -0 #H6 I6)6*H6D -0 #H6
I6)6*HDI
s/he prayed | s/he prays; s/he is praying | s/he prays (regularly).
THEME: -0 #H6 I(cBc)c*H6Dt M~ 6",N
for S to pray
l6$(1I #HI -0 #H6 I6&)1*HDE She prayed for his salvation.
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 :J(, b,I $6E66)b 06- )5 (($ -0 #H6
I6&)1*HDE Jesus prayed with his disciples.
*H*1 Adverb from hiding into open
*H$ noun firewood
oH-066 :J1 $)5E(1"0 *H$ :J1 )66)5$(1:bE A saw is used to work on
wood.
wood together.
*6$6',H6# noun in the fire
]6$:6'u%, *6$6',H6#)HI #J1 &41,G#E The flame shot up out of the fire.
*6$6-&H6$ noun worker; crew
*6$)66 noun around the fire
VARANTS: *66$ )66
]6$)66D ,J H6 06- 6#66&6"0H#E They piled rock around the fire.
]6$)66, 06- rJ($E They are sitting around the fire.
*6$)66)6*u%*5 noun woodpecker
]6$)66)6*u%*5 &J1, &5)1r(($E A woodpecker is flying around there.
]6$)66)6*u%*5 #6:J1# I66EHI"0E I can hear the sound of a woodpecker.
*6$)66-664b noun bee; wasp
]6$)66-664b r(1#6D&J1$ I%%, #6&)'1:(("0E Bees are flying around
among the flowers.
! #G)1 )66, &5)1r(($ &J *6$)66-664bE There is a bee flying around the
nest.
*6$)66-664b 0H6,'1 M/N noun honey
VARANTS: *($)66-664b 0H6,'1 MPN
*6$)66-664b #G)1 noun bee's nest
TJ -((# *6$)66-664b #G)1 66&6,(1E The black bear found a bee's nest.
*H$)( $6*%%)b noun feces
/'J1r& D66#(1)b H&J ,-b,-#& *H$)( $6*%%)b ,u%D :J1 $6,(("0E
Berry seeds are found in bird poop.

*6$ ((,b noun ashes
]6$ ((,b #J', r5*H6- :HI :6,((E Ashes from the fireplace are gray.
*6$*%%# noun fireside; by the fire, facing the fire
}6, 41:((,; *6$*%%#, r5#6&)1#b,E People crowded close around the fire
because of the cold weather.
TJ rH6 )Rb-#5 -066:b *6$*%%#$HI 6-E((:b$E He used to cook moose
head next to the campfire.
*6$*5#sHI1 noun fish heads cooked on ground around fire
]6$*5#sHI1 rG$HI 06- )5 IJ :6#J1E The fish heads cooked around the
fire are very tasty to them.
]6$*5#sHI1 06- )5 -1,*6&-H6$ 6,I66:b H&JE The fish heads cooked
around the fire are their lunch.
*6$1*(1)b noun smoke spreaders (board suspended horizontally above
smokehouse fire)
*H$ #6rH-,1 noun kindling
]H$ #6rH-,1 6#6&'1Iu%, &J I66$ :b-E He chopped kindling for the fire.
]H$ #6rH-,1 ru%# ,u%D $(1' 6&-1Eb$E He brought the kindling inside in a
box.
*H$ 'HI1 noun dead wood that's wet on the outside
\6,J(D H, 6#6&)5-*66$b *H$ 'HI1E It is hard to burn the wet outer part of
firewood.
P06 H6 :6$ 6&'1EH, &J *H$ 'HI1E He just left the wet outer part of firewood
there.
*H$,1:66#& noun steamboat; riverboat
VARANTS: *H$,1$:66#&
]H$,1:66#& #66)J :b- *H$ 06- 66&6D66-0E They cut wood to put on the
steamboat.
A6- 66&6$J(*&H' &J *H$,1:66#&E They painted the steamboat.
]H$,1:66#& BJ()1 noun Petersburg
]H$,1:66#& BJ()1)HI =1$*b, H&JE That is a Tlingit from Petersburg.
]H$,1:66#& BJ()1D :66#& ,'(1$ :bI 66&6E66,E People boarded the big
boat at Petersburg.
*6$,5,'G#I5 noun woodworm
VARANTS: *($,5,'G#I5 MPN
]6$,5,'G#I5 ,'J1' )66E5-IH6&E Woodworms are not furry.
*6$,5D%%*G noun dry inner part of firewood
*H$ ,'H6# noun wet firewood
*6$:6'u%, noun flame
TJ *6$:6'u%, -%%& :HI :6,((E That flame is green.

*H$ :H,D1 noun small pieces of firewood; kindling
*6&)H6$ noun horse
Q5 *6&)H6$1 66)J &%%E66)1 :J; 6 $1:66)J s5$J1 &41DbDE He started
running in the direction his horses went.
TJ rH6 )5 )6"0IH$#1 :b- *6&)H6$ 66&6E%%E The man bought his
grandchild a horse.
*6&)H6$ :H)1 noun colt
TJ *6&)H6$ :H)1 H, &541#J1$E That colt is jumping around.
*J particle [interrogative marks yes-no questions]
Q5IH *J s((: #6$6I r5,J(-{ Are ratfish edible?
\66 1$)6-0H$ u%-0 *JK If only you were getting old!
6 *J(# noun stern (of a boat)
VARANTS: 6 *b#
\J(- &6-0J($ 6 *J(#, -6,J($ &J :66#&E A new motor sits at the stern of
that boat.
! *J(#)( :6)H' &J :66#&E The boat is stern heavy.
6 *(($b noun its tail flippers
!6I 6&'1D66-0 6 *(($b &J ,-66E He cut the tail flippers off of the seal.
*((-0 noun kelp
]((-0 I%%, &%%,'u%D &J :HD&"0E The sea otter is rolling around in the
kelp.
]((-0 ,u%, 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat drove in among the kelp.
]dd/
Z
verb root
66)J &)R1*((, ccc 66)J :%% )R1*b,#
he/she/it fell there | --- | s/he falls there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec)c-c*((,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O (live creature) to fall into P
/J IH6#)( &)R1*((,E He fell in the crevice.
6$6I :(1 &)R1*b, ccc ccc
s/he fell over it | --- | ---.
THEME: @c$HI :(1 ec)c-c*((,t M~ +%,1%$N
for O (live creature) to fall down, trip over P
oJ()6)1 #66$HI :J1 6I &5)R1*b, 6, *5,u%DE I fell over a stump in the
woods.
H, &5)R1*b, ccc ccc
he/she/it fell against it | --- | ---.
THEME: @c,t ec)c-c*((,t M~ +%,1%$N
for O (live creature) to fall into, against P

)66# &5)R1*b, ccc )66# 1-*b,"0
he/she/it fell | --- | s/he falls (regularly).
THEME: )66# ec)c-c*((,t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to fall (of live creature)(esp. off of something)
/u%# I%%)J )66# 6I &5)R1*b,E I fell into the stinging nettles.
\66 $,%%EH)1 H&J; )66# &5)R1*b, :6I 6#66&6Ib"0 &5,5&6E1$1
#6$(1',-H#&E When we were walking along, she fell down and spilled all the
swamp currants we picked.
#(1 6&-1*b, ccc #(1 6-*b,"0
s/he woke him/her up | --- | s/he wakes him/her up (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ecBc-c*((,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to wake O up, rouse O from sleep
#(1 &)R1*b, ccc ccc
s/he woke up | --- | ---.
THEME: #(1 ec-c*((,t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to wake up
/-%%,66, #(1 6I &5)R1*b,E I woke up in the morning.
r5, &5)R1*((, ccc r5, #(1 1-*b,"0
s/he got lost | --- | s/he gets lost (regularly).
THEME: r5, ec)c-c*((,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for O to lose oneself, be lost, usure of one's location
TJ &6$6)u% :H)1 r5, &5)R1*((,E The lamb got lost.
]dd/
X
verb root
6, *J1, &5)R1*b, 6, *J1)( :66 $6-*b, ccc
s/he did something wrong | s/he is doing something wrong | ---.
THEME: 6, *J1,t Bc)c-c*((,t M~ (7($,N
for S to violate, break (law or custom), do something wrong
*J(&66 noun beer
]dC
Z
verb root
ccc )1*J1D ccc
--- | they're big | ---.
THEME: )c*J1D M*6 -,6,(N
for (plural) objects to be big
A66)66s%%4b 6 %%IG )6r)1*J1DE Lion teeth are large.
ccc #6)1*J1D ccc
--- | they're big | ---.
THEME: #6c)c*J1D M*6 -,6,(N
for plural, usually spherical objects to be big
Q6r#6)1*J1D )5 *5#EH)1E Her earrings are big.
ccc #6:6*J1 ccc
--- | it's big | ---.
THEME: #6c~c*(1t M$6 -,6,(N

for a singular, usually round, spherical object to be big
[H-# 6 )%%*G Du%& H&J )5 #H6 #6#s&6*J1 #%%)H- -H#&; &J rH6
,'(1$E It will take three leather blankets for the big man's shirt.
ccc '1*J1 ccc
--- | he/she/it is big | ---.
THEME: ec'c*(1t M$6 -,6,(N
for O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall
&%%*J1 :6*J1 ccc
it was big; there were many | there are many | ---.
THEME: ~c*(1t M$6 -,6,(N
for a solid mass or abstracts to be big (in quantity), be lots, many, plenty
p66,' H&J :6*J1 >1'rH6,DE There is a lot of algae in the Chilkat.
AJ($ I6:66I :6*J1 #6D&J1IE There are a lot of highbush cranberries
along the river.
:J1 #66&6*J1 :J1 #%%*J1 ccc
it got this big; there were this many | it's this big; there are this many | ---.
THEME: M:J1N #c5c:6c*(1t M$6 -,6,(N
for a thing to be (so) big; for things to be (so) many
TH6 -H #%%*J1 &J #&H,{ How many eggs are there?
! rb$ 6I 4(( #%%*J1 &J #%%)H- :(1)bE I have less than the price of that
shirt.
ccc :J1 #&)1*J1 ccc
--- | they're that big | ---.
THEME: M:J1N #6c5c)c*(1t M$6 -,6,(N
for (plural) objects to be (so) big
T%%-0 s5&6$:H6)( #&)1*J1 ,G'D5E Drill bits come in different sizes.
ccc :J1 #&)R1*J1 ccc
--- | they're small | ---.
THEME: M:J1N #6c5c)c-c*(1t M*6 -,6,(N
for grain-like objects to be small
\J1 #&)R1*(1:1 66 rH#&D H&J 6#%%-0,H$1$ :J1 )66$J 6I 'J('#&E
My grandmother loved to make those little baskets.
]dC
X
verb root
)5 )66 :66 r5-05&-1*J1 )5 )66 :66 r5-05-1*J1 )5
)66 #(1 :66 r5-05-6*J1"0
s/he understood | s/he understands | s/he understands (regularly).
THEME: [ )66 :66 r5c-05c-c*J1 M*6 -,6,(N
for N to understand, comprehend
!I I%%$b =1$*b, ,'J' )5 )66 :66 r5-05-*JE My friend doesn't understand
Tlingit.
6 *J1,t Adverb against it; wrongly, improperly
A66, #6$6)66:b *J1)( #(1 $6rGIE She is going against the current.
/J *J1, #66&6*&H,' &J #%%"0J1,66E The ball rolled against a rock.

*JD,' noun aluminum
Q5 r&H)'1 *JD,'1I -1,((E Her pots are made of aluminum.
]JD,' ,'J1' 5)H'E Aluminum is not heavy.
*b particle perhaps; I guess, it would seem
*14%%# noun kind of hawk
VARANTS: #14%%#
]14%%# &J1, #6&)'1:(("0E Hawks are flying around there.
Q6r#HD ]%')($ d6*'( *14%%# :u% ,5&6-H6#&E In the Inland, we call
the Golden Eagle "gijook".
]1$41"0&H6$ noun Canadian, British
VARANTS: ]1$4%%"0&H6$
]1$41"0&H6$ #1-H6$1 H&J; &J1D 06- 6, -0bE The young British men are
singing there.
]1$41"0&H6$ 66$b)HI H&J &J -066,#E That young woman is from
Canada.
]1$4%%"0&H6$ noun Canadian, British
VARANTS: ]1$41"0&H6$
*1-u%r noun northern lights; aurora borealis
mG$HI &%%E66, *1-u%r :H DH6$66E The Northern Lights are really moving
about this evening.
p66$ :HI ,((:b *1-u%r; ,'J' )5',b$I When the northern lights are red, they
aren't to be looked at.
*1-0%% noun pig
]1-0%% 6 #b*1 6I 4((, &5)5)R1,H6E I was given half of a pig.
around those pigs!
*1-0%% ,66:b noun bacon
]1-0%% ,66:b r6 )'((: &u%-0 ,(($ 6#6&'1-G#E She fried the meat with
bacon.
]1:6r& noun Aleut
]1:6r& m&H6$ :%% I6,H$*1 ru%D 6',u%&E He is teaching people the
Alutiq language.
]1:6r& m&H6$I -1,(( 6I I%%$b; W5--(''E My friend Russell is Alutiq.
]ee
Z
verb root
r6&-1*u% r6-1*u% ccc
it was fun | it's fun | ---.
THEME: r6c-c*u% M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be enjoyable, fun, make one happy (esp. of speeches or songs at
party); for something to be appealing to the eye

m6-1*u% #6',J('r 'J1& #H, H, &5-0((DE It's fun running around barefoot
in the sand.
)5 ,%%&G &-1*u% )5 ,%%&G -1*u% ccc
s/he was happy | s/he is happy | ---.
THEME: [ ,%%&G -c*u% M*6 -,6,(N
for N to be happy, glad
)5 ,5&H6 &-1*u% )5 ,5&H6 -1*u% ccc
s/he wanted it | s/he wants it | ---.
THEME: [ ,5&H6 Bc-c*u% M*6 -,6,(N
for N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to N
l5&6#66$ 6, DH-0)1 ,J(' 6I )6"0IH$# 4((:b- 6I ,5&H6 -1*u%E I
}I 6#6&)5)'1-(1s1 1-0r(($ )5 ,5&H6 -6*u%&5$ 6I J(-0E My dad
used to like smoked black cod.
]ee
X
verb root
6$6I 06- :66&6*u% 6$6I :66 M06N- :6$6*&J1$
6$6I :%% M06N- :66*&J1#
they traveled through it | they are traveling through it | they travel through it
(regularly).
THEME: @c$HI :6cBc~c*%%t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S (a group of cars, fleet of boats) to travel through P together (by motor); for
a school of sea mammals to swim through P together
H, 06- :66&6*%% ccc ccc
they are traveling around; they traveled around | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, :6c~c*%%t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S (a group of cars, fleet of boats) to travel around at P (by motor); for a
school of sea mammals to swim around at P
\66#&)H6,D H&J :6#&:H)1 #H, H, r5:66&6*%%&G$ 0J($ #H,E
People used to travel around in flat-bottomed canoes in the rivers in Yakutat.
H, :6&-1*u% ccc HI :6-6*%%
they swam to it | --- | they swim to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t :6c-c*%%t M~ +%,1%$N
for sea mammals to swim in a school to P
}6 6,%%-s(1&G :J H&J #J(, 066 )66, :6&-1*u%E The killer whales came
around where we were gillnetting.
*%%"0 noun small hill; mound, knoll
]%%"0 -06#J(D &5,5-1,(($ &J -0(("0 )Rb-#&E We saw the cow moose
on top of the hill.
]%%"0 '1,#H 66)J )5&6,J($ &J s%%"0E The wolf on the ridge of the hill is
visible.

]eeF verb root
6&-01*u%# 6-01*u%# ccc
s/he learned how to do it | s/he knows how to do it | ---.
THEME: ecBc-0c*u%# M*6 -,6,(N
for S to know, learn how to do O
F1)J1$ 6-01*u%# #6#GD66 '6:(1IE He knows how to build bailers really
well.
[H6#& :b- #6:66$b 6-01*u%#; HD r5E66 6#&)'1IJ1,' r66 IJ1I 66
&5,((:bE He knows medicinal plants but he is afraid to give them to anyone.
]eem verb root
66)J M06N- '%%&6*%%r 66)J :66 M06N- '5$6*Gr 66)J
:%% M06N- '5&6*Gr#
they ran there | they are running there | they run there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec'5c~c*%%rt M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) O to run toward P
\u%)( '%%&6*%%s5 )Rb-#& 6 b,)( 6#r&6'u%$E I will go hunting those
moose that ran over that way.
H, 06- '5&6*Gr 66)J :66 M06N- '5$6*Gr HI 06-
'%%*%%#
they ran to it | they are running to it | they run to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec'5c~c*%%rt M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) O to run to P
FJ1 )6r1$41 -H6D& ,'(1$ 6 ,6:((, r66 '5&6*Gr -J(& ,u%)HIE People
ran under the big umbrella out of the rain.
06- '%%&6*%%r :66 06- '5$6*Gr :%% 06- '5&6*Gr#
they ran | they are running | they run (regularly).
THEME: ec'5c~c*%%rt M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) O to run
>H641 #H, :66 06- '5$6*GrE They are running on snowshoes.
\66 r66 '5$6*Gs5 6 #6:J1# 06- 66&6EHIE They heard the sound of
people running.
6 b,I 06- '%%&6*%%r 6 b,I :66 M06N- '5$6*Gr 6 b,I
:%% M06N- '5&6*Gr#
they ran after it | they are running after it | they run after it (regularly).
THEME: [ b,I ec'5c~c*%%rt M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) O to run after N
T6,-bD b,I :66 '5$6*Gr &J s%%"0E The wolves are chasing after the
caribou.
*%%$ noun spring (of water)
*u%$ noun gold
TJ rH6 *u%$ 6&-1,(($ 0J($H#& ,H6)(E The man saw gold at the bottom
of the creek.

6 *u%$ noun portage, passage across it; its isthmus
)5 *u%- noun privates (of female); vulva; vagina
*u%- noun cloud cover; sky, cloudy sky
]u%- ,u%$HI 6:6,J($E She sees it through the clouds.
/'J' *u%- r5&5-,(( ,6,*JE There weren't clouds yesterday.
]eB verb root
r%%&'1*u%- r5'1*u%- #(1 r5'6*u%-"0
it was cloudy | it's cloudy | it gets cloudy (regularly).
THEME: r5c'c*u%- M*6 -,6,(N
for the sky to be cloudy
*%%- -0G noun horizon
VARANTS: *5--0G
]5--0u%)( )5&6,J($ &J s6*66$E The sun is visible on the horizon.
]5--0u%)( I66,J($ &J &6,-bDE I see the caribou on the horizon.
)5 *%%-0 noun his/her thumb
Q5 *%%-0 6&'1"0G$E He hurt his thumb.
T5)1Db- )5 *%%-0E His thumb is swollen.
6 *%%-0b noun its dorsal fin (of killerwhale)
P06- 6 *%%-0b )5&6,J($ &J #J(,E Only the dorsal fin of the killerwhale is
visible.
>1$#66, #J(, *%%-0b 6:6,J($ &J rH6 -066$E The old man sees ten
killerwhale dorsal fins.
*%%-0Gs5$HI Numeral nine (people)
VARANTS: *%%-0Gr$HI
*%%-0Gr Numeral nine
]%%-0Gr )H6$66 :J1 I6'1,-(($ &J DGDE The book costs nine dollars.
]%%-0Gr :6,(( )5 #(1)'DbE He has nine dogs.
]ee/
Z
verb root
66)HI &%%*%%, 66)HI :66 $6*G, 66)HI :%% :6*G,#
he/she/it left there | he/she/it is leaving there | he/she/it leaves there (regularly).
THEME: @c)HI Bc~c*%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) away from P
m66 :6,J1$HI 0b, :(()HI &%%*%%,E He left the house when no one was
looking.
66)J &%%*%%, 66)J :66 $6*G, 66)J :%% :6*G,#
he/she/it went there | he/she/it is going there | he/she/it goes there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J Bc~c*%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) toward P
A%%$ )66#60b)1)J1 $6*G #H6D&(1sH6K Go to the store for some coffee!

A1$:66 m&H6$ IH$)( &%%*%%, &J -066&H,E The woman went to visit
the Klawock people.
66sH6 &%%*%%, 66sH6 :66 $6*G, 66sH6 :%% :6*G,#
s/he went to get it | s/he is going to get it | s/he goes to get it (regularly).
THEME: @cs66 Bc~c*%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to go after P, go seeking P (on foot)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, cs66 ,6#(- ,0( %22%-1,( ,%$( %9 ,0( 91$6' -:''68'( %9
,0( $%5$ ,06, 1, 6,,6"0(- ,%E A($"(< #6$6,Hs66 M*%1$*N 69,(3
8'5(8(331(-; 85, -066&sH6 M*%1$*N 69,(3 *5+8%%,-E
T6-D66$ ,'J1s5sH6 &%%*%%, 6I ,'H6E My mom walked to get
salmonberries.
6$6I :66&6*G, 6$6I :66 &5$6*G, 6$6I :66 *G,"0
he/she/it walked through it | he/she/it is walking through it | he/she/it walks
through it (regularly).
THEME: @c$HI :6c5cBc~c*%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) through P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 8( 5-() +(,620%31"6'': ,% 1$)1"6,( ,06,
-%+(%$( 06- 25''() ,03%5*0 6$ 1''$(--< ! ,u%$HI :66&6*G, -L0(
*%, ,03%5*0 1, M6$ 1''$(--; (*ENE
time.
H, 5&6*G, 66)J :66 $6*G, HI *%%,
he/she/it arrived there | he/she/it is going there | he/she/it goes there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t Bc~c*%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to arrive at P, go to P (by walking or as general term)
[5#-01:H6$ s66,H6 IJ1, 5*%%,"0E The mink walks into the mouth of the
trap every time.
Q5 -J(# )5 IH$, 5&6*G,E Her daughter came to her.
H, &%%*%%, ccc H, :%% :6*G,#
he/she/it is walking around there; he/she/it walked around there | --- | he/she/it
walks around there (regularly).
THEME: @c, Bc~c*%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) around at P
o6,)66:J(46:1 0J($H#& H, $6*G,"0E The black turnstone walks around
in shallow water.
AJ($ &6$,u%, &%%*%%, &J *5-:6)u%'1E The sandpiper is walking around
the riverbank.
HI &%%*%%, HI :66 $6*G, HI :%% :6*G,#
he/she/it walked along it | he/she/it is walking along it | he/she/it walks along it
(regularly).
THEME: @cI Bc~c*%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) along P
\H $(("0I :66 $((*G)1 :(1 #s1-6,J($ :H #6,u%#E As you walk along
this shoreline you will see this cave.
\(()H, r5:6#J1 s66,H6 :J1 )66$J :b- :H #6D&66$ #HI :66 $6*G)1E
Today the weather is good for walking out on the frost to check the traps.

6:6&)1*G, :66 6:6$)6*G, 6&5)6*G,I
s/he turned back | s/he is turning back | s/he turns back (regularly).
THEME: 6c:6c5cBc)c*%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)
)66# 5&6*G, )66# :66 $6*G, )66# *G,"0
he/she/it walked into the open | he/she/it is walking into the open | he/she/it walks
into the open (regularly).
THEME: )66# Bc~c*%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as general term) into the open
TJ r66 -0H6)( 0H$1 r66 IH$1 )66# 5&6*G,E The leader came out to the
people.
*H*1 5&6*G, *H*1 :66 $6*G, *H*1 *G,I
he/she/it emerged | he/she/it is emerging | he/she/it emerges (regularly).
THEME: *H*1 Bc~c*%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to emerge, walk out into the open
0J1)( :66&6*G, 0J1)( :66 &5$6*G, 0J1)( :66
*G,"0
s/he moved over that way | s/he is moving over that way | s/he moves over that
way (regularly).
THEME: 0J1)( :6c5cBc~c*%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to move over (away from speaker)
6 b,I &%%*%%, 6 b,I :66 $6*G, ccc
he/she/it followed it | he/she/it is following it | ---.
THEME: [ b,I :66 Bc~c*%%,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to follow N (on foot)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 23(7(38 :66 )%(- $%, %""53 1$ ,0( 2(39(",17(
9%3+E
TJ1I :66 $6EH)1 &6,-bD; Du%,- 6 b,I :66 $6*G,E A grizzly bear is
walking behind the herd of caribou going that way.
TJ :J(- rH6 )5 0G$I& b,I :66 $6*G,E The young man's older brother is
walking along behind him.
r5, &%%*%%, r5, #(1 $6*G, r5, #(1 *G,"0
s/he got lost | s/he is getting lost | s/he gets lost (regularly).
THEME: r5, Bc~c*%%,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to get lost (on foot)
6 $Hr &%%*%%, 6 $Hr :66 $6*G, 6 $Hr :%% :6*G,#
s/he left it behind | s/he is leaving it behind | s/he leaves it behind (regularly).
THEME: @c$Hr Bc~c*%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to leave P behind, walk away from P
l6'-66:b, H&J )5 :J1 41$(1:b 6 $Hr &%%*%%,E She went away from her
work so that she could rest.

! $Hr :66 $6*G)1 :66 -05#6$6-0J($E She is singing as she is leaving it
behind.
ccc :66 $6*G, ccc
--- | s/he is walking along | ---.
THEME: :66 Bc~c*G, M*6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to be walking along, going along (by walking or as a general
term)
NOTES: /01- 1- 6$ (D6+2'( %9 6 23%*3(--17( (216-2(",56' 2636)1*+
M=((3; ^ZN; &01"0 86-1"6'': +(6$- ,06, 6'' 9%3+- 63( 86-() %$ ,0(
23%*3(--17( 6-2(",E /0( 23%*3(--17( (216-2(", 1- "0636",(31R() 8:<
ZN0671$* ,0( :66 23(7(38 1$ 6'' 9%3+-; XN0671$* $% 2(39(",17( 9%3+;
6$) `N)($%,(- -(+6$,1"6'': 6 "%$,1$5%5- ,36$-1,1%$ 93%+ %$(
'%"6,1%$ %3 -,6,( ,% 6$%,0(3E
hunt!
! &H$I H&J :66 *6*G,"0 &J #6DJ(' ,(($E He walks on the edge of
trouble.
:66I &%%*%%, ccc :66I :(1 *G,"0
s/he went aboard | --- | s/he goes aboard (regularly).
THEME: :66I Bc~c*%%,t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to go aboard (a boat)
*%%,' noun bump, lump, hump, mound
]%%,' #H, H6 &J sHIE The rabbit is sitting on a mound.
]%%,' #6$6I :6&41#J$ &J $66s6-J1E The red fox jumped over a mound.
6 *%%&G noun its stump, butt end (of tree or other plant)
TJ 66- *%%&G #H6 &%%$%%#E She sat on that tree stump.
TJ 66- *%%&G 66I 66&6-G&E He chopped off that tree stump.
*%%I noun slave
]%%I r66 4((D :J1 ,J(:1$E People used to have slaves.
P0H6#& *%%I -06:6)60J1$1$E There were lots of slaves long ago.
6 *G*5 noun its antenna (of radio)
)5 *G# noun his/her ear
mb$66 ,(($ 66&6,Hr )5 *G#E She pierced her ear with a quill.
Q5 *G#D ,-G :J1 66 &)5&6E%% &J1 -66r r6$%%IE They put the small
bone labret in his ear too.
*5# #6466-0 noun earring
! #1-06,66s6$b :J1 $)5E(1"0 *5# #6466-0b :b-E Its quills are used for
earrings.
]5# #6466-0 :J1 6:6Eu%E She is wearing earrings.
*5##5)6:H6, noun donkey
\66 6, $6:H6$ &J *5##5)6:H6,E The donkey is packing things.

6 *5#-06,G RelationalNoun (in) the corner of it
VARANTS: 6 *5#-01,G M!$N
*G#-01 noun corner
]G#-01 :6$ -6Eb$ &J #6rH-0I1 6 #H6 :J1 ,5&6E%%&5 #H6-,K Put the
barrel we put the steamed berries in in the corner!
6 *5#-01,G M!$N RelationalNoun (in) the corner of it
VARANTS: 6 *5#-06,G
Q5 0b)1 *5#-01,G $1:66)J H&J 66- 6$6I 6#66&6066E He planted the
tree toward the corner of his house.
TJ 0b, *5#-01,G)HI #6-1DH, &J #6DJ(-E The wire runs from the corner of
that house.
*5# ,'J1$I& noun earring; yarn dangling from the ears that sways during
dancing
)5 *5#:1##u%I5 noun his/her earwax
*5#EH, noun earring
VARANTS: *5#EJ)1 MPN
Q5 *5#EH)1 :66:b r5, 6#66&6sJ(DE She lost one of her earrings.
!I 'J('#& 4((:b- H:H #6I&66E%% :H #6$J1-, *5#EH,E I bought these
cross earrings for my grandmother.
*Gr' noun swan
VARANTS: *Hr'
]Gr' &J1, &5-1#&66$E Swans are swimming around there.
]Gr' )'(1, :HI )6s66,((E Swans are white.
]5$6'"0J(-0K interj. Thank you!
]5$6'"0J(-0 6I IJ1, :((:-6E66IbE Thank you all for listening to me.
TJ 066 -0H6)( 0H$1 *5$6'"0J(-0 066 4((:b- :J1 :6$6rJ1"0E Our
leader says "thank you" for us.
*G$' noun growth on the trunk of a tree, burl
]G$' 66I 66&6D66-0E He cut the burl off.
]G$' :J1 66&6E%% $6)H6#& 6I'6:(1Ib,E He used a burl to make a table.
*5$I66 noun abalone
]5$I66 :6#6Eu%, 66&6E%%E She bought abalone buttons.
]5$I66 :6#6Eu%, )5 'E5'4b$1 #H, 6#66&6rH6E She sewed the abalone
buttons on her vest.
*5-#1r&H6$ '%%&G noun oak
]5-#1r&H6$ '%%&G ,(($ &5)5)'1:JI &J $6)H6#&E The table is made
of oak.
]5-#1:(( r&H6$ noun White, European, Caucasian (man or person)
VARANTS: ]5-#((r&H6$

*5-:6)u%'1 noun sandpiper
]5-:6)u%'1 ,66#&E((,bD 066I #6':(("0E Sandpipers fly here in the early
summer.
the riverbank.
*5-:J #1$)6"0%%$(1)b noun pigeon or dove
/5-"%$D H&J 66 -6I&66EHI *5-:J #1$)6"0%%$(1)bE I heard some
doves in Tuscon.
*G, noun dime
/'J1D *G, 6#66&60J(-E He borrowed one dime.
]G, 6#6&)1,(1E She found herself a dime.
]5,J1I noun Chugach Eskimo
6, *5,G noun woods; bush; brush, underbrush
VARANTS: 6, *6,G M/N; (, *(,G MPN
TJ s66,H6 :J1 )66$J1:1 6, *5,u%)HI )66# 5&6*G,E The trapper came
out of the bush.
6, *5,5EH)1 noun thing of the woods
TH6 :6,((:1 :J1D 6, *5,5EH)1 s6'-0H6,6)1I )5':JI"0E Sometimes wild
animals are held captive.
*G,' noun blunt arrow for stunning
\J(- 66 *G,' )5 4((, &5)5)R1,H$E He was given a new blunt arrow.
]G,' ,(($ 6'u%$ &%%*%%,E He went hunting with a blunt arrow.
*5&H6,' adj. short
*GD66 noun cup; can
VARANTS: *GD&66
TJ -066,# *GD66 #H, "0H6:%% 6I 4((, 6&-1Eb$E The young girl gave me
tea in a cup.
tea.
*5E66' particle I hope; would that
]5E66' #&-0J 1&5'IJ1)'1rE Bless you. (Lit: I hope you get lucky.)
Dictionary of Tlingit - ]& - 99

]&
*&H6 particle [expression of strong surprise]
VARANTS: *5EH6
]T!!= verb root
66&6*&66' 6*&H6' ccc
s/he beat it | s/he beats it; s/he is beating it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c*&66't M*6 6",N
for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S to ring O (bell); for S to stab O
P06 0G )5 &%%&#H 66&6*&H'E He pounded his own chest.
Q5 IH- 66&6*&H' &J rH6E That man socked him on the jaw.
6:66&6*&H' ccc 6:6*&H'I
s/he hit him/her in the face | --- | s/he hits him/her in the face (regularly).
THEME: ec:6cBc~c*&66't M~ (7($,N
for S to hit O in the face (with fist), punch O
-0 &5)1*&H' -0 )6*&H6' -0 )6*&H'I
it rang | it's ringing | it rings (regularly).
THEME: -0 )6c*&66't M~ 6",N
for a telephone or bell to ring
]T!!B verb root
r%%&)1*&H- :66 r5$)6*&H- r5)6*&H-I
it's foggy; it was foggy | it's getting foggy | it gets foggy (regularly).
THEME: r5c)c*&H6-t M~ (7($,N
for the weather to be foggy
]T!!/= verb root
H, #66&6*&H,' 66)J :66 #6$6*&H,' HI #6*&66,'
it rolled to it | it's rolling to it | it rolls to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t #6c~c*&H6,'t M~ +%,1%$N
for a spherical object to roll to P
*&H' particle perhaps
]&H' ,'(1rH6 I%%- H&J 6 #6I:(()JE It must be twenty feet to the ceiling.
*&H'66 noun dagger; machete, long knife
\J(- 66 *&H'66 66&6I%%IE He asked for a new dagger.
]&H'66 ,(($ "0H6' 66&6-G& r66 I%%- )(1:b #66IE He chopped
willows off the foot trail with a machete.
*&J1' noun bag; sack
[6)H6#& #H, ,J($ &J DGD *&J1'E The paper bag is lying on the table.
Q5 4((sH6 #%%)H6' )5 *&J1'1E He can handle the weight of his backpack.
100 - !" - Dictionary of Tlingit

# %"&'()' noun its hoof
*+,--./, 012 0#344 # %"&'()' "& 56789,": The moose's hoof is black.
*;,'%4'57 <4'"= 078 # %"&'()' ##2 #")'>##8/? "& "#387>: He cut the
hooves off the caribou for a beaver net.
Dictionary of Tlingit - l - 101

l
s66 Adverb enough, acceptably
cs66 postpos. (distributed) in the area of; (going) after, (waiting) for; about the
time of
VARANTS: csH6
NOTES: /0( ,%$( %$ ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ cs66 1- ,0( %22%-1,( %9 ,06, %$
,0( 91$6' -:''68'( %9 ,0( $%5$ &01"0 1, 6,,6"0(- ,%E
p66$ :HI #6#J1$s66 $(('0%%$K Go buy me some red yarn!
m5#J(, H&J *6I,%%EH6, #6'"06$(1, ,'J1s5sH6E We are going to pick
mountain ash berries.
sH6"0 noun mat, doormat; rug
TJ )5 ,5&H6 -1*u%&5 sH6"0 66&6E%%E She bought the rug she wanted.
p66$ :HI #6&)1:J- &J sH6"0E The rug is colored red.
s66r noun lynx
l66$6I,(1)b noun Gaanaxteid, locally called "Frog"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Frog
l!!B verb root
ccc #6)'1sH6- ccc
--- | it's striped | ---.
THEME: #6c)c'csH6- M-,6,(N
for something to be striped
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
A66)66)u%-01 #6)'1sH6-E Tigers are striped.
s66, noun sockeye salmon; red salmon
mG$HI :6#J1 &J s66,E The sockeye salmon is really good.
s66,H6 noun trap (esp. steel trap)
[5#-01:H6$ s66,H6 IJ1, 5*%%,"0E The mink walks into the mouth of the
trap every time.
\(()H, r5:6#J1 s66,H6 :J1 )66$J :b- :H #6D&66$ #HI :66 $6*G)1E
s66,H6 :J1 )66$J1:1 noun trapper
!I J(-0 s66,H6 :J1 )66$J1:1I -6,J(:1$E My dad was a trapper.
TJ s66,H6 :J1 )66$J1:1 6, *5,u%)HI )66# 5&6*G,E The trapper came
out of the bush.
102 - l - Dictionary of Tlingit

sH6,' noun pilot bread
TJ sH6,' 6I ,5&H6 -1*u%E I want the pilot bread
lH6,' 66&6#b,E He finished the pilot bread.
sH6D& noun herring eggs
TJ -bD sH6D& 6 #H6 :J1 :6,((E There are herring eggs on that plate.
A66& 0J($)( 6&'1E66, sH6D& #HIE She put branches in the water for
herring eggs.
s66I noun crying, weeping
s66I -0b ,(($ H&J :66&6D((D &J r5EJ(DE A cry song took place at the
potlatch.
l!!p verb root
6&)R1sH6I 6-sH6I :(1 6-sH6I"0
s/he asked for it | s/he is asking for it | s/he asks for it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc)c-csH6I Ms6 6",N
for S to cry for, ask for O
!,IH )66#60b)1D *1-0%% ,66:b r6 #&H, 6&)R1sH6IE She ordered
bacon and eggs at the restaurant.
#6&)1s66I #6)6sH6I ccc
he/she/it cried out | he/she/it is crying out | ---.
THEME: #6cBc)cs66It M*6 6",N
for S to cry loudly (of child, or person in great pain), to cry out or scream (in
fear or pain)
TJ )u%-0 #6)6sH6IE The cat is crying.
&%%s66I sH6I #(1 sHI"0
s/he cried | s/he cries; s/he is crying | s/he cries (regularly).
THEME: Bc~cs66It M*6 6",N
for (singluar) S to cry
6 sH)R1 noun its hindquarters; thigh
QRb-#5 sH)R1 :66 6$6:J1$E He is packing a moose hindquarter.
T6,-bD sH)R1 :(1 6#6$6DH-0E She is cutting up a caribou hindquarter.
s6*66$ noun sun
TJ s6*66$ #(1 :6-J1"0 &J r(1IJ, r5&5066:bE The sun lifts its face
when dawn breaks.
l6*66$ )66# 5&6DbD &J -J(& b,)HIE The sun came out after the rain.
s6*66$ #6-G#&I5 noun sun-dried
s6*66$ I5-:(( noun sunbeam; ray of sunlight
TJ ,-6,-J( s6*66$ I5-:((, EH6E That song bird is sitting in the ray of
sunlight.
TJ -066 -06#J()( )5&6,J($ &J s6*66$ I5-:((E The ray of sunlight
can be seen on the mountain top.

sH#& noun dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish)
TJ IH6, sH#& :HI 5&6DG#E That fish is dried stiff.
TJ :J(- D&66-)H6 sH#& :HI :6,((E The new tent is stiff.
s6's66r5 noun wilderness; the bush
VARANTS: #6,r66rG; s&6's6rG M!,N; #6's6rG M/N
s6'-0H6,6)1 noun captive
VARANTS: s6'-0H6,()1 MPN
TJ rH6 $(("0 #HD H&J s6'-0H6,6)1I &5)5)'1:JIE The man was made
captive for nothing.
s6',G noun pocket
s6',5'b,66 noun pocket knife
VARANTS: r6,',5'b,66 M!,/N; *6',5'b,66 MPN
\J(- 66 s6',5'b,66 )5 'J('#& 4((:b- 66&6E%%E He bought his grandpa a
new pocketknife.
\6'1#H,- )5 s6',5'b,6:1E His pocketknife is sharp.
l6':HI m&H6$ noun people of Kaliakh River (Cape Yakataga to Controller
Bay)
l6':HI m&H6$ H&J \66#&)H6, r&H6$ I%%D :J1 - :6,((E The Kaliakh
River people live among the Yakutat people.
l6':HI m&H6$ H&J l6':HI F66*&66$,66$I 06- -1,((E The Kaliakh
River people are the Kaliakh River Kaagwaantaan.
sH$"0 noun tobacco
A%%$ )66#60b)1)HI sH$"0 06- 66&6E%%E They bought tobacco from the
store.
lH$"0 H&J 66$ :J1 )66)5$J &J1 #6,JI66 :(1,E He uses the mortar for
pounding his tobacco.
s6$(1I noun recovery; salvation
=1$*b, IJ1$HI :%% I6,H$# 6EHI41 s6$(1I :HI H&J )5 J( :6,((E
Hearing the Tlingit language is like salvation to her.
s6$%%# noun petrel
TJ s6$%%# 06- )5 )J1$, &5)1r(($E The petrel is flying around near them.
/'J1' :H )6r#HD :J1 5,b &J s6$%%#E Here in the Inland we don't have any
petrels.
)5 sH,- noun his/her buttocks, thighs
Q5 sH,- #6'-0G#IE His thighs cramp regularly.
Q5 sH,-1sH6 &%%,(( :H #6&H6,E There are tumors all over her thigh.

)5 s6,-IH6# noun his/her crotch; between his/her legs
sHI noun rabbit
TJ sHI )'(1, :HI I6-1,((E The rabbit is white.
oH6$66 6,I66:b :b- sHI 6#6&'1-G#E She fried rabbit for dinner.
s6:J1- noun iron, tin
VARANTS: s1:J1-; 1r:J1-
F6)5"0H6#& 'b,66 -H#& :6#J1:1 66 s6:J1- $(1' ,bK Bring home a good
piece of iron for a carving knife!
l6:J1- r&H,' )6r:6)H'E Iron pots are heavy.
s6:J1- 0H6,'1 noun rust
l6:J1- 6 0H6,'1I :u% -1,((#E Iron rusts.
s6:J1- 0b, noun jail
VARANTS: s1:J1- 0b,
P0H6#& :J1 #)5$J(# s6:J1- 0b,)HI H&J 066 I%%, :6&)5&6IH6
!$u%-01E It is told that long ago, Russians were brought among us from jail.
l6:J1- 0b,)( #6&)5&6$H6E He was sent to jail.
s6:J1- '6:(1Ib noun blacksmith
VARANTS: s1:J1- '6:(1Ib; s1:J1- '(:(1Ib MPN
l6:J1- '6:(1Ib 4(()J I6&)1,66$ )5 J(, s6)6-0((,E She telephoned the
blacksmith to help her.
l6:J1- '6:(1IbI $6I-6,((:b, -*u%$1 :%% 5&6*G,E He went to school to
become an engineer.
s6:J1- ,bD noun cable
VARANTS: s1:J1- ,bD
TJ s6:J1- ,bD H&J )5 4b$ ,H6#, :6&)1sb"0E The steel cable poked him in
the hand.
l5$6:J1)( #&)1,'6&5 s6:J1- ,bD )5 4((&GE He has steel cables of
different sizes.
s6:J1- ,J1I1 noun blacksmith
l6:J1- ,J1I1 -0H6)( 0H$1 066, r5&6,b$ ,6,*JE The chief blacksmith
traveled here yesterday.
l6:J1- ,J1IbI $6I-6,((, H&JE She is becoming a blacksmith.
lddPA verb root
66)J :6&)1s(("0 ccc 66)J :%% :6)1sb"0#
it pierced it | --- | it pierces it (regularly).
THEME: @c)J :6c)cs(("0t M$6 +%,1%$N
for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick P; for an animal to bite P
/H6DH' D66$ H&J 6I ,'(1r ,u%)( :6&)1s(("0E The needle point poked
my finger.
H, :6&)1sb"0 ccc HI :6)6s(("0
it pierced it | --- | it pierces it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t :6c)cs(("0t M~ +%,1%$N

for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick P; for an animal to bite P
the hand.
Q5 ,'(1r, :6&)1s141 -0((: #6rH6-1 HD &5)'1rb,E It got infected where
the splinter poked her finger.
H, :6&)'1sb"0 ccc HI :6's(("0
they peirced it | --- | they pierce it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t :6c)c'cs(("0t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) sharp objects to pierce, enter, prick P
TJ I6'6#H"0 I66&G 6I #(1)'b IJ1, :6&)'1sb"0E The porcupine quills
stuck in my dogs mouth.
sJ("06)1 noun windfall; tree lying in the woods
Q(1 #H, '6EH)1 sJ("06)1 66I :J1 6&-1$(1E He removed the windfall lying in
the road.
]H$ :b- 6#66&6D66-0 &J sJ("06)1E She cut up the dead trees for
firewood.
s((sH"0 noun swing; hammock
/bD r6 Du%& ,1$ s((sH"0 6&'1:JI ,5#6$J1:1 4((:b-E She made a
hammock for the baby with rope and a blanket.
sJ(46)1 noun windfall; dead tree(s) or brush that has fallen
VARANTS: sJ(4()1 MPN
ldd= verb root
:66&)1sb' :66 :6$)6sb' :6)6sb'I
it's dull | it's getting dull | it gets dull (regularly).
THEME: :6c)cs(('t M~ (7($,N
for an edge to be blunt, dull
\66&)1sb' )5 ,G'6:1E His drill became dull.
ldd= verb root
6:66&6sb' 6:6sJ(' 6:6sb'I
s/he sharpened it | s/he is sharpening it | s/he sharpens it (regularly).
THEME: ec:6cBc~csJ('t M~ 6",N
for S to sharpen O (with a grindstone)
Q5 ,(1Ib 6:66&6sb'E He sharpened his fish hooks.
ldd/ verb root
66&6sJ(, ccc :u% 6:6sJ(,#
it's pouring rain; it poured rain | --- | it pours rain (regularly).
THEME: 6c~csJ(, M$6 (7($,N
for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm)
mG$HI I6, &5)1,'H#; #6#'60J($ H:H 66&6sJ(,E I'm so wet - wet snow
is coming down hard.

r5#6&41sb, :66 r5#6$6-0sb, r5#6-0sb,I
it's dark | it's getting dark | it gets dark (regularly).
THEME: r5c#6c4csJ(,t M~ (7($,N
for the sky to be dark
NOTES: /0( r5c 23(91D 3(9(3- ,% &(6,0(3 %3 ,0( -#: 1$ *($(36'E
T1,0%5, ,0( r5c 23(91D; ,01- 7(38 "6$ 6'-% 3(9(3 ,% )63#$(-- %9 6
3%%+E S%3 (D6+2'(< #6&41sb, 1,- )63#E
TJ #u%r 6 :(( #6&41sb,E It is dark inside the cellar.
lddo verb root
6#66&6sJ(D ccc :%% 6#6:6s1D#
s/he donated it | --- | s/he donates it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~csJ(D M$6 (7($,N
for S to donate O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put bullet in; for S to shoot
O (basketball)
NOTES: /% 1$"'5)( ,0( 3("121($, %9 ,0( )%$6,1%$ 1$ ,0( -($,($"(;
:%5 &%5') 5-(< )5 4((, ,% 01+L0(3; 6- 1$< Q5 4((, 6#66&6sJ(DE
BL0( )%$6,() 1, ,% 01+L0(3E C9 ,0( 3("121($, 1- 6$ %3*6$1R6,1%$;
:%5 &%5') 5-(< 6 #6*J1 :b- ,% 1,; 3(2'6"1$* ,0( 6 &1,0 ,0( $6+( %9
,0( %3*6$1R6,1%$E S%3 (D6+2'(; TJ B6'76,1%$ !3+: #6*J1 :b-
6#66&6sJ(DE BL0( )%$6,() 1, ,% ,0( B6'76,1%$ !3+:E
H, #6&)1sbD ccc HI #6)6sJ(D
s/he contributed to it | --- | s/he contributes to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t #6cBc)csJ(Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for S to donate, contribute, add to P
! I%%$J(, #6I&)1sbDE I added to it.
#6&)1sJ(D :66 #6$)6sbD :%% #)1sbD#
s/he contributed | s/he is contributing | s/he contributes (regularly).
THEME: #6cBc)csJ(Dt M$6 (7($,N
for S to donate, contribute
#(1 6#66&6sbD ccc #(1 6#6sbD"0
s/he threw it | --- | s/he throws it (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ec#6cBc~csJ(Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for S to throw O (esp. ball) up in the air
F(1 #6&)5&6s1D1 ,J )5 #H6#, #66&6DbDE The rock that was thrown hit
him on the forehead.
r5, 66&6sJ(D r5, #(1 6$6sbD r5, #(1 6sbD"0
s/he lost it | s/he is losing it | s/he loses it (regularly).
THEME: r5, ecBc~csJ(Dt M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to lose O
r5, 6#66&6sJ(D ccc r5, #(1 6#6sbD"0
s/he lost it | --- | s/he loses it (regularly).
THEME: r5, ec#6cBc~csJ(Dt M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to lose O (round, spherical object)
/H6 #H, r5-0b 6I 4((:b- c r5, #6I&66sJ(D 6I #6&u%, #6Eb-06:1K

Look on the floor for me - I lost my needle!
s((: noun bay
VARANTS: s(1: M/PN
s((: #6$6I r5,J(- noun ratfish
/'J1' I&6-6#G s((: #6$6I r5,J(- :u% )5&6-H6*5 IH6,E I don't know
the fish called ratfish.
Q5IH *J s((: #6$6I r5,J(-{ Are ratfish edible?
s((: ,H noun head of the bay
l((: ,H 0J($ :66 $6',bDE The water at the head of the bay is freezing.
bay.
6 s(1 RelationalNoun enclosed within (the folds of) it, between the folds, covers,
walls of it
o66 s(1:b $1:66)J #(1 6:6&'1EH,E He steered (his boat) toward the inside of
the point.
TJ D66 s(1 Du%$ ,'J1' 66$ 5,bE The North Wind does not bother the shelter
of the point.
ldC verb root
#6&'1sJ1 #6'1sJ1 #(1 #'6sJ1"0
he/she/it was fancy | he/she/it is fancy | he/she/it gets fancy (regularly).
THEME: ec#6c'csJ1 M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. in appearance), conspicuous, attracting
attention
F6'6sJ1 $%%"0 66-*5,G :(1-, r5&5066:bE The forest is brilliant when
fall comes.
ccc -06#'1sJ1 ccc
--- | she is pretty | ---.
THEME: ec-06c#6c'csJ1 M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be pretty, cute
NOTES: /01- 7(38 1- 5-() ,% )(-"318( 6 8(65,195' &%+6$ %3
-%+(,01$* "5,( -5"0 6- 6 2522: %3 #1,,($E C, 1-$, *($(36'': 5-()
,% )(-"318( 23(,,: %84(",- -5"0 6- 8(6)&%3#E
ccc -0 ,5#)'1sJ1 ccc
--- | s/he is proud | ---.
THEME: -0 ,5c#6cBc)c'csJ1 M*6 -,6,(N
for S to be proud (esp. of oneself), conceited; for S to be particular, picky, snooty
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,( ,06, 1, "6$
067( 6 $(*6,17( "%$$%,6,1%$; +(6$1$* ,% 8( "%$"(1,()E C, "6$
6'-% 8( 5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( ,06, %$( 1- 23%5) %9 -%+(,01$* %3
-%+(%$( 8: 1$-(3,1$* [ #66I %9 [ 1$,% ,0( -($,($"(E n-56'': ,0(
[ 3(23(-($,- -%+(,01$* %3 -%+(%$( ,06, ,0( 1$)171)56' 06- 6

2(3-%$6' -,6#( 1$E S%3 (D6+2'(< ! #66I -0 ,5#)'1sJ1 )5
)6"0IH$D1:H$E B0( 1- 23%5) %9 0(3 *36$)"01')3($E e,0(3&1-(;
6$%,0(3 7(38 1- 5-()< Q5 ,%%&G #'1sJ1 )5 #66)HIE B0( 1- 23%5) %9
01+E
! #66I -0 ,5#)'1sJ1 )5 ,-66 )%%*G 6, DH-0)1 ,J('E She is proud of her
seal skin moccasins.
)5 ,%%&G #6&'1sJ1 )5 ,%%&G #'1sJ1 )5 ,%%&G #(1
#'6sJ1"0
s/he became proud | s/he is proud | s/he gets proud (regularly).
THEME: [ ,%%&G #6c'csJ1 M*6 -,6,(N
for N to be proud of, highly pleased with
NOTES: /% 6)) &0% %$( 1- 23%5) %9 1$ ,0( -($,($"(; 5-(< [ #66)HI
%9 [E S%3 (D6+2'(< ?63: ,%%&G #'1sJ1 >%0$ #66)HIE ?63: 1-
23%5) %9 >%0$E
s(1sH"0 noun swing, hammock
VARANTS: s((sH"0 M/N
ldC[ verb root
66)J 6&)'1s(1$ ccc ccc
he/she/it looked there | --- | ---.
THEME: @c)J 6cBc)c'cs(1$t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to look in the direction of P
VARANTS: cs(($t M!$N
]H6$)(1 6$(('s(1$ s6:J1-s66K Look outside for some iron!
C 'J('#5 #((#H$)(1 6$(('s(1$ c IH6, :J1 6)66$JK Go check on your
grandpa - he's working on fish!
s(1,' noun thick mucus, phlegm
ldCTee verb root
6&)R1s(1&G 6-s(1&G ccc
s/he seined | s/he is seining | ---.
THEME: 6cBc-cs(1&G M$6 6",N
for S to fish with net, seine
s(1&G noun fish net; seine net
VARANTS: s(1&u% MPN
F6&)1-J1' 6I s(1&GE My net is all torn up.
l(1&G &%%"0 :HI 6&-1$(1 ,'( )66# 6-06#66&6rGIE She straightened
the net out and then she set it.
6 s(1&G noun its web (of spider)

6 s(1:b noun its edible part (of clam)
]H6' s(1:b )5IHE Someone is eating clam muscles.
TJ *H6' s(1:b 66$ $6*G 1 'J('#& IH$)(K Go with the clams to your
grandparent!
s(1: M/PN noun bay
VARANTS: s((:
sbr- noun fish hung over the fire to cook
pH6, :H)1 sbr- :b- 6#66&6D66-0E She cut the whitefish to barbeque over
the fire.
\J(- ,H sbr-1 -1,*6&-H6$D 06- 66&6IH6E They ate fresh king salmon
barbequed over the fire at noon.
sbr-66 M/N noun fish roasted whole, strung up by its tail over the fire and
twirled periodically
VARANTS: sbr-1 M!,/N
sb' noun cliff
lb' :HI #6$66)66 &J 0J($E The water is flowing down the face of the rock
cliff.
lb' :HI #(1 $6','J, &J :6)H#&E The young boy is climbing the cliff face.
sb'66 noun grindstone
F&H, :HI #66DH, )5 sb'6:1E His grindstone is shaped like an egg.
Q5 *&J1'1 ,u%)( 66&6,(( &J sb'66E He put the grindstone in his bag.
sb,s66 noun pine needles, spruce needles
needles.
[H6#& :b- 6&-1,H6 &J sb,s66E He boiled the pine needles for medicine.
sbI466 ru%# noun organ, piano
B0 ,u% 6&)'1,u%& sbI466 ru%# 6'EHI41E He taught himself to play the
piano.
p6*H6D )66#60b)1D 6'1EHI"0 &J sbI466 ru%#E He plays the organ at the
Church.
lee verb root
6&'1s%% 6'sJ1#& :(1 6's&J1"0
s/he wiped it | s/he wipes it; s/he's wiping it | s/he wipes it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cs%%t Ms6 6",N
for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping
TJ IJ(' )5 4b$)HI 6&'1s%%E She wiped the slime off her hands.
!6I *6,b &J1 #6Db'66 #6)5-0D((, ,H6 :H s6'sGK Pick up the eraser and
clean the chalkboard!
s%%"0 noun wolf

visible.
6 su%, RelationalPostposition without it; lacking it
! su%, &%%*%%, )5 -H6D5E He went without his hat.
/'J1r& su%, 6&-1EJ( )5 -6#&$J1$1E She cooked her bannock without
berries.
lee/= verb root
6#66&6sG,' 6#6su%,' 6#6sG,'I
s/he mashed it | s/he is mashing it | s/he mashes it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~cs%%,'t M~ 6",N
for S to mash O by squeezing in the hand; for S to squeeze O tightly
Q5 41$,H6# ,(($ 6#6sG,'I &J ,'J1r&E She mashes the berries with the
palm of her hand.
l5$66I%% m&H6$ noun people of Dry Bay
\66#&)H6,D :J1 06- :6,(( :(()H, l5$66I%% m&H6$E The Dry Bay
people now live in Yakutat.
l5$66I%% m&H6$I 06- -1,(( &J '1$*b,E Those people are Dry Bay people.
s5$6#6)(1, noun legendary sea monster
monsters.
/'J1' :H6D :J1 66 5,b s5$6#6)(1,E There are no sea monsters here.
l5$6$66 noun Athabaskan (Indian)
p6')'(1, #1$66EH, :J1 6:6Eu% &J l5$6$66 rH6E That Athabaskan man is
wearing a white fox overcoat.
! I%% 66 =1$*b, l5$6$66 06- )5 I%% r5:6Eu%E Some Tlingits live
among the Athabascans.
s5$6$66 ,(,' noun punk wood, decayed dry wood
6 s5$6:H6)( Adverb differently from it
VARANTS: 6 s5$6:H6)(1; 6 s5&6$:H6)( M!$N; 6 s5$H6)( MPN
!6)J1 #(($1# :J s5$6:H6)( I66,J($E I see it differently from the way you
tell it.
TJ $66#J()HI '1$*b, s5$6:H6)( :u% 06- I6'1EH,#E The people from the
north speak differently.
s5$6:J1 Adverb beginning
VARANTS: s5$J1
m5#6&)5:J1'1 H&J ]6':JI)(1 s5$6:J1 5r%%I"0 &J1 :66#& ,'(1$E
The big boat would start traveling to the Kahliyet River when the weather was
calm.
s5$6:J1)( Adverb different
VARANTS: s5$6:J1)(1

different sizes.
l5$6:J1)( 6 )66, -0 ,5)1$%%# :(()H,E He feels differently about it now.
s5$J1 Adverb start, begin
/66$ H6 6&-1,(($1 :J 6 $1:66)J s5$J1 5&6rGIE He started motoring in
the direction he had seen the sea lion.
m((EH -05#H, H&J s5$J1 *6I,%%ru%IE We will start traveling before dawn.
)5 s5-0#H noun (on) his/her lap
TJ -066&H, )5 s5-0#H6 :6$ 6&-1Eb$ )5 -bD1E The woman put her plate
on her lap.
Q5 )6"0IH$# )5 s5-0#H6 #(1 6&-1$G#E He lifted his grandchild up onto
his lap.
s5&6#66$ noun deer
VARANTS: r5&6#66$ M/PN; r5:6#66$ M!,N
l5&6#66$ 6, DH-0)1 ,J(' 6I )6"0IH$# 4((:b- 6I ,5&H6 -1*u%E I
l5&6#66$ ,66:b #6-G#I5 :b- 6#66&6D66-0E She cut up deer fat for
frying.
s5&6#66$ :H)1 noun fawn
l5&6#66$ :H)1 #641#HDIE A fawn is spotted.
TJ s5&6#66$ :H)1 6 ,'H6 ,(($ :u%)( :66 $6-0bDE The fawn is running
over that way with its mother.
6 s5&6$:H6)( M!$N noun differently from it
VARANTS: 6 s5$6:H6)(; 6 s5$H6)( MPN
! s5&6$:H6)J H*J 1:6,J(${ Do you see the difference?
112 - l& - Dictionary of Tlingit

l&
s&H6' noun fart
lT!!/
Z
verb root
H, &5)1s&H6, ccc H, :%% )1s&H,#
s/he is crawling around there; s/he crawled around there | --- | s/he crawls
around there (regularly).
THEME: @c, Bc)cs&H6,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S (esp. child) to crawl around on hands and knees at P
C :H)1 6I I5-:((, &5)1s&H6,E Your child is crawling around under my
feet.
)66r &5)1s&H, ccc )66r )6s&H,"0
s/he crawled away (from the open) | --- | s/he crawls away (from the open)
(regularly).
THEME: )66r Bc)cs&H6,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S (esp. child) to crawl up (from beach), away (from open) on hands and knees
/'J1 6 D66$, H&J )66r &5)1s&H, &J :6)H#&E The young boy crawled
out the limb.
Dictionary of Tlingit - A - 113

A
066 Pronoun our [possessive]
A66 ,'H6 0H- rG,'*1sH6 06- $6EH,"0 06- )5 r(1#6D&J1$1 :b-E Our
mothers send us for soil for their flowers.
A66 #6*J1)( :66 6$6EH,E People are coming toward us.
066 Pronoun us [object]
/'( :(()H, :H6,I 066 #6*5I)6:H6E We need to leave from here right now.
A!! verb root
6#66&6066 6#60J1I :%% 6#6:60(1I#
s/he planted it | s/he is planting it | s/he plants it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c066t M$6 6",N
for S to plant O
Q5 0b)1 *5#-01,G H6 6#66&6066 &J r(1#6D&J1$E She planted the
flowers at the corner of her house.
!$60%% 06- 6#6$60J141$E They used to plant turnips.
6#66&6066 6#60J1I :%% 6#6:60(1I#
s/he gardened | s/he is gardening | s/he gardens (regularly).
THEME: 6c#6cBc~c066t M$6 6",N
for S to garden, dig
6#66&60H6 6#60H6 ccc
s/he dug it | s/he is digging it | ---.
THEME: ec#6cBc~c0H6t M~ 6",N
for S to dig O
]H6' 06- 6#60H6E They are digging clams.
H, 06- :6&)10H6 ccc HI 06- :6)6066
they crowded the place | --- | they crowd the place (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec:6c)c066t M~ +%,1%$N
for O (large numbers, esp. people, birds) to move in, come around to P
F1-H6$1 H, :6&)10H6E There's a crowd of young men there.
=)6#H, &%%"0 I%%, 06- :6&)10H6E Everybody came together.
H, r5&60H6 66)J :66 r5$60J1$ HI r%%066
it's time for it | it's getting to be time for it | the time comes for it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t r5c~c066t M~ +%,1%$N
for the time to come for P
oH6,-)( :66 r5$60J1$E It is becoming twilight.
B06:6)10J1$ ,'HD"0 ,H6#&)( :66 r5$60J1$1E There are a lot of dead
branches when it becomes winter.
6:6&-10H6 6:6-60J1I ccc
s/he gathered it | s/he's gathering it | ---.
THEME: ec:6cBc-c066t M~ 6",N
114 - A - Dictionary of Tlingit

for S to gather up, pick up, take up O
needles.
mH6"0 6:6&-10H6E She gathered ribbon seaweed.
)5 J(, r5&60H6 )5 (()J :66 r5$60J1$ )5 J(I
#%%066
it's his/her turn | his/her turn is coming up | s/he gets a turn (regularly).
THEME: [ J(,t r5c~c066t M~ +%,1%$N
for N to have a turn
)5 J(, :66$ 5&60H6 ccc )5 J(I :66$ 066
s/he is hungry | --- | s/he gets hungry (regularly).
THEME: [ J(,t :66$ ~c066t M~ (7($,N
for N to be hungry
#(1 6#66&60H6 #(1 6#6$60J1$ ccc
s/he dug it up | s/he is digging it up | ---.
THEME: #(1 ec#6cBc~c066t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to dig O up
/'( 0b, ,5&H$ H&J #u%r H6 #(1 06- 6#66&60H6E Right next to the house
they dug a pit.
F(1 6#66&6066:1 *u%$; 66&60%%$E He sold the gold that he mined.
-06:6&)1066 -06:6)10J1$ ccc
there got to be a lot | there are a lot | ---.
THEME: ec-06c:6c)c066t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be many, plenty, lots
ccc ,'J' *%%0H6 ccc
--- | it's obvious | ---.
THEME: ,'J' *6c5c~c0H6 M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be obvious, clearly visible
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,01- 7(38 1- 5$1V5( 1$ ,06, 1, 3(V513(- ,0(
"%$45*6,1%$ 23(91D M*6cN 1$ 6'' +%)(- 6$) %$': %""53- 1$ ,0(
$(*6,17(E /0( $(*6,17( 1+2(39(",17( ,'J' *%%0H6 1,- %871%5- 1- ,0(
+%-, "%++%$ 9%3+; 6',0%5*0 ,0( $(*6,17( 95,53( 06- 6'-% 8(($
)%"5+($,()E
/'J' *%%0H6 66)J1 #1)J1$ )6rJ1-1 :JE It's obvious how well she sews.
066)66)u%-01 noun man-eating feline; mountain lion; tiger, leopard
A66)66)u%-01 ,(($ :J1 41$J &J rH6E That man is working with tigers.
A66)66)u%-01 #6)'1sH6-E Tigers are striped.
066)66s%%4b noun man-eating animal; lion; tiger; man-eating wolf
A66)66s%%4b J1' 0J($ )1:H6$6IEHD )5'u%$E People hunt lions across
the ocean.

A!![
Z
verb root
ccc 0H$ ccc
--- | s/he is standing | ---.
THEME: Bc~c0H$ M2%-1,1%$N
for (singular) S to be standing
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,( ,06, 6 $%5$
2036-( &1,0 Mc,N 2%-,2%-1,1%$ 1- 5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( &0(3( %$( 1-
-,6$)1$*; 85, ,01- $%5$ 2036-( 1- $%, 3(V513() 8: ,0( 7(38E S%3
(D6+2'(; %$( "%5') -6:< 0H$ -L0( 1- -,6$)1$*; %3< H, 0H$ -L0( 1-
-,6$)1$* ,0(3(E
! I6$66 H&J H, ((0H$E You are standing in its way.
Q5 &6r#6-u%D H&J H, ((0H$E You're blocking his view.
&5)1066$ #(1 $)60H$ #(1 )60H$"0
s/he stood up | s/he is standing up | s/he stands up (regularly).
THEME: Bc)c066$t M*6 (7($,N
for (singular) S to stand up, rise
P06 sJs66 66I #(1 )60H$"0E He tries to stand up from there (but is unable
to).
]5$6'"0J(-0 :J1 :6$r6r66, H:H I&)1066$E I stood up to say thank you.
:6$ 5&60H$ ccc :6I 066$
s/he remained standing | --- | s/he keeps standing (regularly).
THEME: :6$t Bc~c066$t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to keep standing
C :%% I6,H$*1 #H6 :6$ 0H$K Stand on your words!
! :66)J1 $6*G 6 ,5&H$D :6$ 0H$K Walk to the face of it and stand beside
it!
066$)J Adverb hand it here, bring it here
VARANTS: 066$)J1
NOTES: !',0%5*0 1, 06- ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ c)J 6$) ,0(3(9%3( '%%#- '1#(
6$ 6)7(38; ,01- &%3) 1- 5$1V5( 1$ ,06, 1, 95$",1%$- -:$,6",1"6'': 6-
6 23()1"6,(; 3(2'6"1$* 6 7(38 1$ ,0( -($,($"(E
A66$)J &J H"0 6, )5-I6 H,K Hand me the fork!
A!!B verb root
5&60H- ccc :60H-#&
s/he is vomiting; s/he vomited | --- | s/he vomits (regularly).
THEME: ec~c0H6-t M~ (7($,N
for O to vomit
0H6- noun vomit; urge to vomit
AH6- :HI -0 ,5)1$%%#E He feels like vomiting.
A!!BA verb root
H, &5'1066-0 ccc H, :%% '10H-0#
it's floating around; it floated around | --- | he/she/it floats around (regularly).
THEME: @c, ec'c066-0t M$6 +%,1%$N

for O to float, drift around at P
AJ($ -0u%, &5'1066-0 &J #6:66$bE The leaf floated around the edge of
the water.
H, &5'10H-0 66)J :66 $6'0H-0 HI '6066-0
he/she/it drifted to it | he/she/it is drifting to it | he/she/it drifts to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec'c066-0t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to float, drift to P
A(($,5E((4b #H, &5'10H-0 )5 :66*GE Her boat drifted onto a reef.
/'(1)60J($ H&J \66#&)H6,, 66 &'10H-0 &J #6$u%DE One time a turtle
floated to Yakutat.
)66# &5'10H-0 ccc ccc
he/she/it drifted out to sea; he/she/it is drifting out to sea | --- | ---.
THEME: )66# ec'c066-0t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to float, drift out to sea
Q5 41$Hr )66# &5'10H-0 &J "0H6'E The willow drifted out away from
him.
066,t Adverb hither, toward speaker
summer.
066, noun current, tide
A66, #6$6)66:b *J1)( #(1 $6rGIE She is going against the current.
066, #%%' noun whirlpool
A66, #%%' 0J($ :b#)( )5,(($ $%%"0E Whirlpools are visible in rivers.
v1' 0J($D :J1 )6s66,((:1 066, #%%' )6r)1*J1DE Whirlpools in the ocean
are large.
0H6,' noun feces; dung
066& noun bough, branch with needles on it, especially of hemlock
herring eggs.
A66& :6$ 6&'1EH, 6 #H6 $s6,66:b,E He put branches down so he could
sleep on them.
A66 :H,D5 J(K interj. Poor baby!
NOTES: /01- (D"'6+6,1%$ 1- 5-() &0($ 6 "01') 053,- 01+-('9L0(3-('9
%3 &0($ 6 "01') 1- 52-(,E
A6)'H6K interj. Good grief!
NOTES: /01- (D"'6+6,1%$ 1- 5-() 1$ 6--%"16,1%$ &1,0 ,01$*-
(D6**(36,() %3 %7(3)%$(; 1$"'5)1$* 6$ %7(3)3(--() 2(3-%$; ,%%
+5"0 9%%) %$ 6 2'6,(; %3 6$ (D6**(36,() -,%3:E

06- Pronoun they [subject]
VARANTS: - M%2,1%$6'':; 69,(3 6 7%&('N
[H-# :6*1:(( 6 #66$HI 06- :66&6EH,E They walked for three days.
06- Pronoun them [object]
VARANTS: - M%2,1%$6'':; 69,(3 6 7%&('N
well in Juneau.
]H6$5 0H-; 1 :((sH6I 06- -1,((E They are outside waiting for you.
0H- adj. [plural marker for kinship terms]
NOTES: /01- &%3) 1- "6,(*%31R() 6- 6$ 6)4(",17( 1$ ,06, 1, +%)191(- 6
$%5$E AH- 1- ,0( 2'536' +63#(3 9%3 #1$-012 ,(3+-E
A%%$ )66#60b)1)J 06- &%%E66, 6I -J(# 0H-E My daughters have gone
to the store.
0H- Pronoun they [independent]
06- )5 Pronoun their [possessive]
\((:,J($ 06- )5 ,J1I ,u%,I H:H ,%%)J 06- :(( 5&6Db"0 066
r5EJ(D1E You all can see that our hosts thank you from their hearts.
A6EJK interj. [exclamation toward someone who is putting on airs in order to
impress others]
0J Demonstrative this/that (over here), the other
VARANTS: 0J1
AddF verb root
6-06&'10b# :66 6-06$6'0b# 6-06'60b#I
s/he filled it | s/he is filling it | s/he fills it (regularly).
THEME: ec-06cBc'c0((#t M~ (7($,N
for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts)
/'H6#& 6-06&'10b# &J #6)H)R66 :(1,E She filled the berry basket quickly.
pH6, ,(($ H&J -06&)5)'10b# &J #6D&J$66E The brailer bag was filled
with salmon.
-066&60b# :66 -06$60b# -060b#I
he/she/it is full | he/she/it is getting full | he/she/it gets full (regularly).
THEME: ec-06c~c0((#t M~ (7($,N
for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract)
A66 6 ,u%D 6, )5',1D H, -066&60b# )Rb-#5 )'((:b ,(($E Our freezer
is full of moose meat.

:6$ 6-06&'10b# ccc ccc
s/he finished it | --- | ---.
THEME: :6$t ec-06cBc'c0((#t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to finish, complete O
\6$ 6-06&'10b# :H 066 ,'H6"0E This mother of ours has completed
everything.
m66 %%I :J1 )66$J1:1 :b- -*u%$ :6$ 6-06&'10b# She finished dentistry
school.
Add[
Z
verb root
)5 J(# 66&60(($ )5 J(# 6:60(($ ccc
s/he believed him/her | s/he believes him/her | ---.
THEME: [ J(# 6cBc~c0(($t M*6 -,6,(N
for S to believe, trust, believe in N
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 J(# 6,5&60(($E We believe in God.
Add[
X
verb root
:6$ 5&60b$ :H$)( :66 $60b$ :6I 0(($
it swam ashore | it's swimming to shore | it swims ashore (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ~c0(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for sea animal to swim ashore
our beachfront.
0J($ noun water
0J($ noun river, stream, creek
of the water.
AJ($, &5-01Ib'E He slipped into the water.
0J($H#& noun creek; small stream
in shallow water.
TJ rH6 *u%$ 6&-1,(($ 0J($H#& ,H6)(E The man saw gold at the bottom
of the creek.
0J($ *GD66 noun water dipper; ladle
0J($1 Adverb into water
0J($ #6$6)66:b noun current; tidal action
AJ($ :b# 0J($ #6$6)66:b &H6 :6,((:1 :J1D #5'1IJ1,'-0H$ $%%"0E
Sometimes currents in a river are dangerous.

0J($ -0H6# noun head of river, stream
TJ 0J($ -0H6#D H&J 6,D66$ 0b)1 H6 6&'1:JIE He built a smokehouse at
the head of the river.
0J($ -0G noun edge of body of water
VARANTS: 01$-0G M!,N
AJ($ -0G H, 0H$ &J )Rb-#&E That moose is standing at the edge of the
water.
the water.
0J($ ,H6# noun in the water; in the river
/J ,'J$D 0J($ ,H6#)( )5&6,J($E Big rocks are visible on the bottom of the
river.
water?
0J($ &6$,G noun edge of river channel
=1$*b, #u%D5 66I )5E(($b$ 0J($ &6$,GE Wild rice used to be picked
along the riverbank.
the riverbank.
0J($ &H, noun mouth of river, stream
AJ($ &H,, 5&6DH# &J ,H-1E The grayling swam to the mouth of the river.
0J($I Adverb into water
0J($ I6#H noun on (top of) the water, river
%D466 0J($ I6#H, 5&6DbDE Wind has hit the surface of the water.
0J($ I6:66I noun riverside
TJ 0J($ I6:66I "0H' &5,5'1:JIE We built a storehouse on the edge of the
river.
AJ($ I6:66I :6*J1 #6D&J1IE There are a lot of highbush cranberries along
the river.
0J($ :b# noun (in the) river valley
AJ($ :b#)( &%%r%%I &J :66#&E The boat went up the river.
AJ($ :b#)( 66&6E66, 6'u%$E People went up the river hunting.
AddB verb root
66&60J(- 60J(- #(1 60J(-"0
s/he borrowed it | s/he is borrowing it | s/he borrows it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c0J(- M*6 6",N
for S to borrow O
TJ rH6 6I J(-0 4(()HI 66$#6:JI66 66&60J(-E The man borrowed a

plane from my Dad.
!6&60J(- )5 #H6$1 :66*GE He borrowed a boat from his brother-in-law.
6#66&60J(- 6#60J(- #(1 6#60J(-"0
s/he borrowed it | s/he is borrowing it | s/he borrows it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c0J(- M*6 6",N
for S to borrow O (esp. round, spherical object)
/'J1D *G, 6#66&60J(-E He borrowed one dime.
)5 J(, 66&60b- ccc )5 J(I 60J(-
s/he lent it to him/her | --- | s/he lends it to him/her (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ecBc~c0J(-t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to lend O to P
/'(1rH6 )H6$66 6I J(, 0b-K Lend me twenty dollars!
AdC[ verb root
66&60J1$ 6:60J1$ ccc
s/he claimed it | s/he claims it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c0J1$ M*6 -,6,(N
for S to own, claim O (esp. clan property)
\66 =GD :1$66$HI :H -66 H:H :66 =GD H:H 06- 66&60J1$E They
claimed the name Mt. Edgecumbe as their crest.
obD"0 6, u%&5 &%%-0 4(()J )50J1$ $%%"0E The frog crest is claimed by
more than one clan.
0J1I&66 noun sympathetic magic, charm
AJ1I&66 :J1 )66)5$J1:1$ "0H6#&E People used to use magic long ago.
AvCpT!! verb root
66&60J1I&66 60J1I&66 ccc
s/he performed rites | s/he is performing rites | ---.
THEME: Bc~c0J1I&66 M$6 6",N
for S to make magic, perform rites to bring desirable results in nature or give
youngsters power and confidence
!'u%$ #66)J 66&60J1I&66 )5 #(1)'bE He used magic on his dog for
hunting.
01$-0G M!,N noun end of body of standing water
VARANTS: 0J($ -0G
01$,66# Du%)R1 noun polar bear
VARANTS: 01$,6#Du%)R1
A1$,66# Du%)R1 6#6&-01Db,E She photographed a polar bear.
A1$,66# Du%)R1 06- 66&6'u%$E They hunted polar bears.
01$,66# Du%-1 noun coral
VARANTS: 01$,6#Du%-1
A1$,66# Du%-1 ,'J1' :H6D :J1 66 5,bE There is no coral here.
A1$,6#Du%-1 $u%D5 #6:6,J(D Coral shells are hard.
01$,6#DGD1 noun coral

01$,6#D&H-s1 noun bufflehead (duck)
01$,5E((4b noun underwater reef; large rock or boulder lying under the water
VARANTS: 0(($,5E((4b
A(($,5E((4b #H, &5'10H-0 )5 :66*GE Her boat drifted onto a reef.
AJ($ #6&5'#5DG )5,(($ $%%"0 &J 01$,5E((4bE When the water level
drops, the reef can always be seen.
01$I5#H noun on (top of) the water, river
VARANTS: 0J($ I5#H
A1$:66 m&H6$ noun people of Klawock
A1$:66 m&H6$ IH$)( &%%*%%, &J -066&H,E The woman went to visit the
Klawock people.
A1$:66 m&H6$ P('(836,1%$D 06- 66&6'(1IE The Klawock people danced
at Celebration.
01$:1#*H6D5 noun kind of duck
A1$:1#*H6D5 #G)1 6&-1,(($E She saw a golden eye duck's nest.
A1$:1#*H6D5 #1$)6"0%%$(1, I%%, &5-1#&66$E Golden eye ducks are
swimming around among the Mallard ducks.
01$:1#'(1Ib noun dipper; water ouzel
0b, noun house; building
\66 !6$*u%$, H:H '6EH6 066 0b)1 !6$D66*1 Ab, :u% )5&6-H6#&E
AJ($ ,1#H H, '6EH6 )5 0b)1E His house sits beside the river.
0b, )6E1)(1)b noun house timbers
0b, #H noun roof
TJ 0b, #H H6 :J1 41)5$JE Someone is working on that roof.
l6:J1- )5 0b)1 #H, 6#6&-1Du%E He nailed tin on his roof.
0b, #6*66)b noun rafters (modern)
0b, #6-H*5 noun rafters (large roof beams)
\6$ 5&6$(1:1 0b, #6-H*5sH6 #6&)5&6r66E He was sent for ready-made
rafters.
Ab, #6-H*5 :66 6$6-DH,E He is dragging rafters along.
0b, #6,H6:1 noun shingle(s)
Ab, #6,H6:1 :u%D )5':J1IE They manufacture shingles over there.
Ab, #6,H6:1 :H,D1 &J -J( 0b)1 #H6 :J1 6&6E%%E He put the small shingles
on that doll house.
0b, #6DGD5 noun bark roofing material; tarpaper
VARANTS: 0b, #(DGD5 MPN
/%%"0 :HI :6,(( &J 0b, #6DGD5E That roofing is black.

0b, -66,b noun head of a clan house; master of the house
!I J(-0 066 0b, -66,bI -6,J(:1$E My dad was the head of our house.
TJ 0b, -66,b >%0$ :u% )5&6-H6#&E That house leader's name is John.
0b, -06$,G noun upstairs; attic
Ab, -06$,u%)( 6#66&64(1' &J Du%&E She took the blankets upstairs.
Ab, -06$,G #1)J1$ 6&-1$(1E She cleaned upstairs.
0b, ,6:((*H6-1 noun piling, foundation post; floor joist
VARANTS: 0b, ,(:((*H6-1 MPN
Ab, ,6:((*H6-1 :b- 66- 66&6-G&E He chopped down trees for pilings.
Ab, ,6:((*H6-1 #H6 6&'1:JI )5 0b)1E He built his house on pilings.
Aee verb root
:6$ 5&60u% :H$)( :66 $60G :6I 0%%
he/she/it waded ashore | he/she/it is wading ashore | he/she/it wades ashore
(regularly).
THEME: :6$t Bc~c0%%t M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to wade ashore
TJ H6 #66$HI :6$ 5&60u%&5 &6,-bD 6 b,$HI :6$ 5&6rGI &J
:66#&E The boat followed behind the caribou that swam the lake.
Au%"0K interj. That's all!; All gone!; No more!; All done!
VARANTS: Au%"0#K
0%%$ noun sale
VARANTS: 05$
A%%$ :b- 6-&H6, *1-0%%E He raises pigs to sell.
Aee[ verb root
66&60%%$ 60u%$ :%% 6:60G$#
s/he sold it | s/he is selling it | s/he sells it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c0%%$t M$6 6",N
for S to sell O
F(1 6#66&6066:1 *u%$; 66&60%%$E He sold the gold that he mined.
m66 41E((,b &J1D )50u%$E They are selling handmade crafts there.
6&'10u%$ :66 6$6'0G$ ccc
s/he went peddling it | s/he is peddling it | ---.
THEME: ecBc'c0%%$t M$6 (7($,N
for S to go selling, peddle, hawk O
&5)'10%%$ :66 $6'0G$ :%% )'10G$#
s/he went shopping | s/he is shopping | s/he goes shopping (regularly).
THEME: Bc)c'c0%%$t M$6 (7($,N
for S to go spending, go shopping
!"( A63)&63()J $(('0%%$ #6-J(, #6,bI66sH6K Go to Ace Hardware
and buy a screwdriver!

=%&(-)J1 $(('0%%$ 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,s66K Go to Lowes and buy a
washboard!
0%%$ )66#60b)1 noun store
A%%$ )66#60b)1)J 06- &%%E66, 6I -J(# 0H-E My daughters have gone
to the store.
C )'66# #64GD66 #H, #6$6'4%%D 0%%$ )66#60b)1)JE Take your sister to
the store in the wheel barrow.
0%%$ -66,b noun merchant; seller
the storekeeper.
TJ 0%%$ -66,b 4((:b- :J1 41$J &J -066,#E The young girl is working for
that storekeeper.
0G Pronoun he, she [independent]
AG H&J 6I J(, &5)1-0J(E It is he who helped me.
AG H&J I6rs((&u%-E It is he that you will ask.
AGK interj. Ouch!
)5 0G$I& noun his older brother, cousin
!I 0G$I& :6EH6#)HI &%%$GK Make room for my older brother!
AG-0K interj. Shame on you! [reprimand]
124 - C - Dictionary of Tlingit

C
1 Pronoun your (singular) [possessive]
1c Pronoun you (singular) [subject]
VARANTS: ((c
1c Pronoun you (singular) [object]
C#6&)R1,bIE You're crooked (wicked).
)5 1r#H noun top of his/her foot
Cr#66 noun Ahtna, Copper River Athabascan
TJ -066&H, Cr#66 66 '1$*b,I -1,((E That woman is a Copper River
Athabascan person.
1r$H6"0 noun brass
TJ I6*H6D )66#60b)1 *66&G 1r$H6"0 ,(($ &5)5)'1:JI The church
bell is made of brass.
Cr$H6"0I -1,(( &J 'b,66 -H#&,1E The handle of that knife is brass.
1r:J1- noun iron, tin
VARANTS: s6:J1-
C'bK interj. Don't!; Stop it!
VARANTS: =bK; C0bK
C'b -JK interj. Wait!
VARANTS: C'b -HK
b$ noun flint
$ ,'J1' )5 4(( :J1 66 5,bE He doesn't have any flint.
$s66 r5-0J(E He is looking for flint.
b$ D((-0H6 noun bottle; jug
TJ 6, D66#(1)b b$ D((-0H6 ,u%D :J1 $6E%%K Put the seeds in a bottle!
\66&6,66:1 #H6D&(1 b$ D((-0H6 ,u%, 066, 6&-1Eb$E She brought hot
coffee in a bottle.
b-0 noun fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek
-0 :b#)( IH6, 6:6,J($E She sees salmon in the deep hole in the creek.
-0 :b#)( -06'Iu%,E She is casting into the deep water hole.
1-0r(($ noun black cod
}I 6#6&)5)'1-(1s1 1-0r(($ )5 ,5&H6 -6*u%&5$ 6I J(-0E My dad
Dictionary of Tlingit - C - 125

}I 6#6&)5)'1-(1s1 1-0r(($ 66 I&66E%%E I bought some smoked black
cod.
6 b, RelationalNoun after it
pJ1-0D& H&J $6*(1"0 r5,66$ b,)HIE After the summer is over there are a
lot of bluejays
BbD #6&,%%Eu%-1 b,$HI 6*6I,%%'rH6E After we have washed the dishes we
will play cards.
)5 b, RelationalNoun (following) him, her, it
6 b, 66 noun the next one, the following one
)5 b,I $6*%%)b noun his/her follower, disciple
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 :J(, b,I $6*%%)b @(,(3 :u% )5&6-H6#&E Peter is
the name of Jesus' disciple.
)5 b,I $6E66)b noun his/her followers, disciples
VARANTS: )5 b,I $6E66,Db; )5 b,I $(E66,Db MPN
>1$#66, r6 )J1I :6,(( Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 :J(, b,I $6E66)bE There
are twelve disciples of Jesus.
Q1#J( 66$rH6&5 )5 :J(, b,I $6E66)b 06- )5 (($ -0 #H6 I6&)1*HDE
Jesus prayed with his disciples.
b,"0 noun glass (the substance)
,"01 -bD rH6,' )5 4((&GE She has a glass plate.
,"0 -bD )5 4((, I&66,H$E I gave her a glass dish.
bD)( Adverb (toward) downstream
VARANTS: bD)(1
Q'1&#H, -0 ((',b$ bD)( :66 $((rGI5 :H6 #6$66)66:1 0J($ #HDE
Watch yourselves going down this river.
1D#J( noun downstream; south; lower 48 states, (locally: down south)
!I -J( )5 #6"0H&'1 H&J 1D#J(D :J1 :6,((E My daughter's sweetheart
lives down south.
bI, noun shaman; medicine man
\6$J(*5 '1$*b, IH$)( &5)5&6I%%I &J bI,E The medicine man was
called to the sick person.
TJ bI,"0 )5 (($ 6#66&6$((# &H6 -H 6, *5s&6$(1:bE The medicine
man told him what was going to happen.
126 - > - Dictionary of Tlingit

>
>!! verb root
6-05#66&64H6 6-05#%%4(1- 6-05#64(1I
s/he instructed him/her | s/he is instructing him/her | s/he instructs him/her
(regularly).
THEME: ec-05c#6cBc~c466t M~ 6",N
for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, give advice to, counsel O
!I ,'H6#&"0 H6 I6, -05#66&64H6; 66)J :J1 )66)5$(1 :JE My
maternal aunt taught me how to make it.
4H6 interj. honey!
4H641 noun snowshoe
thin.
>H641 #H, :66 06- '5$6*GrE They are running on snowshoes.
>!!m verb root
66&64Hr :66 6$64Hr 64HrI
s/he killed him/her/it | s/he is (in the process of) killing it | s/he kills it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c466rt M~ (7($,N
for S to kill (singular) O; (fig.) for S to let go of O without expecting any return
(at party)
/H6"0 I6, *5s64H6rE I'm going to fall asleep. (Lit: Sleep is going to kill me.)
TJ rH6 &6,-bD 66&64HrE That man killed a caribou.
466rGI noun canoe of caribou skins
>!!mT
Z
verb root
66&64H6r& 64H6r& :%% 6:64H6r&#
s/he beat him/her up | s/he's beating him/her up | s/he beats him/her up
(regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c4H6r& M$6 6",N
for S to beat up, assault, violently attack O
4H$&5 noun mountain goat
VARANTS: 4J$5 MPN; 4H$ M/N; 4H$5 M/N
Q5 I1#-0H #HI :66 6$6:J1$ &J 4H$&5E He is carrying the moutain goat
on his shoulder.
>H$&5 )'((:b 66,'(1$ :6#J1; *&H' &J 6 -u%s5E Mountain goat meat is
really good, especially the ribs.
)5 4(( noun in his/her possession
Dictionary of Tlingit - > - 127

>dd
Z
verb root
:%% 6#66&64((# :%% 6#664((# :%% 6#6:64((#
s/he wondered about it | s/he is wondering about it | s/he wonders about it
(regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c4((# M$6 6",N
for S to wonder, be curious, anxious about O
\%% 6#664((# 6 #66:b &J 6 #HI :66 $6*5)1 )(1E He is wondering about
the measure of the road he's walking on.
>dd
X
verb root
#6&'14J( #6'14J( L #5'14J( ccc
it looked terrible | it looks terrible | ---.
THEME: ec#6cM5Nc'c4J( M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in appearance), unattractive
NOTES: [%,( ,06, 1$ "'6--1"6' /'1$*1,; ,01- 7(38 06) 6 ,0(+6,1" 23(91D
M5cN &01"0 1- -'%&': 96''1$* %5, %9 +%)(3$ )6: -2(("0E /01- 1-
1$)1"6,() 1$ ,0( =((3cd)&63)- ,0(+( 6- M5NcE d1,0(3 1+2(39(",17(
9%3+ *17($ 0(3( 1- 6""(2,68'(< #6'14J( L #5'14J(E
Q5 -06DJ(-1 #5'14J(E His matted hair is unattractive.
)5 4((sH6 noun (big) enough for him/her to have or use; adequate for him/her
Q5 4((sH6 :6,(( )5 :J1 41$(1:bE He is capable of handling his work.
Q5 4((sH6 #%%)H6' )5 *&J1'1E He can handle the weight of his backpack.
)5 4((:b- RelationalPostposition for him/her
VARANTS: )5 4b-
\J1' Du%& 66&6rH6 )5 IH$ 66 4((:b-E She sewed a Raven blanket for her
husband.
TJ 066 -0H6)( 0H$1 *5$6'"0J(-0 066 4((:b- :J1 :6$6rJ1"0E Our
6 4(1sb noun its scale (of fish)
TJ IH6, 6 4(1sb ,(($ :6I 6:6&'1DH-0E She cut up the fish with the scales
on.
TJ IH6, 6 4(1sb &J -bD #66I 66&6Eu%-E She washed the scales of her fish
off the plate.
>dC= verb root
66)J 6#66&64(1' 66)J :66 6#6$64J' 66)J :u%
6#6:64J'#
s/he carried it all there | s/he is carrying it all there | s/he carries it all there
(regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec#6cBc~c4(1't M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O to P (esp. to one place, making several trips)
Ab, -06$,u%)( 6#66&64(1' &J Du%&E She took the blankets upstairs.

66)J 6, #66&64(1' 66)J :66 6, #6$64J' 66)J :%% 6,
#6:64J'#
s/he carried stuff there | s/he is carrying stuff there | s/he carries stuff there
(regularly).
THEME: @c)J 6, #6cBc~c4(1't M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take things to P (esp. to one place, making several trips)
A66)J1 6, #6*6I)54J1'; 6 :6EH6# D&H$ :J1 $6-$JK Make sure you make
room, they will be bringing it all!
6$6I :66&64J' ccc ccc
s/he reached his/her hand through it | --- | ---.
THEME: @c$HI :6c5cBc~c4(1't M~ +%,1%$N
for S to reach a hand through P
Q5 #6-H$$HI H&J :66&64J'; s5$J1 06- 66&6'JIE He put his hand
around her waist and they began dancing.
)5 41*G$'j1 noun his/her wrist
Q5 41*G$'1 6#66&6-b,E He bandaged his wrist.
)5 41s(1 noun crook of his/her arm; in his/her embrace
Q5 ,'H6 41s(1D ,H6"0 5&64Hr &J ,5#6$J1:1E The baby fell asleep in his
mother's arms.
Q5 41s(1I :66 6$6-$G# )5 -J(#E He is carrying his daughter in his arms.
41s(1EH, noun wrist guard
VARANTS: 41s(1EJ, MPN; 41#6EH,
41s&J1$66 noun towel, hand towel
\J(- 41s&J1$66 )5 'J('#5 4((, :J1 6&-1$(1E He gave his grandmother new
towels.
washed outside.
)5 41#H noun back of his/her wrist
Q5 41#H 6&'1"0G$; H"0 H&J 41#6EH, :J1 6:6Eu%E She hurt her wrist. That's
why she's wearing a wrist guard.
41#6rH6- noun long smokehouse pole(s)
41#6&H6"0 noun wristwatch
41#6EH, noun wrist guard
VARANTS: 41s(1EH,; 41s(1EJ, MPN
Q5 41#H 6&'1"0G$; H"0 H&J 41#6EH, :J1 6:6Eu%E She hurt her wrist. That's
why she's wearing a wrist guard.
doctor.
)5 41#'1DJ(- noun his/her wrist

)5 41#u%' noun back of his/her hand
Q5 41#u%' &5)1IbIE The back of his hand was burned.
Q5 41#u%' #6&)1:J- The back of her hand is bruised.
)5 4b$ noun his/her hand
C 4b$ &5'1"0JI&E Your hands are dirty.
41$60H6 noun fate; bad luck
VARANTS: 41$(0H6 MPN
/'J1' H:HI 6, &5$(1:b; 41$60H6 H&J :u% #)5'$((#E When something bad
happens they say it's bad luck.
/'1:J1D; 41$60H6 066 #H, s&66D((D; :u% I6:6rH )5 ,'H6E Her
mother says, "Behave, bad luck might befall us!"
)5 41$Hr noun away from it, leaving it behind (taking something away from
him/her)
Q5 #(1)'b )5 41$Hr r5, &541D((DE His dog ran away from him.
!I 41$Hr r5, &541D((DE He ran away from me.
6 4b$1 noun its paw
VARANTS: 6 4b$
TJ )u%-0 )5 4b$ )'(1, #66I #b$)( 6'-0H,E That cat is holding its paw up
off the snow.
TJ )u%-0 4b$ )'(1, #66I #b$)( 6'-0H,E The cat is holding its paw up off
the snow.
6 4b$1 noun it's sleeve (of shirt, coat)
41$#66)1$HI Numeral ten (people)
VARANTS: 41$#66,$HI
41$#66, Numeral ten
>1$#66, )H6$66 :J1 I6'1,-(($ &J Du%&E That blanket costs ten dollars.
>1$#66, s6$%%# 06- 6:6,J($E They see ten petrels.
41$#66, r6 ,'J1$HI Numeral eleven (people)
41$#66, r6 ,'J1D Numeral eleven
>1$#66, r6 ,'J1D )5 #6,H6*5 &J -066,#E That girl is eleven years old.
)5 41$,H6# noun his/her palm (of hand)
Q5 41$,H6# ,(($ 6#6sG,'I &J ,'J1r&E She mashes the berries with the palm
of her hand.
Q5 41$,H6D 41&)5&6$HrE He was put in charge of it. (Lit: It was left in his
hands).
)5 41$,6#:H)1 noun his/her palm (center)
)5 41$,G noun his/her grip
Q5 41$,u%I #6-1DH, &J ,bDE The rope is in his grip.

)5 4b- noun for him/her
VARANTS: )5 4((:b-
6 41-(1:b RelationalNoun shelter of it (especially a tree)
TJ D66 41-(1:b$HI :6$ 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat moored in the
shelter of the point.
! 41-(1:b, 6rJ($ 66- ,'J$DE People are sitting in the shelter of the big trees.
41-06*u%$ noun tool, tools
VARANTS: 41-0(*u%$ MPN
\66#& r6 s(1&G 6-s(1&G 41-06*u%$I -1,((E A boat and a net are a seine
fisherman's tools.
)5 41&H$ noun outer edge of his/her hand
Q5 41&H$ 66&6rJ#&E He cut the outside edge of his hand.
Q5 41&H$ &5)1IbIE The outside edge of her hand was burned.
)5 41IH$ noun near him/her, by him/her (at hand, for him/her to work with)
Q5 41IH$D :6$ -6,H$ &J -05$6I&H6:1K Leave the axe near him!
Q5 41IH$1 :6$ ,b &J 'b,66; )'((: 66$ 6#s&6DH6-0K Leave the knife near
her, she will cut meat with it!
)5 41:6*J1I noun against it, wrong (so as to foul up what s/he had done)
)5 41:HI noun according to the way s/he does it
!I ,'H6 41:HI ((I #H, -6#&$J1$ I6-6EJ(E I cook fry bread like my mom
does.
TJ -066,# )5 'J('#& 41:HI )6rJ1-E That young girl sews the way her
grandmother does.
)5 41:(( noun ready, waiting for him/her to use
NOTES: /0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ cD 06- 6$ 6',(3$6,( 9%3+ c~ M5$+63#()N;
&01"0 (D2'61$- ,0( )1-"3(26$": 8(,&(($ ,0( 9%3+-< )5 41:(( 6$) )5
41:((D 1$ ,0( (D6+2'(- *17($E d1,0(3 9%3+ 1- 6""(2,68'( 1$ (1,0(3
-($,($"(E
Q5 41:((D :6$ 6&-1,J( )5 *&J1'1E He placed her bag within her reach.
Q5 41:(( :6$ 66&6,J( &J 6,u%&5 DGDE She placed the book he was
reading near him.
6 41:((, RelationalNoun under the burden, weight of it; belabored or suffering
from it (a burden, hardship)
/%%&G $J(#& 41:((, sH6I &J -066&H,E The woman is crying under the
burden of sadness.
)5 41E(($ noun working with him/her; helping him/her work or do something
wood together.

wood together.
)5 41E((,b noun his/her handiwork, artifact
!I 41E((,bs66 H:H r5I6-0J(E I'm looking for my handiwork.
>eeo verb root
66)J 6#6&'14%%D ccc 66)J :%% 6#'14GD#
s/he wheeled it there | --- | s/he wheels it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec#6cBc'c4%%Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to wheel O to P
H, 6#6&'14GD ccc HI 6#'64%%D
s/he wheeled it to it | --- | s/he wheels it to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6cBc'c4%%Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for S to wheel O to P
A66, #6'64GD &J ,%%"0K Wheel the coal over here!
#66&64u%D :66 #6$64GD #(1 #64GD"0 L #(1 #64%%D"0
it's running; it ran | it's running | it runs for a while (and then quits).
THEME: #6c~c4%%Dt M*6 (7($,N
for a wheel to roll, spin; for an engine to start, run
NOTES: ! $%5$ )(317() 93%+ ,01- 7(38 1-< #6:645D,1 H, ,01$* ,06,
-,63,- 31*0, 6&6:; 35$- &(''E [%,( ,06, 8%,0 3(2(,1,17(
1+2(39(",17( 9%3+- *17($ 0(3( 63( 6""(2,68'( ,% -2(6#(3-< #(1
#64GD"0 6$) #(1 #64%%D"0 8%,0 +(6$ 1, 35$- 9%3 6 &01'( M6$) ,0($
V51,-NE
\66 #6$64GD &J ,%%'"0H$E The top is spinning.
4GI66 noun sling
VARANTS: 4u%I66 M!,N
>GI66 6&'1:JIE She made a sling.
>GI66 ,u%, 6-,H$ )5 4b$E He has his arm in a sling.
132 - F - Dictionary of Tlingit

F
6 #H RelationalNoun the (horizontal) surface of it; on it; on top of it; in it ( a dish;
a path)
=66rH-# *J 6I %%I #H&5{ Do I have seaweed on my teeth?
TJ D((- )5 #66$HI :6,((E The boil is too much for him.
F!!
Z
verb root
ccc %%)R1#66 ccc
--- | s/he is lazy | ---.
THEME: 6c5cBc)c-c#66 M*6 -,6,(N
for S to be lazy, slow
e%)R1#66:1 rH6 H:H ,H6#&D *5s&6'H6D&E A lazy man will starve in the
winter.
#H6 noun car, automobile
AJ($ :HI #6&)1:J- 06- )5 #H6:1E Their car is dark blue-gray in color.
TJ1)( &%%r%%I5 #H6 6 b,)( #r&6*u%,E I will go after that car that went
that way.
6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H, noun washboard
VARANTS: #H, )5'E5-#5 H,
!I 4((, -6,H$ 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,K Hand me the washboard!
=%&(-)J1 $(('0%%$ 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,s66K Go to Lowes and buy a
washboard!
F66*&66$,66$ noun Kaagwaantaan, locally called "Wolf"; a clan of the
Eagle moiety whose principal crest is the Wolf
l6':HI m&H6$ H&J l6':HI F66*&66$,66$I 06- -1,((E The Kaliakh
River people are the Kaliakh River Kaagwaantaan.
F!!F verb root
&5-1#66# -1#66# #(1 -6#66#I
it became thick | it's thick | it gets thick (regularly).
THEME: -c#66# M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.)
:J1 #6&-1#66# :J1 #&-1#66# :J1 #&-6#H#I
it got that thick; it thickened | it's that thick | it gets that thick (regularly).
THEME: M:J1N #6c5c-c#66#t M$6 -,6,(N
for a board, cloth, etc. to be (so) thick
mH6 )Rb-#& 6 )%%*G :J1 #&-1#66#E The hide of a bull moose is this thick.
)5 #H6# noun his/her maternal uncle
A6- )5 IH6#, &5066$ )5 #H6#E His maternal uncle stood between them.
Q5 #H6# )5 J( 6, '6,u%&E His maternal uncle is teaching him.
Dictionary of Tlingit - F - 133

)5 #H6# noun his/her forehead
Q5 #H6# &5)1Db- r6 #6&)1:J-E His forehead is swollen and bruised.
6 #H6 r5)5)R1,((:1 :%% Ij6,H$# noun law, words one lives by
/'J1' %%&66 &J 66$ #H6 r5)5)R1,((:1 :%% I6,H$# *J1)(
r5)5$%%*GE It is wrong to act against the law of the land.
)5 #H6'#& noun her fraternal niece, nephew, cousin
Q5 #H6'#& *H$ )5 4((:b- 66&6DH-0E Her nephew cut wood for her.
)5 #H6$1 noun his/her brother-in-law, sister-in-law
!6$*u%$)HI H&J 6I #H6$1 )5 )66#6$u%D5E My sister-in-law's
ancestors are from Angoon.
Q5 #H6$1 41E(($ DH6$66 6,I66:b 6&-1EJ(E She cooked the evening meal
with her sister-in-law.
#H6-, noun barrel
TJ #H6-, #66)J1 'b, &J 6 DJ1D5K Throw the gills in the barrel!
#H6- noun ocean algae
FH6- 'J1$ #H6 :J1 $6,(("0E There is always algae on the riverbank.
#66, noun long, flat loosely woven basket for pressing out herring oil
#H6, noun sharpened stick (for digging up clams, roots, etc.); gardening fork
6, #66&6DG#& noun dried thing, esp. food
#H6D&(1 noun coffee
VARANTS: #HD&(1
A%%$ )66#60b)1)J1 $6*G #H6D&(1sH6K Go to the store for some coffee!
#H6D noun spruce grouse, spruce hen; chicken
Q5$Hr #6&)'1:(("0 &J #H6DE The grouse flew away from him.
FH6D 6#6&'1-G#E She fried chicken.
#H6 I(ID5 :(1, noun bed
FH6 I(ID5 :(1, #H6 :6$ 6&-1$G# )5 -J(#E She put her daughter down
on the bed.
B06:(1, 6 #H, -6,J($ #H6 I(ID5 :(1, E The pillow is lying on the bed.
#66: noun measuring stick
/'(1)%%-0G r66 I%%- :J1 #&'1:H6, &J #66:E That measuring stick is six
feet long.
#66: noun measure; mile

Q5 0b)1)HI #66: -0%%&G :J1 #5$66'J1 0%%$ )66#60b)1E The store is a
half mile from her house.
#H6:6s14(1, noun chair
VARANTS: #H6:6r14(1,; rH6#(4(1, MPN
TJ #H6:6s14(1, #H6 s6$GK Sit on that chair!
FH6:6s14(1, 6$J(*&H'E He is painting the chair.
6, #66:b noun cord (of wood)
VARANTS: (, #66:b MPN
6 #66:b noun pattern, model, template for it; measure of it; measurement for it
Q66D%%$ r66 I%%- 6 #66:b &J $6)H6#&E That table measures four feet.
\%% 6#664((# 6 #66:b &J 6 #HI :66 $6*5)1 )(1E He is wondering about
the measure of the road he's walking on.
)5 #6"0H&'1 noun his/her sweetheart
lives down south.
6, #6"0H6#5 noun carver
VARANTS: #6)6"0H6#5
#6"0H#&66 noun rounded carving chisel
F6"0H#&66 ,(($ 6#66&6"0H#& &J #%%,J(:66E He carved a totem
pole with a chisel.
\J(- 66 #6"0H#&66 66&6E%%E He bought himself a new chisel.
#6)H)R66 :(1, noun basket or pan used to collect berries by knocking them
off the bush
F6)H)R66 :(1, ,(($ &%%*%%, :u%)(E She went over there with a berry
basket.
/'H6#& 6-06&'10b# &J #6)H)R66 :(1,E She filled the berry basket quickly.
#6)H$466 noun dust; pollen
TH- #6)H$466 H&J ,'H6#& r5:6Eu%E People are overcome by the pollen.
#6)H- noun hail
F6)H- )66# &5-1,H$E It is hailing.
TH6 :6,((:1 :J1D #6)H- #6#6$)6*J1D"0E Sometimes hail stones are big.
#6)J1D noun shame, embarrassment
VARANTS: #()J1D MPN
F6)J1D )5 :H, 5&6DbD ,6,*JE Shame fell on him yesterday.
\J1 )66:6)5rH; /'J' #6)J1D 066 #HI -0((,((rK He is told "Don't
bring shame on us!"
6 #H)1 noun its head (of spear)
! #H)1 :6'1#H,-E The spear head is sharp.
\J(- 66 6 #H)1 6&'1:JIE He made a new spear head.
6 #6)bD1 noun its stem (of plant); pith (of tree)

#6)%%0(1IE66 noun currants
#6)G#'1 noun fish smoked for a short time with the backbone taken out
F6)G#'1 6,D66$ 0b)1)J :J1 6&-1$(1E She put the fish in the smokehouse.
!6&-1EJ( &J #6)G#'1 6,D66$ 0b)1 :(()HIE She cooked some of the fish
from the smokehouse.
#6)5'su%# -(($H6 noun flashlight
VARANTS: #6)5'sG#I -(($H6
F6)5'su%# -(($H6 ,(($ HI :66 $6*G,E He is walking along with a
flashlight.
A66:b &J #6)5'su%# -(($H6K Hand over that flashlight!
#6)5'sG#I -(($H6 noun flashlight
VARANTS: #6)5'su%# -(($H6
#6)5-0D1, ,66 :H noun blackboard, chalkboard
VARANTS: #6)5-0D((, ,66 :H
#6)G,'I1 noun fish cleaned and hung to dry
#6)5E5DI5 H, noun balloon
Q5 41$,H6# ,(($ 6,H"0, &J #6)5E5DI5 H,E She is slapping the balloon
with the palm of her hand.
#6*H$ noun light
TJ )b- #6*H$1 #H6D :J1 41$JE He works by moonlight.
F6*H$ -066 #H, 5&6DbDE Light fell on the mountain.
)5 #6*J noun meeting, encountering, intercepting it; (arriving) at the same
place or time as it
A66 #6*J1)( :66 6$6EH,E People are coming toward us.
6 #6*(1)b noun side of it (house, building, animal); slab of meat covering its
ribcage
Ab, #6*(1)b H, #6&)1*H$ &J -(($H6E The light is shining on the side of the
house.
! #6*(1)J(D H&J I&66EG$ &J s5&6#66$ ,'(1$E I shot the big deer in its
side
#6sH6# noun mouse, deer mouse; vole
VARANTS: #6sH#
#6sH)66 noun cheesecloth, loose-woven cloth; netting, screen
F6sH)66 0%%$ )66#60b)1)HI 66&6E%%E He bought cheesecloth from the
store.
!#6&-1,66:1 ,'J1r& #6sH)66 ,u%$HI 6#6&'1"0H6E He strained the boiled
berries through cheesecloth.

#6sH# noun mouse
F6sH# &5)5)R1,(($E Someone saw a mouse.
#6s6#'(()b noun yarrow; (locally) rat's tail
F6s6#'(()b ')6#H, :J1D #6$6-EJ1"0E Yarrow grows all over.
F6s6#'(()b $H6#&I )5':J1IE Yarrow is used for medicine.
#6s((, noun common loon
pH6, :b- H&J 06- 6#6&'1$b# \J1'"0; &J #J1)'6)1 r6 #6s((,E Raven
talked the seagull and loon out of the salmon.
#6sb, noun darkness
}6 6#&)'1IJ1,' &J #6sb, ,GE He is afraid of the dark.
#6sG,'I1 noun mashed berries
6 #60H6)1 noun its covering; cover (over a large opening or something
without an opening)
Q5 *H$1 6 #60H6)1 :b- H&J D&66-)H6 66&6E%%E He bought a tarp to
cover his firewood.
TJ ,J ,'(1$ 6 #60H6)1 #H6 :6$ ,H$K Put that large rock on top of its cover!
#60H6#& noun roe, eggs (of fish)
F60H6#& )66D :J1 41)5$(1:b; DJ$ ,'J' 5-0#JE Using plastic to prepare
salmon eggs is not good.
6, #60J($1 noun juice
6 #64(1sb noun its scales (of fish)
VARANTS: 6 #64((sb M/N
TJ IH6, 6 #64(1sb 66I :J1 6&-1$(1E She took the scales off the fish.
pH6#& 0J' 6 #64(1sb r%%-,bE The freshwater sockeye doesn't have any
scales.
#64GD66 noun flywheel; wheelbarrow; wagon; hand truck
#6#6,HD66 noun pliers
!6)J1 )5,'H#& :J H:H; #6#6,HD66 ,(($ :6&)5&6)'66rE As the story
goes, he was defeated by a pair of pliers.
F6#6,HD66 6I 4((, ,b; P0IH$#K Hand me the pliers, Grandson!

#6#J1$ noun yarn; wool
!I 'J('#& 4(()HI #6#J1$ 'J( D&H$ H:H 6I ,5&H6 -1*u%E I like the
yarn socks from my grandmother.
p66$ #6#J1$ 066, :J1 I&-1$J #6-$J :b-E I brought some red yarn for
knitting.
#6#J1$ #%%)H- noun sweater
o(1,' #6#J1$ #%%)H- 6I :6*((:b #66)J1 H6 r66 41#66&6r66 6I
'J('#&"0E My grandmother commissioned a Thunderbird sweater for my
birthday.
m5-1EH6, *H6$ c #6#J1$ #%%)H- :J1 $6E%%K It's cold out - wear a
sweater!
#6#'60J($ noun wet snow; slush
VARANTS: #5#'60J($
/'H6#& H:H 066 #s&6,J( &5',J(D1 :H #6#'60J($E We will be in tough
shape if this wet snow freezes.
#6#GD66 noun bailer
F1)J1$ 6-01*u%# #6#GD66 '6:(1IE He knows how to build bailers really
well.
/'J' 6 #HI :1-(1D66sGr &J :66#& #6#GD66K Don't you all forget the
bailer for the boat!
#6#)6#&J1: -66,b noun captain; person in charge
!I J(-0 #6#)6#&J1: -66,bI -1,((; DGD 6&5IH6D5$E As a captain, my
father used to haul mail.
!I J(-0 #6#)6#&J1: -66,bI &5-1,(( -b-66 :66#& #HDE My father
became the captain of the sailboat.
#6##6#&J1: -66,b M!,N noun captain (in the navy)
VARANTS: #6##&J1: -66,b M/PN
)5 #6#I66&G noun his/her bangs
VARANTS: )5 #(#I66&G MPN
#6rH-0I1 noun steamed berries put up in soft grease
m5EJ(D)(1 $6-Iu%, :H #6rH-0I1K Pack the steamed berries to the potlatch!
#6'"06$(1, noun mountain ash
/'J' #6'"06$(1, H6 #%%EJ1I \66#&)H6,E Mountain ash doesn't grow in
Yakutat.
#6'"06$(1, ,'J1s5 noun mountain ash berry

#6')66sH#& noun bare; naked
#6')66sJ1$HI Adverb slowly
B05DH6$HI #6')66sJ1$HI H&J )5*&H6' :H -0bE The drumming starts
out slow in this song.
#6')H6'1 noun typist
VARANTS: #6')H6'
TJ1D :J1 41I6$(1:b #6')H6'1I H&J I6, -6,J(:1$E I was a typist when I
worked there.
\6-H,# 66)J1 6-01*u%*5 :J &J #6')H6'E The typist knows how to type
fast.
#6')H6$66r noun broke; penniless; without money
F6')H6$66r H&J :66#&, &541DbDE He jumped aboard the ship without
money.
!, ,%%IH6$ H:H ,H6#&$1 :b-; #6')H6$66rI 066 $6-,(("0E We are
smoking fish for the winter because we are usually without money.
#6'u%D466 noun fast drip, leak
VARANTS: #6'u%I466
)5 #6'u%D-06$1 noun his/her bladder
Q5 #6'u%D-0H$1 $J(*%%"0 H&J )5 )66 :6&)5)R1E66E He is being
examined because of his bladder pain.
[H6#& )5 IJ1I &5)5&6,(( )5 #6'u%D-0H$1 $J(*%%"0E She was given
medicine for her bladder pain.
#6'u%I466 noun fast drip, leak
VARANTS: #6'u%D466
!&)6*66$b"0 H&J; )'(1, #66I #6'u%I466 #%%'DH6-"0 0b, #66)HIE
AJ($ -H#& &J )'(1,)HI #6'u%I466 ,6:((D :6$ ,H$K Set that below the
snow drip for our water!
#6'-jJ(-466 noun dust cloud; snow cloud
F6'-J(-466 &J1I :66 $6'-b-E Dust is blowing along there.
/H6#&D )'(1, #6'-J(-466 )5,(($ $%%"0E You can see blowing snow in the
winter time.
#6'-H6# M/N noun squirrel
VARANTS: #6$6'-H6#
B6#&$J1$ H&J )5 IJ1I I6,((I &J #6'-H6#E I feed bread to the squirrel.
P0H6#& )5IH6 $%%4b$ &J #6'-H6#E They used to eat squirrels long ago.
#6',H-# noun berrying basket
VARANTS: #6',H'#
m5#J(, :b- H&J :J1 )66)5$J &J #6',H'#E The berrying basket is made
for picking berries.

#6',J('r noun barefoot; shoeless
in the sand.
#6$66)66:1 0J($ noun river; stream; creek
Q'1&#H, -0 ((',b$ bD)( :66 $((rGI5 :H6 #6$66)66:1 0J($ #HDE
Watch yourselves going down this river.
#6$H*66 noun stretcher, form for shaping
!, DH-0)1 ,J(' -H#& H&J #6$H*66 6#66&6"0H#& 6I 4((:b-E He
mG$HI )5*u%*5$ #6$H*66 '6:(1IE People really used to know how to
make a moccasin-shaping form..
#6$6'-H6# noun red squirrel
VARANTS: #6'-H6# M/N
#6$H'I1 noun steamed berries
#6$6-E66)b noun crawling insect; spider
#6$6-0G noun drunkenness; inebriation; giddiness
#6$6,H noun blueberry; huckleberry
F6$6,H 6 I%% :J1 $6,(("0 #6D&J1IE Blueberries are usually in the midst
of cranberries.
#6$6,H #60J($1 noun blueberry juice; purple
TJ I66, #6$6,H #60J($1 #H6 :J1 *6I,%%E%%E We will put the roots in the
blueberry juice.
Q5 %%I #6$6,H #60J($1 :HI #6&)1-Jr&E Her teeth are the color of
blueberry juice.
#6$J(*&H' noun dish made with berries and salmon eggs
B066I 6EJ($ 066 0b)1 )66,I #6$J(*&H' -H#&E She is picking gray
currants from around our house for a berry and salmon egg dish.
#6$(1',-H#& noun black currants or swamp currants
VARANTS: #6$6',-H#& M/N; #6$(1',-b#& M!,N; #6$(1',-%%# M/N
\66 $,%%EH)1 H&J; )66# &5)R1*b, :6I 6#66&6Ib"0 &5,5&6E1$1
/-66 v1I #66)HI H&J :6&,5&6)'66r "06 #1#H, &J #6$(1',-H#&E

#6$(1',-b#& M!,N noun black currants or swamp currants
VARANTS: #6$(1',-H#&; #6$6',-H#& M/N; #6$(1',-%%# M/N
#6$J1-, noun cross
pH6: (($ H&J I&6'1:JI &J #6$J1-,E I built that cross out of yellow cedar.
#6$u%D noun turtle
VARANTS: ,6)6$u%D; ,6$u%D; ,6)6$u%D5 M!,N
floated to Yakutat.
F6$u%D H&J #J1 6$6-Ib,E He is breeding turtles.
#6$,Hr& noun lupine
VARANTS: #($,Hr&
NOTES: T63$1$*< -%+( '521$( -2("1(- "%$,61$ ,%D1" 6'#6'%1)-; 8(
"(3,61$ %9 -2("1(- 8(9%3( 5-(E
water?
)5 #6-H$ noun his/her waist
m66 #6-H$ ,6:((, -05#6,H$1 H&J :6#J1 &J1 -J' #1$66#EH,E A
raincoat that hangs below the waist is the best.
#6-6$#6EH, noun corset
6 #6-J1r5 noun its color
! #6-J1r5 IJ1-0D& #6:66I -1,((E The color is in the likeness of a
bluejay.
#6-J1r& noun neck cord worn for dance
#6-JrI5 noun dye
\H$ 66- )66)HI #6:(1I H&J H,I *6s1'6:J1I -6*&H6, #6-JrI5
-H#&E Shavings from a hemlock tree is what you will use for the brown dye.
#6-s66I noun mourning, wailing, loud weeping or crying; wail, groan, moan
#6-1:66:1 0J($ noun liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage
#6-1:J1:1 -(1r noun marijuana
VARANTS: #6-1:J1:1 -((r
#6-$J noun knitting, crocheting
knitting.
#6-,H6, noun cotton; cotton blanket, quilt
mu%# :b*5 6I #6-,H6,1 c 6I 4((, EHIE My quilt is in the box - give it to me.

F6-,H6, ,'(1$ H&J &u%-0)( 6rJ1- 6I :H)1 4((:b-E She is sewing
together a big quilt for my child.
#6-,H6, Du%& noun quilt; cotton blanket
#6-J(, noun screw
TJ1 :66#& :6I6#H6& #6-J(, H6 :J1 )5E%%&G; #1)J1$ :J1
6*5I'6-0H6,E If a screw is put in the thwart of the boat, it will hold pretty well.
#6-J(, #6*&H)'66 noun wrench
VARANTS: #6-J(, #6sG#&66f #6-J(, #6#J1*&66
P369,-+6$ #6-J(, #6*&H)'66 H&J B(63- W%(85"#)HI I&66E%%E I
bought a Craftsman wrench from Sears Roebuck.
\66#& :bD :6$ ,b &J1 #6-J(, #6*&H)'66E Leave the wrench in the boat.
#6-J(, #6sG#&66 noun wrench
VARANTS: #6-J(, #6*&H)'66; #6-J(, #6#J1*&66
#6-J(, #6,bI66 noun screwdriver
VARANTS: #6-J(, #6,JI66 MPN
F6-J(, #6,bI66 ,'(1$ H:H :66#&, #6I6,J($E I have a big screwdriver
lying in the boat.
!"( A63)&63()J $(('0%%$ #6-J(, #6,bI66sH6K Go to Ace Hardware
and buy a screwdriver!
#6-b*&66 :(1, M!N noun frying pan, skillet
VARANTS: #6-G*&66 :(1, M/PN
6 #6-G#I5 noun fried food
frying.
#6-G&66 noun chopper
\H #6-G&66 ,(($ 6 :b#)HI IG,K Chip the inside out with this chopper!
\6DH, :H #6-G&66 6I 4((:b-K Sharpen this chopper for me!
#6-0J(#& *&J1' noun heating pad
#6-0J(I noun praise, glorification
p6*H6D )66#60b)1D H&J 6, #6-0J(I -0b H6 )5-0bE Songs of praise
are sung in church.
#6-0u%# noun electricity
#6-0u%# *&J1' noun heating pad
TJ1 #6-0u%# *&J1' 6I I((# #H6 :6$ -6,bK Set the heating pad on my
upper arm!
#6-0u%# :%% I6,H$# noun email

#6-0D(()b noun writer; scribe; secretary
F6-0D(()bI -1,(( 066 :J(,E Our son is a scribe.
)5 #6,H6*5 noun his/her age
/'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1D H&J )5 #6,H6*5E He is twenty-one years old.
>1$#66, r6 ,'J1D )5 #6,H6*5 &J -066,#E That girl is eleven years old.
6, #6,HD66 noun pliers
#H, )5'E5-#5 H, noun washboard
VARANTS: 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,
6, #6,J noun bullet
Q5 #&J1:1 rb$, #66&6DbD &J 6, #6,JE The bullet fell short of his mark.
#6,J1I noun soup, porridge
p6'6#H"0 #6,J1I1 6I IJ :6#J1E Porcupine soup is delightful to my mouth.
#6,bI66 noun key
VARANTS: #6,JI66 MPN
! #H, ,-J 1-(1DH6r& 066 0b, #6,bI66:1K Don't forget our house key!
/'J1D )H6$66 :J1 I6'1,-(($ #6,bI66 DGD )66#60b)1DE A key costs one
dollar at the post office.
#6,bI66 -66,b noun keeper of the key; jailer; night watchman
F6,bI66 -66,bI I6, *5I-6,J( :H #(14b$ :6*1:(()HIE After Friday I will
be the jailer.
well in Juneau.
#6,r66rG noun wilderness; the bush
VARANTS: *6's66r5; s&6's6rG M!,N; #6's6rG M/N
#6,u%# noun cave
! )66, -0#6'$((# r5)R1,(( :H #6,u%#E There is a story about this cave.
6 #H, -0 #6)5',-(I, H, noun bicycle
#H, :6)5E5-#5 H, noun wash basin
\6,66:1 0J($ 6 #H6 :J1 $6:E%% &J1 6 #H, :6)5E5-#5 H,K You all put
hot water in the wash basin!
basin!
#6,H#I1 noun half-dried, compressed food, esp. berries or seaweed
!6,'(1$ -0H#& H&J &5,5&6Eb$ #6,H#I1 :J1 $6I,5-6$(1,E We picked a
lot of strawberries so we can make dried berry patties.

#6,J(D noun (plug of) chewing tobacco
TJ -066&H, sH$"0 #6,J(D )5 4((, &5)5&6,J(E The woman was given
a plug of tobacco.
#6,JI66 noun pounder (for meat or grease)
#6,JI66 :(1, noun mortar for pounding
lH$"0 H&J 66$ :J1 )66)5$J &J1 #6,JI66 :(1,E He uses the mortar for
pounding his tobacco.
#6,b-066 noun three-cornered needle for sewing skin or leather
\H #6,b-066 6, DH-0)1 ,J(' 66$ I6rJ1-E I sew moccasins with this leather
needle.
F6,b-066 >%!$$( S6831"-)HI I&66E%% )Rb-#5 )%%*G :b-E I bought a
leather needle from JoAnne Fabrics for (sewing) moose hide.
6 #6,u%, noun partway up it; halfway up it (the inside of a vessel or container)
tea.
heavy!
#6,'H6# noun mica
#6,'H6# noun gold-rust; flecked with gold or rust
#6,'Gr466 noun drip, leak with dripping
/66, #6$6I I6, &5-1IJr &J #6,'Gr466E All night I was kept awake by
that slow drip.
#H,- noun pounded shell powder
TJ #H,- ,H6: #H6 :J1 $6E%%K Put the pounded shell powder on the garden!
#6,-u%&66 noun planting stick
!I 4((, ,H$ &J1 #6,-u%&66K Hand me the planting stick!
#6&H6, noun lump in the flesh; tumor
Q5 sH,-1sH6 &%%,(( :H #6&H6,E There are tumors all over her thigh.
#6&u%, noun bead
F6&u%, ,(($ r(1#6D&J1$ 6 #H6 #6rHK Embroider a flower on it with
beads!
#6&u%, #6Eb-066 noun fine needle for stringing beads
/'J' )J1 I&6,(($ 6I #6&u%, #6Eb-066E I can't see my needle anymore.

#6DH*&66 :(1, noun mortar for grinding
!I 4((, ,H$ &J #6DH*&66 :(1,; :H6 -HD, 66$ :J1 $r6-6$(1:b,K Hand
me the mortar so I can use it on this devil's club!
#6DJ(' noun trouble; conflict
! &H$I H&J :66 *6*G,"0 &J #6DJ(' ,(($E He walks on the edge of
trouble.
F6DJ(' -0H6)( 0H$1I -1,(( &J -066,#E The young girl is a troublemaker.
#6DJ(- noun wire
TJ 0b, *5#-01,G)HI #6-1DH, &J #6DJ(-E The wire runs from the corner of
that house.
F6DJ(- ,(($ &u%-0)(1 #)5)R1DH, )5 IH-E His jaw is held together with
a wire.
#6Db'66 noun scrubber
!I :J1 41$(1:b H&J #6Db'66 #1)J1$ )66$JE My job is to clean erasers.
#6D&66$ noun frost
\(()H, r5:6#J1 s66,H6 :J1 )66$J :b- :H #6D&66$ #HI :66 $6*G)1E
/'J' ,'6I #%%-0Ib'# :H #6D&66$E It's not very slippery with this frost.
#6D&(1,' noun itch; rash
\6#J1:1 $H6#& H&J :J1 6&-1$(1 :H #6D&(1,' #H6 :J1 66&6E%%E He
made some good medicine and put it on the rash.
#6D&J1I noun high bush cranberry
of cranberries.
F6$J(*&H' :b- :J1 )66)5$J #6D&J1IE Highbush cranberries are used for
the berry and salmon egg dish.
#6D&J$66 noun dipper, scoop, ladle; brailer bag
pH6, ,(($ H&J -06&)5)'10b# &J #6D&J$66E The brailer bag was filled
with salmon.
F6D&J$66 :(( :b- H&J I&'1:JI 6I :66*G :b#DE I built space for the
brailer bags in my boat.
#6DH6-466 noun trickle of water; steady drip or leak
/'(1 5',bD"0 ,66,D &J1 0b, )66)HI #6DH6-466E The water dripping from
the house freezes at night.
#6DH-66 noun rip saw; double-handled saw for sawing lumber
F6DH-66 ,(($ H&J #s((DH6-0 ')6#H, &J1 ,H6K You will cut all those
boards with a rip saw!
F6DH-66 :6DH6, H&J 6-01*u%#E He really knows how to sharpen the rip
saw.

#6DH-,1 noun lumber
TJ #u%r #6DH-,1 6 :6$H6 :6$ 66&6,H$E He put plywood over the pit in
the ground.
#6DH-,1 )66#60b)1 noun sawmill
F6DH-,1 )66#60b)1 IH$, 0H$E He is standing next to the sawmill.
F}op verb root
ccc #641#HDI ccc
--- | it's spotted | ---.
THEME: #6c4c#HDI M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be spotted, have polka-dots
VARANTS: c*HDI
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
l5&6#66$ :H)1 #641#HDIE A fawn is spotted.
6, #HI 6)J'1 noun guard, watchman
#6I*H6$1 :(1, noun frying pan, skillet
6 #HI1 noun its sap, phloem
6 #6I:(( RelationalNoun its ceiling
Q'(1, :HI &5)5&6$J(*&H' &J #6I:((E The ceiling was painted white.
#6IH, noun green, unripe berry
#6I((- noun strong urine smell
VARANTS: #(I((- MPN
#6Ib'66 noun iron (for ironing)
P0H6*5 66 #6Ib'66 -,%%D #HD H&J :6$ )5,J(:"0 :6s6,66:b,E The
irons of long ago were set on the stove to heat up.
6 #6:66 noun something sort of like it; something not measuring up to it; where
one expects it to be
bluejay.
#6:66$b noun leaf, leaves; vegetation, plants, herbs, herbiage
the water.
l5&6#66$ I6I%%I $%%"0 r(1#6DJ,'# #6:66$b ,(($E I always use a
bunchberry leaf to call deer.
#6:H6-0 noun platform; porch
\J1 H&J &)5&6-H6 F6:H6-0 Ab, =5#$6IEH)1"0E The Coho Salmon tribe
has named it Platform House.

)5 #6:H)1 noun her fetus, unborn child
VARANTS: )5 #(:J)1 MPN
6 #6:J1# noun sound, noise of it
T6-0J($ #6:J1# 66&6EHIE She heard the sound of the machine.
]6$)66)6*u%*5 #6:J1# I66EHI"0E I can hear the sound of a woodpecker.
#6:J1' noun peace, calm
#6:(1I noun wood shavings
#6:(1I,Hs5 MPN noun wood chips; wood shavings
VARANTS: #6:(1I,6sG M!,/N
shavings.
pH6: #6:(1I,Hs5 6 ,6#HD :J1 $6E%%K Put yellow cedar shavings in the
bottom of it!
6 #6:b- Adverb for it (a day, week; a dish)
T%%-0 *6I)5-0H6 6 #6:b- H&J :J(- '66# 66&6rH6E She sewed a new
dress for the wedding that was to take place.
6 #6E66-b noun its mast (of boat)
)5 #((#H$ noun coming to see him/her
)5 #J(# noun her younger sister; his younger brother; cousin
/-%%,-DH$"0 5&6-0H6 6I #J(#E A Tsimshian married my little sister.
Q5 #J(# ,(($ H&J r5#J(, 06- &%%E66,E She went berry picking with her
younger sister.
#J(' noun auklet or murrelet
B0(1-0u%I H&J 6#66&6"0H#&; #J(' 6 #H6 :J1 66&6E%%E He carved a
rattle and put a murrelet on it.
#J(- noun bracelet
o(1,' 6 #H6 #6&)5&6"0H#& :H #J(-E A Thunderbird is carved on this
bracelet.
FddB verb root
6:6#6&'1#b- ccc 6:6#'6#b-I
s/he put it out | --- | s/he puts it out (regularly).

THEME: ec:6c#6cBc'c#J(-t M~ (7($,N
for S to put out, extinguish O (fire); for S to turn off O (light)
:6#6&'1#b- :66 :6#6$6'#b- :6#'6#b-I
it went out | it's starting to go out | it goes out (regularly).
THEME: :6c#6c'c#J(-t M~ (7($,N
for a fire, light to go out
#J(, noun killerwhale
P06- 6 *%%-0b )5&6,J($ &J #J(,E Only the dorsal fin of the killerwhale is
visible.
)5 #((: noun his/her knee
Q5 #((: H&J &5)5&6D66-0E They cut into his knee.
)5 #((: -06#6$u%D5 noun his/her kneecap
VARANTS: )5 #1:-06#6$u%D5; )5 #1:-06#5$u%D5 M!,N; )5
#1:-0(#($u%D5 MPN
Q5 #((: -06#6$u%D5 H&J ,'(1 H, $6-0Ib'"0E His kneecap slides
around.
#(1 Adverb up
VARANTS: #J1
crybaby.
FdC verb root
6#6&-1#(1 6#-6#J1#& :(1 6#-6#J1"0
s/he untangled it | s/he is untangling it | s/he untangles it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc-c#(1t Ms6 6",N
for S to trail, follow tracks of O; for S to untangle O; for S to rip back, undo O
(sewing, knitting)
F6I-6#J 6 #u%$ &J #1$66#EH,K Unravel the hem on the coat!
#J1 )6r1$41 -H6D& noun umbrella
}6 6#&)'1IJ1,' &J1 #J1 )6r1$41 -H6D&E He is afraid of the umbrella.
#J1)'6)1 noun gull, seagull
walking around.

)5 #(1*G noun his/her lungs
Q5 #(1*G ,u%D H&J #6&H6, 66&6-0H6,E He got lung cancer.
#(14b$ Numeral five
leaders.
F(14b$ 6I :66)J1 #(1 41-6,66$K Give me five!
#(14b$1$HI Numeral five (people)
#(14b$ :6*1:(( noun Friday
be the jailer.
FdC= verb root
6#6&'1#J' :66 6#6$6'#J' 6#'6#J'I
s/he soaked it | s/he is soaking it | s/he soaks it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'c#(1't M (7($,N
for S to soak O
)5 #J1'# noun his sororal niece, nephew
VARANTS: )5 #J1'#&
!-1IH$ H&J )5 #J1'#E He loves his nephew.
Q5 #J1'# )5 I(1- 6, &5-1EJ(E His niece cooked for him.
FdC=
Z
verb root
)66# 6&'1#J' )66# 6$6'#J' )66# 6'#J'"0
he/she/it chased it into the open | he/she/it is chasing it into the open | he/she/it
chases it into the open (regularly).
THEME: )66# ec'c#(1't M~ +%,1%$N
for S to chase O into the open, out to sea
NOTES: /01- 7(38 1- %9,($ 5-() ,% )(-"318( ,0( 236",1"( 5-() 8: $(,
91-0(3+($ %9 35$$1$* ,0( 8%6, 6'%$* ,0( $(, ,% "06-( 91-0 1$,% 1,E
#(1-0b-0 noun alnus alder (beach or mountain alder)
F(1-0b-0 H&J '6,-H6 $%%"0 r5,66$DE Alder always smells good in the
summer.
#J1,5 noun pick, pickaxe
>1-06*u%$ H&J #J1,5E A pick is a tool.
#(1,' noun dog
C*6:(1r ,-H &J #(1,'K Don't let the dog bite you!
#J'66 noun dish; platter
VARANTS: #b'66
Fb'66 :HI 1 :H #66DH,E Your face is shaped like a platter.

#J', noun ash; ashes
FJ', ,5&66#GI )5':J1IE They make tobacco out of wood ashes.
F($6-$%%& noun Killisnoo
F($6-$%%& H6 r%%&)R1,(( &J rH6E That man was born in Killisnoo.
#(,''u%D5 noun yellow
F(,''u%D5 :HI :6,(( &J r(1#6D&J1$E The flower is light yellow.
F1"0IH6$ noun Ketchikan
#1"0IE6$6*66, noun rainbow
F1"0IE6$6*66, )66, -0#6'$((# ,'J' &5)5-#GE There aren't any stories
known about rainbows.
#1"0:H, noun tern
F1"0:66, 1'#&H,I -b, :HDE Terns lay eggs by glaciers.
6 #b*1 noun half of it (something cut or broken in half); one side of it (a
symmetrical object)
]1-0%% 6 #b*1 6I 4((, &5)5)R1,H6E I was given half of a pig.
6 #b41 noun its wing
Q5 #b41 H&J &%%'J(D &J ,-b,-#&; H"0 H&J ,'J' H, &5)6r(($E The
songbird's wing broke, that's why it doesn't fly around.
#14%%# noun kind of hawk
VARANTS: *14%%#
F14%%# -H6D& r5)R1,((E There is a hawk hat.
)5 #b# noun one side of his/her torso
P06 )5 #b#, 5&6*G,E He walked by his side.
Q5 #b#, 0H$ &J )5 :J(,E His son is standing beside him.
6 #b# noun alongside it; catching up with it
6 #b#$HI noun in addition to it; along with it; to the side of it; besides that
Q5 #b#$HI #(1 I6$6,H$E He is talking while someone else is talking.
F1#-EH)1 noun Kiks.di, locally called "Frog"; a clan of the Raven moiety
whose principal crest is the Frog
)5 #1#:H)1 noun his/her twin
VARANTS: )5 #1#:J)1 MPN
QJ1I &%%"0 #1#:H,D1 6I 4((&GE I have two sets of twins.
#b#1 66 noun younger one
ou%,- I5-E((,b H&J 6&-1,(($ &J #b#1 66E The younger one saw the bear
tracks.

#b'66 noun dish; platter
VARANTS: #J'66
Fb'66 6I 4((&G; ,'J' r5E66 H,I 5I'6:(1I I have a platter but I don't use it.
/'J #b'66 #H, H&J r66 IJ1I 06- 6, &%%,((E They fed the people from
platters.
6 #1$H6# RelationalNoun above it
B066 #1$H6#)(1 :66 $6*G,E He is walking to the top of the mountain.
#1$66#EH, noun coat, overcoat
VARANTS: #1$66EH,; #1$66EJ, MPN
m66 #6-H$ ,6:((, -05#6,H$1 H&J :6#J1 &J1 -J' #1$66#EH,E A
#1$66EH, noun coat, overcoat
VARANTS: #1$66#EH,; #1$66EJ, MPN
#1$)6"0%%$(1, noun mallard duck
F1$)6"0%%$(1, #5r6Eu%$ DH6$66 6,I66:b :b-E I will shoot a mallard
duck for dinner.
A1$:1#*H6D5 #1$)6"0%%$(1, I%%, &5-1#&66$E Golden eye ducks are
swimming around among the Mallard ducks.
#b$)(1 Adverb upward
VARANTS: #b$)(; )1#b$)(1; )1#b$)(
m6$6-0*1)J1 rH6 H&J #b$)(1 6'-0H, )5 -0HE The poor man is holding
his head high.
off the snow.
#1$*5"0&H6$ Du%&5 noun Hudson Bay blanket
F1$*5"0&H6$ Du%&5 )5 #HI #6&)5&6:66E He was covered with a
Hudson Bay blanket.
#b,66 noun pry; stick or tool for prying; crowbar
Fb,66 H&J H,I 06- 6':(1Ib$ 066 'J('#5 0H-E Our grandparents used to
use a peavey.
)5 #1:-0H noun end of his/her knee
)5 #1:-06#6$u%D5 noun his/her kneecap
VARANTS: )5 #((: -06#6$u%D5; )5 #1:-06#5$u%D5 M!,N; )5
#1:-0(#($u%D5 MPN

Fee
X
verb root
6&-1#u% :66 6$6-#&J1$ 6-#&(1I
s/he knows it | s/he's beginning to learn it | s/he realizes it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c#%%t M~ (7($,N
for S to know, be acquainted with, make known O (esp. people, facts); for S to
learn O (esp. facts)
A6- s6)5-#u%, H&J #%%*J1$66 :J1 - 6:6Eu%E They are recognizable by
the sash that they wear.
/'J1' I&6-6#G s((: #6$6I r5,J(- :u% )5&6-H6*5 IH6,E I don't know
the fish called ratfish.
#u%"0 noun noiseless fart
#%%"0J1,66 noun ball
VARANTS: #%%"0J(,66
F%%"0J1,66 H&J 66$ 06- 6-0 #%%':H, &J 6,:H,D1E The children are
playing with a ball.
#%%*J1$66 noun sash (worn over shoulder)
VARANTS: #%%*&J1$66
A6- s6)5-#u%, H&J #%%*J1$66 :J1 - 6:6Eu%E They are recognizable by
the sash that they wear.
#%%4GD66 M/PN noun wheelbarrow; hand truck, dolly
VARANTS: #%%4GD&66 M!$N; #%%4bD&66 M!,N
F%%4GD66 #HD H&J 06- 6#66&6"0H# &J *H$E They hauled the firewood
in the wheel barrel.
#%%4GD&66 M!$N noun wheelbarrow; hand truck, dolly
VARANTS: #%%4GD66 M/PN; #%%4bD&66 M!,N
6, #%%#(1)b noun parable
#%%#b,-66 noun seesaw
VARANTS: #%%#J(,-66 M!,N
=)6#H, -"0%%' H&J #%%#b,-66 H6 :J1 )5&6Eu% A seesaw is put at every
school.
#%%#J$66 noun sandhopper
}, &541#J1$ &J #%%#J$66E The sandhopper is hopping around.
#u%r noun pit; hole dug in the ground; cellar
they dug a pit.
TJ #u%r 6 :(( #6&41sb,E It is dark inside the cellar.
#%%rJ$66 noun messenger; angel
F%%rJ$66"0 H&J 06- )5 (($ #66&6$((# :H 66sH6 r%%&)R1,((:b :J
066 Q1#J( 66$rH6&5E The messenger told them when our Lord was born.
Q5 #%%rJ$6:1 r5, &541D((DE His messenger ran away.

)5 #%%' noun his/her navel, bellybutton
Q5 #%%' H&J #6&'1D&J,'E His navel itches.
#%%'J1I&66 noun walrus
F%%'J1I&66 )'((: *J )5IH{ Is walrus meat eaten?
)5 #u%$ noun hem of his/her coat, shirt, dress
#u%$ noun northern flicker
Fu%$ ,66&G :J1 $)5E(1"0 6'(1I :b-E Flicker feathers are used in dancing.
6 #u%$ noun its hem, bottom edge (of coat, dress, shirt); rim (of hat)
F6I-6#J 6 #u%$ &J #1$66#EH,K Unravel the hem on the coat!
#u%-0)66 noun land otter; river otter
our beachfront.
!6- ,J1# H&J H6 6&)'1-b$ &J #u%-0)66E The land otter hid behind a tree.
#u%-0)66 $H6*5 noun liniment
#%%,J(:66 noun totem pole
Q5 I6:HI 6&'1:JI &J #%%,J(:66E He made the totem according to his
instructions.
F%%,J(:66 *6I)5':(1Ib IH6: :J1 $)5E(1"0E When a totem is made it is
yellow cedar that is used.
#%%,H6D66 noun marble
F%%,H6D66 6-0 #6,%%':H, $%%4b$E We always used to play with marbles.
#%%,'J1,66 noun tern
#%%& noun slippers (shell creature)
6 #%%&G noun its tail (of bird or fish)
P05 ,'( 6 #%%&G ,(($ I&66IH6E I ate the tail and all.
Feeo verb root
#6&'1#%%D :66 #6$6'#GD :%% #'1#GD#
it drained out | it's draining out | it drains out (regularly).
THEME: #6c'c#%%Dt M$6 (7($,N
for a kettle, container etc. to drain out, go dry
AJ($ #6&5'#5DG )5,(($ $%%"0 &J 01$,5E((4bE When the water level
drops, the reef can always be seen.
-066&6#GD ccc -06#GDI
s/he is thirsty | --- | s/he gets thirsty (regularly).
THEME: ec-06c~c#%%Dt M~ (7($,N
for O to be thirsty; for O to be dry
#u%D noun rice; Kamchatka lily root
Fu%D (($ )5-EJ( ,'66r&H"0E Wild rice is cooked with wild rhubarb.
Fu%D )66#(1, #H6 :J1 )5EGIDE Rice is put into a container.

#%%DJ()66 noun pencil; pen; brush
TJ1, ,1$ DGD H&J 6 #H6 :6$ #6:-6,H$ 1 #%%DJ()6:1K Put your pencil
on top of that book laying there!
#%%Db)66 M!,N noun fish spear with a long pole and detachable gaff hook
F%%:6 m&H6$ noun Kuiu Island people
6 #G)1 noun nest (of animal)
A1$:1#*H6D5 #G)1 6&-1,(($E She saw a golden eye duck's nest.
#5066$#J( noun orphan
#Gr)'66 noun bubbles, esp. from whale
VARANTS: *Gr)'66
#Gr466 noun fast drip with bubbles
#5$6s((: noun cove; bight
VARANTS: #5$6s(1:
#5-6#66# adj. thick
#G, noun nest
! #G)1 )66, &5)1r(($ &J *6$)66-664bE There is a bee flying around the
nest.
#5,'H adj. stout
#5,-(($ noun mouse; rat
#5&H6, adj. long
#5D Adverb aground, into shallow water
154 - F& - Dictionary of Tlingit

F&
#&66$ noun smallpox
FT!![ verb root
H, 06- &5-1#&66$ ccc ccc
they are swimming around there; they swam around there | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, -c#&66$t M$6 +%,1%$N
for birds to swim around on surface of water at P
]Gr' &J1, &5-1#&66$E Swans are swimming around there.
H, 41&-1#&66$ ccc ccc
it is swimming around there; it swam around there | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, 41c-c#&66$t M$6 +%,1%$N
for a bird or insect to swim around on surface of water at P (esp. aimlessly or in
circles)
of the water.
F&66-0#1 m&H6$ noun Kwaashk'i Kwan, locally called "Humpback
Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Humpback
Salmon
#&J1: noun marker; mark, sign
#&-0J particle Eh?; I wonder
VARANTS: #&-0J1; #5-0J; #5-0J1
#&-0J1 interj. maybe; I'm not sure; [expression of uncertainly]
VARANTS: #&-0J; *5-0J1; *5-0J
c# adj. little; precious; [diminutive suffix]
NOTES: !))1$* c# ,% ,0( ($) %9 6 $%5$ 1$)1"6,(- -+6'' -1R(E T0($
6))() ,% 6 #1$ ,(3+; 1, -(37(- 6- 6 ,(3+ %9 ($)(63+($,E

F
#66*H$ noun stickleback
F!![ verb root
6&-01#66$ 6-01#H6$ ccc
s/he hated him/her/it | s/he hates him/her/it | ---.
THEME: ecBc-0c#66$t M*6 -,6,(N
for S to hate O
NOTES: /01- 1- ,0( %$': #$%&$ -,6,17( 7(38 &1,0 *6c "%$45*6,1%$
23(91D 6$) 6 763168'( -,(+E !'' %,0(3 -,6,17( 7(38- &1,0 *6c
"%$45*6,1%$ 23(91D 067( 1$763168'( -,(+-E
#H#& noun owl without ear tufts
/'J' 66 r&6-6,b$"0 &J #H#& :u% )5&6-H6*5 66 ,-b-#&E I have never
seen the bird they call the owl without ear tufts.
/66,D H&J 06- 6'u%$ &J #H#&E Owls hunt at night.
F}/B verb root
:6&'1#H,- :6'1#H,- #(1 :6'6#H,-"0
it got sharp | it's sharp | it gets sharp (regularly).
THEME: :6c'c#66,-t M*6 -,6,(N
for an edge to be sharp
[u%-# I66*G rG$HI :6'1#H,-E Wolverine claws are really sharp.
\6'1#H,- )5 s6',5'b,6:1E His pocketknife is sharp.
#(('4H6 noun chinook wind; south wind
VARANTS: #(1'4H6
F(('4H6 ,u%$HI :66 $6rGIE He is driving through a storm.
F(('4H6 ,(($ H:H -J(& 066, 6:6&)1,J(E Rain came with the storm.
Fdd/ verb root
66)J M06N- #6&)1#J(, 66)J :66 M06N- #6$)6#b,
66)J :%% M06N- #6)6#b,#
the group went there | the group is going there (in stages) | the group goes there
(regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec#6c)1c#J(,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O (group of people) to all go or come to P
!6$ #66)J r5#6&)1#J(,E Everyone went uptown.
H, 06- #6&)1#b, 66)J :66 M06N- #6$)6#b, HI 06-
#6)6#J(,
the group went to it | the group is going to it (in stages) | the group goes to it
(regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6c)c#J(,t M~ +%,1%$N
for O (group of people) to all leave, go or come to P

r%%&6#b, r5#J(, r5#b,I
s/he picked berries | s/he is picking berries | s/he picks berries (regularly).
THEME: r5cBc~c#J(,t M~ 6",N
for S to pick berries (esp. pick in quantity to take home)
m5#J(, *6I,%%EH6, "0((Is66E We are going to pick thimbleberries.
#J(,-6$ noun false azalea (fruitless bush)
P06- #J(,-6$ H:H :H6s66 &%%,((E There's nothing but false azalea
around here.
Fddp verb root
:6$6I &5-01#J(I ccc :6$6I #(1 -06#bI"0
he/she/it got hung up | --- | he/she/it gets hung up (regularly).
THEME: @c$HI ec-0c#J(It M*6 +%,1%$N
for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up at P
VARANTS: c#J1I
words get hung up.
6 #((:b noun its base (of tree or other plant); the lower part of its trunk or stem
!6- #((:J(, 6-0 66&6,H$ )5 u%$6:1E He leaned his rifle against the tree
trunk.
FdC verb root
6&'1#J1 #(1 6$6'#jJ1$ #(1 6'#J1"0
s/he improved it | s/he is improving it | s/he improves it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c#J1t M*6 (7($,N
for S to improve O; for S to make peace, make up with O (after quarrel)
r%%&6#(1 r5&6#J1 :(1 r5#J1"0
the weather became good | the weather is good | the weather becomes good
(regularly).
THEME: r5c~c#(1t Ms6 -,6,(N
for the weather to be good
\(()H, r5:6#J1 s66,H6 :J1 )66$J :b- :H #6D&66$ #HI :66 $6*G)1E
)5 ,%%&G &%%#J1 )5 ,%%&G :6#J1 )5 ,%%&G #(1
#J1"0
s/he was happy | s/he is happy | s/he gets happy (regularly).
THEME: [ ,%%&G ~c#J1 M*6 -,6,( 1+2(39E c#J1Lc#JN
for N to be glad, happy, feel fine
mG$HI &J :(( &%%EJ(D1 66 ,-G :(( I%% :J1 #s&6,J( ,%%&G #J
,(($E Your hostess will welcome you all as well. (Lit: Your hostess will be
among you all with good feelings.)
m6 IH, ,-G 6I ,%%&G :6#J1 :66 6 #H6 :J1 I6, *5s&6,((:b :66

=1$*b,I I6, -6,((:bE And I too am thankful that I'm part of this being that I'm
Lingt.
,'J' &5-0#J ,'J' 5-0#J ,'J' #(1 5-0#J1"0
he/she/it was bad | he/she/it is bad | he/she/it gets bad (regularly).
THEME: ,'J' ec-0c#J1t M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be bad, evil, no good
NOTES: B%+( 9'5($, -2(6#(3- "%$-1)(3 ,01- 6 ,68%% &%3) ,% 5-( 1$
3(9(3($"( ,% 6$%,0(3 2(3-%$; &01'( %,0(3- 91$) 1, 6""(2,68'(E S%3
-2(6#(3- &0% 91$) 1, 6""(2,68'(; 0(3( 1- 6$ (D6+2'(< /'J' 5-01#J1:1
rH6 H&JE /06, +6$ 1- $% *%%)E
=5-01#J1:1 H, H#&J 6,D66:b{ Is the centipede poisonous?
hears the bad talk.
&%%#J1 :6#J1 #(1 #J1"0
he/she/it was good; he/she/it got better | he/she/it is good | he/she/it gets better
(regularly).
THEME: ec~c#jJ1 M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be good, fine, pretty
=%%# 6, IJ(-01 H&J :6#J1E Coho salmon dryfish is good.
)5 IJ &%%#J1 )5 IJ :6#J1 ccc
s/he liked the taste of it | s/he likes the taste of it | ---.
THEME: [ IJ ~c#J1 M*6 -,6,(N
for N to like the taste of something
lHI )'((:b *J 1 IJ :6#J1{ Does rabbit meat taste good to you?
]6$*5#sHI1 rG$HI 06- )5 IJ :6#J1E The fish heads cooked around the
fire are very tasty to them.
#(1'4H6 noun chinook wind; south wind
VARANTS: #(('4H6
FdC[ verb root
H, &541#J1$ ccc ccc
he/she/it is jumping around; he/she/it jumped around | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, Bc4c#J1$t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to jump around at P
}, &541#J1$ &J #%%#J$66E The sandhopper is hopping around.
TJ *6&)H6$ :H)1 H, &541#J1$E That colt is jumping around.
#(1 06- #6&)5&6#J$ #(1 M06N- #6$)5#J$ #(1 M06N-
#6)5#J$I
they jumped | they're getting ready to jump | they jump (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ec#6c)5c~c#J1$t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) O to jump
/'H#& #6)5#J$D &J "0(("0E The porpoise always jump.

#(1, noun young salmonberry bush shoots (edible)
F(1, )5IH6:1$E Young salmonberry bush shoots used to be eaten.
FdCp verb root
6-066&6#JI ccc 6-06#JII
s/he hooked it in the head | --- | s/he hooks it in the head (regularly).
THEME: ec-06cBc~c#J1It M~ (7($,N
for S to hook O (fish) in the head
VARANTS: c#J(It M!$N
)5 #b noun his/her rump; the flesh around his/her hips
P06 ,'H#& EH6 H&J :6$J(#& )5 #bE His rump hurts from sitting all the
time.
!I #b &5'1D&H-rE My rump is numb.
6 #b RelationalNoun the base or foot of it (a standing object)
)5 #1)66#H noun next door to him/her/it
\(( #1)66#H r5Eu%&5 *6:-6IH$K Love your neighbor!
#1)66#H 66 noun neighbor
A66 #1)66#H r5Eu%&5 ,66, #6$6I 06- 6, &%%-0((E Our neighbors
sang all night long.
#1)66r&H6$1 noun neighbors
#1)J1$ Adverb well
F1)J1$ 66I DH-0 &J ,H6 6, I6IJ()'1K Cut the trimming off the board
good!
F1)J1$ *J -0 ((',b${ Are you taking good care of yourself?
)5 #1r'H$ noun his/her palate
VARANTS: )5 #1r'J$ MPN
#1$6-0u% noun pneumonia
F1$6-0u% $J(#& H:H 66&6-0H6,E She caught pneumonia.
#1$"0J1:1 noun rose
F1$"0J1:1 H&J 6I ,'H6 4((:b- I&66E%%E I bought a rose for my mother.
#1$"0J1:1 ,'J1s5 noun rosehip
F1$"0J1:1 ,'J1s5 ,(($ &5)5)R1EJ( :u% #6$6,HE Those blueberries were
cooked with rosehips.
#b$# noun aged fish head
\6#J1 #b$# I%%D IH6, :1#EH)1E The fish guts are good in fermenting stink
heads.
Fb$#1 ,-J(*1 rG$HI :6#J1E Barbecued fermented salmon heads are very
good.
#1-H6$1 noun boys, young men
F1-H6$1 H, :6&)10H6E There's a crowd of young men there.

F1-H6$1"0 *H$ )5 4((:b- 06- 66&6DH-0E The young men cut wood for
him.
6 #1-06,66s6$b noun quills on rear end of it (porcupine)
VARANTS: 6 #1-0(,66s6$b MPN
! #1-06,66s6$b :J1 $)5E(1"0 *5# #6466-0b :b-E Its quills are used for
earrings.
#bI66 noun gaff hook; grappling hook
VARANTS: #JI66
6 #1:(( RelationalNoun near the base of it; at the foot of it; the back, rear or it
(house); behind it (house); under the shelter of it (a standing object or structure)
TJ 66- #1:((, H&J 06- rJ($E They're sitting beneath the tree.
#%%)H- noun shirt
VARANTS: *%%)H-; #%%)J- MPN
[H-# 6 )%%*G Du%& H&J )5 #H6 #6#s&6*J1 #%%)H- -H#&; &J rH6
6 #u%' noun its back end; stern (of boat)
VARANTS: 6 #u%'1
! #u%')( #6:"0H#K You all pack it in the stern!
! #u%'1 06- s66s6r(( &J 6, :H,D1E Let the children sit in the stern.
)5 #u%' noun his/her tailbone; bottom of his/her spine
Fee/B verb root
6&'1#%%,- ccc :%% 6'1#G,-#
s/he broke it | --- | s/he breaks it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c#%%,-t M$6 (7($,N
for S to break O (esp. rope-like objects)
! DJ1D5 H&J :%% )5)'1#G,-# &J IH6,E One breaks the gills of the fish.
#u%D noun marten
Fu%Ds66 6'u%$ H&J 06- &%%E66,E They went hunting for marten.
#u%D )b-1 noun Venus
#u%I noun gum; lead
]G, :J1 I6'6,-(($b$ #u%IE Gum used to cost a dime.
#u%I 'J,'# noun soft lead
#u%I ,bD1 noun leadline (of net)
#5'#6-#JD#& noun beetle
#G$,- noun potato
TJ 6#60J1I1 4(()HI #G$,- 06- 66&6E%%E They bought potatoes from the
farmer.
160 - !" - Dictionary of Tlingit

# %"&'()"* noun its testicles (of moose, caribou)
%"+,##'- noun deer cabbage, lily-of-the-valley
Dictionary of Tlingit - F& - 161

F&
#&H'I noun fiddlehead fern (with edible rhizome)
#&H, noun egg (of bird)
TH6 -H #%%*J1 &J #&H,{ How many eggs are there?
F&H, oH6)1)J *6I,%%ru%I #J1)'6)1 #&H)1sH6E We are going to Egg
Island for seagull eggs.
)5 #&H, noun his testicles
FT}/ verb root
6&)'1#&H, ccc 6'#&H,I
it laid an egg | --- | it lays eggs (regularly).
THEME: 6c)c'c#&66,t M~ (7($,N
for birds to lay eggs, nest
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 7(38 1$ ,0( (D6+2'( -($,($"( 0(3(< 1'#&H,I 1-
,0( 1$,36$-1,17( 3(2(,1,17( 9%3+; &01'( ,0( 3(2(,1,17( 9%3+ *17($
68%7(< 6'#&H,I 1- ,36$-1,17(E /0( )199(3($"( 1- ,06, ,0( ,36$-1,17(
9%3+ 9%"5-(- +%3( %$ ,0( %84(", M1$ ,01- "6-(; ,0( (**NE S%3
(D6+2'(; 6'#&H,I "%5') 8( ,36$-'6,() 6- 1, '6:- (**- &01'(
1'#&H,I "%5') 8( ,36$-'6,() 6- 1, 3(23%)5"(- M1$ ,0( 9%3+ %9 6$
(**NE
162 - m - Dictionary of Tlingit

m
r6 particle and
B1*(1)b '(()b :6&GI r6 rH6,' :HI :6,((E A beaver's tail is wide and
flat.
/%%"0 r6 ,'H6,' :HI )6s66,J( *6$)66-664bE Bees are black and yellow.
m!!
Z
verb root
H6 641#66&6r66 ccc H6 :%% 641#66:6rJ1#
s/he gave him/her orders | --- | s/he gives him/her orders (regularly).
THEME: H6 ec41c#6cM5NcBc~cr66t M$6 (7($,N
for S to instruct, give O orders (to do)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, 1$ "'6--1"6' /'1$*1,; ,01- 7(38 06) 6 ,0(+6,1" 23(91D
M5cN &01"0 1- -'%&': 96''1$* %5, %9 +%)(3$ )6: -2(("0E /01- 1-
1$)1"6,() 1$ ,0( =((3cd)&63)- ,0(+( 6- M5NcE !',(3$6,( 9%3+-
*17($ %$'1$( -0%& %$( 9%3+ &1,0 ,0( ,0(+6,1" M5Nc 6$) %$(
&1,0%5,; 8%,0 %9 &01"0 63( 6""(2,68'( 1$ +%)(3$ -2(("0E
o(1,' #6#J1$ #%%)H- 6I :6*((:b #66)J1 H6 r66 41#66&6r66 6I
'J('#&"0E My grandmother commissioned a Thunderbird sweater for my
birthday.
6#66&6r66 ccc :%% 6#6:6rJ1# L :%% 6#5&6rJ1#
s/he sent him/her on an errand | --- | s/he sends him/her on an errand (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cM5NcBc~cr66t M$6 (7($,N
for S to send O (esp. on a mission or errand, or to deliver a message)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, 1$ "'6--1"6' /'1$*1,; ,01- 7(38 06) 6 ,0(+6,1" 23(91D
M5cN &01"0 1- -'%&': 96''1$* %5, %9 +%)(3$ )6: -2(("0E /01- 1-
1$)1"6,() 1$ ,0( =((3cd)&63)- ,0(+( 6- M5NcE !',(3$6,( 9%3+-
*17($ 68%7( -0%& %$( 9%3+ &1,0 ,0( ,0(+6,1" M5Nc 6$) %$( &1,0%5,;
8%,0 %9 &01"0 63( 6""(2,68'( 1$ +%)(3$ -2(("0E
rafters.
ccc :J1 6)66:6rH ccc
--- | s/he tells him/her that | ---.
THEME: M:J1N ec)66c:6cBc~crH M6",N
for S to tell O (that)
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
bring shame on us!"
:J1 :66&6r66 :J1 I6:6rH :%% I6:6r(1#
s/he said that | s/he is saying that | s/he says that (regularly).
THEME: M:J1N MI6Nc:6cBc~cr66t M$6 6",N
for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, acknowledge, declare (a certain
Dictionary of Tlingit - m - 163

thing)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+- 6$) 23%0181,17( 9%3+-
3(V513( ,0( ,0(+6,1" 23(91D I6c &01"0 3(9(3- ,% ,0( +%5,0E !'-%
$%,( ,06, -%+( -2(6#(3- 5-( :u% 1$-,(6) %9 :J1; 6- 1$< :u%
:66&6r66 -L0( -61) ,06,E
p6*H6D H&J '1,-(($ :J1 :66&6r66 6I 'J('#&E My grandparent said
that prayer is powerful.
/'1:J1D; 41$60H6 066 #H, s&66D((D; :u% I6:6rH )5 ,'H6E Her
mother says, "Behave, bad luck might befall us!"
:%% 6:6&-1r66 :%% 6:6$6-rH :%% 6:6-1rJ1#
s/he told him/her that | s/he is telling him/her that | s/he tells him/her (regularly).
THEME: M:%%N ec:6cBc-cr66t M$6 (7($,N
for S to tell, say (that) to O; for S to ask O to do (that)
CI-1IH$; :%% 6:6&-1r66 )5 :6)H#5E She told her boyfriend, "I love
you."
!, *J1)( 6:6&-1r66 )5 #J(# ,6,*JE She spoke wrongly against her
younger sister yesterday.
m!!
X
verb root
66&6rH6 6rJ1- ccc
s/he sewed it | s/he is sewing it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cr66t M~ 6",N
for S to sew O
\H 6I '(1I #%%)H- 6 &H$ -0u%, 6, rHK Sew something to the edge of my
dance shirt!
\H #6,b-066 6, DH-0)1 ,J(' 66$ I6rJ1-E I sew moccasins with this
leather needle.
6 #H6 6#66&6rH6 6 #H6 6#6rJ1- 6 #H6 6#6rJ1I
s/he embroidered it on it | s/he's embroidering it on it | s/he embroiders it on it
(regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~cr66t M~ 6",N
for S to sew beads, embroider O
NOTES: /% 1$)1"6,( &06, ,0( )(-1*$ &6- (+83%1)(3() %$,%; 5-(< [
#H6 %$ [E S%3 (D6+2'(< \J1' )5 '5'4b$1 #H6 6#66&6rH6E BL0(
(+83%1)(3() 6 367($ %$ 01-L0(3 7(-,E /01- 1- $%, 3(V513() &1,0
,01- 7(38; 0%&(7(3; 6$) ,0(3(9%3( 1- $%, *17($ 1$ ,0( =((3cd)&63)-
,0(+(E /01- -($,($"( 1- 6'-% 6""(2,68'(< \J1' 6#66&6rH6E BL0(
(+83%1)(3() 6 367($E
beads!
6 #H, 6#6&'1rH6 6 #66)J :66 6#6$6'rJ1$ 6 #HI
6#'6rJ1I
s/he sewed it on it | s/he is sewing it on it | s/he sews it on it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6cBc'cr66t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to sew O on P

&5)1rH6 )6rJ1- ccc
s/he sewed | s/he sews; s/he is sewing | ---.
THEME: Bc)cr66t M~ 6",N
for S to sew
/'1r$66EH, (($ )5rJ1-E A thimble is used for sewing.
/'J' *%%0H6 66)J1 #1)J1$ )6rJ1-1 :JE It's obvious how well she sews.
m!!
`
verb root
6&)'1rH6 6'rH6 ccc
s/he gambled | s/he is gambling | ---.
THEME: 6cBc)c'crH6 M$6 6",N
for S to gamble (by means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to play cards
will play cards.
rH6 noun man; male; person, people
[H-# 6 )%%*G Du%& H&J )5 #H6 #6#s&6*J1 #%%)H- -H#&; &J rH6
B6*G :HI r66 :6:b# )5E6I41 $%%"0 0J($)(1 :66 6$6EH)1E Men's voices
would always sound happy when they went to the sea.
r66 6, %%0J1$1 noun possession; that which is claimed
l%%"0 \6$:(1)b r66 6, %%0J1$1 H&JE The Wolf crest is the property of the
Yanyeid Clan.
B1*(1)b Q(1-0((,66$ r66 6, %%0J1$1 H&JE The Beaver is the property of
the Deisheetaan Clan.
r66 6, u%&5 noun possession(s); that which is owned (by them)
VARANTS: r66 (, u%&5 MPN
oH,*5 H&J B06$*5#(1)b 06- )5 6, u%&5I -1,((E The dogfish is an
artifact of the Thunderbiird people.
B06:6)10J1$1 6, u%& &J1)( :66 $)5-DH,E They are hauling lots of
someone's possessions over that way.
m66"0I6$6EH6#& noun Wrangell
m66"0I6$6EH6#&)( )66# 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat set out for
Wrangell.
m66"0I6$6EH6#&)HI 066, 66&6EH,E People walked here from Wrangell.
m66"0EH)1 noun Kaach.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Sockeye
r66 )66#(1)b noun coffin; casket
m66 )66#(1)b &5)5)'1:JIE Someone built a casket.
r66)66D66-0b noun surgeon
m66)66D66-0b IH$)( #6&)5&6$H6E He was sent to the surgeon.
Q3E B+1,0 :u% )5&6-H6#& &J r66)66D66-0bE The surgeon's name is
Dr. Smith.
r66 )66 :6-J1I1 noun doctor

r66 41E((,b noun handiwork, handmade crafts
m66 41E((,b &J1D )50u%$E They are selling handmade crafts there.
mG$HI :6#J1 H:H r66 41E((,bE This is really good handiwork.
r66 #6$6IrH6 noun snob; person who considers himself/herself better than
others
VARANTS: r66 #($6IrH6 MPN
rH6#&,t Adverb accidentally, wrongly
}6 rGI ,(()6,66$ &J rH6#&, 1&5$(1:bK Think back to the time when you
got hurt!
m!!m verb root
&541r66r ccc :(1 1-0rHr"0
he/she/it squatted | --- | he/she/it squats (reguarly).
THEME: Bc4cr66rt Ms6 (7($,N
for (singular) S to squat, sit down low; for (singular) S to sit down quickly, squat
down; for (singular) S to land (of waterfowl, plane)
r66rI&)66*6$J M!N noun accident; unfortunate mistake or mishap
VARANTS: r66rI&)6*6$J( M/N
r66$66&G ,'H,*1 noun graveyard
m66$66&G ,'H,*1 #66)J1 :6#r&6IH6 r(1#6D&J1$E I will transport
flowers to the graveyard.
r66$#6#E((,D M/N noun in public; at a potlatch, feast
VARANTS: r66$#6*((,D M/N; r66$#(*((D MPN
m66$#6#E((,D :%% I(1&6,H$E He spoke in public.
m66$#6#E((,D 06- 6, &%%-0(( r6 M06N- 66&6'(1IE They sang and
danced in public.
r66 %%I '6:(1Ib noun dentist
VARANTS: r66 %%I '(:(1Ib MPN
r66 %%I :(1 )66$J1:1 noun dentist
Q5 :J(, r66 %%I :J1 )66$J1:1I -1,((E His son is a dentist.
Q5 J( :6$ 6, &5)5)'1,u%& r66 %%I :J1 )66$J1:1 :b-E She completed
dentistry school.
rH6- noun match; stick
! IJ1$HI H&J #6)5'E((-0 &J rH6- #66)J1 &J -66#E Those hooligan
are strung through the mouth on the stick.
r66 -66,b noun boss
T5)5&6I%%I :u%)( &J r66 -66,bE The boss was called to go over there.
)5 rH6-0 noun his/her pelvis, hip

r66 -0H6)( 0H$1 noun leader
VARANTS: r66 -0H6)( 0J$1 MPN
TJ r66 -0H6)( 0H$1 r66 IH$1 )66# 5&6*G,E The leader came out to the
people.
TJ 066 -0H6)( 0H$1 *5$6'"0J(-0 066 4((:b- :J1 :6$6rJ1"0E Our
r66 -0H6)( $HrD1 noun leaders
leaders.
[H-*1$HI 06- :6,(( &J \J1' $66 -0H6)( $HrD1E There are three Raven
Clan leaders.
rH6 -066$ noun old man
TJ *H$ 66$ $6*G &J rH6 -066$ )5 -0u%, 6s1)6E66*b,K Go with the
wood to build a fire for the elderly man!
>1$#66, #J(, *%%-0b 6:6,J($ &J rH6 -066$E The old man sees ten
killerwhale dorsal fins.
r66 -06#-6:J1*5 noun comb
r66 -06#-6:br-1 noun hair pendant
r66-06-0IH6& noun dragonfly
m66-06-0IH6& ,66#&E((,bD 066I #6':(("0E The dragonflies come in the
summer time.
m66-06-0IH6& ,'H6#& H, $6)6rb$"0E The dragonfly flies around fast.
r66-06DH-066 noun scissors
m66-06DH-066 6I 4((, #6,bK Hand me the scissors!
TJ r66-06DH-066 :6'1#H,- The scissors are sharp.
r66,%%&G noun chickadee
VARANTS: r66,%%#G MPN
m66,%%&G :H6D -06:6)10J1$ r5#6&5',J(D1E There are lots of
chickadees here when it's still icy.
TH6 :6,((:1 :J1D :H6D :J1 66 $6,(("0 ,H6#& #6$6I &J r66,%%&GE
Sometimes some chickadees stay here through the winter.
r66 ,%%&G '6,66 noun comfort
VARANTS: r66 ,%%&G '(,66 MPN
m66 ,%%&G '6,66 :HI )5 J( :6,(( &J #1$66#EH, r5-6EH6, ,u%DE The
coat is a comfort to him in the cold.
m66 ,%%&G '6,66 H&J I66$E The fire is a comfort.
)5 r66,' noun his/her flank, side of his/her belly
)5 rH6&5 noun his/her husband's clan brother; his/her man, boyfriend,
husband
\6,66:1 0J($ )5 rH6&5 IJ1, 6&-1Eb$E She gave her husband's clan
brother coffee.

rH6D& noun men
[H-*1$HI rH6D& H&J 0b, #H6 :J1 41$JE There are three men working on
that house.
r66I noun merganser
m66I 066I #6':(("0E Mergansers migrate here.
m66I 66&6EG$E He shot a merganser.
r66 I6E((,b noun leftovers, food scraps
m66 I6E((,b 6&-1,H6E She warmed up the leftovers.
m66 I6E((,b #(1,' IJ1I 66&6,((E He fed the scraps to the dog.
r66 IJ1)HI #6-0D(()b noun secretary (stenographer)
VARANTS: r66 IJ1,I #6-0D(()b
m66 IJ1)HI #6-0D(()b :HI :J1 41$JE She works as a secretary.
!I I%%$b r66 IJ1)HI #6-0D(()b H&JE My friend is a secretary.
r66 I%%- noun foot (measurement)
/'J1D r66 I%%- :J1 #&'1:H6, &J ,bDE That rope is one foot long.
r66 I%%- )(1:b noun foot path
VARANTS: r66 I5-)(1:b
]&H'66 ,(($ "0H6' 66&6-G& r66 I%%- )(1:b #66IE He chopped
willows off the foot trail with a machete.
B066$HI :66&6-0u% &J r66 I%%- )(1:bE The foot trail extends through
the valley.
r66 :6#s&60J1:6*5 noun spirit
p6*H6D ,u%$HI r66 :6#s&60J1:6*5 '1,-(($E Through prayer, a
person's spirit is strong.
Q5 :6#s&60J1:H*5 ,'J1' 5',-(($E His spirit is weak.
r66:6#5Eu%,1 M!,N noun button
VARANTS: r66:5#6Eu%,1 M/N
r66 :6,J1$HI noun in secret (where nobody can see); away from people's
view
m66 :6,J1$HI 0b, :(()HI &%%*%%,E He left the house when no one was
looking.
m66 :6,J1$HI D&H$ )66-6EHI& &J ru%#K Wrap that box when no one is
looking now!
r66:5#6Eu%,1 Du%& M/N noun button blanket
VARANTS: :5#6Eu%, Du%&; r66:6#5Eu%,1 Du%& M!,N; r66#u%,1 Du%&
M/N; #66#u%,1 Du%& MPN
r6"0%% particle actually; in fact; contrary to what was thought
VARANTS: I6"0%%
rH#& noun basket
mH#& :J1 )66$J :b- H&J :J1 )66I6$J :H -0H6#E I am collecting this

timothy grass for making baskets.
r6-0)( particle I thought
VARANTS: r6-0)(1
)5 r6,':H noun his/her flank, side of his/her body between the ribs and the hip
!I r6,':H, &541Ib$ &J IH6& ,'(1$E That big log fell on my side.
Q5 r6,':H 6&'1"0G$E He hurt his side.
mdd verb root
ccc 06- rJ($ ccc
--- | they are sitting | ---.
THEME: Bc~cr((t M2%-1,1%$N
for (plural) S to be seated
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,( ,06, 6 $%5$
2036-( &1,0 Mc,N 2%-,2%-1,1%$ 1- 5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( &0(3( %$( 1-
-1,,1$*; 85, ,01- $%5$ 2036-( 1- $%, 3(V513() 8: ,0( 7(38E S%3
(D6+2'(; %$( "%5') -6:< 06- rJ($ ,0(: 63( -1,,1$*; %3< H, 06-
rJ($ ,0(: 63( -1,,1$* ,0(3(E
QHI$HI 6 *J(#, 6rJ($ &J :66#&E There are two people sitting at the
stern of the boat.
06- &%%r(( :(1 M06N- $6rJ($ :(1 06- rJ("0
they sat down | they are sitting down | they sit down (regularly).
THEME: Bc~cr((t Ms6 (7($,N
for S to sit down
! #u%'1 06- s66s6r(( &J 6, :H,D1E Let the children sit in the stern.
rJ("0 noun scab
mdd[ verb root
H, &5)1r(($ ccc H, :%% )1rJ($#
he/she/it is flying around; he/she/it flew around | --- | he/she/it flies around
(regularly).
THEME: @c, Bc)cr(($t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S (bird, or persons in a plane) to fly around at P
]6$)66)6*u%*5 &J1, &5)1r(($E A woodpecker is flying around there.
rJ(- noun flood; tide
rJ(- -05&(( noun high tide line
VARANTS: rJ(- -05:((

mdd/ verb root
&5)'1rb, :66 $6'rb, 1'rb,I
it's infected | it's getting infected | it gets infected (regularly).
THEME: )c'crJ(,t M~ (7($,N
for a wound to be infected, have pus
NOTES: [%,( ,06, 8%,0 9%3+- *17($ 1$ ,0( 2(39(",17( 0681,56' 63(
6""(2,68'( ,% 6'' -2(6#(3- "%$-5',() 9%3 ,01- 23%4(",E
rJ(, noun pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); sore, wound that discharges pus
! )66 H, #6-b, )J1 &J1 rJ(,K Wrap something around the pus now!
mJ(I noun Kake
VARANTS: mJ1I
r((IJ noun dawn, daybreak
VARANTS: r((E6IJ; r(1EIJ M!$N; r((EH; r(1EH
m((IJ -05#H, H&J -0%%)6$%%#"0 6I 'J('#&E My grandfather wakes up
before dawn.
mJ(I m&H6$ noun people of Kake
r((EH noun dawn, daybreak
VARANTS: r(1EH; r((IJ; r(1IJ M!$N; r((E6IJ
m((EH -05#H, H&J s5$J1 *6I,%%ru%IE We will start traveling before dawn.
mdC
Z
verb root
64((&6rJ1 641rJ1 :u% 641:6rJ1#
s/he paid him/her | s/he pays him/her; s/he is paying him/her | s/he pays him/her
(regularly).
THEME: ec41cBc~crJ1 M$6 6",N
for S to pay O (esp. a person, for work done); for S to pay for O
well in Juneau.
rJ1"0H' noun seam
mJ1I noun Kake
VARANTS: FJ(I
Q5 )66, -0#6'$((# r5)R1,(( mJ1I)HI r6,IH6$E There is a story about
the coward from Kake.
mJ1I)(1 $6I,%%r%%I -066&sH6E Let's travel to Kake for some gumboots.
r(1IJ M!$N noun dawn, daybreak
VARANTS: r((E6IJ; r((IJ; r(1EH; r((EH
TJ s6*66$ #(1 :6-J1"0 &J r(1IJ, r5&5066:bE The sun lifts its face
when dawn breaks.

r(1EH noun dawn, daybreak
VARANTS: r((EH; r((E6IJ; r((IJ; r(1IJ M!$N
rJ$66 noun long feather; quill (of bird)
VARANTS: rb$66
rb$ noun brant (small goose)
6 rb$ RelationalPostposition less than it; (reaching, falling) short of it; not (big or
far) enough for it
! rb$ #66&6*(1E There wasn't enough.
shirt.
rb$66 noun long feather; quill (of bird)
VARANTS: rJ$66
mee verb root
&5)'1r%% 1'rG :%% 1'1rG#
s/he vomited | s/he vomits; s/he is vomiting | s/he vomits (regularly).
THEME: Bc)c'cr%%t M$6 6",N
for S to vomit, throw up
ru% 6, '6,u%&5 M/N noun teacher
VARANTS: ru% 6, '6,J(&5 M!,N; ru% (, '(,u%&5 MPN
mu% 6, '6,u%&5 :b- H&J )5 J( 6, &5)5)'1,u%&E He was taught to be a
teacher.
ru%# noun box
mu%# -05,G 66&6,-JIE She died. (Lit: S/he kicked the edge of the box.)
r%%$ -0 #6'$((*b noun storyteller; preacher
A66 r%%$ -0 #6'$((*b H&J rG$HI ,5'1E66$E Our preacher is very kind.
mee/= verb root
#6&-01rG,' #6-01rG,'# #6-06rG,'I
it got muddy | it's muddy | it gets muddy (regularly).
THEME: #6c-0cru%,'t M~ -,6,(N
for a road, etc. to be muddy
F6-01rG,'# &J 0J($ ,H6#E The bottom of that river is muddy.
r%%&646s1 66 noun murderer
TJ r%%&646s1 66 )5 )66"0 #6'$((# DGD #H6 :J1 :6,((E There is a
story about the murderer in the paper.
6 r%%&G noun its den, lair (of animal, undergound)
\u%, -0 &5)'1*H- 6 r%%&G)HIE It charged out of its den.
/'J1' 6&5-#G Du%,- r%%&G #HI &5*%%)bE He did not know that he had
walked over a grizzly bear den.

6 ru%D RelationalNoun in the midst of it (a crowd, an activity or event involving
several people); in the hubbub
\66 r5EJ(D ru%D r5E66 H:H 6I :66&)5)'1,H6 :H -66 m66466r&,bE
Though during potlatches they call me this name, aajaawt.
meep
Z
verb root
66)J 6&-1r%%I 66)J :66 6$6-rGI 66)J :%% 6-1rGI#
s/he drove it there | s/he is driving it there | s/he drives it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc-cr%%It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drive O (boat, car) to P
66)J &%%r%%I 66)J :66 $6rGI 66)J :%% :6rGI#
s/he drove there | s/he is driving there | s/he drives there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J Bc~cr%%It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go toward P (in a boat, car)
AJ($ :b#)( &%%r%%IE He went up the river (by boat).
! #6:J1#s66 H&J r5$,%%-EHI"0 -0,J($ #H6 066)J :66 $6rGI5E We
always listen for the sound of the steam engine when it's coming.
H, 6&-1rGI 66)J :66 6$6-rGI HI 6-r%%I
s/he drove it to it | s/he is driving it to it | s/he drives it to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ecBc-cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to drive O (boat, car) to P
bay.
H, 5&6rGI 66)J :66 $6rGI HI r%%I
s/he drove to it | s/he is driving to it | s/he drives to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t Bc~cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go to P (by boat, car)
QR(1, -05:((, 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat motored to the landing.
]((-0 ,u%, 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat drove in among the kelp.
H, &%%r%%I ccc H, :%% :6rGI#
s/he is driving around; s/he drove around | --- | s/he drives around (regularly).
THEME: @c, Bc~cr%%It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go around at P (by boat, car)
\66#& H6 #H, &%%r%%IE A boat is cruising around on the lake.
m5,IE6:6$60H #H6D H, 06- $6rGI"0E They navigate by the stars.
6&-1r%%I :66 6$6-rGI :%% 6-1rGI#
s/he drove it | s/he is driving it | s/he drives it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cr%%It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drive O (car); for S to skipper O (boat)
TJ rH6 6 *J(#$HI H&J :66 6$6-rGI )5 :66*GE The man is driving his
boat from the stern.
6:6&)1rGI ccc 6&5)6rGII
s/he turned back | --- | s/he turns back (regularly).
THEME: 6c:6c5cBc)cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to turn back, return (by boat, car)

)66# 5&6rGI )66# $6rGI )66# rGI"0
s/he went out to sea | s/he is going out to sea | s/he goes out to sea (regularly).
THEME: )66# Bc~cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to go out to sea (in a boat); for S to move into the open (in a boat, car)
m66"0I6$6EH6#&)( )66# 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat set out for
Wrangell.
6 )66I :66&6rGI 6 )66I :66 $6rGI 6 )66I :66
rGI"0
s/he drove around it | s/he is driving around it | s/he drives around it (regularly).
THEME: [ )66I :6c5cBc~cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to circle, drive around N (by boat, car)
o66 )66I :66&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat motored around the point.
s5$J1 5&6rGI ccc s5$J1 r%%II
s/he started driving | --- | s/he starts driving (regularly).
THEME: s5$J1 Bc~cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to begin traveling, going (by boat, car)
m((EH -05#H, H&J s5$J1 *6I,%%ru%IE We will start traveling before
dawn.
r5, &%%r%%I r5, #(1 $6rGI r5, #(1 rGI"0
s/he got lost | s/he is getting lost | s/he gets lost (regularly).
THEME: r5, Bc~cr%%It M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to get lost (going by motorized vehicle)
6 ,u%$HI :66&6rGI 6 ,u%$HI :66 $6rGI 6 ,u%$HI
:66 rGI"0
s/he drove through it | s/he is driving through it | s/he drives through it
(regularly).
THEME: @c$HI :6c5cBc~cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go through P (by boat, car)
F(('4H6 ,u%$HI :66 $6rGIE He is driving through a storm.
&%%r%%I :66 $6rGI :%% :6rGI#
s/he went (by motorized vehicle) | s/he is going (by motorized vehicle) | s/he goes
(by motorized vehicle) (regularly).
THEME: Bc~cr%%It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go (by boat, car)
\66 $6rGI -,J($ #H6 I6$66, H&J 0H$ &J )Rb-#& ,'(1$E The big
moose was standing in the way of the steam train.
ccc :66 $6rGI ccc
--- | s/he is going along (by boat, car) | ---.
THEME: :66 Bc~cr%%It M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to be going, traveling along (by boat, car)
NOTES: /01- 1- 6$ (D6+2'( %9 6 23%*3(--17( (216-2(",56' 2636)1*+
M=((3; ^ZN; &01"0 86-1"6'': +(6$- ,06, 6'' 9%3+- 63( 86-() %$ ,0(
23%*3(--17( 6-2(",E /0( 23%*3(--17( (216-2(", 1- "0636",(31R() 8:<
ZN0671$* ,0( :66 23(7(38 1$ 6'' 9%3+-; XN0671$* $% 2(39(",17( 9%3+;

6$) `N)($%,(- -(+6$,1"6'': 6 "%$,1$5%5- ,36$-1,1%$ 93%+ %$(
'%"6,1%$ %3 -,6,( ,% 6$%,0(3E
:6$ 5&6rGI :H$)( :66 $6rGI :6I r%%I
s/he went ashore | s/he is going ashore | s/he goes ashore (regularly).
THEME: :6$t Bc~cr%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to go ashore (in a boat); for S to come to a rest, stop (in a boat, car)
TJ H6 #66$HI :6$ 5&60u%&5 &6,-bD 6 b,$HI :6$ 5&6rGI &J
:66#&E The boat followed behind the caribou that swam the lake.
!6$ ((s6:H6#$HI :6$ 5&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat landed below the
town.
r5*H6- noun gray; fog
VARANTS: r5*&H6-
r5*u%- noun cloud(s)
r5#6)'J$I66 noun temptation, trial
r5#60b$ noun crankiness; irritation; petulance
NOTES: m5#60b$, 5&6$G# -L0(- 6",1$* 1331,6,(); "36$#:E
r5#6',J(D #H noun spring (AT)
r5'6*66& noun fighting; war, conflict
VARANTS: r5'(*66& MPN
m5'6*66& :1$66EH, :J1 6:6Eu%E He is wearing war clothes.
rG'# noun very rotton wood
r5$H6*5 noun healer; doctor; nurse
doctor.
rG$HI Adverb very
mG$HI &J :(( &%%EJ(D1 66 ,-G :(( I%% :J1 #s&6,J( ,%%&G #J ,(($E
Your hostess will welcome you all as well. (Lit: Your hostess will be among you
all with good feelings.)
r5-6I6r&H6$ noun tribe of cannibals, man-eaters
r5-6IH$ noun love (of people)
oJ1s66 H,I -1,(( r5-6IH$E Love is true.
r5-6EH6, noun cold weather
VARANTS: r5-(EH6, MPN
m66 ,%%&G '6,66 :HI )5 J( :6,(( &J #1$66#EH, r5-6EH6, ,u%DE The
coat is a comfort to him in the cold.

r5-6EH6, $J(#& noun chest cold
r5-,b noun life; way of living
r5-E%%# noun plaything
r5, Adverb astray, getting lost
TJ r&H,' :6$6EH6,6$1 r5, I&66,66$E I misplaced the lid for the pot.
r5,66$ noun summer
oJ($ H&J &%%*J1 :H r5,66$E There were a lot of blue bottle flies this
summer.
r5,b noun weather
rG,I Adverb too much
r5,IE6:6$60H noun star
VARANTS: r5,IE6$60H6 M!,/N; r5,I6$60H6 M/N
m5,IE6:6$60H #H6D H, 06- $6rGI"0E They navigate by the stars.
r5,'b)66 noun shovel
rG,'#& noun mud
=JI#&; rG,'#& $6-,(("0 -J(& )66# &5-,66$b Soil turns to mud when
it rains.
r5&6#66$ M/PN noun deer
VARANTS: s5&6#66$
r5D66# noun dry weather; clear day
r5I Adverb (returning) back
r5I )6#u%'(($ Adverb backwards
m5I )6#u%'(($ H&J #H, 6)6,J($ )5 #%%)H-1E He's wearing his shirt
backwards.
=)6#H, H, H&J r5I )6#u%'1$ I&66-H6#&E I said everything backwards.
r5E66 particle however
VARANTS: r5E6
[H6#& :b- #6:66$b 6-01*u%#; HD r5E66 6#&)'1IJ1,' r66 IJ1I 66
r5EHI"0 noun hearing

r5EHI41 noun hearing aid
r5E(($b noun murderer
r5EJ(D noun feast, potlatch; party
potlatch.
!,IH ,'(1$ H:H r5EJ(D)( :6#r&6IH6E I am going to haul a lot of food to
the potlatch.
r5E%% noun people; community
! I%% 66 r5E%% &%%'$HI &%%-0rHr 06- 6'u%$E Some people hunt the
wren.
176 - m& - Dictionary of Tlingit

m&
r&66rI )66r Adverb by mistake, wrongly
6 r&H6$ noun person or people from that place
P06 6 r&H6$"0 H&J :J1 5&6-H6 Q(1-0GE The local people gave Haines
its name.
Q(1-0G r&H6$ 06- 6, -0b r6 06- 6'(1IE The Haines People are singing
and dancing.

m
rH6"0 noun ribbon seaweed
mH6"0 )5 ,5&H6 -1*u%E She wants ribbon seaweed.
mH6"0 6:6&-10H6E She gathered ribbon seaweed.
r66#6$J1 noun large rectangular tub for soaking skins while tanning them
r66$ noun dolphin
m66$ )5 ,5&H6 -1*u% 66,'(1$ 6I )6"0IH$#E My granddaughter really
likes dolphins.
m66$ :6066DG &5,5&6E%% )5 4((:b-E We bought her pictures of
dolphins.
rH6,' adj. thin (flat object)
flat.
r6'#H,-# noun razor clam
m6'#H,-# #6066 :b- 'J1$)( *6I,%%EH6, :H DH6$66E This evening we are
going yellowneck clam digging.
r6$H6IH$ noun fence
\6$-05#HD H&J #1)J1$ &5,5'1:JI :H r6$H6IH$E We built the fence
really well out here in the wilderness.
around those pigs!
r6$6-0*1)J1 rH6 noun poor man
his head high.
m6$6-0*1)J1 rH6I -6,J(:1$E He used to be a poor man.
r6$%%I noun labret, small lip plug
B66r H&J -05DH6$HI H,I &5)5)'1:JI 6I 'J('#& )5 r6$%%IG :b-E
My grandmother's first labret was made out of bone.
r6$%%I ((,b noun labret hole
6 r6$%%IG noun its whiskers, beard (of fish)
/'J1' 6 r6$%%IG r%%-,b )6'(1:bE Lake trout do not have beards.

r6,(1' noun pitcher; jug
TJ r6,(1' DH#&,1 6I 4((, ,H$KE Hand me the empty pitcher!
r6,IH6$ noun coward
Q5 )66, -0#6'$((# r5)R1,(( mJ1I)HI r6,IH6$E There is a story about
the coward from Kake.
P06 su%, :J1)(1 :J1 41$J 06- )5 4((I )5,(( &J1 r6,IH6$E Cowards
are given different jobs to perform.
r(1#6DJ,'# noun bunchberry
r(1#6D&J1$ noun flower; blossom
F(,''u%D5 :HI :6,(( &J r(1#6D&J1$E The flower is light yellow.
beads!
mdCFT
Z
verb root
66&6rJ#& ccc 6rJ#&I
s/he cut it | --- | s/he cuts it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~crJ1#&t M~ (7($,N
for S to cut O (human body), usually accidentally; for S to wound O with a sharp
instrument
Q5 41&H$ 66&6rJ#&E He cut the outside edge of his hand.
-0 &5)1rJ#& ccc -0 )6rJ#&I
s/he cut himself/herself | --- | s/he cuts himself/herself (regularly).
THEME: -0 Bc)crJ1#&t M~ (7($,N
for S to cut himself/herself, usually accidentally;
for S to wound himself/herself with a sharp
instrument
r(1r& noun tern
A6 :J1 H&J 06- )5&6-H6#& m(1r& B0H6 o5$66)HIE They are called
the Sea Pigeon gals from Hoonah.
rJ1r& noun cut; knife wound
r(1')60H6#5 noun pretending; make-believe
r(1-0#60H6*5 noun bog cranberry; low bush cranberry
/'H,*1 #H6 :J1 $6,(("0 r(1-0#60H6*5E Low bush cranberries are on the
ground.
Dictionary of Tlingit - m& - 179

m&
r&H,' noun pot, cooking pot
m&H,' #66)J :J1 6)66$J &J *H6'E She is putting clams into the cooking
pot.
180 - = - Dictionary of Tlingit

=
=!!
Z
verb root
HI &%%'66 HI :(1 $6'J1$ ccc
the tide went out from under it | the tide is going out from under it | ---.
THEME: @cI ~c'66t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for the tide to ebb, go out from under P
Q5 :66*G :(1I &%%'66E The tide went out from under his boat.
&5'1'H6 :66 $6''J1$ '6'J1I
it melted | it's melting | it melts (regularly).
THEME: 'c'66t M~ (7($,N
for something to melt, dissolve, thaw
:6$ 5&6'H6 :H$)( :66 $6'J1$ :6I '66
the tide is low | the tide is going out | the tide goes out (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ~c'66t M~ +%,1%$N
for the tide to go out, be low
'66rH-# noun dulse (type of seaweed)
)5 'H6& noun privates (of male); penis and testicles
'66D& noun famine; starvation
=!!oT verb root
5&6'HD& :66 $6'HD& ccc
he/she/it starved | he/she/it is starving | ---.
THEME: ec~c'66D&t M~ (7($,N
for O to be starving, starved
winter.
'66I noun red cedar
=66I ,(($ H&J 06- 6&'1:JI &J 0b, #6,H6:1E They made those shingles
out of cedar.
'H6I noun dead dry tree, still standing
)5 '66:1sH*5 noun his/her ring finger
'6*66& noun noise
Dictionary of Tlingit - = - 181

'6s&H$ noun bow (ribbon tied into a bow)
)5 '6#H noun inside of his/her mouth
)5 '6#J("0 noun his/her occiput; nape of neck; back of head
)5 '6#(("0#u%s5 noun pit at base of his/her skull
'6#(("0&G noun scooter duck
'Hr, noun bentwood box
'6$H6'I noun wealth; prosperity; riches
'6,-(($ noun strength, power
B(1r IH6, DH6-1 H&J :6#J1 s6',u%, 1)6,(($b '6,-(($ -H#& 6,
(('u%$1E When you're out hunting a piece of smoked fish skin in your pocket is
good for energy.
=6&H6# noun Klawock
'6&GI noun young seagull
'6&GI noun gray
'HI noun heron; Canada crane
6 'HI1 noun its sapwood; its sappy inner bark (of a tree)
'HI '%%&G noun swamp blueberry
NOTES: /0( $6+( )(317(- 93%+ ,0( -1+1'63 *36:c8'51-0 "%'%3 %9 ,0(
0(3%$- 8(6#E
6, '6:(1I -66,b noun carpenter
VARANTS: (, '(:(1I -66,b MPN
6, '6EH, noun baggage, luggage; things, stuff packed up for carrying
VARANTS: (, '(EJ, MPN
')6#H, Quantifier all; every
')6#H, H, noun everything
!&)6*66$b :H6 :6*1:((; ')6#H, H, #66)HI #6*5I'6DH6-E When it
sunshines today everything will be dripping off.
')6#H, :J noun everywhere
VARANTS: "06 ')6#H, :J
)5 'J('#& noun his/her grandparent
\66 6I 'J('#& 6I ,'H6 :1$66$HI mJ1$ :u% )5-H6*5$ :66

o5,-$%%&G)HIE My grandmother on my mother's side was called in, from
Angoon.
=J('#&K noun Grandmother!; Grandfather!
NOTES: /01- 1- ,0( 9%3+ 5-() ,% 6))3(-- %$(- *36$)263($,E
=dd/ verb root
H, 66&6'b, ccc HI 6'((,
s/he threw it to it | --- | s/he throws it to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ecBc'((,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to throw O (usually with force so that object scatters) to P
NOTES: [%,( ,06, 1$ ,0( (D6+2'( -($,($"( 8('%&; ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$
c)J M#H6-, #66)J 1$ ,0( 8633('N %""53- &1,0 ,0( 1+2(36,17( 9%3+<
'b, ,03%& 1,; &0(3( &( &%5') (D2(", ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ c, M6- 1$
#H6-, #H,NE O%,0 9%3+- 63( 6""(2,68'(; ,01- 8(1$* 6 2("5'1631,: %9
,01- 263,1"5'63 7(38E
'J(, noun roots or vines used in basket decoration
=dC verb root
:J1 #66&6'(1 :J1 #5$66'J1 ccc
it became that far | it's that far | ---.
THEME: M:J1N #6c5c~c'(1t M$6 -,6,(N
for something to be (so) far, distant (in time or space)
VARANTS: c'((t
NOTES: /0( 2(39(",17( 9%3+< :J1 #66&6'(1 1, &6- ,06, 963 1-
"%++%$': 5-() 1$ -1,56,1%$- &0(3( %$( 45-, 9('' -0%3, %9 +6#1$* 1,
,% 6 )(-,1$6,1%$E C$ %,0(3 &%3)-; C 6'+%-, +6)( 1,; 1, &6- 45-, ,06,
963 6&6:E
Q5 0b)1)HI #66: -0%%&G :J1 #5$66'J1 0%%$ )66#60b)1E The store is
a half mile from her house.
)5 '(1#6"0u%I5 noun his/her windpipe; pharynx
VARANTS: )5 '(1#("0u%I5 MPN
'J1#&66 noun Easter bread; communion bread
'J1r& noun red rockfish; red snapper
'J1$ noun tide flats
FH6- 'J1$ #H6 :J1 $6,(("0E There is always algae on the riverbank.
'(1$(1, -0H' noun sheep or goat horn spoon

)5 '(1,u%I noun his/her throat
'J1I& noun crimson red; face paint
'(1:b- noun fir
'J#&66 noun fighting spirit
)5 '1)bI noun back of his/her neck
VARANTS: )5 '5)bI
oJ(-0 H&J )5 '1)bI :J1 :6,((E He has a rash on his neck.
'1$*b, noun person
pJ1)(1 #6#s1'6,1I :J "06 :(1-G '1$*b, H&5E There are still people in the
place you are locking.
TH6 :6,((:1 '1$*b, -H&J &6EJ{ What kind of person are you?
=1$*b, noun Tlingit
m6 IH, ,-G 6I ,%%&G :6#J1 :66 6 #H6 :J1 I6, *5s&6,((:b :66
Lingt.
=1$*b, IJ1$HI #6-0D((, H&J 6-01*u%#E He knows how to write in the
Tlingit language.
'1$*b, 66$b noun world
'1$*b, #G$,-1 noun water hemlock
'1$*b, -0H#& noun wild strawberry
NOTES: 5-() 1$ "%+2631-%$ ,% ,0( "%++(3"16' -,36&8(33:; -0H#&
'1$*b, DH6D1 noun crabapple
'b,66 noun knife
F1)J1$ :6DH, &J 'b,66 D66$K Sharpen the tip of the knife good!
pH6, 4(1sb )5 'b,6:1 #66I 66&6Eu%-E She washed fish scales off her knife.
'b,66 ((,b noun knife wound
6 '1,#H RelationalNoun (on) the back of it (fish); on the crest, ridge, backbone of
it (hill, ridge, point)
visible.
B066 '1,#H 66)J )6I)5&6,J($ &J &6,-bDE The caribou are visible on the
mountain ridge.
'1,E1-)G# noun black bass
' r%%'EHI41 noun deaf person
' r%%-0,J($1 noun blind person
'r6:H6#& I5-E((,b noun Milky Way

'%%#6$H6 noun person who acts crazy or possesssed
'u%' noun fireweed
'u%' noun pink
'%%$ noun dry woody outer bark
'u%, noun eel
6 '%%&G noun its beak
skinny.
)5 'u%D5 noun his/her urine
' -66,b -066&H, noun widow
=,5E66 noun Lituya Bay
6 'G noun its point (of a long thin pointed object)
TJ ,-J(# 6 'G :6'1#H,-E The point of the barbeque stick is sharp.
Q5 ,-J(*1 6 'G 6#66&6:JIE He sharpened the point of his barbecue stick.
)5 'G noun his/her nose
!I 'G ,5#6&'1D&J,'E My nose tickled (inside).
)5 '5)bI noun back of his/her neck
VARANTS: )5 '1)bI
'5*H$ noun tufted puffin
VARANTS: '5*J$ MPN
)5 '5*u%"0 noun lobe of his/her nostril
'5s(1,' noun snot
'5s&J1$66 noun handkerchief
6 '5#6,bD1 noun its bowstay
'5#6,b-066 noun leather needle
'5#-01:H6$ noun mink
VARANTS: $5#-01:H6$
' 5'1,%%*5 m66 \6#s&60J1:6*5 noun Holy Spirit
'5$H- noun nose ring
' 5-0#J noun evil, sin
)5 '5,G noun inside of his/her nose

6 '5,5,Gr'1 noun his/her nose cartilage
TJ )Rb-#& 6 '5,5,Gr'1 6 #66I #J1 6#66&6-J'E She tore (the
membrane) off the soft bone in the moose nose.
T6,-bD 6 '5,5,Gr'1 ,'J1' ,'6I 5*JE The soft bone in a caribou nose is not
very big.
)5 '5,66r noun side of his/her nose
' 5&6D&6"0*1 $J(#& noun paralysis; polio
6 '5D66 noun its tip, point
6, '5D66rH6&5 noun troublemaker
VARANTS: (, '5D66rH6&5 MPN
!, '5D66rH6&5 H&J :J1 :6,(( &J -066,#E That young girl is a
troublemaker.
' :66 r%%-0*J noun foolishness; recklessness
' :%% r(1-0,H$*1 noun mute; person who cannot speak
VARANTS: ' :%% r(1-0,J$*1 MPN
'E5'4b$1 noun vest; sleeveless top

=
)5 '66 noun his/her breast
'66# noun dress
T%%-0 *6I)5-0H6 6 #6:b- H&J :J(- '66# 66&6rH6E She sewed a new
dress for the wedding that was to take place.
'H6r& noun old, worn-out boat
'H6I noun grayish; blond (hair)
'6s6#HI noun west wind
'H#&,1 noun fallen tree
'H,66 noun tongs
'6I#(1, noun dance regalia
VARANTS: '(I#(1,
'J( noun wool blanket (used as potlatch gift or for dancing)
6 '(()b noun its tail (of animal)
flat.
B((# '(()b ,'J1' 5':H,E A black bear's tail is short.
=(($(1)b noun L'eeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Dog Salmon
/-5 ,-H :H $66I -6,b r5E66 H:H :66 ,J(' H:H 066 -05#HI -1,((;
=(($(1)bE Also the dog salmon is our clan crest, L'eeneid.
=ddo verb root
66&6'J(D ccc :%% 6:6'bD#
THEME: ecBc~c'J(Dt M$6 (7($,N
for S to break O (general, solid object)
NOTES: /01- 7(38 &%5') 8( 5-() ,% ,6'# 68%5, 83(6#1$* -5"0 ,01$*-
6- 6 ,%%,0; '(*; 8%63); %3 6 -,1"#E
6&'1'J(D ccc :%% 6'1'bD#
THEME: ecBc'c'J(Dt M$6 (7($,N
for S to break O (often by bending) (usually long objects)
Q5 &%%-H6$1 6&'1'J(DE He broke his spear.
&%%'J(D ccc :%% :6'bD#
it broke | --- | it breaks (regularly).

THEME: ~c'J(Dt M$6 (7($,N
for a general, solid object to break
Q5 I((# H&J &%%'J(DE His upper arm is broken.
&5'1'J(D ccc :%% '1'bD#
it broke | --- | it breaks (regularly).
THEME: 'c'J(Dt M$6 (7($,N
for a long object to break
!6,I &5'1'J(D &J $6)H6#& I%%-bE The table leg broke off.
'J( D&H$ noun sock(s)
Q5 4((:b- 'J( D&H$ #6I&-1$(1E I knitted socks for her.
!I 'J('#& 4(()HI #6#J1$ 'J( D&H$ H:H 6I ,5&H6 -1*u%E I like the
yarn socks from my grandmother.
'J1& noun sand; gravel
Q5 I66#& ((,b H&J &J 'J1& #H&5E His fingernail markings are in the
sand.
in the sand.
'(1&G noun wood, piece of wood; wood chip
'J1& D66:b noun sand point
'J1& :H,D1 noun fine sand or gravel
=dCp verb root
66&6'(1I 6'(1I :%% 6:6'JI#
s/he danced | s/he dances; s/he is dancing | s/he dances (regularly).
THEME: 6cBc~c'j(1It M$6 6",N
for S to dance
A6- 6$s6'(1I r66 -05#H, &J 6,:H,D1E Let the children dance before
everyone.
>1'r%%, m&H6$ 06- 6'(1IE The Chilkoot people are dancing.
)66# 66&6'JI )66# 6$6'JI )66# 6'JI"0
s/he danced out | s/he is dancing out | s/he dances out (regularly).
THEME: )66# Bc~c'(1It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to dance out into the open
/'J#s66 H&J 6$6I )66# 06- 66&6'JIE One by one they danced out.
s5$J1 66&6'JI ccc s5$J1 6'JII
s/he started dancing | --- | s/he starts dancing (regularly).
THEME: s5$J1 Bc~c'(1It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to begin dancing

'JI#& noun soil; dirt
it rains.
)5 'b'1 noun his penis
'%%# noun coho salmon; silver salmon
=ee[ verb root
66&6'u%$ 6'u%$ :%% 6:6'jG$#
s/he hunted it | s/he hunts it; s/he is hunting it | s/he hunts it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c'ju%$t M$6 6",N
for S to hunt O (wild game)
wren.
\u%)( '%%&6*%%s5 )Rb-#& 6 b,)( 6#r&6'u%$E I will go hunting those
moose that ran over that way.
66&6'u%$ 6'u%$ :%% 6:6'G$#
s/he hunted | s/he is hunting | s/he hunts (regularly).
THEME: 6cBc~c'ju%$t M$6 6",N
for S to hunt
hunt!
/66,D H&J 06- 6'u%$ &J #H#&E Owls hunt at night.
)5 'u%, noun his/her tongue
'%%&G noun wood, piece of wood; wood chip
'%%&G ,Hr' noun mallet, wooden hammer
'u%I noun silty, murky water
=5#66IEH)1 noun L'ukaax.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Sockeye
=5#$6IEH)1 noun L'uknax.di, locally called "Coho"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Coho
\J1 H&J &)5&6-H6 F6:H6-0 Ab, =5#$6IEH)1"0E The Coho Salmon tribe
has named it Platform House.
'5,,'H6r noun snake
Dictionary of Tlingit - [ - 189

[
$66 noun nation; moiety; clan; band of people
\66 50H6$ 066 $66I -1,((; \J1' H:H 066 -05#HI -1,((E For our clan,
Raven is our main crest.
o(1,' $66I 06- -1,(( B06$*5#(1)bE The Shangukeid are Thunderbird.
[!!
X
verb root
6&)1$H6 6)6$H 6)6$H6I
s/he drank it | s/he drinks it; s/he is drinking it | s/he drinks it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc)c$66t M~ 6",N
for S to drink O
/'J1r& #60J($1 6&)1$H6E He drank berry juice.
6, &5)1$H6 6, )6$H ccc
s/he drank | s/he drinks, is drinking | ---.
THEME: 6, Bc)c$66t M~ 6",N
for S to drink
[!!
`
verb root
66)J 6#66&6$H6 66)J 6#%%$H6 66)J :%%
6#6:6$H6#&
s/he sent him/her there | s/he is sending him/her there | s/he sends him/her there
(regularly).
THEME: ec#6c5cBc~c$H6t M$6 6",N
for S to order (esp. to go), send, command O; (fig.) for S to give O (esp. in
accordance with clan relationship)
m66)66D66-0b IH$)( #6&)5&6$H6E He was sent to the surgeon.
l6:J1- 0b,)( #6&)5&6$H6E He was sent to jail.
6 $H6 RelationalNoun (draped) over it, covering it
$66)66:1 0J($ noun river; stream; creek
/'H6#& $66)66:1 0J($ #5'1IJ1,'-0H$E A fast river is dangerous.
$66s6-J1 noun fox; red fox
Q5 r%%&G ,u%)( &541DJ(D &J $66s6-J1E The red fox ran into his den.
]%%,' #6$6I :6&41#J$ &J $66s6-J1E The red fox jumped over a mound.
$66 #H6$1 noun master of ceremonies, elder of the opposite clan consulted
conducting a ceremony
$66#J( Adverb upstream; north
TJ $66#J()HI '1$*b, s5$6:H6)( :u% 06- I6'1EH,#E The people from the
north speak differently.
m5#6&)5&6:J' H:H c $66#J()( $6I,%%r%%IE It's calm out - let's go up
the bay.
190 - [ - Dictionary of Tlingit

$H6#& noun medicine
[H6#&I 6&'1:JI 66-)66#u%I5E She made medicine out of pitch.
[!!m
Z
verb root
ccc 06- $Hr ccc
--- | they are standing | ---.
THEME: Bc~c$Hr M2%-1,1%$N
for (plural) S to be standing
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,( ,06, 6 $%5$
2036-( &1,0 Mc,N 2%-,2%-1,1%$ 1- 5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( &0(3( %$( 1-
-,6$)1$*; 85, ,01- $%5$ 2036-( 1- $%, 3(V513() 8: ,0( 7(38E S%3
(D6+2'(; %$( "%5') -6:< 06- $Hr ,0(: 63( -,6$)1$*; %3< H, 06-
$Hr ,0(: 63( -,6$)1$* ,0(3(E
:6$ 06- 5&6$Hr ccc :6I 06- $66r
they kept standing; they stood | --- | they stay standing (regularly).
THEME: :6$ Bc~c$66rt M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to stand, stay standing
! :H6 :6$ :1$HrK You all stand in front of it!
[!!m
X
verb root
64((&6$Hr ccc 641$HrI
s/he let it go | --- | s/he lets it go (regularly).
THEME: ec41cBc~c$66rt M~ (7($,N
for S to let go, release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; for S to hand over,
deliver up O
QJ1I IH6, 066 4((D 64((&6$HrE He left two salmon for us.
Q5 41$,H6D 41&)5&6$HrE He was put in charge of it. (Lit: It was left in his
hands).
$66r& noun rotten wood
[!!mT
Z
verb root
:6&)1$Hr& :6)6$Hr&- :6)6$Hr&I
s/he baited hooks | s/he is baiting hooks | s/he baits hooks (regularly).
THEME: :6cBc)c$66r&t M~ 6",N
for S to bait hooks, put bait on fish hooks
\6)6$Hr&- "0H6,'s66E He is baiting hooks for halibut.
$H6r& noun octopus; devilfish
B06:6)10J1$ 06- )5 ,'((sb &J $H6r&E Octopus have a lot of tentacles.
[}!=p verb root
&5'1$H6'I '1$H6'I ccc
s/he got rich | s/he's rich | ---.
THEME: ec'c$H6'I M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be rich, wealthy, profitable

\J1 H, 6I&)1-0J( 1&5'$H6'I1E I wish you wealth.
!-,(1I ,'J' 5'$H6'I1$E Trolling didn't used to be profitable.
$66$:66 #6$6,66:b noun huckleberry; blueberry
$66-6EH6 noun large cannister
)5 $66-b noun his/her intestines, guts
$66 -05#'6s((:b noun the life of the party
$H6& noun liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage
$H6& J(-0 noun alcoholic
$H6& -66,b noun drunk; drunkard
$66D(1$ noun Chilkat blanket
/((: &%%)b $66D(1$I )5':J1IE Yellow cedar bark is used to make a chilkat
robe.
$H6:6)1 noun half-dried salmon (smoked)
! DH6-1 ,(($ H&J )5DH6-0 $H6:6)1 -H#&E Half smoked fish is cut with
the fish skin intact.
$66EH, noun clothes, clothing; garment
VARANTS: $66EJ, MPN
! )J1$)( 66 )5 $66EH)1 66I 6&'1E66,E She picked up the rest of her
clothes.
\6#J1:1 $66EH, 66I )5Eu%& &J 0%%$ )66#60b)1E Good clothing can be
bought from that store.
$66EH, #6Db,66 noun clothes brush
VARANTS: $66EJ, #(Db,66 MPN
$6)H6#& noun table
[6)H6#& #HD :J1 $6E%%K Put it on the table!
TJ1)5 sH$"0 *&J1'1 $6)H6#& #H6 :6$ -6,bK Put that bag of tobacco on
the table!
$6#&$J1, noun priest; pastor; minister
$6#&-66,b noun witch
6 $Hr RelationalPostposition (going, taking something) away from it
behind.
$6'0H6-06)1 noun driftwood
$6$H noun death

$6-*6)%%-0u%$HI Numeral eight (people)
$6-*6)%%-0G Numeral eight
$6-*1)60J($ Numeral three times
VARANTS: $H-# )60J($
$H-*1sH6 Numeral three at a time, three by three
$H-*1$HI Numeral three (people)
[H-*1$HI 06- :6,(( &J \J1' $66 -0H6)( $HrD1E There are three Raven
Clan leaders.
$H-# Numeral three
[H-# 6 )%%*G Du%& H&J )5 #H6 #6#s&6*J1 #%%)H- -H#&; &J rH6
$H-# 41$#66, Numeral thirty
$H-# 41$#66, r6 ,'J1D Numeral thirty one
$HD& noun halibut hook (made of wood)
c$HI postpos. along, via; including the time of
NOTES: B%+( $%5$- 6$) 3('6,1%$6' $%5$- 5$)(3*% "06$*(- 1$ 7%&('
'($*,0 6$)L%3 ,%$( &0($ "%+81$() &1,0 c$HI<
H 1,; ,0(3( c$HI q 6$6I ,03%5*0 1,f ,03%5*0 ,0(3(
6 #H 1,- -5396"( c$HI q 6 #6$HI L 6 #66$HI ,03%5*0 M,0(
-5396"( %9N 1,f ,03%5*0%5, 1,
6 :H 1,- 96"( c$HI q 6 :6$6I L 6 :H6$HI ,03%5*0 M,0( 96"( %9N 1,
6 ,G 1,- 1$-1)( c$HI q 6 ,u%$HI ,03%5*0 M,0( 1$-1)( %9N 1,
time.
$J noun hairy grass, seaweed on which herring spawn
$(("0 noun shoreline; beach
p(1' $(("0 #H6 :J1 $6,(("0 Du%$ &5)5$%%*GE Foam is on the beach
when the north wind blows.
$(("0#6:H)1 noun fatherless child; bastard
VARANTS: $1"0#6:H)1 M!$N
$J(*&H' noun paint
! :H6$HI H&J #6:'1-Jr& :H $J(*&H'E You tinted this paint too much.
P0H6# '%%&G :HI $J(*&H' I&66E%%E I bought some dark yellow paint.

[vd]T}= verb root
66&6$J(*&H' 6$J(*&H' :%% 6:6$J(*&H'#
s/he painted it | s/he is painting it | s/he paints it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c$J(*&H' M$6 6",N
for S to paint O
p66$ :HI &5,5&6$J(*&H' 6 :HE We painted the side of it red.
A6- 66&6$J(*&H' &J *H$,1:66#&E They painted the steamboat.
$((# noun news; gossip, rumor
[((# 6-0 6,'HD& :66 r5)R1*J1:1 ,-6,-J(E Pigeons carry messages.
[ddF verb root
6#66&6$((# 6#6$J(# :u% 6#66$b##
s/he told about it | s/he tells about it; s/he is telling about it | s/he tells about it
(regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c$((#t M$6 6",N
for S to tell about, report about, give facts about O; for S to witness to, tell about,
testify about O
NOTES: /% 1$)1"6,( &0% ,0( '1-,($(3 1-; 5-(< [ (($E S%3 (D6+2'(;
?63: (($ 6#66&6$((#E BL0( ,%') ?63: 68%5, 1,E /01- 1- $%,
3(V513() &1,0 ,01- 7(38 0%&(7(3; 6$) 1- ,0(3(9%3( $%, 1$"'5)() 1$
,0( =((3cd)&63)- ,0(+(E
!6)J1 #(($1# :J s5$6:H6)( I66,J($E I see it differently from the way you
tell it.
6#6&'1$((# 6#'6$((# :%% 6#'1$b##
s/he told the story of it | s/he tells the story of it; s/he is telling the story of it | s/he
tells the story of it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'c$((# M$6 6",N
for S to tell the story of O; for S to talk into O
/'J1' H:HI 6, &5$(1:b; 41$60H6 H&J :u% #)5'$((#E When something
bad happens they say it's bad luck.
6 #HI 6#6&'1$b# ccc ccc
s/he talked him/her out if it | --- | ---.
THEME: [ #HI ec#6cBc'c$((#t M~ (7($,N
for S to defraud, talk O out of N
-0 #6&)'1$((# -0 #6'$((# ccc
s/he told a story | s/he is telling a story | ---.
THEME: -0 #6cBc)c'c$((# M$6 6",N
for S to preach, narrate, tell a story
NOTES: /% 1$"'5)( 1$ ,0( -($,($"( &06, ,0( -,%3: 1- 68%5,; 5-(< [
)66, 68%5, [E /% 1$"'5)( &0% ,0( -,%3: 1- 8(1$* ,%') ,%; 5-(< [
(($ ,% [E S%3 (D6+2'(< ?63: H&J >%0$ (($ -0 #6&)'1$((# &J
$66D(1$ )66,E ?63: ,%') >%0$ 6 -,%3: 68%5, ,0( P01'#6, 3%8(E

\J1 -0 #6)5'$((# 6 :6066:b r5)R1,(( )H6$66E They say money has a
spirit.
A6 &H6 -H- -0 #6)5'$((#{ What's the latest news?
$((# -66,b M/N noun gossip; rumormonger
VARANTS: $1#-66,b
$((# -06,'JrD5 noun gossip; rumormonger
VARANTS: $((# -0(,'JrD5 MPN
[ddFT verb root
&%%$J(#& :6$J(#& #(1 $J(#&"0
s/he got sick | s/he's sick | s/he gets sick (regularly).
THEME: ec~c$J(#& M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be sick; for O to hurt, be in pain
Q5 )bI $J(#& $%%"0E His back always hurts.
Q5 sH,- )6s66$J(#&E His thighs are sore.
$J(#& noun sickness; illness; disease
VARANTS: $u%#&
[J(#&"0 6, 6-0 :66&6E66,E Sickness is trying to get him.
[H6#& )5 IJ1I &5)5&6,(( )5 #6'u%D-0H$1 $J(*%%"0E She was given
medicine for her bladder pain.
$J(- noun sea urchin
[ddo verb root
6&-1$bD L 6&)R1$bD 6-1$J(D 6-$bDI
s/he smelled it | s/he smells it | s/he smells it (regularly).
THEME: ecBcM)Nc-c$J(Dt M~ 6",N
for S to smell O
TJ Du%,- 6&5-$J(D1 6 :1$66)J &41D((D 066 #(1)'bE Our dog is running
toward the brown bear it smelled.
$J(I noun marble
VARANTS: $J1I
[dC verb root
66I :J1 6&-1$(1 ccc 66I #(1 :J1 6-$(1"0
s/he picked them up off of it | --- | s/he picks them up off of it (regularly).
THEME: @c)HI :J1 ecBc-c$(1t M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to pick up, lift up, take (plural) O (objects) up off of P
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
!,IH 66I :J1 6&5-$(1:1 :J; )H6$66 6 ((,bD :6$ 6#66&6,J(E She put
money in place of the food she picked up.
Q(1 #H, '6EH)1 sJ("06)1 66I :J1 6&-1$(1E He removed the windfall lying
in the road.
6#6&-1$(1 6#-6$J ccc
s/he knitted it | s/he is knitting it | ---.
THEME: ec#6cBc-c$(1t M$6 6",N

for S to make O (cloth of any kind) (by weaving, knitting, or crocheting); for S to
make or mend O (net)
Q5 4((:b- 'J( D&H$ #6I&-1$(1E I knitted socks for her.
)5 4((, :J1 6&-1$(1 ccc )5 4((I :J1 6-$(1
s/he gave them to him/her | --- | s/he gives them to him/her (regularly).
THEME: [ 4((,t :J1 ecBc-c$(1t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand (plural) O to N
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
\J(- 41s&J1$66 )5 'J('#5 4((, :J1 6&-1$(1E He gave his grandmother
new towels.
#6&)R1$J1 #6-$J ccc
s/he knitted | s/he is knitting; s/he knits | ---.
THEME: #6cBc)c-c$J1t M~ 6",N
for S to knit, weave, or crochet
rH6#&, 5&6$J1 ccc rH6#&I $(1
s/he had an accident | --- | s/he has accidents (regularly).
THEME: rH6#&,t ec~c$(1t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to have an accident, get hurt; for something bad to happen to O
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
}6 rGI ,(()6,66$ &J rH6#&, 1&5$(1:bK Think back to the time when you
got hurt!
)5 &6r-01:((D :J1 6&-1$(1 ccc r66 &6r-01:((D :%%
6-1$(1#
s/he demonstrated it to him/her | --- | s/he demonstrates it to people (regularly).
THEME: [ &6r-01:((D :J1 ecBc-c$(1t M$6 (7($,N
for S to demonstrate, perform publicly, show N how to do O by action
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
!I &6r-01:((D :J1 $6-$JK Show me how it's done!
&%%"0 :HI 6&-1$(1 &%%"0 :HI :66 6$6-$J1$ ccc
s/he straightened it out | s/he is straightening it out | ---.
THEME: &%%"0 :HI ecBc-c$(1t M$6 (7($,N
for S to straighten out O, smooth O over (literal or abstract)
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
)5 :H6 6:66&6$J1 L )5 :H6 6&5&6$J1 )5 :H6 #(1
6:6$6$J1$ ccc
s/he respects him/her | s/he is beginning to respect him/her | ---.
THEME: [ :H6 6c:6c5cBc~c$J1 M*6 6",N
for S to respect, regard highly, think highly of N
:6$ 6&-1$J1 :H$)( :66 6$6-$(1$ :6I 6-$(1
s/he finished it | s/he is finishing it | s/he finishes it (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ecBc-c$(1t M~ +%,1%$N

for S to finish, complete O
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
\6$ 6&-1$J1 )5 -b-66 0b)1 ((,bE He fixed up the place for his tent.
:6$ -0 &5)R1$J1 :H$)( :66 -0 $6-$(1$ :6I -0 1-$(1
s/he is dressed up | s/he's getting dressed up | s/he gets dressed up (regularly).
THEME: :6$t -0 Bc)c-c$(1t M~ (7($,N
for S to dress up
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
\6$ -0 &5)R1$J1E She's all dressed up.
:6$ 5&6$J1 :H$)( :66 $6$(1$ :6I $(1
he/she/it is ready | he/she/it is getting ready | he/she/it is always ready.
THEME: :6$t ec~c$(1t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to be permanent, happen for good; for O to be finished, complete, ready;
for O to be prepared, ready
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
\6$ 5&6$J1 H*J &J ,'J1D 66 :HI{ Is it ready like the other one?
rafters.
:6$ :J1 6#6&-1$J1 ccc :6I :J1 6#-6$(1
s/he put them down | --- | s/he puts them down (regularly).
THEME: :6$t :J1 ec#6cBc-c$(1t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, leave O (plural round objects)
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
!,I6 H, $H6*5 6 I%% :6$ :J1 #-6$JK Put some moth balls among it!
ccc :J1 6)66$J1 ccc
--- | s/he does it; s/he is doing it | ---.
THEME: M:J1N ec)66cBc~c$(1t M$6 6",N
for S to do, perform O (a particular action); for S to work on O
!I ,'H6#&"0 H6 I6, -05#66&64H6; 66)J :J1 )66)5$(1 :JE My
:J1 6, &%%$(1 ccc :J1 6, :6$(1#
that's what happened | --- | that's what happens (regularly).
THEME: M:J1N 6, ~c$(1 M$6 (7($,N
for something to happen
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
/'(1)60J($; :J1 6, &%%$(1E Once upon a time, this happened.
/'J1' H:HI 6, &5$(1:b; 41$60H6 H&J :u% #)5'$((#E When something
bad happens they say it's bad luck.
:J1 6&-1$(1 :J1 :66 6$6-$J1$ :J1 :%% 6-1$(1#
s/he fixed it | s/he is fixing it | s/he fixes it (regularly).
THEME: M:J1N ecBc-c$(1t M$6 (7($,N
for S to do (that) to O; for S to fix, cause (that) to happen to O
VARANTS: c$((t M!$N
F1)J1$ $6-$J &J $6)H6#&K Clear and clean the table!
Ab, -06$,G #1)J1$ 6&-1$(1E She cleaned upstairs.

:J1 4((&6$(1 :J1 41$J :J1 :%% 41:6$(1#
s/he worked | s/he works; s/he is working | s/he works (regularly).
THEME: :J1 41cBc~c$(1t M$6 6",N
for S to work; for S to do
B(1sH$ *J 1 ,5&H6 -1*u% 6I (($ :J1 41:1$(1:b{ Do you want to work with
me tomorrow?
\6$ :J1 41&,%%$(1:b 6 b,$HI ,-H *6I,%%EH6,E After we have finished work,
then we will go.
:J1 &%%$(1 :J1 :66 $6$(1$ :J1 :%% :6$(1#
that happened to him/her/it | that's happening to him/her/it | that happens to
him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: M:J1N ec~c$(1 M$6 (7($,N
for (that) to happen, occur to O
VARANTS: c$(( M!$N
$(1*u%$ noun nagoonberry, lagoonberry, dwarf nagoonberry
$(1't Adverb inside, into the house, home
F6)5"0H6#& 'b,66 -H#& :6#J1:1 66 s6:J1- $(1' ,bK Bring home a good
piece of iron for a carving knife!
box.
$(1' noun home
ob,66 (($ )5 $(1'b 6Db,*1 $%%"0E He always sweeps his house with a
broom.
= -(1rI 5-1,((:1 $(1' H:HE This is a smoke-free home.
$(1' :(( ,H6D6:1 noun housefly
$(1':((,J('1 noun slipper(s); house shoe(s)
$J1' noun basket of woven red cedar bark
$(1- noun oil, grease (for coating skin or rubbing); lotion; liniment
)5 $J1D1 noun his/her inheritance; possessions of deceased given to him/her at
a feast
[dCp verb root
6&-1$(1I ccc :(1 6-$(1I"0
s/he saved him/her/it | --- | s/he saves him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c$(1I Ms6 (7($,N
for S to save O; for S to heal, cure O
!6$#6$H6*5 ,b$ -0 &5)R1$(1IE She healed herself with medicine from the
land.
&%%$(1I :(1 $6$JI :(1 $JI"0
s/he recovered | s/he is beginning to recover | s/he recovers (regularly).

THEME: ec~c$(1It Ms6 (7($,N
for O to be saved; for O to be healed, cured, recover; for O to be satisfied
T5&,5$J(#& 4(()HI H&J &%%$(1IE She was saved from tuberculosis.
$JI& noun yellow cloudberry
$1#-66,b noun gossip, rumormonger
VARANTS: $((# -66,b M/N
$1-)66, noun last night
6 $1:66 RelationalNoun in its way; keeping it away; protecting, shielding,
screening from it; blocking it
!I )6:J($ 0H$ Du%$ $1:66E He is standing facing me, shielding me from
the North Wind.
6 $1:66)J Adverb in the direction or general area of it; (headed) toward it
VARANTS: 6 $1:66)J1; 6 :1$66)J; 6 :1$66)J1
}6 $1:66)J :66 $6*G,E He is walking toward the lake.
! $1:66)J :66 $6*G,E He is walking toward it.
$1:60H6, noun body armor, breastplate
$%%"0 Other always; [auxiliary]
VARANTS: $5"0
NOTES: /0( 65D1'163: $%%"0 9%''%&- 6 7(38 6$) 1- 5-() 1$ ,0(
1+2(39(",17( 0681,56' 6-2(",; *171$* ,0( 7(38 6 0681,56' +(6$1$*
6'&6:-E
m66 ,5#J1 $%%"0 s6*66$ )5,(($bE People are always happy when they see
the sun.
hears the bad talk.
[eeF
Z
verb root
H6 &)1$%%# ccc ccc
the building was situated there (suddenly as if overnight) | --- | ---.
THEME: )c$%%#t Ms6 (7($,N
for a building to be situated
H, 6&-1$%%# ccc H, :%% 6-1$G##
s/he is carrying him/her/it around; s/he carried him/her/it around | --- | s/he
carries him/her/it around (regularly).
THEME: @c, ecBc-c$%%#t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (live creature) around at P
6&-1$%%# ccc :(1 6-$G#"0
s/he seated him/her | --- | s/he seats him/her (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c$%%#t Ms6 (7($,N
for S to seat O
6&-1$%%# :66 6$6-$G# :%% 6-1$G##
s/he carried him/her/it | s/he is carrying him/her/it | s/he carries him/her/it
(regularly).

THEME: ecBc-c$%%#t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (live creature)
Q5 41s(1I :66 6$6-$G# )5 -J(#E He is carrying his daughter in his arms.
#(1 6&-1$G# ccc #(1 6-$G#"0
s/he lifted him/her/it up | --- | s/he lifts him/her/it up (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ecBc-c$%%#t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to lift up O (live creature)
Q5 )6"0IH$# )5 s5-0#H6 #(1 6&-1$G#E He lifted his grandchild up
onto his lap.
-06&)1$G# ccc -06)6$G#I
s/he got up | --- | s/he gets up (regularly).
THEME: -06cBc)c$%%#t M~ (7($,N
for (singular) S to get up, rise
/-%%,66, -06I&)1$G#E I got up in the morning.
before dawn.
&%%$%%# ccc :(1 $G#"0
s/he sat down | --- | s/he sits down (regularly).
THEME: Bc~c$%%#t Ms6 (7($,N
for (singular) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting)
!, IJ1)1 :6D66, 6 -0u%D s6$GK Sit down and do some arrow-head
sharpening!
TJ 66- *%%&G #H6 &%%$%%#E She sat on that tree stump.
:6$ 6&-1$G# ccc :6I 6-$%%#
s/he put him/her/it down | --- | s/he puts him/her/it down (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ecBc-c$%%#t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down O (live creature)
FH6 I(ID5 :(1, #H6 :6$ 6&-1$G# )5 -J(#E She put her daughter down
on the bed.
[eeF
X
verb root
4J( 6&)1$G# 4J( 6)1$%%# 4J( 6)6$G#I
s/he felt it | s/he's feeling it | s/he feels it (regularly).
THEME: 4J( ecBc)c$%%#t M~ -,6,(N
for S to feel, touch O (esp. with hands)
NOTES: /01- 7(38 1- "%++%$': 5-() 1$
3(9(3($"( ,% '68%3 261$-E S%3
(D6+2'(< >J( *J 1)1$%%#{ !3( :%5
9(('1$* 1, M"%$,36",1%$-N{
&5)5&6$G# :66 $)5$G# )5$G#I
it blew; it's blowing | it's starting to blow | it blows (regularly).
THEME: )5c~c$%%#t M~ (7($,N
for the wind to blow, be felt (esp. a breeze, light wind)
ou%$ &5)5&6$G#E A north wind is blowing.

DH6$, 5&6$G# DH6$)( :66 $6$G# DH6$I $%%#
s/he's angry | s/he's getting angry | s/he gets angry (regularly).
THEME: DH6$c,t Bc~c$%%#t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to be angry
IJ1 6&)1$G# IJ1 6)1$%%# DjJ1 6)6$G#I
s/he tasted it | s/he tastes it | s/he tastes it (regularly).
THEME: IJ1 ecBc)c$%%#t M~ -,6,(N
for S to taste, sample O
:J1 r%%&6$%%# :J1 r5&6$u%# ccc
s/he did it | s/he is doing it | ---.
THEME: M:J1N r5cBc~c$%%#t M$6 6",N
for S to behave, do, act (in a certain way)
VARANTS: c$((#&
/'J1' %%&66 &J 66$ #H6 r5)5)R1,((:1 :%% I6,H$# *J1)(
:J1 -0 ,5&)1$%%# :J1 -0 ,5)1$%%# ccc
s/he felt that way | s/he feels that way | ---.
THEME: M:J1N -0 ,5cBc)c$%%#t M$6 6",N
for S to feel (that way) (esp. physical sensation)
AH6- :HI -0 ,5)1$%%#E He feels like vomiting.
$u%-# noun wolverine
VARANTS: $u%-#&
[u%-# #HI s66,H6 :6$ 6&'1EH,E He set traps for wolverine.
$u%-#& noun wolverine
VARANTS: $u%-#
$u%-0 noun dead salmon (after spawning)
[ee/ verb root
6#66&6$u%, ccc :%% 6#6:6$G,#
s/he swallowed it | --- | s/he swallows it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c$u%,t M$6 (7($,N
for S to swallow O (pill, etc.)
v("0 6#66&6$u%, \J1'E Raven swallowed a stone.
[ee/B
Z
verb root
6, #66&6$G,- 6, #6$G,-, ccc
s/he is grinning; s/he grinned | s/he is trying to grin | ---.
THEME: 6, #6cBc~c$u%,-t M~ 6",N
for S to smile at something (often knowingly or sarcastically), grin
!, #6)5$5,- $5"0 6I -66:b s6)5EHIb$E /66& P0H$E They always grin
when they hear my name, T'aaw Chn.

$%%& noun fort
$%%& noun flat-topped island with steep sides; low flat island or hill
$%%& s(1 noun in a fort, shelter, cove
$u%D noun shell; shell-like chip or flake; china; carapace
[u%D ,u%)HI 66&6DH- &J IJ('E He scraped the slime out of the shell.
$u%D noun eggshell
$5#-01:H6$ noun mink
VARANTS: '5#-01:H6$
$G#, noun blue grouse
[F/B verb root
&5'1$G#,- '1$G#,- ccc
it was sweet | he/she/it is sweet | ---.
THEME: ec'c$G#,- M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be sweet
202 - e% - Dictionary of Tlingit

e%
%%'DJ1- noun wish; prayer
u%$66 noun gun, rifle
trunk.
u%$66 ((,b noun gunshot wound
u%-1 noun laundry
%-#K interj. Cute!
VARANTS: %,-#K
NOTES: /01- (D"'6+6,1%$ 1- 5-() 1$ 6--%"16,1%$ &1,0 '1,,'(; "5,(
,01$*- -5"0 6- 8681(-; 25221(-; %3 -+6'' %84(",-E
u%-0 particle as if; if only; even if
u%, noun rock pile fish trap
6 u%,1 noun its sucker (devilfish)
u%D466 noun wind
!6$ #&J1:1 u%D466 ,u%, &5'1-((-E A flag is blowing in the wind.
TJ '1,-(($1 u%D466 *J1)( H&J :66 06- $6EH,E They are walking against
the strong wind.
6 u%D5 noun spray of air exhaled through its blowhole (of sea mammal)
)5 u%D5 noun his/her shoulderblade; scapula
)5 %%I noun his/her tooth
blueberry juice.
%%I #6,-Hs66 noun toothpick
)5 %%I#1E((,b noun his/her missing tooth
6 %%IG noun its tooth
Dictionary of Tlingit - B - 203

B
-H particle [interrogative - marks WH-questions]
-66 noun name
!I ,'H6 -66:b r5E66 H:H B066D(1)b /'H6 :u% H&J &)5&6-H6E My
mother's name was Shaaxeidi Tla.
p60H6, #1$H6# H&J H, 6#6&-1Du%; )5 -66:bE He nailed his name above
the door.
B!!
Z
verb root
ccc :J1 #&'1-H6 ccc
--- | it's narrow | ---.
THEME: :J1 #6c5c'c-66t M-,6,(N
for something (esp. container) to be narrow
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17( %$':E
skinny.
B!!
X
verb root
:J1 66&6-H6 ccc ccc
s/he named him/her/it that | --- | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c-66t M~ (7($,N
for S to name O; for S to nominate O
NOTES: /0( )199(3($"( 8(,&(($< :J1 66&6-H6 -L0( $6+()
01+L0(3L1, ,06, 6$) :J1 66&6-H6#& -L0( "6''() 01+L0(3L1, ,06,
1- %$( %9 3(2(,1,1%$E /0( 9%3+(3 )($%,(- 6 %$(c,1+( (7($, 1$ &01"0
-%+(%$( %3 -%+(,01$* &6- *17($ 6 $6+(; &01'( ,0( '6,,(3 )(21",-
3(2(6,()': "6''1$* -%+(%$( %3 -%+(,01$* 8: 6 $6+(E [%,( ,06, ,0(
'6,,(3 9%3+< :J1 66&6-H6#& 06- ,0( 1,(36,17( -5991D Mc#&N; &01"0
*($(36'': )($%,(- 6 3(2(6,() 6",1%$E
!I ,'H6 -66:b r5E66 H:H B066D(1)b /'H6 :u% H&J &)5&6-H6E My
mother's name was Shaaxeidi Tla.
\J1 H&J &)5&6-H6 F6:H6-0 Ab, =5#$6IEH)1"0E The Coho Salmon
tribe has named it Platform House.
:J1 66&6-H6#& :J1 6:6-H6#& ccc
s/he called him/her/it that | s/he calls him/her/it that | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c-H6#& M$6 -,6,(N
for S to call O by a certain name
NOTES: /0( )199(3($"( 8(,&(($< :J1 66&6-H6 -L0( $6+()
01+L0(3L1, ,06, 6$) :J1 66&6-H6#& -L0( "6''() 01+L0(3L1, ,06,
1- %$( %9 3(2(,1,1%$E /0( 9%3+(3 )($%,(- 6 %$(c,1+( (7($, 1$ &01"0
-%+(%$( %3 -%+(,01$* &6- *17($ 6 $6+(; &01'( ,0( '6,,(3 )(21",-
204 - B - Dictionary of Tlingit

3(2(6,()': "6''1$* -%+(%$( %3 -%+(,01$* 8: 6 $6+(E [%,( ,06, ,0(
'6,,(3 9%3+< :J1 66&6-H6#& 06- ,0( 1,(36,17( -5991D Mc#&N; &01"0
*($(36'': )($%,(- 6 3(2(6,() 6",1%$E
\66 6I 'J('#& 6I ,'H6 :1$66$HI mJ1$ :u% )5-H6*5$ :66
Angoon.
B!!
`
verb root
&5)'1-H6 M,'H#&N :66 $6'-J1$ 5'-J1I
s/he rested; s/he's resting | s/he is (always) resting | s/he rests (regularly).
THEME: Bc)c'c-66t M~ (7($,N
for S to rest
!6- -(1:b H6 &)'1-H6E He rested in the shelter of the tree.
-66# noun eulachon; candlefish; hooligan
-66# ((Ib noun hooligan oil
-H6$HI noun wind (blowing) from the south
)5 -66:(( noun underside of his/her knee; (inside of) his/her lower leg
)5 -66:b noun his/her name; his/her namesake
-6)66,66: noun neck scarf; kerchief
Q5 *G# #HI 6:66&6:((-0 )5 -6)66,66:bE She pulled her scarf down
over her ears.
-6*G noun joy; happiness
6, -6s6066:b noun will; wish(es)
VARANTS: (, -(s6066:b MPN
-6#6EH, noun necktie
-H#& adj. future (noun), (noun) to be, for (noun)
[H-# 6 )%%*G Du%& H&J )5 #H6 #6#s&6*J1 #%%)H- -H#&; &J rH6
-6#&$J1$ noun flour; bread
/'J1r& su%, 6&-1EJ( )5 -6#&$J1$1E She cooked her bannock without
berries.
B6#&$J1$ H&J )5 IJ1I I6,((I &J #6'-H6#E I feed bread to the squirrel.

-6#&$J1$ J(&5 noun (loaf of) bread
-6#&$J1$ #6,J1I1 noun porridge
-6#&$J1$ #6I(1',b noun bread crumbs
6 -H#&,1 noun its handle (stick-like); its shaft (of spear, etc.)
VARANTS: 6 -HD&)1; 6 -bD&)1 M!,/N; 6 -GD)1 M/N; 6 -GD,1 M/PN
Cr$H6"0I -1,(( &J 'b,66 -H#&,1E The handle of that knife is brass.
-Hr- noun bow
)5 -H$1 noun his/her paternal uncle, cousin
!I J(# r6 6I -H$1 6'u%$1 (($ H, 06- $6EH,41$E My brother and my
paternal uncle used to accompany hunters.
-6$#(1, noun armor made of tough hide or wooden rods
B6$:66 m&H6$ noun people of Cape Fox, Saxman
B}/F verb root
&%%-H,# :6-H,# #(1 -H,#"0
he/she/it was fast | he/she/it is fast | he/she/it gets fast (regularly).
THEME: ec~c-H,# M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be fast (at doing things)
\6-H,# 66)J1 6-01*u%*5 :J &J #6')H6'E The typist knows how to type
fast.
)5 -6,G noun his/her voice
6 -HD&)1 noun its handle (stick-like); its shaft (of spear, etc.)
VARANTS: 6 -bD&)1 M!,/N; 6 -GD)1 M/N; 6 -GD,1 M/PN
-HD noun cambium, sap scraped from inner bark
6, -6IH$ noun love (of things, of everything)
)5 -J noun his/her voice
-J( noun doll
Ab, #6,H6:1 :H,D1 &J -J( 0b)1 #H6 :J1 6&6E%%E He put the small shingles
on that doll house.
)5 -J( noun his/her daughter, cousin
\u% H:G 66&6-H6 )5 -J( 6I ,'H6E That's what my mother named her
daughter.
BddF
Z
verb root
:66&6-b# ccc &%%-b#I
s/he is delayed | --- | s/he gets delayed (regularly).

THEME: ec:6c~c-((#t M~ (7($,N
for O to be delayed, prevented, held back from plans (often due to inclement
weather)
-J(# noun belt
Bdd[ verb root
6&)'1-b$ ccc ccc
he/she/it hid; s/he's hiding | --- | ---.
THEME: 6cBc)c'c-(($t M~ (7($,N
for S to hide oneself, remain out of sight
!&)'1-b$ "0JI1 ,u%DE He is hiding in the shadows.
oJ()6)1 ,u%D 6&)'1-b$E She hid in a tree stump.
6&'1-b$ ccc 6'-b$I
s/he hid it; s/he's hiding it | --- | s/he hides it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c-(($t M~ (7($,N
for S to hide, conceal, put O out of sight
-((, noun dug-out canoe designed to go through shallow waters
QGr (($ )5':J1I -((, :66#&E The canoe is made out of cottonwood.
-J(, noun draw, gully, box canyon
-J(& noun rain
VARANTS: -u%& MPN
out of the rain.
p6, &5'1D&J,' &J -J(&E I'm tired of the rain.
-J(& #%%-0)6$(1, noun swallow
-(1sH$ noun tomorrow
VARANTS: -(1sH$1$
B(1sH$ *J 1 ,5&H6 -1*u% 6I (($ :J1 41:1$(1:b{ Do you want to work with
me tomorrow?
school tomorrow.
-(1sH$1$ noun tomorrow
VARANTS: -(1sH$
-(1s6,H6$66 noun berrying basket or can hung around the neck, resting on
the chest
BdCmT verb root
6#6&'1-Jr& 6#'6-Jr& 6#'6-Jr&I
s/he dyed it | s/he is dying it | s/he dyes it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'c-J1r&t M~ 6",N
for S to stain, dye, color the surface of O

/'J1r& #60J($1 H&J H,I )5':J1I #6'-JrI5 :b-E Berry juices are used
for dyeing.
#6&)1-Jr& ccc #6)6-Jr&I
it's dyed | --- | it's dyed (regluarly).
THEME: ec#6c)c-J1r&t M~ (7($,N
for O to be stained, dyed
blueberry juice.
-J1r& noun the quick (the flesh under the outer skin)
-(1, noun necklace
6 -(1:b RelationalNoun the shelter of it; the lee of it; the (beach) area below it (a
mountain, hill, etc.)
-*u%$ noun school
l6:J1- '6:(1IbI $6I-6,((:b, -*u%$1 :%% 5&6*G,E He went to school to
become an engineer.
-*u%$&66$ noun student; pupil; scholar
-1,*6&-H6$ noun noon
]6$*5#sHI1 06- )5 -1,*6&-H6$ 6,I66:b H&JE The fish heads cooked
around the fire are their lunch.
-b, noun glacier
-b, ,5Du%)R1 noun glacier bear
-1EH6,1 0J($ noun cold water
B1EH6,1 0J($ b$ D((-0H6 ,u%)( 6#6&-1D66E She poured cold water into
the bottle jug.
-1EH6D5 H, noun pepper
-%%r noun peat moss
BeeB
Z
verb root
r5, 6#66&'1-u%- ccc r5, #J1 6#'6-u%-"0
s/he lost them | --- | s/he loses them (regularly).
THEME: r5, ec#6cBc'c-u%- M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to lose (plural) O

r5, 06- #66&6-u%- ccc r5, #(1 06- #6-u%-"0
they are lost; they got lost | --- | they get lost (regularly).
THEME: r5, ec#6c~c-u%- M*6 (7($,N
for (plural) O (objects, people) to be lost
-u%& MPN noun rain
VARANTS: -J(&
-,%%D noun stove
p66$ :(($6:H,"0 &J :J(- -,%%D ,u%DE The fire lasts in the new stove.
B,%%D #H6 :6$ -6Eb$ &J 6, ,J1I1K Set the broth on top of the stove!
-G noun bull kelp
B5r,(($(1)b noun Sukteeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a clan of the
Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Dog Salmon
-5r,J1,' noun goose tongue

B
-66"0 noun shield fern
-66s1,5$J(#& M!,/N noun rheumatism
VARANTS: -66s1,5$u%# M/PN
-66r noun bone
6, -66$E6I& )RH6- noun spear which binds rope around seal
-H6- noun goldfinch, canary
)5 -66,b noun his/her boss, master
\J(- rH6 H&J 06- )5 -66,bE Their boss is a young man.
-H6& noun dungeness crab
]%%-G H :6$6EH6,6$1 &J -H6& 6 #H, 1-6E((:1 r&H,'{ Where is the
cover for the pot you're cooking the crab in?
-H6D& noun hat
F14%%# -H6D& r5)R1,((E There is a hawk hat.
! su%, &%%*%%, )5 -H6D5E He went without his hat.
-66I noun hoary marmot; groundhog, whistler
-H6I noun ling cod
-6*&H6, noun brown
-6*&H6, noun flaky surface of the outer bark of conifers, especially hemlock
6 -6r-05,Gr'1 noun cartilage, gristle at the end of its bones
-6r,5E((Ib noun his/her bone marrow
VARANTS: -6r,5E(1Ib MPN
6 -6r,5E((Ib noun its bone marrow
VARANTS: 6 -6r,5E(1Ib MPN
6 -6rIH6# ,Gr'1 noun cartilage, gristle between its bones
-HD noun starfish

-HD, noun devil's club
-J noun clay; alluvial silt
-J particle first
)5 -(( noun his/her eyebrow
VARANTS: )5 -(1
-((# noun black bear
-((r noun smoke
VARANTS: -(1r
-((r #6&u%, noun light bluish-gray trade bead(s)
-(($H6 noun lamp
nI*6$0J($ -(($H6 #H6D 06- )6rJ1-1$E They used to sew by kerosene
lamp.
B(($H6, 6#66&6*H$E The light is on.
-(($H6 :66#& noun gas-powered boat
BddB verb root
66)J #6&)'1-J(- 66)J :66 #6$6'-b- ccc
it's blowing in the wind there | it's blowing in the wind there | ---.
THEME: @c)J #6c'c-J(-t M$6 +%,1%$N
for an object to be blown in the wind to P
H, &5'1-((- ccc ccc
it's blowing around; it blew around | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, ec'c-((-t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to be blown around at P (by wind), to sail
!6$ #&J1:1 u%D466 ,u%, &5'1-((-E A flag is blowing in the wind.
Bdd/ verb root
6#66&6-b, 6#6-J(, 6#6-b,I
s/he bandaged it | s/he is bandaging it | s/he bandages it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c-((,t M~ 6",N
for S to bind up, wrap around, bandage O

Q5 #(1,' 4b$1 6#66&6-b,E He bandaged his dog's paw.
Q5 41*G$'1 6#66&6-b,E He bandaged his wrist.
-((D noun dirt; scrap(s); rubbish, trash, clutter; lint
Bddo verb root
&5'1-bD :66 $6'-bD '6-bDI
it aged | it's aging | it ages (regularly).
THEME: 'c-((Dt M~ (7($,N
for animal matter to age, spoil to stage where still firm, but smelly
-J(DH, noun shrimp
BddoT verb root
H, 6#6&'1-bD& ccc HI 6#'6-J(D&
s/he stuck it to it | --- | s/he sticks it to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6cBc'c-J(D&t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to stick O (esp. paper) to P
Q5 ((,b 6 #6I:((, 6#6&'1-bD& r66 :6066:b &J -066,#H,-#5E The
)5 -(1 noun his/her eyebrow
VARANTS: )5 -((
-(1r noun smoke
VARANTS: -((r
B(1r IH6, DH6-1 H&J :6#J1 s6',u%, 1)6,(($b '6,-(($ -H#& 6,
good for energy.
BdCm verb root
HI 6#6&'1-(1r ccc HI 6#'6-JrI
s/he tanned it | --- | s/he tans it (regularly).
THEME: HI 6c#6cBc'c-(1rt M$6 (7($,N
for S to tan, smoke, cure something by placing in smoke
VARANTS: c-((rt M!$N
}I 6#6&)5)'1-(1s1 1-0r(($ )5 ,5&H6 -6*u%&5$ 6I J(-0E My dad
smoking that hide.
-0 I6&)1-(1r -0 I6)6-(1r :%% -0 I6)1-(1r#
s/he smoked | s/he's smoking | s/he smokes (regularly).
THEME: -0 I6cBc)c-(1r M$6 6",N
for S to smoke (cigarettes, etc.)
B0 IHI)6-(1rE I smoke.
-(1r )66#60b)1 noun smokehouse (with smoke piped in from outside)
VARANTS: -(1r 0b)1; -(1r )66#J()1 MPN

!&)R1s(1&5 s66, -(1r 0b)1 :((I 6-0 6:66&6,J(E She hung the sockeye
salmon that she netted in the smokehouse.
-(1r)66#(1, noun pipe (for tobacco)
BdC= verb root
66&6-J1' :66 6$6-J' :%% 6:6-J'#
s/he tore it | s/he's tearing it | s/he tears it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c-J1' M$6 (7($,N
for S to tear O
6#66&6-J1' 6#6-J', :(1 6#6-J1'"0
s/he tore it | s/he is tearing it | s/he tears it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c-J1' Ms6 6",N
for S to tear, tear up, rip off O; for S to peel off O (bark from a tree)
6I(1&6-J' 6I6-J'I ccc
s/he held it open | s/he is holding it open | ---.
THEME: ecI6cBc~c-J1't M~ 6",N
for S to tear O away (from hook); for S to stretch or hold O (opening) open
NOTES: T1,0 ,01- 7(38; 1, 1- 8(-, ,% $6+( ,0( ,01$* 8(1$* 0(') %2($E
S%3 (D6+2'(< *&J1' 6I(1&6-J' -L0( 0(') ,0( 86* %2($E
e,0(3&1-(; 1, -%5$)- '1#( -%+(%$( 1- 0%')1$* ,0(13 +%5,0 %2($
&1,0 ,0(13 06$)-E
! IJ H&J 66&6-0H6, &J rH6 ,'(1$; ,'( 6IJ1&6-J'E The big man
grabbed its mouth and tore it apart.
#6&)1-J1' ccc :(1 #)6-J'"0
it's torn | --- | it gets torn (regularly).
THEME: #6c)c-J1' Ms6 (7($,N
for something to be torn up
F6&)1-J1' 6I s(1&GE My net is all torn up.
I66, 6&'1-J' I66, 6'-J1' I66, 6'-J1'I
s/he pulled up spruce roots | s/he pulls up spruce roots; s/he is pulling up spruce
roots | s/he pulls up spruce roots (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c-J1't M~ 6",N
for S to tear up, pull up O (roots)
p66, H:H *6I,5'6-J1'E We're going to dig spruce roots.
-J1' noun wound
-J1' ,-H6D noun rubber gloves
-J1I&6$1 noun lichen that hangs down from trees
-J1I&6$1 noun yellow
-J'6-0((-0 noun flathead duck
-J' noun rubber
m66 #6-H$ ,6:((, -05#6,H$1 H&J :6#J1 &J1 -J' #1$66#EH,E A

-JI noun swamp hemlock
-1*((rH6&5 :66*b noun red mussel
-1*(1)b noun beaver
VARANTS: -1#:(1)b
B1*(1)b r6 :H6: 6 #H6 #6-06Db, &J 6, )%%*G Du%&K Draw a Beaver
and whale design on the leather blanket!
B1*(1)b #HI s66,H6 0J($ ,H6#)( 6&-1,((E He set a trap underwater for
beaver.
-1*(1)b H6:1 noun beaver dam
-1*(1)b I66:b noun beaver's den
-1s((rH6&5 noun ghost
VARANTS: -1*((rH6&5 M/N
-1s((rH6&5 ,'J1s5 noun various odd looking, tasteless, or otherwise
undesirable berries, some poisonous; meaning varies locally, incl. twistedstalk
(Streptopus species), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), fool's huckleberry
(Menziesia ferruginea), etc.
-b#-0 noun false hellebore
NOTES: T63$1$*< (D,3(+(': 2%1-%$%5-
-1#-06')J($ noun Hudson Bay tea
NOTES: T63$1$*< ,0( -1+1'63 8%*c3%-(+63: M!$)3%+()6 2%'19%'16N;
6$) 8%*c'653(' MF6'+16 +1"3%20:''6 -58-2("1(- %""1)($,6'1-N 63(
,%D1"; ,0(: '6"# 83%&$ 35-,: 0613- 5$)(3 ,0( '(67(- 6$) 067( 21$#
9'%&(3-N
-1r)66#(1, noun tobacco pipe
VARANTS: -(1r)66#(1,
-b$ noun carrot
-b-66 noun cloth; sailcloth
Bb-66 *&J1' ,u%D )50%%$b$ #u%DE Rice used to be sold in cloth bags.
Bb-66 rH6- 0%%$ )66#60b)1)HI 66&6E%%E She bought a yard of fabric
from the store.
-b-66 0b, noun tent
\6$ 6&-1$J1 )5 -b-66 0b)1 ((,bE He fixed up the place for his tent.
-b-66 :66#& noun sailboat
!I J(-0 #6#)6#&J1: -66,bI &5-1,(( -b-66 :66#& #HDE My father
became the captain of the sailboat.

-bD noun dish; plate
TJ -bD sH6D& 6 #H6 :J1 :6,((E There are herring eggs on that plate.
BbD I%%, 1',H"0 )J1K Wash up the dishes now! (Lit: Slap (up) the dishes now).
-bDs66 noun moss
-bD rH6,' noun plate
VARANTS: -bD ,H6' MPN
,"01 -bD rH6,' )5 4((&GE She has a glass plate.
)5 -u%s5 noun his/her rib
>H$&5 )'((:b 66,'(1$ :6#J1; *&H' &J 6 -u%s5E Mountain goat meat is
really good, especially the ribs.
-%%# noun barnacle
BeeF verb root
6#6&'1-G# 6#'6-G# 6#'6-G#I
s/he fried it | s/he's frying it | s/he fries it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'c-%%#t M~ 6",N
for S to toast O (bread); for S to fry O (usually till crisp)
VARANTS: ec#6cBc'c-J(#&t M~ 6",N
]1-0%% ,66:b r6 )'((: &u%-0 ,(($ 6#6&'1-G#E She fried the meat with
bacon.
oH6$66 6,I66:b :b- sHI 6#6&'1-G#E She fried rabbit for dinner.
-u%- noun pole(s) on which fish are hung for drying in smokehouse
-u%-6$1 noun pine cone, spruce cone
VARANTS: -u%-($1 MPN
-%%& noun greenstone
-%%& noun green, light blue
TJ *6$:6'u%, -%%& :HI :6,((E That flame is green.
BeeT verb root
66&6-G& 6-G& ccc
s/he chopped it | s/he's chopping it; s/he chops it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c-u%&t M$6 6",N
for S to chop O (esp. chopping down trees, chopping off branches)
NOTES: P6$ 6'-% 8( 5-() +(,620%31"6'': ,% +(6$ ,% ,(3+1$6,(
-%+(,01$*E
!6-)66sH6)'1 66I 66&6-G&E He chopped off the tree fungus.
Ab, ,6:((*H6-1 :b- 66- 66&6-G&E He chopped down trees for pilings.
-%%& IG,66 noun stone adze
-5r#6-)G# noun solid-ribbed brown bear

#"$#" noun harlequin duck
#"$&'' noun awl; chopping block
216 - B0 - Dictionary of Tlingit

B0
)5 -0H noun his/her head
VARANTS: )5 -0H$
his head high.
6 -0H noun its head
-066 noun mountain
TJ -066 )6:J($ H6:HI 5&60H$E He turned around to face the mountain.
B066 '1,#H 66)J )6I)5&6,J($ &J &6,-bDE The caribou are visible on the
mountain ridge.
BA!!
Z
verb root
66&6-0H6 ccc ccc
s/he married him/her; s/he is married | --- | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c-066t M~ (7($,N
for S to marry O
B0((,#66)J r5E66 H:H &)5-0H6:1$ /(1r&(1)J("0 H:HE She was
married to a man from Sitka from Teikweid clan.
will marry you.)
&%%"0 06- &5)1-0H6 ccc ccc
they married each other | --- | ---.
THEME: &%%"0 Bc)c-066t M~ (7($,N
for S (two people) to marry each other
NOTES: d1,0(3 &%%"0 %3 &%%-0 "6$ 8( 5-() &1,0 ,01- 7(38E
&5)5&6-0H6 ccc ccc
s/he got married | --- | ---.
THEME: ec)5c~c-066t M~ (7($,N
for O to get married
-0H6 noun women
A6 :J1 H&J 06- )5&6-H6#& m(1r& B0H6 o5$66)HIE They are called
the Sea Pigeon gals from Hoonah.
-0H6"0 noun young herring
6 -066)b noun its sprouts, fleshy leaves growing toward the top of the stem
(e.g. of bear root)
Dictionary of Tlingit - B0 - 217

-0H6# noun timothy grass (used for basket decoration)
mH#& :J1 )66$J :b- H&J :J1 )66I6$J :H -0H6#E I am collecting this
timothy grass for making baskets.
-066r noun snag; driftlog, driftwood
-0H6' noun fish trap
-066$ noun old age
-066$ noun old person
BA!![ verb root
&5)1-0H$ :66 $)6-0H$ ccc
s/he is old | s/he's getting old | ---.
THEME: ec)c-066$t M~ (7($,N
for O to show signs of old age (esp. grey hair), for O to become old, age
-066$H#& noun (little) old person
-066$HI noun mountain valley; valley
the valley.
-066 -(1:b noun the shelter of a mountain, area on the beach below a
mountain
BA!!BA verb root
&%%-0H6-0 :(1 $6-0H6-0 :(1 -0H6-0"0
it wore out | it's wearing out | it wears out (regularly).
THEME: ~c-0H6-0 Ms6 (7($,N
for something to wear out by continuous friction
\H &6-0J($ #6,Hs6:1 &%%-0H6-0E This connecting rod wore out.
thin.
-066 -06#J( noun mountaintop; on top of the mountain
VARANTS: -066 -0(#J( MPN
TJ -066 -06#J()( )5&6,J($ &J s6*66$ I5-:((E The ray of sunlight
can be seen on the mountain top.
BA!!/ verb root
66&6-0H6, ccc #(1 6-0H,"0
s/he caught it | --- | s/he catches it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c-0H6,t M*6 (7($,N
for S to catch O; for S to grab, take hold of, snatch O; for S to arrest O; for S to
trap O
B(1r 6-0 )66 )'((:b 66&6-0H6,E S/he's addicted to smoking. (Lit: Smoke
took hold of his/her body.)
mG$HI 066 ,J1I 66&6-0H6,E It really caught our hearts.

H, 6:6&6-0H, 66)J :66 6:6$6-0H, ccc
the wind hit it in gusts | the wind is hitting it in gusts | ---.
THEME: @c,t 6c:6c~c-0H, M~ +%,1%$N
for the wind, weather to move in gusts to P
A66 #H, 6:6&6-0H, &J Du%$E The north wind hit us in gusts.
6&'1-0H6, 6'-0H, :(1 6'-0H,"0
s/he held it | s/he is holding it | s/he holds it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c-0H6,t Ms6 6",N
for S to hold, retain O in one's grasp; for S to capture, hold O captive
off the snow.
TJ1 :66#& :6I6#H6& #6-J(, H6 :J1 )5E%%&G; #1)J1$ :J1
-066,# noun young woman (not married)
]1$41"0&H6$ 66$b)HI H&J &J -066,#E That young woman is from
Canada.
F6DJ(' -0H6)( 0H$1I -1,(( &J -066,#E The young girl is a troublemaker.
-066,#H,-#5 noun girl
VARANTS: -066,#1:H,-#5; -066,#1:J,-#5 MPN
B066,#H,-#5I I6, -1,((:b 6I IJ #J1:1$ &J ,'66)J1$E66E When I was
a little girl, I used to love turnips.
mG$HI H$#& H&J &J -066,#H,-#5E The young girl is a real crybaby.
)5 -066,#b noun his/her girlfriend
TJ :J(- -066&H, )5 -066,#bI -1,((E That young woman is his girlfriend.
-066,#1:H,-#5 noun girl
VARANTS: -066,#1:J,-#5 MPN; -066,#H,-#5
-066& noun gumboots; chiton
mJ1I)(1 $6I,%%r%%I -066&sH6E Let's travel to Kake for some gumboots.
)5 -066&H)1 noun his old lady (wife)
VARANTS: )5 -066&6)b M/PN
-066&H, noun woman
P06 :u% !$u%-01 !6$bD :66 ](3+6$ -066&H, H:H )5 IH$D :J1
)5 -0H6&5 noun his/her clan sister
-066D&-H6$1 noun girls, young women
TH6 :6,((:1 66 -066D&-H6$1 -H 6-0 #%%)'J$I66{ What kind of girls
does he find tempting?
-066I noun gray currant, stink currant

!6,'(1$ -066I #6$J(*&H' :J1 I&-1$(1E I made a lot of gray currant berry
sauce.
-066:H6' noun kind of hawk
-066 :6)66 noun mountainside; around the mountain
-0H"0*1 ,'J1s5 noun swamp berries
! :((EH)1 *6,66$ -0H"0*1 ,'J1s5 :b-K Carry a container for swamp berries!
-0H"0# noun swamp
B0H"0*1 #H6 #6EJ1I )HD&E Lowbush cranberries grow in the meadow.
-0H"0# #6I&H6'1 noun cottongrass, Alaska cotton, swamp cotton
-0H"0# #6E66-b noun stunted tree in swamp; jackpine, swamp spruce
-06"0J($ noun hair ribbon
6 -06)66 RelationalNoun around the top of it (object with rounded top)
)5 -06)66)%%*G noun his/her scalp
-06)66EH, noun headscarf, kerchief covering the head
-06)6#u%I noun ceremonial woven root hat with a stack of basket-like
cylinders on top
6 -06*u%$ noun its what it is (to be) made of; its parts, components, materials
)5 -06*u%$ noun ancestor(s) of his/her clan or nation; his/her background,
heredity
)5 -06#6#u%"01 noun his/her curly hair
VARANTS: )5 -0(#(#u%"01 MPN
-0H#)J1 particle perhaps, probably
6 -06#J( RelationalNoun top of it (something with a rounded top, as a
mountain); above it; (elevated) over it
on top of the hill.
Q66D%%$b$HI rH6 -066 -06#J()( 6'u%$ 06- &%%E66,E Four men went
up on the mountain hunting.
-06#((EH, noun headdress, dance hat
! I6)66)R66:b H&J H,I )5':J1I -06#((EH, )66DE Its whiskers are used
for a headdress.
-06#J1' noun dandruff
Q'(1, :HI :6,(( 1 -06#J1'1E Your dandruff is white.
-0H#& noun strawberry
VARANTS: -0b#&
!6,'(1$ -0H#& H&J &5,5&6Eb$ #6,H#I1 :J1 $6I,5-6$(1,E We picked a

lot of strawberries so we can make dried berry patties.
-06#H,- noun double-ended dagger
-06#G$,- noun deer sprouting horns
-0H' noun spoon
-06'6-H6& noun deer with full-grown antlers
)5 -06'HI noun back of his/her head at the base
-06'-H6& noun deer or other ruminant with full-grown horns
VARANTS: -06'6-H6&
-06','H6I noun nucleus of emerging river island; reef above high tide level
)5 -06$H6 noun over his/her head; covering his/her head
-06$6I&H6:1 noun axe
VARANTS: -06$I&H6:1
-06$6I&H6:1 :H)1 noun hatchet
B06$*5#(1)b noun Shangukeid, locally known as "Thunderbird"; a clan of
the Eagle moiety whose principal crest is the Thunderbird
)5 -06-066$b noun gray hair
VARANTS: )5 -0(-066$b MPN
)5 -0H, noun his wife
-06,66sH6 noun deer or other ruminant having a horn with only one point
)5 -0H,I noun her older sister, cousin
)5 -06I66&G noun his/her hair
p66$ "0J($ 1 -06I66&G #HD #(1 #s&6#J1E A red ribbon in your hair
would be good.
-06I)Hr& noun man-eating shark (legendary)
VARANTS: -05I)Hr&; -06I)Hr M!,N
-06IjJ( Dj&H'j noun hair pin
6, -06I1-0)1 )RH6- noun spear for clubbing
-06IG,66 noun fishing rod

-06I&H6- M/N noun bald spot; bald head
-06:J($ noun nail
-06:J1$66 noun anchor
-06:(1, noun pillow
B06:(1, 6 #H, -6,J($ #H6 I(ID5 :(1, E The pillow is lying on the bed.
-0 )6D6-0 &6-0J($ noun chainsaw
-0J noun blood
VARANTS: -0b
B0b 6$6I $66)66 &J ,66$ *(($bE There is blood coming from the sea lion's
tail flippers.
B0J 6 I%%)J 6:6,J($ )5 I6-,u%I5E He sees blood in his sputum.
-0J particle [expression of mild surprise]
VARANTS: -0J1
BAdd
Z
verb root
66sH6 r%%&6-0(( 66sH6 r5-0J( 66sH6 :%%
r5:6-0((#
s/he looked for it | s/he is looking for it | s/he looks for it (regularly).
THEME: @csH6 r5cBc~c-0((t M$6 6",N
for S to search for, look for, hunt for, seek P
!I 41E((,bs66 H:H r5I6-0J(E I'm looking for my handiwork.
$s66 r5-0J(E He is looking for flint.
H, 6&)1-0J( ccc ccc
s/he hopes for it | --- | ---.
THEME: H, 6cBc)c-0((t M~ (7($,N
for S to hope, desire and expect something
\J1 H, 6I&)1-0J( 1&5'$H6'I1E I wish you wealth.
H, r5&6-0J( H, r5-0J( ccc
s/he searched there | s/he is searching there | ---.
THEME: @c, r5cBc~c-0((t M~ 6",N
for S to search at P
H, 5&6-0J( ccc HI -0((
s/he touched it | --- | s/he touches it (regularly).
THEME: H,t Bc~c-0((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to touch, take, pick up
P06 su%, rH6 6, u%&5; ,'J1' HI %%-0((E You don't touch another person's
possessions.
6I J(, &5)1-0J( 6I (()J :66 $)6-0J($ 6I J(I
)6-0((
he/she/it is helping me; s/he helped me | he/she/it is beginning to help me |

he/she/it helps me (regularly).
THEME: [ J(,t Bc)c-0((t M~ (7($,N
for S (person, medicine, etc.) to help, give help to, assist N
AG H&J 6I J(, &5)1-0J(E It is he who helped me.
BAdd
X
verb root
66&6-0(( 6-0b ccc
s/he sang it | s/he sings it; s/he is singing it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c-0((t M*6 6",N
for S to sing O
are sung in church.
6, &%%-0(( 6, -0b ccc
s/he sang | s/he sings; s/he is singing | ---.
THEME: 6, Bc~c-0((t M*6 6",N
for S to sing
QHI$HI $66 -0H6)1 $HrD1 &J 6, :H,D1 06- )5 4((:b- 06- 6,
&%%-0((E Two chiefs sang for the children.
>1'rH6, m&H6$ 06- 6, -0bE The Chilkat people are singing.
B0(( !,1#H m&H6$ noun people of Sitka
VARANTS: B0((,#H m&H6$
-0(("0 adj. female (animal)
VARANTS: -01"0
on top of the hill.
B0 (('#H,'K interj. Shut up!; Be quiet!
-0(($ noun wooden bailer (for boat)
-0J($ noun large wooden spoon
-0(($ I6:(( noun dipper (for dipping water)
B0((,#H noun Sitka
-0((D& noun close quarter bow and arrow
6, -0J(D1 noun singers, choir
VARANTS: (, -0J(D1 MPN

-0((: noun stick
VARANTS: -0((: #6rH6-1
-0((: noun limb, primary branch; limb knot
6, -0J(:1 noun singer
VARANTS: (, -0J(:1 MPN
-0((: #6rH6-1 noun splinter, sliver
B0((: #6rH6-1 )5 4b$)HI #(1 66&6:b-0E She pulled a splinter out of her
hand.
-0((: ,5#6*%%)'b noun limb knot
-0((: &%%'b noun knot hole
6 -0(1)b noun its horn
-0(1-0u%I noun rattle (of shaman)
P0((, -0(1-0u%I H&J 6#66&6"0H#&E She carved a murrelet rattle.
B0(1-0u%I H&J 6#66&6"0H#&; #J(' 6 #H6 :J1 66&6E%%E He carved a
rattle and put a murrelet on it.
-0(1D& noun close quarter bow and arrow
VARANTS: -0((D&
BAdCp verb root
6#66&6-0JI 6#6-0J1I ccc
s/he praised him/her | s/he is praising him/her | ---.
THEME: ec#6cBc~c-0J1I M~ 6",N
for S to praise, glorify O; for S to approve, commend O; for S to comment on O
VARANTS: c-0J(I M!$N
F6&)5&6-0bI 066 -0H6)( 0H$1E Our leader was really praised.
-0J1I& noun red alder
-0J1I& noun orange (in color)
-0J1:1 noun Sitka spruce
-0(I&,H6D1 noun bright red or orange
B0s6*&(1 noun Skagway
6, -0b noun music, singing, song
VARANTS: (, -0b MPN
]1$41"0&H6$ #1-H6$1 H&J; &J1D 06- 6, -0bE The young British men are
singing there.
behind.

-0b noun song
B0b H&J -05#r&6'6Iu%IE I'm going to compose a song.
are sung in church.
-01"0 adj. female (animal)
VARANTS: -0(("0
6, -0b ru%# noun radio, phonograph, stereo, music box, ipod; any device that
plays music
!$u%-01 I6-0((:b 6, -0b ru%# ,u%)( ,%%EHI41$E We used to hear Russian
songs on the radio.
6 -0b-r noun its green wood (of tree)
6 -0b-r noun its raw (flesh or meat); rare (meat)
-0 #6)6DH-0,1 0b, noun sawmill
-0 #6066)b adj. crazy; insane; disturbed; mentally unbalanced
-0 #6'$((*b noun preacher
-0#6'$((# noun story
pJ(, 6 )66, -0#6'$((# r5)R1,((E There is a story about a giant clam.
smell good.
-0 #6':J1:1 noun prostitute
BAee
Z
verb root
ccc HI s66-0u% ccc
--- | it's hanging there | ---.
THEME: @cI ~c-0%%t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for a bulky item to hang, extend down along P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 1- %$( %9 6 -+6'' -(, %9 +%,1%$ 7(38- &1,0
(D,($-1%$6' 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+- M=((3; Z^^ZNE C, 1- )1-,1$*51-0() 8:
6$ 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+ &01"0 3(V513(- ,0( "%$45*6,1%$ 23(91D; 1$ ,01-
"6-( s6cE
Q5 )%%$:66I #%%)H-1 HI s66-0u%E His undershirt is hanging out.
HI #(1 &'1-0u% ccc ccc
it extends up there | --- | ---.
THEME: @cI #(1 'c-0u%t M~ +%,1%$N
for a complex object (esp. road) to extend up to P
QR(1, HI #(1 &'1-0u%E The ladder extends up there.
HI :66&6-0u% ccc ccc
it extends around it | --- | ---.
THEME: @cI :6c5c~c-0%%t M~ +%,1%$N

for a slender item (esp. road) to extend around, along P
AJ($ ,1#HI :66&6-0u% r66 I%%- )(1:bE The foot trail goes beside the
river.
the valley.
BAeePA verb root
&5)1-0G"0 )6-0u%"0 )6-0G"0I
s/he bathed | s/he is bathing | s/he bathes (regularly).
THEME: Bc)c-0%%"0t M~ 6",N
for S to take a bath
-66 (($ )66 )5-0u%"0 People bathe with soap.
-0u%*5$HI Adverb (at) first; originally; in the beginning
BAeeF verb root
#6&)'1-0G# ccc #6'-0G#I
it cramped; it's cramping | --- | it cramps (regularly).
THEME: ec#6c)c'c-0u%#t M~ (7($,N
for O to have cramps; for O to get shocked (by electricity)
!I I%%- #6&)'1-0G#E My foot got a cramp.
Q5 sH,- #6'-0G#IE His thighs cramp regularly.
6, -0%%r noun laughter
BAeem verb root
6, &%%-0%%r 6, -0%%r ccc
s/he laughed | s/he laughs; s/he is laughing | ---.
THEME: 6, Bc~c-0%%r M$6 6",N
for S to laugh; for S to smile (often with laughter)
6 -0%%&G RelationalNoun part of it; half of it
Q5 0b)1)HI #66: -0%%&G :J1 #5$66'J1 0%%$ )66#60b)1E The store is a
half mile from her house.
-0%%I noun robin-like bird
-0u% :6I Adverb turning over endwise
B0,6D0J($ noun Stikine River
-0,J($ #H6 noun steam engine, train
-0 ,5&H6 #6-:J1:1 noun tourist
6 -0G RelationalNoun the end of it
dance shirt!

)5 -05#H noun in front of him/her; his/her geneology, history; his/her
ancestors
6 -05#H RelationalNoun front of it; ahead of it
before dawn.
-05#6'I664b noun troller
VARANTS: -05#('I664b MPN
-05$6I&H6:1 noun axe
)5 -05,u%I noun outer side of his/her foot up to the anklebone
6 -05,G RelationalNoun (in) the corner, (on or along) the edge, end of it
6 -05&6)66 RelationalNoun around it (bypassing it, avoiding it); around the
end of it
6 -05&(( RelationalNoun the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the
end of it (lake); down from the crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock)
VARANTS: 6 -05:((
-05DH6$HI Adverb (at) first, originally
B05DH6$HI #6')66sJ1$HI H&J )5*&H6' :H -0bE The drumming starts
out slow in this song.
6 -05:(( RelationalNoun the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the
end of it (lake); down from the crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock)
VARANTS: 6 -05&((
-0 :H6 6&5)6$J1:1 noun respected person; gentleman; lady
Dictionary of Tlingit - / - 227

/
c, postpos. (resting) at; coming to, arriving at; moving about
NOTES: c, 06- )199(3($, +(6$1$*- )(2($)1$* %$ &06, 7(38 1, %""53-
&1,0E T1,0 -1, %3 -,6$) 1, +(6$- 6,f &1,0 M~cN "%$45*6,1%$
+%,1%$ 7(38- 1, +(6$- "%+1$* ,%; 633171$* 6,f &1,0 $6c"%$45*6,1%$
+%,1%$ 7(38- 1, +(6$- +%71$* 63%5$); 68%5,E
]%%,' #H, H6 &J sHIE The rabbit is sitting on a mound.
,H noun sleep
Q5 ,66:b :%% I6:6,H$#E She talks in her sleep.
will marry you.)
/!!
Z
verb root
&%%,66 ,H ,(1I
s/he slept | s/he is sleeping | s/he sleeps (regularly).
THEME: Bc~c,66t M$6 6",N
for (singular) S to sleep, sleep alone
A66& :6$ 6&'1EH, 6 #H6 $s6,66:b,E He put branches down so he could
sleep on them.
6 :H6$HI :66&6,H6 ccc ccc
s/he overslept | --- | ---.
THEME: 6 :H6$HI :6c5cBc~c,H6t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to oversleep
! :H6$HI :66&6,H6E She slept in.
/!!
`
verb root
6&-1,H6 6-,(1I 6-,(1I
s/he steamed it | s/he is steaming it | s/he steams it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c,66t M~ 6",N
for S to boil, steam O (food, esp. meat)
/((: &%%)b )5-,J1IE Yellow cedar bark is boiled.
6 ,H6# RelationalNoun the bottom of it (a cavity)
the hand.
,H6#& noun winter; year
winter.
228 - / - Dictionary of Tlingit

,66#& 66$H-1 noun jellyfish
,H6#& $1:b- noun (in preparation) for winter
/H6#& $1:b- #1$66EH, H&J I&66E%%E I bought a coat for winter.
,66#&E((,b noun summer; early summer
summer.
m66-06-0IH6& ,66#&E((,bD 066I #6':(("0E The dragonflies come in the
summer time.
/!!m
Z
verb root
66&6,Hr ccc 6,HrI
s/he poked it | --- | s/he pokes it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,66rt M~ (7($,N
for S to spear, prod, poke, jab at O
:66#& )66# 6:6&'1,Hr :66#& )66# 6:6$6',Hr ccc
s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole) | s/he's pushing the boat out (with a pole) |
---.
THEME: )66# ec:6cBc'c,66rt M~ +%,1%$N
for S to pole, push O (canoe, boat) out away from the shore with a pole
/-Hs66 (($ :66#& )66# 06- 6:6&'1,HrE They pushed the boat offshore
with a pole.
,H6' noun flat open basket woven from wide strips of bark (for carrying fish, etc.);
large platter
,66$ noun sea lion
B0b 6$6I $66)66 &J ,66$ *(($bE There is blood coming from the sea lion's
tail flippers.
/!![ verb root
66&6,66$ :66 6$6,H$ #(1 6,H$"0
s/he carried it | s/he's carrying it | s/he carries it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,66$t M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (usually a container or hollow object)
! :((EH)1 *6,66$ -0H"0*1 ,'J1s5 :b-K Carry a container for swamp
berries!
o((-0H6 :66 6$6,H$E She is carrying a bucket.
H6 :6$ -05#66&6,H$ ccc ccc
it ended there | --- | ---.
THEME: :6$ -05c#6c~c,66$t M~ (7($,N
for something to end

H6 :6I 66&6,H$ ccc H6 :6I 6,H$I
s/he turned it over | --- | s/he turns it over (regularly).
THEME: H6 :6I ecBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to turn O (usually container, hollow object) over
6#66&6,66$ :66 6#6$6,H$ :%% 6#6:6,H$#
s/he bent it | s/he is bending it | s/he bends it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc,66$t M$6 (7($,N
for S to bend O (usually long, simple object) over
ccc 6#&-01,H$ ccc
--- | s/he's in the habit of doing it | ---.
THEME: ec#6c5cBc-0c,H$ M*6 -,6,(N
for S to be in habit of doing O; for S to do O frequently because S enjoys doing it
NOTES: C$ 6))1,1%$ ,% 0%881(-; ,01- 7(38 "6$ 8( 5-() ,% )(-"318(
0681,- &1,0 6 $(*6,17( "%$$%,6,1%$E S%3 (D6+2'(< m66 :6,J1 :%%
I6,H$# 6#&-01,H$ BL0( '1#(- ,% ,6'# 8(01$) 2(%2'(- 86"#- %3<
!#&-01,H$ r66 :HI #(1 I6)6,H$"0 BL0( '1#(- ,% 63*5(E C$ ,0(
$(*6,17(; ,01- 7(38 1- 5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( ,06, -%+(%$( )%(-$, '1#( ,%
)% -%+(,01$*; 6$) ,0(3(9%3( )%(-$, )% 1, %9,($E S%3 (D6+2'(< /'J'
6#%%-0,H$ )6rJ1- BL0( )%(-$, '1#( ,% -(& M6$) ,0(3(9%3( )%(-$,
)% 1, %9,($NE
\J1 #&)R1*(1:1 66 rH#&D H&J 6#%%-0,H$1$ :J1 )66$J 6I 'J('#&E
My grandmother loved to make those little baskets.
H, 66&6,66$ ccc H, :%% 6:6,H$#
s/he is carrying it around; s/he carries it around | --- | s/he carries it around
(regularly).
THEME: @c, ecBc~c,66$t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to carry O (usually container or hollow object) around at P
H, 66&6,H$ 66)J :66 6$6,H$ HI 6,66$
s/he carried it there | s/he's carrying it there | s/he carries it there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ecBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (usually a container or hollow object) to P
trunk.
ccc H, 6-,H$ ccc
--- | s/he has it lying there | ---.
THEME: @c, ecBc-c,66$ M2%-1,1%$N
for S to have O (usually long, complex object) lying at P
>GI66 ,u%, 6-,H$ )5 4b$E He has his arm in a sling.
ccc H, -05#6,H$ ccc
--- | it extends to it | ---.
THEME: @c, -05c#6c~c,H$ M2%-1,1%$N
for something to extend to, end at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
m66 #6-H$ ,6:((, -05#6,H$1 H&J :6#J1 &J1 -J' #1$66#EH,E A

ccc H, ,H$ ccc
--- | it's sitting there | ---.
THEME: @c, ~c,H$ M2%-1,1%$N
for a container or hollow object to sit at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
6 )66 ,%%&)1,66$ ccc ccc
s/he made a decision about it | --- | ---.
THEME: M:J1N ,5cBc)c,66$t M$6 (7($,N
for (singular) S to decide, make up one's mind (that way)
6 )66 :%% ,%%&6,H$ 6 )66 :%% ,5&6,H$# 6 )66 :%%
,5&6,H$#
s/he thought about it | s/he thinks about it; s/he is thinking about it | s/he thinks
about it (regularly).
THEME: [ )66 :%% ,5cBc~c,66$t M~ 6",N
for (singular) S to think over, consider, make up one's mind about N
)5 J(, I(1&6,H$ ccc )5 J(I I6,66$
s/he spoke to him/her | --- | s/he speaks to him/her (regularly).
THEME: [ J(,t I6cBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to speak, talk to N
/5'6E66$ (($ )5 J(, I(1&6,H$E He spoke to her with kindness.
)5 4(()J I6&)1,66$ ccc )5 4(()J :%% Ij6)1,H$#
s/he called him/her on the phone | --- | s/he calls him/her on the phone
(regularly).
THEME: [ 4(()J I6cBc)c,66$t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to call N on telephone
)5 4((, 66&6,H$ )5 4(()J :66 6$6,H$ )5 4((I 6,66$
s/he gave it to him/her | s/he is giving it to him/her | s/he gives it to him/her
(regularly).
THEME: [ 4((,t ecBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (usually container or hollow object) to N
)5 4((, 6&-1,H$ ccc )5 4((D 6-,66$
s/he gave it to him/her | --- | s/he gives it to him/her (regularly).
THEME: [ 4((,t ecBc-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (usually long, complex object) to N
\J(- 66 *G,' )5 4((, &5)5)R1,H$E He was given a new blunt arrow.
!I 4((, -6,H$ 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,K Hand me the washboard!
)5 4((, I6&)1,H$ ccc )5 4((I I6)6,66$
s/he called him/her on the phone | --- | s/he calls him/her (regularly).

THEME: [ 4((,t I6cBc)c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to call N on telephone
)5 41#66)HI 6:66&6,H$ ccc )5 41#66)HI :66 6,H$"0
s/he moved it out of his/her way | --- | s/he moves it out of his/her way (regularly).
THEME: [ 41#66)HI ec:6c5cBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to move O (usually container or hollow object) out of N's way
41&-1,66$ :66 41$6-,H$ #(1 41-6,H$"0
it's rough | it's getting rough | it gets rough (regularly).
THEME: 41c-c,66$t M$6 (7($,N
for the ocean to be rough
6 #6$6I 41:6&-1,H$ 6 #6$6I :66 41:6$6-,H$ ccc
waves washed over it | waves are washing over it | ---.
THEME: [ #6$6I 41c:6c-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for waves to wash over N
A6- )5 :66*G #66$HI 41:6&-1,H$E Waves washed over their boat.
#(1 6&-1,H$ ccc #(1 6-,H$"0
s/he brought it out | --- | s/he brings it out (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ecBc-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to bring out, unearth O (usually long, complex object)(esp. from a box or
other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O
Q5 4b$ #(1 6&-1,H$E She raised her hand.
#(1 41&-1,H$ ccc ccc
s/he raised his/her hand | --- | ---.
THEME: #(1 41cBc-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to raise a hand
m66 :HI #(1 41-6,H$"0 &H6)1-0*66E The priest blesses people.
F(14b$ 6I :66)J1 #(1 41-6,66$K Give me five!
r5, 66&6,66$ ccc r5, #(1 6,H$"0
s/he lost it | --- | s/he loses it (regularly).
THEME: r5, ecBc~c,66$t M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to lose, misplace O (usually a container or hollow object)
!I r&H)'1 :6$H6# 66 ,-J r5, *6:,H6$K Don't misplace my pot cover!
r5I 66&6,H$ ccc r5I 6,H$"0
s/he returned it | --- | s/he returns it (regularly).
THEME: r5I ecBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to return O (usually a container or hollow object)
-J(& )66# &5-1,H$ -J(& )66# $6-,H$ -J(& )66#
-6,H$I
it's raining | it's starting to rain | it rains (regularly).
THEME: )66# -c,66$t M~ (7($,N
for rain, snow to fall
it rains.

F6#'60J($ )66# *5I-6,66$b :HI r5&6,((E The weather looks like it will
snow (wet snow).
I6&)1,66$ :66 I6$)6,H$ :%% I6)1,H$#
s/he spoke | s/he is speaking | s/he speaks (regularly).
THEME: I6cBc)c,66$t M$6 (7($,N
for S to speak, talk, make a speech
! :H6$HI ,-J I6$1)6,66$K Don't say too much now!
:66I 66&6,66$ ccc :66I :(1 6,H$"0
s/he carried it aboard | --- | s/he carries it aboard (regularly).
THEME: :66I ecBc~c,66$t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry O (usually container or hollow object) aboard (a boat)
:6$ 66&6,H$ :H$)( :66 6$6,H$ :6I 6,66$
s/he put it down | s/he is putting it down | s/he puts it down (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ecBc~c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually container or hollow object)
TJ ,J ,'(1$ 6 #60H6)1 #H6 :6$ ,H$K Put that large rock on top of its
cover!
the ground.
6 :6$H6I 6, &%%,66$ ccc 6 :6$H6I :(1 6, ,H$"0
s/he covered it | --- | s/he covers it (regularly).
THEME: 6, Bc~c,66$t Ms6 (7($,N
for S to cover (esp. pot) with something
/-66 (1Ib )5 )66*G H*J 6 :6$H6I :(1 6, )5,H$"0{ Is a cover put on
when rendering seal oil?
:6$ 6#6&-1,H$ ccc ccc
s/he put it down | --- | ---.
THEME: :6$t ec#6cBc-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually quite small, stick-like object)
TJ1, ,1$ DGD H&J 6 #H6 :6$ #6:-6,H$ 1 #%%DJ()6:1K Put your pencil
on top of that book laying there!
:6$ 6&-1,H$ ccc ccc
s/he put it down | --- | ---.
THEME: :6$t ecBc-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (usually long, complex object)
:6$ 41&-1,H$ ccc ccc
s/he put his/her hand down | --- | ---.
THEME: :6$t 41cBc-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to lower a hand
:6$ 41&-1,H$ ccc ccc
waves reached the beach | --- | ---.
THEME: :6$t 41c-c,66$t M~ +%,1%$N
for waves to reach the beach

ccc :u% #6,H$ ccc
--- | it's bent | ---.
THEME: :u% #6c~c,H$ M2%-1,1%$N
for something to be bent
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
\u% #6,H$ &J ,50H6:1E The nail is bent.
:%% I(1&6,H$ :%% I6:6,H$# :%% I6:6,H$#
s/he talked | s/he is talking | s/he talks (regularly).
THEME: :%% I6cBc~c,66$t M~ 6",N
for S to talk, speak
m66$#6#E((,D :%% I(1&6,H$E He spoke in public.
! *J1)( :%% I6:6,H$# &J 66)J H, #6)5E66r& :JE He is speaking out
against the proposed decision.
,H6$66 noun spear (for devilfish)
)5 ,66$b M/PN noun his/her umbilical cord
VARANTS: )5 ,66$G M!,/N
)5 ,66$G M!,/N noun his/her umbilical cord
VARANTS: )5 ,66$b M/PN
,66$ I6)66)R66:b noun horsetail
,66-05#H noun river flats; tidelands; mudflats
,66, noun night
A66 #1)66#H r5Eu%&5 ,66, #6$6I 06- 6, &%%-0((E Our neighbors
sang all night long.
/66, #6$6I %%$r6'(1Ib$E I would have danced all night.
,66, 66:b 6)J'1 noun night watchman
,66, -1,*6&-H6$1 noun midnight
,66, :(($ noun during the night; in the middle of the night
/!!T verb root
66&6,H& 6,H6& 6,H6&I
s/he stole it | s/he steals it | s/he steals it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,H6&t M~ 6",N
for S to steal O
,H6& -66,b noun thief
/!!o verb root
6-0 &5-1,H6D ccc #(1 6-0 -6,HD"0
it bit him/her/it | --- | it bites him/her/it (regularly).

THEME: ec-c,66Dt M*6 (7($,N
for an insect to bite O
NOTES: [%,( ,06, 6-0 &5-1,H6D 6$) 6&-1,H6D 8%,0 067( 86-1"6'':
,0( -6+( +(6$1$* 1, 81, 01+L0(3L1,E /0( )199(3($"( 1- ,06, ,0(
%84(", 23%$%5$ 6-0 01+L0(3L1, 1- 5-() &0($ ,0( 3(9(3($, 1-
23%+1$($, 1$ ,0( "%$7(3-6,1%$E
o(1,' ,H6D66 I6, &5-1,H6DE A horsefly bit me.
T6$6,bD"0 &5-1,H6D )5 &6$#6"0((rE The ant bit his little finger.
,H6D66 noun mosquito
,H6D66 I5-#5)6:H6, noun daddy long legs; mosquito eater
,H6DH' noun needle
my finger.
,H6I noun slug, snail
/!!pT verb root
&%%,H6I& :(1 $6,HI& :%% :6,HI&
it sank | it's sinking | it sinks (regularly).
THEME: ~c,H6I& M$6 (7($,N
for something to sink
,66: noun fat; blubber
l5&6#66$ 6 ,66:b ,(($ 6&-1EJ(E She cooked deer with the fat on.
frying.
,H6: noun garden; field
QH#&,6-1 H,I )5':J1I ,H6: :bDE Rendered fat is used in the garden.
TJ #H,- ,H6: #H6 :J1 $6E%%K Put the pounded shell powder on the garden!
,H6: #60J1I1 noun gardener
,6)6$u%D noun turtle
VARANTS: #6$u%D; ,6$u%D; ,6)6$u%D5 M!,N
,Hs66 noun lancet
,6s6$b- noun sapling; pole made from sapling
6 ,6#H RelationalNoun the inside surface of its bottom (of container, vessel)
bottom of it!
,6r66)b noun rockslide
VARANTS: ,(r66)b MPN
,Hr' noun hammer
,H- noun thread; sinew

6 ,H-1 noun its sinew
,6,*J noun yesterday
!, *J1)( 6:6&-1r66 )5 #J(# ,6,*JE She spoke wrongly against her
younger sister yesterday.
,6,u%# noun cave
,6&J1 noun mountain sheep, bighorn sheep
,6D66:b noun rock point
,6I0J($1 noun soup broth; soup
/6I0J($1 noun Takhini hot springs (north of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory)
,6:6-06*%% noun small red sea anemone
,6:6,66:b noun sea anemone
6 ,6:(( RelationalNoun underneath it; beneath it; below it
,6:((- noun stone axe
,6:(1)b noun bladder rack; rock weed; yellow seaweed
,J noun stone; rock
/J1D *&H6 &J*J H,I )5':(1Ib$ "0%%$(1, -H#&E Little stones must have
been used to make arrows.
/dd
Z
verb root
6 ((,J($HI &%%,(( 6 ((,J($HI :6,(( 6 ((,J($HI :%%
:6,((#
he/she/it needed it | he/she/it needs it | he/she/it needs it (regularly).
THEME: [ ((,J($HI ec~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to need, lack, require N
\J(- ,G'66 ((,J($HI I6, :6,((E I need a new drill.
r%%&)R1,(( r5)R1,(( ccc
it existed; s/he was born | it exists; s/he is alive | ---.
THEME: ecr5c)c-c,((t Ms6 -,6,(N
for O to be, be in existence, live; for O to be born
/-G :H6 6I ,'H6 r5E66 B0((,#HD H:H r%%&)R1,((E m6 )5 J(# ,-G
H6 r%%&)R1,((E My mother was born in Sitka. And her brother was also born
there.

/'J1' I&6-6#G )66r&E66 IH6, -H 6 r6$%%IG r5-,((:bE I don't know
which fish have beards.
M$%5$NcI &5-1,(( M$%5$NcI -1,(( ccc
s/he became a (noun) | s/he is a (noun) | ---.
THEME: @cI ec-c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be P (a member of a group); for O to become P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 3(V513(- ,06, ,0( 23("()1$* $%5$ 2036-( 067( ,0(
cI 2%-,2%-1,1%$E C$ ,0( 9%3+- *17($ 0(3(; M$%5$N "6$ 8( 3(2'6"()
8: 6$: $%5$ &01"0 +6#(- -($-(E !$ (D6+2'( 1- ,0( $6+( %9 6
23%9(--1%$ -5"0 6-< 6-s(1&G -(1$(3 6- 1$< 6-s(1&GI &5-1,(( -L0(
8("6+( 6 -(1$(3E !$%,0(3 (D6+2'( 1- ,0( $6+( %9 6 +%1(,: -5"0
6-< "0H6# $66 (6*'( +%1(,: 1$ ,0( "%++%$ 2036-(< P0H6# $66I
I6, -1,(( C 6+ %9 ,0( d6*'( +%1(,:E @'(6-( -(( ,0( (D6+2'(
-($,($"(- 9%3 +%3( %2,1%$-E
m6 IH, ,-G 6I ,%%&G :6#J1 :66 6 #H6 :J1 I6, *5s&6,((:b :66
Lingt.
-0 ,u%sH6 &)1,(( -0 ,u%sH6 )1,(( -0 ,u%sH6 :%%
)1,((#
s/he was grateful | s/he is grateful | s/he is grateful (regularly).
THEME: -0 ,u%sH6 ec)c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be grateful, thankful, satisfied
B0 ,u%sH6 &)1,(( 6I :%%&GE My stomach was satisfied.
,'(1:J1 :J1 &%%,(( ,'(1:J1 :J1 :6,(( ,'(1:J1 :J1 ,((I
he/she/it became still | s/he is still | he/she/it is still (regularly).
THEME: ,'(1:J1 :J1 ec~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, e.g.)
TJ :66#& ,'(1$ !6$*u%$D ,'(1:J1 :J1 &%%,((E The big boat stopped in
Angoon.
)5 &6r-01:((D :J1 &%%,(( )5 &6r-01:((D :J1 :6,((
)5 &6r-01:((D :J1 ,((I
he/she/it appeared before him/her | he/she/it is in front of his/her eyes | he/she/it
appears before him/her (regularly).
THEME: [ &6r-01:((D :J1 ec~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to appear to N; for O to be apparent to N
C &6r-01:((D :J1 :6,((E It's in front of your eyes.
)5 IH$D :J1 &%%,(( )5 IH$D :J1 :6,(( )5 IH$D :J1
,((I
s/he was with him/her | s/he is with him/her | s/he stays with him/her (regularly).
THEME: @cD :J1 ec~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be, stay, remain at P; for O to dwell, live at P
P06 :u% !$u%-01 !6$bD :66 ](3+6$ -066&H, H:H )5 IH$D :J1
lives down south.

6 :HI &%%,(( 6 :HI :6,(( ccc
he/she/it was like it | he/she/it is like it | ---.
THEME: [ :HI ec~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be like, similar to N
:J1 r%%&6,(( :J1 r5&6,(( :J1 :%% r5:6,((#
the weather was that way | the weather is that way | the weather is that way
(regularly).
THEME: M:J1N r5c~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for the weather to be (that way)
NOTES: /% -2("19: 0%& ,0( &(6,0(3 1-; 3(2'6"( :J1 &1,0 6 &(6,0(3
,(3+ :HIE S%3 (D6+2'(< -J(& :HI r5&6,(( 1, '%%#- '1#( 361$E C$
,0( $(*6,17(; %$( "6$ -6:< ,'J' H:HI r%%,b ,0( &(6,0(3 '%%#- 86)E
F6#'60J($ )66# *5I-6,66$b :HI r5&6,((E The weather looks like it will
snow (wet snow).
ccc :J1 ,5&6,(( ccc
--- | s/he feels that way | ---.
THEME: M:J1N ec,5c~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to want to do, feel like doing (that); for O to feel a certain way
d(-06$)J1$ ,5&6,((E He's feeling sad.
:J1 &%%,(( :J1 :6,(( :u% :6,((#
he/she/it was that way | he/she/it is that way | he/she/it is that way (regularly).
THEME: M:J1N ec~c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for O to be (that way)
m6 IH, ,-G 6I ,%%&G :6#J1 :66 6 #H6 :J1 I6, *5s&6,((:b :66
Lingt.
TJ 6'u%$ ,'J' &H6 -H &%%,((E The hunt went alright.
/dd
X
verb root
66)J 66&6,(( 66)J :66 6$6,J($ 66)J :%% 6:6,((#
s/he carried it there | s/he is carrying it there | s/he carries it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc~c,((t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (general, often compact object) to P
Q5 *&J1'1 ,u%)( 66&6,(( &J sb'66E He put the grindstone in his bag.
66)J 6&-1,(( 66)J :66 6$6-,J($ 66)J :%% 6-1,((#
s/he carried it there | s/he is carrying it there | s/he carries it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc-c,((t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (solid, often complex object) to P
B1*(1)b #HI s66,H6 0J($ ,H6#)( 6&-1,((E He set a trap underwater for
beaver.
66I 66&6,J( ccc 66I #(1 6,(("0
s/he picked it up off of it | --- | s/he picks it up off of it (regularly).
THEME: @c)HI ecBc~c,((t M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to pick O (general, compact object) up off of P

6-0%%&-1,(( 6-05-1,(( :%% 6-05-1,((#
s/he expected him/her/it | s/he's expecting him/her/it | s/he expects him/her/it
(regularly).
THEME: ec-05cBc-c,((t M$6 -,6,(N
for S to anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider O likely to happen or
arrive
P05 )R1:H6# H&J 1-05&,5-1,((E We were expecting you a while ago
P05 ,'1:66,*J H&J -05I&-1,((E I was expecting it the other day.
ccc H, 6#6,J($ ccc
--- | s/he has it lying there | ---.
THEME: @c, ec#6cBc,J($ M2%-1,1%$6'N
for S to have (round, spherical) O lying at P
F6-J(, #6,bI66 ,'(1$ H:H :66#&, #6I6,J($E I have a big screwdriver
lying in the boat.
ccc H, -6,J($ ccc
--- | it's sitting there | ---.
THEME: @c, -c,J($ M2%-1,1%$N
for a solid, often complex object to sit at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
that boat.
6&-1,(( :66 6$6-,J($ #(1 6-,(("0
s/he carried it | s/he is carrying it | s/he carries it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c,((t M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (solid, often complex object)
HI 66&6,(( ccc ccc
s/he put it there | --- | ---.
THEME: @cI ecBc~c,((t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for S to install, hang, place O at P
HI 6-06:66&6,J( ccc HI 6-06:6,((I
s/he hung it there | --- | s/he hangs it there (regularly).
THEME: @cI ec-06c:6cBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to hang up O at P (esp. to dry)
TJ 6,D66$ 0b)1 :(( H&J HI 6-06:66&6,J( &J IH6,E She hung the fish
inside the smokehouse.
>1#6rH6- #HI 6-06:66&6,J( &J s66, 6,D66$ 0b)1 :((DE She hung
the sockeye salmon on the stick in the smokehouse.
6:6&)1,(( :(1 6:6$)6,J($ :(1 6:6)6,(("0
it's stormy | it's getting stormy | it gets stormy (regularly).
THEME: 6c:6c)c,((t Ms6 (7($,N
for the weather to be stormy, rough
QH#)( H, Du%$ H&J 6:6&)1,((E An offshore east wind is blowing.
mG$HI #(('4H6 :J1 6:6*5I)6,J( H"0 H:H 066 :66*G )Hr)(

0J($, 6:66&6,J( ccc 0J($I 6:6,((
s/he baptized him/her | --- | s/he baptizes him/her (regularly).
THEME: 0J($,t ec:6cBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to baptize, immerse (singular) O in water or pour water upon O as a
religious rite
>%0$"0 0J($, 6:66&6,J( 066 !6$rH6&5E John baptised our lord.
)5 4((, 66&6,J( ccc )5 4((I 6,((
THEME: [ 4((,t ecBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (general, esp. abstract object) to N
Q5 *G# :b- $H6#& )5 4((, &5)5&6,J(E He was given medicine for his
ear.
P06 su%, :J1)(1 :J1 41$J 06- )5 4((I )5,(( &J1 r6,IH6$E Cowards
are given different jobs to perform.
)5 4((, 6#66&6,J( )5 4(()J :66 6#6$6,J($ )5 4((I
6#6,((
s/he gave it to him/her | s/he's giving it to him/her | s/he gives it to him/her
(regularly).
THEME: [ 4((,t ec#6cBc,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (round object) to N
A66 'J('#5 0H- ,5&H6)HI H&J *G,# 066 4((, #6&)5&6,J(E If it
wasn't for our elders, we wouldn't be here. (Lit: Because of our elders, we were
given a dime.)
m66-06DH-066 6I 4((, #6,bK Hand me the scissors!
ccc #H, 6)6,J($ ccc
--- | s/he is wearing it | ---.
THEME: #H, ecBc)c,((t M2%-1,1%$N
for S to wear O
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E S%3 6'' %,0(3
+%)(-; -2(6#(3- 5-( ,0( 7(38< :J1 66&6E%% -L0( &%3( 1,E
m5I )6#u%'(($ H&J #H, 6)6,J($ )5 #%%)H-1E He's wearing his shirt
backwards.
)5 #H, 6-05&6,J( ccc )5 #HI 6-05,((
s/he blamed it on him/her | --- | s/he blames it on him/her (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec-05cBc~c,J(t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to bring O (abstract, esp. shame, blame, joy) onto P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 8( 5-() &1,0 $%5$- -5"0 6- 4%:; -06+(; 85,
$%,( ,06, &0($ $% $%5$ 1- (D2'1"1,': *17($; ,0( +(6$1$* 1- 8'6+(
9%3 ,01- 7(38E [ J(,t "6$ 3(2'6"( [ #H,t ,% *17( ,0( -6+( +(6$1$*E
S%3 (D6+2'(; )5 J(, 6-05&6,J( -L0( 8'6+() 1, %$ 01+L0(3E /%
8'6+( -%+(%$( 9%3 (6,1$* -%+(,01$*; 5-( [ IJ1,t; 6- 1$< )5 IJ1,
-05I&66,J( C 8'6+() 01+ 9%3 (6,1$* 1,E /% 8'6+( -%+(%$( 9%3
)%1$* -%+(,01$* &1,0 ,0( 06$)-; 5-( [ 4((,t; 6- 1$< )5 4((,
-05I&66,J( C 8'6+() 01+ 9%3 )%1$* 1,E
bring shame on us!"

#HI 6&)1,(( ccc #HI :J1 6)6,(("0
s/he put it on | --- | s/he puts it on (regularly).
THEME: #HI ecBc)c,((t Ms6 (7($,N
for S to put on O (shirt, dress, etc.)
#(1 66&6,J( ccc #(1 6,(("0
s/he brought it out | --- | s/he brings it out (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ecBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
or S to bring out, unearth O (general, often compact object)(esp. from a box or
other container or place which O is kept); for S to pick up, lift up O
]66$ &%%'b 6 #60H6)1 H6 #(1 66&6,J(E He put the cover for the smoke
hole up there.
$(1' 66&6,J( ccc $(1'I 6,((
s/he brought it inside | --- | s/he brings it inside (regularly).
THEME: $(1' ecBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (general, often compact object) home, inside
F6)5"0H6#& 'b,66 -H#& :6#J1:1 66 s6:J1- $(1' ,bK Bring home a
good piece of iron for a carving knife!
)5 IJ1I 66&6,(( ccc )5 IJ1I 6,((I
s/he fed it to him/her/it | --- | s/he feeds it to him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: [ IJ1I ecBc~c,((t M$6 (7($,N
for S to feed O to N; for S to give O to N to eat
[H6#& )5 IJ1I &5)5&6,(( )5 #6'u%D-0H$1 $J(*%%"0E She was
given medicine for her bladder pain.
[H6#& :b- #6:66$b 6-01*u%#; HD r5E66 6#&)'1IJ1,' r66 IJ1I 66
)5 IJ1I 6, &%%,(( )5 IJ1I :66 6, $6,J($ )5 IJ1I
6, ,((I
s/he fed him/her/it | s/he is feeding him/her/it | s/he feeds him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: [ IJ1I 6, Bc~c,((t M$6 (7($,N
for S to feed N, give food to N (for immediate consumption)
/'J #b'66 #H, H&J r66 IJ1I 06- 6, &%%,((E They fed the people from
platters.
:6$ 66&6,J( ccc :6I 6,((
s/he put it down | --- | s/he puts it down (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ecBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (general, often compact object)
Q5 41IH$1 :6$ ,b &J 'b,66; )'((: 66$ 6#s&6DH6-0K Leave the knife near
her, she will cut meat with it!
:6$ 6#66&6,J( ccc :6I 6#6,((
THEME: :6$t ec#6cBc~c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (round, spherical object)
Q5 41$,H6# #H6 :6$ 6#66&6,J( )5 ,'1r#6#J(-1E He put his ring in the
center of his palm.

!,IH 66I :J1 6&5-$(1:1 :J; )H6$66 6 ((,bD :6$ 6#66&6,J(E She put
money in place of the food she picked up.
:6$ 6&-1,J( ccc :6I 6-,((
THEME: :6$t ecBc-c,((t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (solid, often complex object)
upper arm!
TJ1)5 sH$"0 *&J1'1 $6)H6#& #H6 :6$ -6,bK Put that bag of tobacco on
the table!
/dd
`
verb root
6I(1&6,(( 6I6,(( :%% 6I6:6,((#
s/he imitated him/her | s/he's imitating him/her | s/he imitates him/her (regularly).
THEME: ecI6cBc~c,(( M$6 6",N
for S to imitate O; for S to mimic O's speech; for S to quote O
,((' noun scar
,J(' noun shoe(s)
C ,J('1 :((EH, I5-:((D :J1 $6E%%K Put your shoes at the foot of the bed!
T%%-0)6#H)1$ Ij%%-)J 6&)1:1r )5 ,J('1E He put his shoes on the wrong
feet.
,J(' )66#(:J1-1 MPN noun shoe polish
,J(' 1r#(1)b noun moccasin top
,J(' '6:(1Ib noun shoemaker, cobbler
,J(' ,5#6$H*66 noun wooden form for shaping/stretching moccasins
VARANTS: ,J(' #6$H*66
,J(' I6)R66-b noun shoelace(s)
VARANTS: ,J(' I6#6)R66-b; ,J(' I6*5)R66-b
Q5 ,J(' I6)R66-b 6#66&6)GDE She tied her shoelaces.
,J(' I6*5)R66-b noun shoelace(s)
VARANTS: ,J(' I6)R66-bf ,J(' I6#6)R66-b
,J(' I6#6)R66Rb noun shoelace(s)
VARANTS: ,J(' I6)R66-b; ,J(' I6*5)R66-b
,J(' noun dog salmon; chum salmon
/-5 ,-H :H $66I -6,b r5E66 H:H :66 ,J(' H:H 066 -05#HI -1,((;
=(($(1)bE Also the dog salmon is our clan crest, L'eeneid.
,(($ postpos. (along) with, by means of; as soon as
VARANTS: ,J($; ,1$; ,b$; (($
seal oil.

/dd[ verb root
66)J r%%&6,(($ 66)J :66 r5$6,b$ 66)J :%%
r5:6,(($#
s/he traveled there | s/he is traveling there | s/he travels there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J r5cBc~c,(($t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go on a trip to P
A66)J :66 - r5$6,b$ T66-0)6$ m&H6$E The Americans are traveling
here.
\H6 r5,66$D 66)J r5*6I,%%,J($ 1D#J( "06 s66I,5-6,J($ &J
-0H6E This summer we are going to travel down south just to see the girls.
H, r5&6,b$ ccc HI r5,(($
s/he traveled there | --- | s/he travels there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t r5cBc~c,(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to travel, go on a trip to P
\H6 r5,66$D 66)J r5*6I,%%,J($ 1D#J( "06 s66I,5-6,J($ &J
-0H6E This summer we are going to travel down south just to see the girls.
6&'1,b$ 6',b$ 6',b$I
s/he watched him/her/it | s/he is watching him/her/it | s/he watches him/her/it
(regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c,(($t M~ 6",N
for S to look at, gaze at, watch O; for S to watch, take care of, mind, look after O
p66$ :HI ,((:b *1-u%r; ,'J' )5',b$I When the northern lights are red,
they aren't to be looked at.
F1)J1$ *J -0 ((',b${ Are you taking good care of yourself?
6&-1,(($ ccc ccc
s/he sees it; s/he saw it | --- | ---.
THEME: ecBc-c,(($t Ms6 (7($,N
for S to see, behold O (usually specific)
QRb-#& 6&5-,(($b ,'( 6 )6"0u%$ #J1 5&6*G,E When he saw the moose
he turned to walk straight towards it.
!6sH6 ,-H I&-1,(($1 :JE It's about time I saw it; I finally saw it.
ccc 6:6,J($ ccc
--- | s/he can see it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c,(($t M*6 -,6,(N
for S to see, perceive O (often abstract)
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
! s5&6$:H6)J H*J 1:6,J(${ Do you see the difference?
\((:,J($ 06- )5 ,J1I ,u%,I H:H ,%%)J 06- :(( 5&6Db"0 066
ccc r5&6,J($ L r5:6,J($ r5&6,b$I
--- | s/he has sight | s/he recognizes people (regularly).

THEME: r5cBc~c,J($ M*6 -,6,(N
for S to have sight (see people)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,01- 7(38 06- ,0( 23(91D r5c; &01"0 %9,($ 3(9(3- ,%
2(%2'(E /0( %$': 9%3+ 1$ &01"0 ,01- -2("191" +(6$1$* -((+- ,%
631-( 0%&(7(3; 1- ,0( 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+; &01"0 ,36$-'6,(-
6- 3("%*$1R(- 2(%2'(E /01- 7(38 1- %9,($ 5-() &1,0 ,0( 6)7(38
#1)J1$; 6- 1$< ,'J' #1)J1$ r%%I6,(($ C )%$, -(( &(''E
ccc ,'J' r%%-0,J($ ccc
--- | s/he is blind | ---.
THEME: ,'J' r5cBc-0c,J($ M*6 -,6,(N
for S to be blind
/vdBBA}[ verb root
#6&'1,J(--0H$ #5'1,J(--0H$ ccc
it was a sight to behold | it's a sight to behold | ---.
THEME: #6c5c'c,J(--0H$ M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be fascinating to watch, to be a wonderful sight
p(1-6&H6 '(1Ib #5'1,J(--06$ $%%"0E The dance of the ptarmigan is
always a wonder to behold.
,((, noun wave; swell
}6 #66)J I66,J($ ,((,E I see waves on the lake.
,((, I6"0H'I1 noun foam (on waves); sponge
,J(, noun vein; tendon (inside body)
/ddp verb root
#6&)R1,bI ccc #6-,bII
it's crooked; s/he is crooked, wicked | --- | it gets crooked (regularly).
THEME: ec#6c)c-c,J(It M~ (7($,N
for O to be crooked, wicked
VARANTS: c,(1I
/'J1 #6&)R1,bI 6 :H -06&,%%,J(I1E It's face twisted when we clubbed it.
Q5 ,%%&G #6&)R1,bI His inner thoughts are crooked.
,J(: noun patch
)5 ,J(: noun his/her chin
,J(:b noun soaked dried fish
,((: &%%)b noun yellow cedar bark (for weaving)
VARANTS: ,((: 0%%)b M/N
/((: &%%)b $66D(1$I )5':J1IE Yellow cedar bark is used to make a chilkat
robe.
/((: &%%)b )5-,J1IE Yellow cedar bark is boiled.
,(1r noun shawl; cape; poncho

/(1r&(1)b noun Teikweid, locally called "Brown Bear"; a clan of the Eagle
moiety whose principal crest is the Brown Bear
/(1r&(1)b )6"0IH$ H:H IH,E I am a grandchild of the Teikweid.
,J1' noun pitch scab (where bark has been removed); pitchwood
p66$ 66$ )5':J1I ,J1'E Pitchwood is used to make fire.
,J1I noun boiled food; broth
VARANTS: 6, ,J1I1; 6 ,J1I1
6 ,J1I1 noun boiled food; broth
VARANTS: 6, ,J1I1; ,J1I
/dCp verb root
H, 6#6&'1,bI 66)J :66 6#6$6',bI HI 6#'6,J(I
s/he screwed it on it | s/he's screwing it on it | s/he screws it on it (reguarly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6cBc'c,J(It M~ (7($,N
for S to screw O into P
VARANTS: c,J1It
! I%%-b #1)J1$ H, #6'6,JIK Screw the leg on it good!
IJ1, 6#6&'1,bI IJ1)( :66 6#6$6',bI IJ1I 6#'6,J(I
s/he locked it | s/he's locking it | s/he locks it (regularly).
THEME: IJ1c,t ec#6cBc'c,((It M~ (7($,N
for S to lock O
VARANTS: c,J1It
)5 ,J1I noun his/her heart
\((:,J($ 06- )5 ,J1I ,u%,I H:H ,%%)J 06- :(( 5&6Db"0 066
TJ rH6 &6,-bD ,J1I1 6#6&'1-G#E The man fried caribou heart.
)5 ,(1:b noun his/her bile
,J #6-G*&66 :(1, M/N noun cast-iron skillet
,J rH6- noun rock crevice; fissure in rock
,J rH6,' noun wide, flat stone (used for cooking)
,J -06$6I&H6:1 noun sledgehammer
,J ,6:(( ,'u%I5 noun little bullhead (found under beach rocks)

,J Du%& noun cairn; rock pile
,1$ postpos. (along) with, by means of; as soon as
VARANTS: ,b$; ,(($; ,J($; (($
QH6$66 ,b$ 06- 6#%%)'J$I66E They tempted him with money.
,1$H6 noun copper shield
\6)H' &J ,1$H6E The copper shield is heavy.
,b$D noun alpine bearberry, kinnikinnick
/b$D #6D&J1I %%&6:H6 ,'H,*1 #HD r5E66 #6EJ1IE Bearberries look like
cranberries but they grow on the ground.
,bD noun flea
=b' ,bD ((&5-,H6D1rK Don't let the bedbugs bite! (Lit: Don't let the fleas bite
you!)
d(-0H6$; 066 #(1)'b 6&-1,H6D &J ,bDE Our poor dog was bit by a flea.
,bD&466 M!,N noun sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of
running quickly
VARANTS: ,GD466 M/PN
,bD noun rope
,bD :H)1 noun string
,b:66 noun chisel
,%%c Pronoun we [subject]
VARANTS: ,5c
/50H6:1 ,(($ H&J H, #6&,5-1Du%E We nailed it on it with a nail.
6 ,u% 6, )5',1DI1 H, noun freezer
VARANTS: 6 ,u% 6, )5',1D H,; 6 ,u%D 6, )5',1D H,
A66 6 ,u%D 6, )5',1D H, -066&60b# )Rb-#5 )'((:b ,(($E Our freezer
is full of moose meat.
/eeF
X
verb root
#(1 &41,G# ccc #(1 1-0,G#I
it exploded | --- | it explodes (regularly).
THEME: #(1 -0c,u%#t M~ (7($,N
for something to explode, blow up
,%%r noun needlefish
)5 ,u%r noun his/her buttocks, butt

,%%'"0H$ noun top (spinning toy)
VARANTS: ,%%'"0J$ M/N; ,%%'"0H$66 M!,N
\66 #6$64GD &J ,%%'"0H$E The top is spinning.
6 ,u%$HD #6)5-jbr-j H, noun straw (for drinking)
,u%$HI r66,(($ noun mirror
TJ ,u%$HI r66,(($ #66)J 6&-1,(($ )5 :6066:bE He saw his image in
the mirror.
,u%- noun shark
/u%- 0b,)HI H&J )5 IGIE Her husband is from the Shark house.
,%%& noun tallow, hard fat
/eeT verb root
66&6,u%& 6,u%& :%% 6:6,u%&#
s/he read it | s/he reads it; s/he is reading it | s/he reads it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,u%& M$6 6",N
for S to read O
VARANTS: c,((& M!$N
Q5 41:(( :6$ 66&6,J( &J 6,u%&5 DGDE She placed the book he was
reading near him.
)5 J(D 6, &5'1,u%& )5 J(D 6, '6,u%& ccc
s/he taught him/her | s/he's teaching him/her | ---.
THEME: @cD 6, Bc'c,u%& M~ 6",N
for S to teach P
NOTES: T1,0 ,0( $%5$ 2036-( )5 J( ,% 01+L0(3f 1$ 01-L0(3
"%+26$:; ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ cD 06- 6 76316$, 9%3+ c~ M5$+63#()NE
/0(3(9%3(; :%5 &1'' $%,1"( ,06, 1$ -%+( (D6+2'(-; ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$
cD 1- 23(-($,; 6- 1$< )5 J(D 6, &5'1,u%& -L0( ,65*0, 01+L0(3
6$) 1$ %,0(3- 1, 1- $%,; 6- 1$< )5 J( 6, &5'1,u%& -L0( ,65*0,
01+L0(3E O%,0 9%3+- 63( 6""(2,68'( 6$) 067( ,0( -6+( +(6$1$*E
Q5 #H6# )5 J( 6, '6,u%&E His maternal uncle is teaching him.
dentistry school.
)5 J(D 6&'1,u%& )5 J(D 6',u%& ccc
s/he taught it to him/her | s/he is teaching it to him/her | ---.
THEME: @cD ecBc'c,u%& M~ 6",N
for S to teach O to P
NOTES: T1,0 ,0( $%5$ 2036-( )5 J( ,% 01+L0(3f 1$ 01-L0(3
"%+26$:; ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ cD 06- 6 76316$, 9%3+ c~ M5$+63#()NE
/0(3(9%3(; :%5 &1'' $%,1"( ,06, 1$ -%+( (D6+2'(-; ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$
cD 1- 23(-($,; 6- 1$< )5 J(D 6&'1,u%& -L0( ,65*0, 01+L0(3 6$)
1$ %,0(3- 1, 1- $%,; 6- 1$< )5 J( 6&'1,u%& -L0( ,65*0, 01+L0(3E
O%,0 9%3+- 63( 6""(2,68'( 6$) 067( ,0( -6+( +(6$1$*E
]1:6r& m&H6$ :%% I6,H$*1 ru%D 6',u%&E He is teaching people the
Alutiq language.

-0 ,u% 6, &5)'1,u%& -0 ,u% 6, 1',u%& -0 ,u% 6,
1',u%&I
s/he studied | s/he studies; s/he is studying | s/he studies (regularly).
THEME: -0 ,u% 6, Bc)c'c,u%& M~ 6",N
for S to study, teach oneself
-0 ,u% 6&)'1,u%& -0 ,u% 6',u%& -0 ,u% 6',u%&I
s/he studied it | s/he is studying it | s/he studies it (regularly).
THEME: -0 ,u% ecBc)c'c,u%& M~ 6",N
for S to study, learn O; for S to practice, rehearse O
piano.
&5)1,u%& )6,u%& :%% )1,u%&#
s/he read | s/he reads; s/he is reading | s/he reads (regularly).
THEME: Bc)c,u%& M$6 6",N
for S to read
VARANTS: c,J(& M!$N
,%%& -(($H6 noun candle
/%%& -(($H6 H, 06- 6#6&'1*H$E They lit a candle.
)5 ,%%&G noun his/her inner being; mind; soul; feelings; intention
C ,%%&G"0 6 :HI H#&J{ Is it like you think?
F&H6I :HI 6I ,%%&G :6,((E I feel blah.
,%%&G #'6sJ noun pride; self-esteem, feeling good about oneself
mG,I ,%%&G #'6sJ ,'J' H:HI 5,bE Too much pride is not good.
,%%&G #J noun good thoughts; felicity; happiness
VARANTS: ,5#J
,%%&G '6,-(($ noun strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve
,%%&G $J(#& noun sorrow; sadness
VARANTS: ,%%&G $u%#
/%%&G $J(#& 41:((, sH6I &J -066&H,E The woman is crying under the
burden of sadness.
/%%&G $J(#& r66 #H6 :J1 ,((:b; ,'J' %%)5'(1IE When there is sorrow,
there's no dancing.
,%%&G $u%# noun sorrow; sadness
VARANTS: ,%%&G $J(#&
/eep verb root
:u%, r6&)R1,GI ccc :u%I r6-,%%I
s/he spat | --- | s/he spits (regularly).
THEME: :u%,t r6cBc)c-c,%%It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to spit, spit out

/eep verb root
ccc )5 Iu%' #6-,u%I ccc
--- | his/her stomach is growling | ---.
THEME: #6c-c,u%I M~ 6",N
for the stomach to growl, gurgle
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0(
1+2(39(",17(E
)5 Iu%' #6&)1,u%I )5 Iu%' #6)6,u%I ccc
his/her stomach growled | his/her stomach is growling | ---.
THEME: #6c)c,u%I M~ 6",N
for the stomach to growl, gurgle
Q5 Iu%' #6)6,u%IE His stomach is growling.
6 ,G RelationalNoun inside it
pH6' ,u%D &5,5-1EJ(E We cooked it in skunk cabbage.
\((:,J($ 06- )5 ,J1I ,u%,I H:H ,%%)J 06- :(( 5&6Db"0 066
,5)6DH#& noun basket with a rattle in the lid
VARANTS: ,5r)66)6DH#&
6, ,5*H$1 noun gunpowder
VARANTS: (, ,5*H$1 MPN
,50H6:1 noun nail
\u% #6,H$ &J ,50H6:1E The nail is bent.
6 ,5#6:H,D1 noun its seeds (inside it, as inside a berry)
oJ('1 #G,I 6 ,5#6:H,D1 :6*J1E Mossberries have too many seeds.
6 ,5r)66 RelationalNoun (around) the bottom of it
T5)1,'HI 6 ,5r)66E The bottom of it is moldy.
,5r)66)6DH#& noun basket with rattle in the lid
VARANTS: ,5)6DH#&
,5r)66EH, noun diaper
/'J' )J ,5r)66EH, )5EG-#E Diapers aren't washed anymore.
,Gr' noun young spruce or hemlock
P05 -0u%*5 66$ &5)5)'1:(I1 ,Gr' H&J 6 #6I:(( &J1 ![O 06''E
Those are the original young spruce they used to build the ceiling of the ANB hall.
6 ,Gr'1 noun cartilage, gristle
)5 ,5rE&%%'b noun his/her anus
VARANTS: )5 ,%%IJ M/N

,5r6,H6' noun pants, trousers
/5r6,H6' I%%-)J 6&)1:brE He put on his pants.
,G'66 noun drill
\J(- ,G'66 ((,J($HI I6, :6,((E I need a new drill.
\66&)1sb' )5 ,G'6:1E His drill became dull.
,5'6E66$ noun kindness; generosity of heart
VARANTS: ,5'(E66$ MPN
/5'6E66$ (($ )5 J(, I(1&6,H$E He spoke to her with kindness.
,G'D5 noun drill bit
,5$6I01$$6)66 noun pipe (for carrying water)
,5$)6,H6$ noun thought
VARANTS: ,5$)(,H6$ MPN
C ,5$)6,H6$1 #6#s1$J(#E You will tell your thoughts.
,5,H$ noun hope; intention; focus of hopes or thoughts
,5,((-0 noun loneliness; boredom
6 ,5&H6)HI Adverb because of it; due to it; by virtue of it; on the strength of
it; encouraged by it
A66 'J('#5 0H- ,5&H6)HI H&J *G,# 066 4((, #6&)5&6,J(E If it
wasn't for our elders, we wouldn't be here. (Lit: Because of our elders, we were
given a dime.)
,5&66#G noun tobacco
FJ', ,5&66#GI )5':J1IE They make tobacco out of wood ashes.
6 ,5&H$ RelationalNoun beside it, next to it
they dug a pit.
next to it.
)5 ,5&HD noun in his/her opinion; to his/her way of thinking, feeling
C ,5&HD :((&%%:H6, :u% r5EJ(DE You thought the potlach was long.
,GD466 noun sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of running
quickly
VARANTS: ,bD&466 M!,N
TJ r5EJ(D ,GD466 )5&6EHI"0 66)JE Stamping and clapping was heard at
the potlach.
,5D6$)6D(("0 noun anxiety; wracked nerves; preoccupation; something
weighing on one's mind
VARANTS: ,5D($)(D(("0 MPN
250 - ! - Dictionary of Tlingit

"# %#&'()'((*+ noun crack of his/her buttocks; his/her butt crack
(% %#&',-./'0 noun buckshot; moccasin lining
%#&',-./'0 .-(1, noun pepper
VARANTS: %#&',-./'0 .-(2#
3!#&',-./'0 .-(2# -%& "#4*50&+. 67'-(1,8 Long ago they made medicine
out of pepper.

/
,H noun king salmon; chinook salmon; spring salmon
seal oil.
/!! verb root
6&-1,H6 6-,(1I 6-,(1I
s/he warmed it up | s/he is warming it up | s/he warms it up (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c,66t M~ 6",N
for S to warm O (water, etc.)
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< 6-,(1I *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*
-L0( 1- &63+1$* 1, 52 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*
-L0( &63+- 1, 52 M3(*5'63':NE
m66 I6E((,b 6&-1,H6E She warmed up the leftovers.
r%%&6,H6 r5&6,H6 L r5:6,H6 ccc
the weather got hot | the weather is hot | ---.
THEME: r5c~c,66t M~ -,6,(N
for the weather to be warm, hot
NOTES: /01- +6: 8( ,0( %$': -,6,17( 7(38 &1,0 6 ~c "%$45*6,1%$
23(91DE
)5 ,%%&G 6&'1,H6 )5 ,%%&G 6',(1I )5 ,%%&G 6',(1I
he/she/it comforted him/her | he/she/it is comforting him/her | he/she/it comforts
him/her (regularly).
THEME: [ ,%%&G Bc'c,66t M~ 6",N
for S to comfort N
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< )5 ,%%&G 6',(1I *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17(
+(6$1$* 0(L-0(L1, 1- "%+9%3,1$* 01+L0(3 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17(
1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$* 0(L-0(L1, "%+9%3,- 01+L0(3 M3(*5'63':NE
5&6,H6 :66 $6,J1$ ccc
it's hot | it's getting hot | ---.
THEME: ~c,66t M~ (7($,N
for something to be warm, hot
TJ H6#& 0J($1 5&6,H6E The pond water is warm.
:66&6,H6 :66 :6$6,J1$ :6,J1I
it's hot | it's getting hot | it gets hot (regularly).
THEME: :6c~c,66t M~ (7($,N
for something to be hot, heated
TJ :66&6,66:1 0J($s66 &%%*%%,E He went to get some heated water.

,H6 noun board
good!
/!!PA verb root
66&6,H"0 6,H"0, 6,H"0I
s/he slapped him/her/it | s/he is slapping him/her/it | s/he slaps him/her/it
(regularly).
THEME: ecBc,66"0t M~ 6",N
for S to slap O; for S to tag O (as in game of tag)
)5 ,66sb noun his/her clan brother or sister, distant relative, comrade
,H6 4H641 noun ski(s)
,H6 4H641 &%%,-66s6:b noun ski pole(s)
)5 ,H6# noun behind him/her; back of him/her; at his/her back
m66 ,H6# H&J H6 6&'1:JI )5 0b)1E He built his house behind the village.
m66 ,H6# H&J H6 5&6IJ(E She camped behind everyone.
6 ,H6# RelationalNoun behind it; back inland from it; on the landward side of it
(something on the water)
,H6 #H noun floor
,H6 #6:JI66 noun plane for scraping wood
VARANTS: ,H6 #(:JI66 MPN
/!!FT verb root
0J($)( 6&41,H#& ccc 0J($)( 6-0,H#&I
it dove into the water | --- | it dives into the water (regularly).
THEME: 6c4c,66#&t M~ (7($,N
for something to dive into the water; for something to slap tail down hard as
going down in water (esp. of killerwhale and beaver)
P0H6I 0J($ ,H6)( 6&41,H#&E The grebe dove into the water.
6 ,66r RelationalNoun beside it, at its side
/66rG noun Taku
,H6 -05#66:b noun square (for marking boards)

,H6 -05DH-066 noun narrow saw used to cut corners off lumber; bevel saw
,66& noun feather
Fu%$ ,66&G :J1 $)5E(1"0 6'(1I :b-E Flicker feathers are used in dancing.
,66&Hr noun Canada goose
\(1 *%%*J$#1 6, IJ1)1 ,(($ H&J I&66,G# &J ,66&HrE I shot the
Canada goose with a small arrow.
,66&Hr D((-0H6 noun tea kettle (originally with long curved spout)
/66&:H6, noun American Indian
/!!p verb root
&5-1,H6I ccc -6,H6II
it's burning hot | --- | it burns hot (regularly).
THEME: -c,H6I M~ (7($,N
for a fire, etc. to be hot, radiate, throw out heat
p66$ &5-1,H6IE The fire is burning hot.
,H6I& noun wart
,66: noun hot springs
,H6 :H noun wall
,66 :H,D1 noun shingles
,66: $J(#& M!,/N noun fever
VARANTS: ,66: $u%# M/PN
/6r)(1$,66$ noun T'akdeintaan, locally called "Seagull"; a clan of the
Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Seagull
6 ,6r#H RelationalNoun beside, alongside, next to it
T1')9'%&(3 P%53, &J 0%-21,6' ,6r#H6 :J1 :6,((E Wildflower Court is
next to the hospital.
)5 ,6r#H RelationalNoun beside, alongside, next to him/her
6 ,H$1 noun its secondary branch
,H-1 noun grayling
,HDI1 noun dentalia shells
,J(-0 noun tanning frame; frame for stretching skin
,J(-0 #66:b noun square
/ddo verb root
#66&6,bD #6:6,J(D #6,bDI
it hardened | it's hard | it hardens (regularly).

THEME: #6c~c,J(Dt M*6 -,6,(N
for something to harden, cake up
ccc #6-1,J(D ccc
--- | it's hard | ---.
THEME: #6c-c,J(Dt M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be hard (esp. of round object)
&%%,J(D :6,J(D #(1 ,bD"0
it was difficult | it's difficult | it gets difficult (regularly).
THEME: ~c,J(D M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be hard (abstract), difficult
time.
TJ )'((: :6,J(DE The meat is tough.
&5)'1,bD :66 $6',bD 5',bDI
it's frozen; it froze | it's freezing | it freezes (regularly).
THEME: )c'c,J(Dt M~ (7($,N
for something to harden, solidify; for something to freeze
l((: ,H 0J($ :66 $6',bDE The water at the head of the bay is freezing.
/'(1 5',bD"0 ,66,D &J1 0b, )66)HI #6DH6-466E The water dripping from
the house freezes at night.
,J(D noun ice
/ddp verb root
6#66&6,JI 6#6,J1I 6#6,JII
s/he pounded it | s/he is pounding it | s/he pounds it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c,J1It M~ 6",N
for S to smash O up by pounding; for S to mash O by pounding with something
heavy; for S to pound, hammer on O
VARANTS: ,J(It M!$N
)5 ,((: noun his/her elbow
/dC
Z
verb root
66&6,(1 ccc #(1 6,(1"0
s/he found it | --- | s/he finds it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,(1 M*6 (7($,N
for S to find O (usually as the result of searching)
/'6*5 66$ :6)5D6- H, 66&6,(1E He found an old-time razor.
6#66&6,(1 ccc #(1 6#6,(1"0
s/he found it | --- | s/he finds it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c,(1 M*6 (7($,N
for S to find O (usually round, spherical object)

6 ,J1# RelationalNoun behind it
!6- ,J1# H&J H6 6&)'1-b$ &J #u%-0)66E The land otter hid behind a tree.
6 ,(1$:66 noun the inside of it (clothing, bedding); lining it
VARANTS: 6 ,(1$66 MPN
6 ,(1$:66#6&%%&G M!,N noun its lining
VARANTS: 6 ,(1$:66#6:%%&G M/N; 6 ,(1$:66#(&%%&G MPN
,(1I noun fish hook
Q5 ,(1Ib 6:66&6sb'E He sharpened his fish hooks.
/dCp verb root
6&)R1,(1I 6-,(1I :%% 6)R1,(1I#
s/he fished (with a hook) | s/he is fishing (with a hook) | s/he fishes (with a hook)
(regularly).
THEME: 6cBc)c-c,j(1It M$6 6",N
for S to fish with hooks, catch on a hook, troll
!6-0H, ,'(1$ 6&)R1,(1IE She hooked a big steelhead trout.
!-,(1I ,'J' 5'$H6'I1$E Trolling didn't used to be profitable.
,(1IH6 M/N noun fish hook
/(1IH6 (($ H&J "0H6,' 06- 66&6-0H6,E They caught halibut with hooks.
6 ,1#H RelationalNoun beside it; out past it; out away from it; (on) the outskirts
of it (town)
AJ($ ,1#HI :66&6-0u% r66 I%%- )(1:bE The foot trail goes beside the
river.
)5 ,1:-0G noun tip of his/her elbow
,%%"0 noun charcoal
/%%"0 66 :J1 $6,(("0 &J I66$ ((,bE There's charcoal where the fire was.
A66, #6'64GD &J ,%%"0K Wheel the coal over here!
,%%"0 noun black
/%%"0 :HI -06-1,((E She has black hair.
,%%"0 ((Ib noun petroleum, oil
,%%"01$(1, noun bottle; jug
,%%"0 rH6 noun Black (man or person); African-American
/'J1$HI ,%%"0 rH6 066 I%% :J1 :6,((E There's only one black man among
us.
,%%"0 ,J noun coal
,%%# noun cradleboard; papoose carrier
/%%# #H, 6-EH6 )5 :H)1E He has his child seated on the papoose board.

/eeF verb root
66&6,G# ccc 6,G#I
s/he shot it | --- | s/he shoots it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,u%#t M~ (7($,N
for S to shoot O (with bow and arrow); for S to choose O (in gambling with
sticks)
TJ :6)6#&H,-#5 "0%%$(1, ,b$ H&J 66&6,G# &J ,-b,-#&E The young
boy shot the bird with a barbed arrow.
,u%# noun nettle
NOTES: T63$1$*< -,1$*1$* 0613- "%$,61$ 9%3+1" 6"1) &01"0 "65-(-
36-0 6$) ()(+6
/u%# I%%)J )66# 6I &5)R1*b,E I fell into the stinging nettles.
,5#6$J1:1 noun baby
VARANTS: ,%%#6$J1:1 M/N
]%%D -H&J :J1 06- *6I)5-rJ1 &J ,5#6$J1:1{ Where will they seat the
babies?
Dictionary of Tlingit - /' - 257

/'
/=!! verb root
ccc :J1 #&)1,'H6 ccc
--- | it's that big around | ---.
THEME: M:J1N #6c5c)c,'66t M$6 -,6,(N
for something to be (so) big around, in girth
different sizes.
)5 ,'H6 noun his/her mother
\66 6I 'J('#& 6I ,'H6 :1$66$HI mJ1$ :u% )5-H6*5$ :66
Angoon.
\6$ 6-06&'10b# :H 066 ,'H6"0E This mother of ours has completed
everything.
,'66*G noun myth; legend; children's tale
monsters.
/=!!FT verb root
6#66&6,'66#& :66 6#6$6,'H#& :%% 6#6:6,'H#&#
s/he's investigating it; s/he investigated it | s/he's (in the process of) investigating
it | s/he investigates it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c,'66#&t M$6 (7($,N
for S to investigate, make inquiry into, research O
P0H6#& 66$ *6'6rG :66 #6$)5,'H#&E A flood from long ago is being
researched.
r%%$ 66&6,'H#& r%%$ 6,'H6#& ccc
s/he told people a legend | s/he is telling people a legend | ---.
THEME: ecBc~c,'66#&t M~ 6",N
for S to tell, recount, narrate O (legend, myth, fairy tale, etc.)
!6)J1 )5,'H#& :J H:H; #6#6,HD66 ,(($ :6&)5&6)'66rE As the story
goes, he was defeated by a pair of pliers.
,'H6#& Adverb fast
)5 ,'H6#& noun his/her maternal aunt
!I ,'H6#&"0 H6 I6, -05#66&64H6; 66)J :J1 )66)5$(1 :JE My
,'H6r noun sharp arrow for killing
/'H6r )5 (()J #-1DH,E The arrow is stuck in his body.
258 - /' - Dictionary of Tlingit

,'66I noun mold
/'66I H6 :66 #6$6EJ1$E Mold is growing there.
/=!!p verb root
&5)1,'HI :66 $)6,'HI )1,'HI#&
it's moldy; it got moldy | it's getting moldy | it molds (easily, regularly).
THEME: )c,'66It M~ (7($,N
for something to be moldy
T5)1,'HI 6 ,5r)66E The bottom of it is moldy.
)5 ,'6*%%r&6$-66:b noun his/her namesake
VARANTS: )5 ,'(*%%r&6$-66:b MPN
Q5 'J('#& )5 ,'6*%%r&6$-66:bI -1,((E His grandparent is his namesake.
,'6*5 adj. old; from the past
!6$rH6&5"0 H&J &%%E%%; &J ,'6*5 0b, ,'(1$E A rich person bought the
big old house.
TJ ,'6*5 0b)1 *H6$$HI &5)5&6$J(*&H'E Someone painted the outside of
the old house.
,'6*5 r&H6$D1 noun people of long ago
,'6*5 ,-6,-J(:(( noun grey singing bird (sparrow or finch)
,'6s6$b- noun pole; sapling
/'6s6$b- 66$ #&J1:1 ,5*H6-1I 06- 6&'1:JIE They made a flagpole out of
a sapling.
)5 ,'6s(1:b noun his/her brain
VARANTS: )5 ,'(s(1:b MPN
},I '6:JI )J 1 ,'6s(1:bK Use your brain now!
,'H#& particle always, all the time, constantly
/'H#& #6)5#J$D &J "0(("0E The porpoise always jump.
/'H#& -(($H6 6 #H6 :J1 $6,(("0 (("0 #6#&J1:1E There's always a light
on a fixed buoy.
/'H#& !6$ noun Klukwan
/'H#& !6$)HI 066 -0%%& -1,((E Our roots stem from Klukwan.
>1'rH6, m&H6$ /'H#& !6$D 06- r5:6Eu%E The Chilkat people live in
Klukwan.
/'H2K interj. Oops!
,'6I particle very
very big.
,'6I6$(1- noun kingfisher

,'( particle just, simply; just then
VARANTS: ,'(1
,'(1)60J($ noun once, one time
VARANTS: ,'(D)60J($; ,'(1)(0J($ MPN
/'(1)60J($; :J1 6, &%%$(1E Once upon a time, this happened.
floated to Yakutat.
,'(1)%%-0u%$HI Numeral six (people)
,'(1)%%-0G Numeral six
feet long.
,'(1#6,H$# noun red huckleberry
/'(1#6,H$# #6$6,H (($ :6#J1E Red huckleberries are good with
blueberries.
/'(1#6,H$# H&J #6$6,HI I%% :J1 $6,(("0E Red huckleberries are always
among blueberries.
,'J1# particle no
VARANTS: ,'H:#
,'(1rH6 Numeral twenty
/'(1rH6 )H6$66 6I J(, 0b-K Lend me twenty dollars!
,'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1$HI Numeral twenty one (people)
,'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1D Numeral twenty one
/'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1D H&J )5 #6,H6*5E He is twenty-one years old.
,'(1rH6$HI Numeral twenty (people)
,'J1r& noun berry, berries
TJ ,'J1r& )66#(1)b :b- H:HE This is a container for the berries.
\(1-G #6)'1IH, &J ,'J1r&E The berries are still green.
,'J1r& #60J($1 noun berry juice
/'J1r& #60J($1 6&)1$H6E He drank berry juice.
!I IJ1, 66 #6Ib"0 ,'J1r& #60J($1K Give me some juice! (Lit: Throw some
juice at my mouth!)
,'(1r& #60b$,1 noun watermelon berry, twisted stalk, wild cucumber

,'J1r& &H-1 noun berry bush
VARANTS: ,'Jr& &H-1
/'J1r& &H-1 H6 #66&6E66E Berry bushes are growing there.
,'J1' particle no, none, not
VARANTS: ,'J'; '; 0J'
Q5 ,'(r,'(1$ H&J ,'J' HE His middle finger is missing.
,'(1$ adj. big
!I 'J('#5 0H- 4((:b- H&J &5)5)'1:JI &J 6,D66$ 0b)1 ,'(1$E That big
smoke house was built for my grandparents.
m5#6&)5:J1'1 H&J ]6':JI)(1 s5$6:J1 5r%%I"0 &J1 :66#& ,'(1$E
calm.
,'J1$HI Numeral one (person)
/'J1$HI ,%%"0 rH6 066 I%% :J1 :6,((E There's only one black man among
us.
/'J1$HI rH6 HI :66 $6*G,E One person is walking along there.
,'J1D Numeral one
\6$ 5&6$J1 H*J &J ,'J1D 66 :HI{ Is it ready like the other one?
/'J1D r6,(1' :HI H&J '1:J# &J1 DJ$E That plastic container can hold one
gallon.
,'J1D 0H$)1, Numeral one hundred
,'(1:H$ noun shoreline
,'(1:((#66)J Adverb one kind, type; one way, direction
VARANTS: ,'(1:((#66)J1
,'J#s66 Numeral one at a time, one by one
/'J#s66 H&J 6$6I )66# 06- 66&6'JIE One by one they danced out.
,'J#s66$HI Numeral one (person) at a time
/'J#s66$HI H&J 06- &5)5&6I%%IE They called them one by one.
,'Jr& :H)1 noun raspberry
VARANTS: ,'J1r& :H)1
/'J1r& :H)1 06- 66&6Eb$E They picked raspberries.
,'J' )66 -H noun nothing
VARANTS: ,'J1' )66 -H; 0J' )66 -H
,'(D)60J($ Numeral once, one time
VARANTS: ,'(1)60J($; ,'(1)(0J($ MPN
P06 ,'(D)60J($ )5 (($ #6$6$((#K Just tell him once!

,'j1r#6#J(- noun ring
Q5 41$,H6# #H6 :6$ 6#66&6,J( )5 ,'1r#6#J(-1E He put his ring in the
center of his palm.
,'1:66 Demonstrative farther over; way over
/'1:66 66$1 r&H6$1 066 IH$, 06- 5&6EH,E The people from that town
have come to visit us.
,'1:66,*J noun the other day; a few days ago
VARANTS: ,'1:66,6,*J M!,N
P05 ,'1:66,*J H&J -05I&-1,((E I was expecting it the other day.
/=eeo verb root
66)J &%%,'u%D ccc 66)J :%% :6,'GD#
he/she/it crawled there on his/her/it's belly | --- | he/she/it crawls there on
his/her/its belly (regularly).
THEME: @c)J Bc~c,'%%Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to creep, crawl on hands and toes with body close to ground (usually when
stalking game) toward P
H, &%%,'u%D ccc ccc
he/she/it is crawling around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crawled around on
his/her/its belly | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, Bc~c,'%%Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to creep, crawl around on hands and toes with body close to ground
(usually when stalking game) at P; for S to squirm around on the ground at P
]((-0 I%%, &%%,'u%D &J :HD&"0E The sea otter is rolling around in the
kelp.
,'u%I noun mud bullhead
/'u%I ,'J' ,%%IHE We don't eat bullhead.

/'
,'66)J1$ Adverb sideways
,'66)J1$E66 noun turnip
B066,#H,-#5I I6, -1,((:b 6I IJ #J1:1$ &J ,'66)J1$E66E When I was
a little girl, I used to love turnips.
/=!!F verb root
&5)1,'H# :66 $)6,'H# )6,'H#I
he/she/it is wet | he/she/it is getting wet | he/she/it gets wet (regularly).
THEME: ec)c,'66#t M~ (7($,N
for O to be wet (may be thoroughly wet, but not by actual immersion)
,'H6# noun pale; pastel
/'H,*1 #H6 :6*J1 &J ,'H6#E There are a lot of dead leaves on the ground.
,'66r&H"0 noun sourdock; wild rhubarb
NOTES: T63$1$*< '(67(- "%$,61$ %D6'1" 6"1); 2%--18': 063+95' 1$
'63*( V56$,1,1(-
/'66r&H"0 (($ H&J 6&-1EJ( &J #6D&J1IE She cooked wild rhubarb with
cranberries.
Fu%D (($ )5-EJ( ,'66r&H"0E Wild rice is cooked with wild rhubarb.
,'H6,' noun yellow
/'H6,' 66- :b, &5)1r(($E The small bird flew into the tree.
,'6sH6 Adverb enough; adequate
Q( ,'6sH6 H&J :6#%%*J1E There is enough.
,'H,# noun earth; land, country; soil
VARANTS: ,'H,*1; ,'J,# MPN
/'H,*1 #H6 :J1 $6,(("0 r(1-0#60H6*5E Low bush cranberries are on the
ground.
,'HD"0 noun old, dead branch

6 ,'((sb noun its tentacle (of octopus)
VARANTS: 6 ,'(1sb MPN
B06:6)10J1$ 06- )5 ,'((sb &J $H6r&E Octopus have a lot of tentacles.
,'J(#6, noun sticks woven through the fish lengthwise after it has been filleted
for barbecuing
)5 ,'((r noun his/her finger
VARANTS: )5 ,'(1r
Q5 ,'((r H&J 6I :H6 6-0 6#66&'1:J$E He's shaking his finger at me.
/=dd/ verb root
6-06&'1,'b, :66 6-06$6','b, 6-06'6,'b,I
s/he filled it | s/he is filling it | s/he fills it (regularly).
THEME: ec-06cBc'c,'J(,t M~ (7($,N
for S to fill O (with liquid)
heavy!
,'((D noun filth, mess; trash, rubbish, garbage
]H6$)( &J ,'((DK Put the dirt outside!
6 ,'(1sb MPN noun its tentacle (of octopus)
VARANTS: 6 ,'((sb
)5 ,'(1r noun his/her finger
VARANTS: )5 ,'((r
my finger.
6 ,'J1'1 noun its semen; its milt (of fish)
/=dC/ verb root
6 )66I #(1 &)'1,'J, 6 )66D #(1 $6','jJ,j 6 )66D #(1
1','jJ,j"0
he/she/it climbed up it | he/she/it is climbing up it | he/she/it climbs up it
(regularly).
THEME: [ )66I #(1 Bc)c'c,'(1,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to climb up along N (tree, rope, etc.) by holding on tightly
!6- )66I #(1 &)'1,'J,E He climbed up the tree.
6 :HI &5)'1,'J1, 6 :HI #(1 $6','J, 6 :HI #(1
1','J,"0
he/she/it climbed the face of it | he/she/it is climbing the face of it | s/he climbs
the face of it (regularly).
THEME: [ :HI Bc)c'c,'J1,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for S to climb up along the face of N (mountain, cliff, fence, etc.)

,'J1,' noun moonfish, suckerfish, blowfish
VARANTS: ,'J,'
)5 ,'(r-0H noun his/her fingertip
VARANTS: )5 ,'1r-0H
Q5 ,'(r-0H H&J 6&'1IJI &J -,%%D #HDE He burned his fingertip on the
stove.
)5 ,'(r,'(1$ noun his/her middle finger
VARANTS: )5 ,'1r,'(1$
Q5 ,'(r,'(1$ H&J ,'J' HE His middle finger is missing.
)5 ,'(rIH6# noun between his/her fingers
,'1r$66EH, noun thimble
/'1r$66EH, (($ )5rJ1-E A thimble is used for sewing.
)5 ,'1r-0H noun his/her fingertip
VARANTS: )5 ,'(r-0H
)5 ,'1r,'(1$ noun his/her middle finger
VARANTS: )5 ,'(r,'(1$
,'1')66-#(1, noun littleneck clams
)5 ,'u%s5 noun his/her liver
QRb-#5 ,'u%s5 r6 6 )H6'1 6I IJ :6#J1E I like to eat moose liver and its
tripe.
Q5 ,'u%s5 H&J 6-0 #66&6Db'E Her liver is bothering her.
,'%%r noun rotting sore; gangrene; cancer
/'%%r )5 4b$ )66 :J1 :6,((E There are sores on his hand.
,'G#I noun worm; larva; grub; caterpillar; snake
/'G#I 6&-1&6)1 -066&H, )66,I -0#6'$((# r5)R1,((E There's a story
about the woman who raised the worm.
Dictionary of Tlingit - /- - 265

/-
,-H particle only then
hears the bad talk.
,-66 noun hair seal
/-66*&(1)b noun Tsaagweid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crests are the Seal and Killerwhale
,-66sH' noun spear
/-66sH' H,I )5':(1Ib$ "0H6#&E Spears were used long ago.
/B!!m verb root
#(1 41&'1,-Hr ccc #(1 41'6,-HrI
s/he raised a hand | --- | s/he raises a hand (regularly).
THEME: #(1 41cBc'c,-66rt M~ (7($,N
for (singular) S to raise the hand (in voting, etc.)
,-H6,- noun bear root, Indian potato
,-Hs66 noun pole (for boating, for pushing skin toboggan)
/-Hs66 (($ :66#& )66# 06- 6:6&'1,HrE They pushed the boat offshore
with a pole.
,-H'# noun arctic ground squirrel
,-J particle be sure not to
NOTES: /01- 263,1"'( 1- 5-() &1,0 ,0( 6)+%$1,17( 7(38 9%3+; &01"0
*17(- ,0( +(6$1$* 8( -53( $%, ,% M7(38Nf -(( ,06, :%5 )%$,
M7(38NE
/BddF verb root
6&'1,-b# 6',-J(# 6',-b#I
s/he barbecued it | s/he's barbecueing it | s/he barbecues it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'c,-((#t M~ 6",N
for S to broil O slowly, cook O directly over live coals, barbecue
,-J(# noun spit, skewer, roasting stick, barbecue stick
/-J(# J($ 06- 6&-1EJ( &J "0H6,'E They barbecued the halibut.
266 - /- - Dictionary of Tlingit

Fb$#1 ,-J(*1 rG$HI :6#J1E Barbecued fermented salmon heads are very
good.
/Bdd[ verb root
,'J' &5',-(($ ,'J1' 5',-(($ ,'J' #(1 5',-(($"0
he/she/it was weak | he/she/it is weak | s/he doesn't get stronger.
THEME: ,'J' ec'c,-(($ M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be weak; for O to be mild (of weather); for O to be anemic
VARANTS: c"0(($
Q5 :6#s&60J1:H*5 ,'J1' 5',-(($E His spirit is weak.
&5'1,-(($ '1,-(($ #(1 '6,-(($"0
he/she/it became strong | he/she/it is strong | he/she/it gets strong (regularly).
THEME: ec'c,-(($ M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be strong, powerful
Tu%-0$HI I6#6#J1I1 ,bD :H6$HI '1,-(($E Chain is stronger than rope.
o5$66 mH6&5 H&J rG$HI 06- '1,-(($E Hoonah people are very strong.
I6&'1,-(($ I6'1,-(($ #(1 I6'6,-(($"0
it was expensive | it's expensive | it gets expensive (regularly).
THEME: I6c'c,-(($ M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be expensive, high-priced; for something to be precious, of great
value
/H rG$HI I6'1,-(($ QR6$,1#1 AJ($1DE King salmon is very expensive in
Juneau.
/'J1D )H6$66 :J1 I6'1,-(($ #6,bI66 DGD )66#60b)1DE A key costs
one dollar at the post office.
,-(($(1)1 -0H' noun handmade ladle
,-(($IJ noun lizard, newt
/BdCp verb root
66&6,-JI 6,-JI, 6,-JI,
s/he kicked it | s/he's kicking it | s/he kicks it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c,-(1It M~ 6",N
for S to kick O; for S to stamp O, put foot down on O violently
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< 6,-JI, *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*
-L0( 1- #1"#1$* 1, 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*< -L0(
#1"#- 1, M3(*5'63':NE
)5 ,-(1:b noun his/her sweetheart
,-b$ noun muskrat
,-b-#& noun owl with ear tufts
oH6$66D H&J )5E6I41 $%%"0 ,-b-#&E Owls are heard at night.
/'J' 66 r&6-6,b$"0 &J #H#& :u% )5&6-H6*5 66 ,-b-#&E I have never
seen the bird they call the owl without ear tufts.

/BeeT verb root
s6*66$ H, I%%- 5&6,-u%& ccc ccc
sun rays are shining on it | --- | ---.
THEME: s6*66$ @c,t I%%- ~c,-u%& M~
(7($,N
for the sun rays to shine on P
l6*66$ H, I%%- 5&6,-u%&E Sun rays are shining on it. (Lit: The sun is
poking its feet out.)
,-5 particle again; still; some more
VARANTS: ,-%%
/-5 :J1 &5$6rHK You can say that again!
,-G particle also, too, as well
268 - /- - Dictionary of Tlingit

/-
/B!! verb root
&5'1,-H6 '1,-H6 #(1 '6,-H6:"0
he/she/it was fragrant | he/she/it is fragrant | he/she/it becomes fragrant
(reguarly).
THEME: ec'c,-jH6 M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be fragrant, sweet-smelling
F(1-0b-0 H&J '6,-H6 $%%"0 r5,66$DE Alder always smells good in the
summer.
smell good.
,-6#H6&H-0 noun dried fish strips, dried necktie style
/-6#H6&H-0 Q(1-0G)HI 06- 66&6E%%E They bought dried fish strips from
Haines.
,-Hr' noun black with dirt, filth, stain
,-6$J1 noun round basket made of split red cedar branches
,-6,-J( noun songbird; bird
VARANTS: ,-(,-J( MPN
/-6,-J( H&J I&66EHI ,6,*J ,-%%,66,E I heard a songbird yesterday
morning.
TJ ,-6,-J( s6*66$ I5-:((, EH6E That song bird is sitting in the ray of
sunlight.
,-6D&(1' noun crow
/-6D&(1' H, #6&)'1:(("0E Crows are flying around.
,-((sJ($1 noun magpie
VARANTS: ,-(1sJ($1 M/N
,-J(#HI#& noun alpine blueberry
/-J(#HI#& 06- 66&6Eb$E They picked alpine blueberries.
6 ,-J(#5 noun its muscles (of shell creature)
,-(1sJ($1 M/N noun magpie
VARANTS: ,-((sJ($1
,-J-I& noun snail with shell
6, ,-b#&,1 noun muscles of a shell creature; pincher; thing that pinches

,-b,-#& noun songbird; bird
,-%%,66, noun morning
/-6,-J( H&J I&66EHI ,6,*J ,-%%,66,E I heard a songbird yesterday
morning.
/-%%,66, -06I&)1$G#E I got up in the morning.
/-%%,-DH$ noun Tsimshian
VARANTS: /-%%,-DJ$
/-%%,-DH$"0 5&6-0H6 6I #J(#E A Tsimshian married my little sister.
270 - n - Dictionary of Tlingit

n
c5 postpos. is/are at
50H6$ Pronoun we [independent]
=)6#H, 50H6$ 066 &)5&6EJ(DE All of us were invited.
G-66 noun soap
-66 (($ )66 )5-0u%"0 People bathe with soap.
G,'I1 noun boiled fish
pH6#& G,'I1 6&-1EJ(E She cooked freshwater sockeye soup.
pH6D& G,'I1 H&J :6#J1E Boiled ling cod is good.
5I*6$0J($ noun kerosene; coal oil
nI*6$0J($ -(($H6 #H6D 06- )6rJ1-1$E They used to sew by kerosene
lamp.
5I*6$rH6- noun match
nI*6$rH6- ,1$ HI 6#)5'*66$E It is lit with a match.
5I #(1 Adverb out of control; blindly
)5 5I#1)'((:b noun his/her gums
Dictionary of Tlingit - T - 271

T
&H6"0&66$ noun policeman; policewoman
&H6)1-0*66 noun priest
)5 &66r noun his/her eye
Q5 &66r$HI #66&6D((DE He's staring at it. (Lit: It fell through his eye.)
&H6$s6$(($- Adverb sometimes, once in a while
words get hung up.
&H6 -H Adverb how
T66-0)6$ m&H6$ noun American
A66)J :66 - r5$6,b$ T66-0)6$ m&H6$E The Americans are traveling
here.
&66, noun armspan; fathom
/'(1rH6 &66, :J1 #s&66)'H6$E It's twenty fathoms deep.
T!!/ verb root
6&-1&H, 6-&H6, 6-&H,I
s/he raised him/her/it | s/he raises him/her/it; s/he is raising him/her/it | s/he
raises him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-c&H6,t M~ 6",N
for S to raise O (child, animal); for S to grow O (plant)
/'G#I 6&-1&6)1 -066&H, )66,I -0#6'$((# r5)R1,((E There's a story
about the woman who raised the worm.
crybaby.
#(1 5&6&H, #(1 $6&H, ccc
s/he grew up | he/she/it is growing up | ---.
THEME: ec~c&H6,t M~ (7($,N
for O to grow up (size and maturity) (esp. of human and animal)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( #(1 1$< #(1 5&6&H, 0(L-0(L1, *3(& 52 1-
%2,1%$6'; 6$) ,0(3(9%3( 1- $%, *17($ 1$ ,0( =((3cd)&63)- ,0(+(E
A%&(7(3; -2(6#(3- *($(36'': 23(9(3 ,% 5-( ,0( 7(38 &1,0 #(1E
!$6Eu%, I%%D 5&6&H, &J rH6E That man grew up among the Aleut people.
! ,u%)HI #(1 5&6&H,E He grew out of it.
272 - T - Dictionary of Tlingit

&H6 :6,((:1 :J1D Adverb sometimes
TH6 :6,((:1 :J1D :H6D :J1 66 $6,(("0 ,H6#& #6$6I &J r66,%%&GE
Sometimes some chickadees stay here through the winter.
&6r)H6$66 noun eyeglasses
T6r)H6$66 &66r, 6#6'EH,E She has eyeglasses on. (Lit: She has glasses
lying on her eyes.)
&6r)'u%r noun sleep in his/her eyes
TJ 1 &6r)'u%s5 66I $6Eu%-K Clean the sleep from your eyes!
)5 &6r#H noun blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see)
VARANTS: )5 &6r#6-u%D
)5 &6r#6)%%*G noun his/her eyelid
VARANTS: )5 &6r#()%%*G MPN
&6r#6)u%D noun blindfold
T6r#6)u%D )5 :H6 :J1 )5&6Eu%E He was blindfolded.
&6r#6'-%%I *H6D& noun scooter duck
]H6D& H&J :J1 )5&6-H6#& &6r#6'-%%I *H6D&E That duck is called a
scooter duck.
)5 &6r#6-u%D noun blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she
can't see)
VARANTS: )5 &6r#H
Q5 &6r#6-u%D H&J H, ((0H$E You're blocking his view.
)5 &6r'6,H6# noun inside of his/her eye
VARANTS: )5 &6r',H6#
)5 &6r',H6# noun inside of his/her eye
VARANTS: )5 &6r'6,H6#
Q5 &6r',H6#$HI H, &%%D((DE Something fell in her eye.
)5 &6r-01:(( noun before his/her eyes; where he/she can see (it)
VARANTS: )5 &6r-0(( MPN
!I &6r-01:((D :J1 $6-$JK Show me how it's done!
C &6r-01:((D :J1 :6,((E It's in front of your eyes.
)5 &6r-0G noun corner of his/her eye
6 &H$ RelationalNoun edge of it; (to the) side of it
dance shirt!
! &H$)HI H&J 6 :b#, -0 &5)'1*H- &J :J1'E The raven leapt into it from
the edge.

6 &6$H6# RelationalNoun separate from it; on the edge, side of it; missing its
mark
VARANTS: 6 &6$:H6#
! &6$H6D :6#%%4J' &J "0H6-K Put the Humpback salmon separate from
them!
! &6$H6D :J1 1$6,b &J #6DJ('K Separate yourself from trouble!
&6$6)u% noun sheep
VARANTS: &6$()u% MPN
B066 :H )66, $6EH,"0 &6$6)u%E Sheep walk the mountainsides.
!'u%$1 &J &6$6)u% b,I #(1 $6*G,E The hunter is following the sheep that
is going uphill.
&6$6)u% '6,b$1 noun shepherd
VARANTS: &6$()u% '(,b$1 MPN
TJ &6$6)u% '6,b$1 ,H6"0 5&64HrE The shepherd fell asleep.
&6$6)u% :H)1 noun lamb
VARANTS: &6$()u% :J)1 MPN
TJ &6$6)u% :H)1 r5, &5)R1*((,E The lamb got lost.
&6$6,bD noun ant
!-0 &5-1,H6D &J &6$6,bDE The ant bit him.
&6$6,u%D noun ant
VARANTS: &6$6,bD M/N
6 &6$#H RelationalNoun on the edge, side of it (as a trail); on the shoulder of it
! &6$#H, 06- rJ($ &J :J1'E The ravens are sitting on the edge of it.
)5 &6$#6"0((r noun his/her little finger
VARANTS: )5 &6$#("0((r MPN
&6$#6-0DJ(, noun starry flounder
Q5IH &6$#6-0DJ(,E Starry flounders are eaten.
&6-u%- noun cow
T6-u%- H&J 6 )'((:b :6#J1E Cow meat is good.
&6-u%- '66:b noun cow's milk
T6-u%- '66:b :6#J1 &H-0 (($E Cow milk is good with mush.
&H- noun bush
TH- #6)H$466 H&J ,'H6#& r5:6Eu%E People are overcome by the pollen.
T6-(($(1)b noun Was'eeneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crests are the Wolf and Auklet

&6-D66$ ,'J1s5 noun salmonberry
T6-D66$ ,'J1s5sH6 &%%*%%, 6I ,'H6E My mom walked to get
salmonberries.
)5 &H-0 noun his/her cheek
&H-0 noun mush, oatmeal, porridge
&6-0J($ noun engine, motor
that boat.
T6-0J($ #6:J1# 66&6EHIE She heard the sound of the machine.
&6-0J($ #6,Hs6:1 noun engine cylinder connecting rod
\H &6-0J($ #6,Hs6:1 &%%-0H6-0E This connecting rod wore out.
)5 &6-0#H noun (outside of) his/her cheek
p66$ :HI :6,(( )5 &6-0#HE His cheek is red.
)5 &6-0,G noun inside of his/her cheek
Q5 &6-0,G H&J :6$J(#&E The inside of his cheek hurts.
6 &H, RelationalNoun mouth of it (a river, creek)
ou%& 0J($ &H,D :J1 &)5)R1$(1E They put a memorial pile of rocks at the
mouth of the water.
&6,-bD noun caribou
T6,-bD )'((:b H&J I&66IH6E I ate caribou meat.
very big.
)5 &6I60J($1 noun his/her tears
VARANTS: )5 &6r0J($1
Q5 &6I60J($1 &5'1'u%IE His tears flowed.
)5 &6I6IJ1I5 noun his/her eyelash
VARANTS: )5 &6rI6IJ1I5 MPN
Q'1:H,D )5 &6I6IJ1I5E Her eyelashes are long.
&6EJ Pronoun you (singular) [independent]
&J Demonstrative that (at hand)
VARANTS: &J1
crybaby.
&J1#-0 noun woman's curved knife
&J1- noun louse, lice
TJ1- )5 -06#,u%, 5&6EH,E She got lice in her hair.

&J1I noun bullhead, sculpin
TJ1I ,'(1$ 66&6-0H6,E She caught a big sculpin.
Tee
Z
verb root
66sH6 66&6&u% ccc 66sH6 6&J1I
s/he ordered it | --- | s/he orders it (regularly).
THEME: @csH6 6cBc~c&u%t M~ (7($,N
for S to send for, order P (usually from a catalog)
)5 &u% noun his/her father-in-law
!-s(1&G -66,bI -1,(( 6I &u%E My father-in-law is a master seiner.
&%%"0 Pronoun together [object]
VARANTS: &%%-0
T%%"0 I%%, &5)5&6EH,E People came together.
&%%"0 :HI :66 )6,u%&"0 noun math
&%%' noun hole
Tee= verb root
ccc :6&u%' ccc
--- | it has a hole in it | ---.
THEME: ~c&u%' M*6 -,6,(N
for something to have a hole, outlet
\6&u%' :H )((*H6E This 'dipnet has holes in it.
&%%'$HI &%%-0rHr noun wren
VARANTS: &%%'$HI &%%-0rHI
wren.
&%%$ noun maggot
&%%-H6$1 noun spear for hunting
Q5 &%%-H6$1 6&'1'J(DE He broke his spear.
TeeB
Z
verb root
6I(1&6&u%- 6I6&u%- :%% 6I6:6&u%-#
s/he asked him/her | s/he's asking him/her | s/he asks him/her (regularly).
THEME: ecI6cBc~c&u%- M$6 6",N
for S to ask, question O
AG H&J I6rs((&u%-E It is he that you will ask.
&%%-0 Pronoun together [object]
VARANTS: &%%"0
TJ 66$rH6D5 &J1D &%%-0 I%%, 06- &5)1EH,E The chiefs gathered there.
a wire.

&%%-0)6#H)1$ Adverb different directions
feet.
&%%-0 s5$6:H6)( Adverb differently
VARANTS: &%%-0 s5&6$H6)(; &%%-0 s5&6$:H6)(
&%%-0 s5$6:H6)( 66 noun different ones; variety
T%%-0 s5$6:H6)( ,J(' I66,J($E I see a variety of different shoes.
&%%-0 s5&6$:H6)( Adverb differently
VARANTS: &%%-0 s5$6:H6)(; &%%-0 s5&6$H6)(
&u%-0$HI I6#6#J1I1 noun chain
Tu%-0$HI I6#6#J1I1 ,bD :H6$HI '1,-(($E Chain is stronger than rope.
&%%-0 :66:b noun pair
T%%-0 :66:b 0J' )5 4((E He doesn't have a pair.
&%%,-66sH6 noun cane; walking stick; staff
VARANTS: :%%,-66sH6 MPN
)5 &u%& noun his/her chest
Q5 &u%& H&J #H6-, :HI #%%*J1E His chest is as large as a barrel.
&u%& noun food, lunch, provisions taken along (on a trip, to work or school)
Tu%& :J1 6&-1$(1E He made lunch.
&u%& )66#(1, noun container for traveling provisions; lunch basket, lunch
container
B06#'1sJ1:1 &u%& )66#(1, H&JE That is a pretty lunch basket.
)5 &%%&#H noun (on) his/her chest
P06 0G )5 &%%&#H 66&6*&H'E He pounded his own chest.
Teep verb root
ccc :6&GI ccc
--- | it's wide | ---.
THEME: ~c&GI M*6 -,6,(N
for something to be wide, broad
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
flat.
6, &5-#u%&5 noun knowledgeable person
Q5 'J('#& H&J 6, &5-#u%&5I &5-1,(( E His grandfather was a
knowledgeable man.
Dictionary of Tlingit - ! - 277

"# %&'() *""("+,*- noun school
%&%#&./0(% noun chest pain; tuberculosis
1!&%#&./0(% 200*34 3%/ %55.0-46 She was saved from tuberculosis.
278 - o - Dictionary of Tlingit

o
o!! verb root
66)J 6#6&-1D66 ccc 66)J :%% 6#-1D(1#
s/he poured it out there | --- | s/he pours it out there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec#6cBc~cD66t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to pour O into P, pour O out at P; for S to dump, empty O in one mass (by
turning over container) at P
[66'1:J1)(1 #6$6-DH &J IH6, :1#EH)1K Dump the fish guts far away!
basin!
H, 6#6&-1DH6 ccc HI 6#-6D66
s/he poured it there | --- | s/he pours it there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6cBc-cD66t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to pour, dump, empty O at P
AJ($ H6$4b- #60J($1 I%%, 6#6&-1DH6E He poured water in with the
orange juice.
6 #66)J 6:6&-1D66 6 #66)J :66 6:6$6-DJ1$ 6
#66)J :%% 6:6-1DJ1#
s/he poured it on there | s/he is pouring it on there | s/he pours it on there
(regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec:6cBc-cD66t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to pour O on/in P
)5 D66*G noun his/her skeleton, bare bones
VARANTS: )5 D66*b
P06- )5 D66*G H&J &5)5&6,(1E Only his skeleton was found.
DH6# noun empty bivalve shell
oH6# 0J' )66 -H 6 ,GE There is nothing in the bivalve shell.
DH6$66 noun evening
F(1' 6,:H,D1 '6,b$1I $6I-6,(( :H DH6$66E Let Keil be the babysitter this
evening.
D66- noun bison, buffalo; ox, muskox; cow; horse
o66- 6'u%$ &%%*%%,E She went hunting for muskox.
Dictionary of Tlingit - o - 279

o!!B verb root
66&6DH- 6DH6- 6DH-I
s/he scraped it | s/he is scraping it; s/he scrapes it | s/he scrapes it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cDH6-t M~ 6",N
for S to scrape O
[u%D ,u%)HI 66&6DH- &J IJ('E He scraped the slime out of the shell.
v1' #66)HI IH6, #1)J1$ 66I :1DH- 6 #64(1sbK You all scrape the scales
off the fish from the salt water well!
6 DH6-1 noun its skin (of fish)
B(1r IH6, DH6-1 H&J :6#J1 s6',u%, 1)6,(($b '6,-(($ -H#& 6,
good for energy.
o!!BA verb root
66&6D66-0 6DH6-0 :%% 6:6DH-0#
s/he cut it | s/he cuts it; s/he is cutting it | s/he cuts it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cD66-0t M$6 6",N
for S to cut O with knife; for S to saw O
Q5 #((: H&J &5)5&6D66-0E They cut into his knee.
66I 66&6DH-0 66I 6DH6-0 66I 6DH-0,
s/he cut it off | s/he's cutting it off | s/he cuts if off (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cD66-0t M~ 6",N
for S to cut, saw O (esp. cutting something off or cutting wood)
good!
F1-H6$1"0 *H$ )5 4((:b- 06- 66&6DH-0E The young men cut wood for
him.
6#66&6D66-0 :(1 6#6$6DH-0 :(1 6#6DH-0"0
s/he cut it up | s/he is cutting it up | s/he cuts it up (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~cD66-0t Ms6 (7($,N
for S to cut O in several pieces; for S to carve O (on surface); for S to slice O
(e.g., bread)
T6,-bD sH)R1 :(1 6#6$6DH-0E She is cutting up a caribou hindquarter.
frying.
6&'1D66-0 6'DH6-0 :%% 6'1DH-0#
s/he cut it | s/he's cutting it | s/he cuts it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cD66-0t M$6 6",N
for S to cut O (esp. rope-like object)
B1*(1)b s(1&G :b- 6 *&J1$'1 66I 6&'1D66-0; &J &6,-bDE He cut the
hooves off the caribou for a beaver net.

&5)1D66-0 )6DH6-0 :%% )1DH-0#
s/he cut | s/he cuts; s/he is cutting | s/he cuts (regularly).
THEME: Bc)cD66-0t M$6 6",N
for S to cut
o!!/
Z
verb root
66)J 6#6&-1DH, ccc 66)J 6#-6DH,I
s/he connected it there | --- | s/he connects it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ec#6cBc-cD66,t M~ (7($,N
for S to connect, attach O to P
\u% ,'1:66 66-)J1 #-6DH, &J1 #6DJ(- 6I 6, -0b ru%# *G*5 :b-K
Attach the wire to that tree over there for my radio antenna!
a wire.
ccc 66)J #-1DH, ccc
--- | it's connected there | ---.
THEME: @cM)JN #6c-cDH6,t M~ -,6,(N
for something to be connected, attached, tied (to) P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 3(V513(- 6 2%-,2%-1,1%$6' 2036-( &01"0 )(-"318(-
&0(3( %3 &06, -%+(,01$* 1- "%$$(",() ,%E /01- 1- $%, 6 +%,1%$
7(38 0%&(7(3; 6$) ,0( "%$45*6,1%$ 23(91D )%(- $%, "06$*( &0($
)199(3($, 2%-,2%-1,1%$- 63( 5-()E C$ ,0( =((3cd)&63)- ,0(+(; ,0(
@cM)JN 1$)1"6,(- ,06, @ M%84(", %9 6 2%-,2%-1,1%$N 1- 3(V513(); 6- 1- 6
2%-,2%-1,1%$; 85, 1, "6$ 8( -%+(,01$* %,0(3 ,06$ c)J; 6- 1$)1"6,()
8: ,0( (D6+2'( -($,($"(-E
TJ 0b, *5#-01,G)HI #6-1DH, &J #6DJ(-E The wire runs from the corner
of that house.
/'H6r )5 (()J #-1DH,E The arrow is stuck in his body.
#1)J1$ 6#6&-1DH, ccc #1)J1$ 6#-6DH,I
s/he pulled it tight | --- | s/he pulls it tight (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc-cD66,t M~ (7($,N
for S to tighten, pull on O (something fastened at the other end)
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 8( 5-() 1$ 6 +(,620%31"6' -($-(< Q5 4((:b-
6#6&-1DH,E BL0( 1- 25''1$* 9%3 01+L0(3E /01- "%5') 8( 5-() 1$
3(9(3($"( ,% -%+(%$( 35$$1$* 9%3 %991"(; %3 6 "%+2(,1,%3 1$ 6 36"(
%9 6$: #1$)E
o!!/
X
verb root
ccc 6 :HI #66DH, ccc
--- | it looks like it | ---.
THEME: [ :HI #6c~cD66,t M~ -,6,(N
for something to resemble N (esp. in shape)
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 6'-% 3(9(3 ,% %$(- 8(0671%3E S%3 (D6+2'(< /'J'
6 :HI #%%DH, &J1,66E /06, %$( )%(-$, 6", $%3+6'; 31*0,E
F&H, :HI #66DH, )5 sb'6:1E His grindstone is shaped like an egg.

o!!/ verb root
66)HI 6&-1DH6, 66)HI :66 6$6-DH, 66)HI :%%
6-1DH,#
s/he dragged it away | s/he is dragging it away | s/he drags it away (regularly).
THEME: @c)HI ecBc-cD66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal) away
from P; for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power) away from P
!6-*5,G)HI *H$ :66 6$6-DH,E He is hauling firewood out of the woods.
66)J 6&-1DH6, 66)J :66 6$6-DH, 66)J :%% 6-1DH,#
s/he dragged it there | s/he is dragging it there | s/he drags it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc-cD66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal)
toward P; for S to haul, transport O (by non-motor power) toward P
B06:6)10J1$1 6, u%& &J1)( :66 $)5-DH,E They are hauling lots of
someone's possessions over that way.
6&-1DH6, :66 6$6-DH, :%% 6-1DH,#
s/he drug it | s/he is dragging it along | s/he drags it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cD66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal); for S
to haul, transport O (by non-motor power)
AJ($ :66 6$6-DH,E He is hauling water.
Ab, #6-H*5 :66 6$6-DH,E He is dragging rafters along.
DH6,' noun iceberg
oH6,' #H, 5&6rGI &J :66#&E That boat ran into an iceberg.
DH6,' #6',-Hs66 noun poles used to push aside ice (from a boat)
DH6,'H#& noun mouth ulcer; soreness of the mouth (as of a baby teething)
DH6,- noun clear sky, blue sky
oH6,-)( :66 r5$60J1$E It is becoming twilight.
DH6,- noun sky blue
DH#& noun sandbar; gravel bar; sand beach; gravel beach
oH#& #H 6:66&6)'66rE He made it to the sand bar.
DH#&'1 noun soapberry
oH#&'1 :6#J1 :J1 &)5-$(1:bE Soapberries are good when they're prepared.
6 DH#&,1 noun its empty shell (of house); empty container
DH-066 noun saw
oH-066 :J1 $)5E(1"0 *H$ :J1 )66)5$(1:bE A saw is used to work on
wood.
6, DH-0)1 ,J(' noun moccasins
VARANTS: (, DH-0)1 ,J(' MPN

!, DH-0)1 ,J(' -H#& H&J #6$H*66 6#66&6"0H#& 6I 4((:b-E He
6, DH-0)1 Du%& noun blanket sewn from scraps of hide
DH,66 noun sled
VARANTS: DJ,66 MPN
oddPA verb root
66&6Db"0 ccc 6Db"0I
s/he exerted his/her full strength on it; s/he is exerting his/her full strength on it |
--- | s/he exerts his/her full strength on it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cD(("0t M~ (7($,N
for S to exert one's full strength on, strive for O; for S to concentrate on, put
effort into O
\((:,J($ 06- )5 ,J1I ,u%,I H:H ,%%)J 06- :(( 5&6Db"0 066
odd= verb root
6#66&6Db' :66 6#6$6Db' 6#6Db'I
he/she/it bothered him/her; he/she/it is bothering him/her | he/she/it is starting to
bother him/her | he/she/it bothers him/her (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~cDJ('t M~ (7($,N
for S to bother, trouble, cause trouble or anxiety for O
Q5 ,'u%s5 H&J 6-0 #66&6Db'E Her liver is bothering her.
DJ('1 noun mossberry
oJ('1 #G,I 6 ,5#6:H,D1 :6*J1E Mossberries have too many seeds.
DJ($ noun housefly; bluebottle fly
oJ($ H&J &%%*J1 :H r5,66$E There were a lot of blue bottle flies this
summer.
)5 DJ(- MPN noun his/her shin
VARANTS: )5 DJ(-1
Q5 DJ(- rG$HI &5)'1Db-E His shin is really swelling.
6 DJ(-1 RelationalNoun its cutwater; the curved part of a bow or stern (of boat)
! DJ(-1 H*J ,-G :J1 )5&6-H6#& 6 :6I6#H6&{ Is the bow of a boat also
called the ya!ak'aw?
! DJ(-1 -J :H$)( EHI&K Tie the bow of the boat first!
DJ(-0 noun rash
oJ(-0 H&J )5 '1)bI :J1 :6,((E He has a rash on his neck.
odd/ verb root
6#6&-01Db, 6#-06D((, 6#-06Db,I
s/he wrote it | s/he writes it; s/he is writing it | s/he writes it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc-0cD((,t M~ 6",N

for S to write, draw, or paint a picture of O; for S to print O by hand; for S to
photograph, take pictures, X-rays of O
#6&41Db, #6-0D((, #6-0Db,I
s/he wrote | s/he writes; s/he is writing | s/he writes (regularly).
THEME: #6cBc)c-0cD((,t M~ 6",N
for S to write, draw,or paint; for S to take a photograph
Tlingit language.
odd/ verb root
,66 #H 66&6DJ(, ,66 #H 6Db,#& ,66 #H :(1 6DJ(,"0
s/he swept the floor | s/he is sweeping the floor | s/he sweeps the floor
(regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cDJ(,t Ms6 6",N
for S to sweep O (esp. floor)
broom.
&5)1DJ(, )6Db,#& :(1 )6Db,"0
s/he swept | s/he is sweeping | s/he sweeps (regularly).
THEME: Bc)cDJ(,t Ms6 6",N
for S to sweep
NOTES: /'J' 5)6Db,# &01"0 '1,(36'': ,36$-'6,(- 6- -L0( )%(-$,
-&((2 1- 6$ (D23(--1%$ "%++%$': 5-() ,% 1$-1$56,( ,06, ,0(
2(3-%$ 1- -'%7($':; '6R:E
oddo verb root
66)J &41D((D 66)J :66 $6-0bD 66)J :%% 41DbD#
he/she/it ran there | he/she/it is running there | he/she/it runs there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J Bc4cD((Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to run toward P
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( "'6--191(3 -0c "%+81$() &1,0 ,0( 7(38 -,(+
cD((D 8("%+(- c-0((DE
\u%)( &541D((D1 )Rb-#& 6 b,)( &%%*%%, 6I J(#E My brother went after
the moose that ran off that way.
6$6I #66&6D((D ccc 6$6I :(1 #6DbD"0
it fell through it | --- | it falls through it (regularly).
THEME: @c$HI #6c~cD((Dt Ms6 +%,1%$N
for something (usually a round object) to fall, drop through P
Q5 &66r$HI #66&6D((DE He's staring at it. (Lit: It fell through his eye.)
H, #66&6DbD ccc HI #6D((D
it fell into it | --- | it falls into it (regularly).

THEME: @c,t #6c~cD((Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for something (usually a round object) to fall, drop into P
H, 5&6DbD ccc HI D((D
it fell on it | --- | it falls on it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ~cD((Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for something to fall or drop on P; for a bullet to hit P; for a rumor, news to
spread, go around at P
%D466 0J($ I6#H, 5&6DbDE Wind has hit the surface of the water.
F6*H$ -066 #H, 5&6DbDE Light fell on the mountain.
H, &%%D((D ccc ccc
it's falling around; it's wobbly | --- | ---.
THEME: @c, ~cD((Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for something to fall around at P (esp. inside a container)
Q5 &6r',H6#$HI H, &%%D((DE Something fell in her eye.
H, &541D((D ccc H, :%% 41DbD#
he/she/it is running around; he/she/it ran around | --- | he/she/it runs around
(regularly).
THEME: @c, Bc4cD((Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to run around at P
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( "'6--191(3 -0c "%+81$() &1,0 ,0( 7(38 -,(+
cD((D 8("%+(- c-0((DE
in the sand.
H, &541DbD 66)J $6-0bD HI -0((D
he/she/it ran to it | he/she/it is running to it | he/she/it runs to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t Bc4cD((Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to run to P, arrive at P by running
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( "'6--191(3 -0c "%+81$() &1,0 ,0( 7(38 -,(+
cD((D 8("%+(- c-0((DE
out of the rain.
)66# 5&6DbD ccc )66# DbD"0
it fell | --- | it falls (regularly).
THEME: )66# ~cD((Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for the sun, moon to move through the sky into the open; for something (esp. a
small, compact object) to fall, drop
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 6'-% 8( 5-() 1$ (D23(--1%$- -5"0 6-< QJ1I
:6*1:(( #HD H&J )66# 5D((D"0 C, 96''- %$ 6 /5(-)6:E
l6*66$ )66# 5&6DbD &J -J(& b,)HIE The sun came out after the rain.

s5$J1 &41DbD ccc s5$J1 -0bDI
he/she/it started running | --- | he/she/it starts running (regularly).
THEME: s5$J1 Bc4cD((Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to begin running
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( "'6--191(3 -0c "%+81$() &1,0 ,0( 7(38 -,(+
cD((D 8("%+(- c-0((DE
Q5 *6&)H6$1 66)J &%%E66)1 :J; 6 $1:66)J s5$J1 &41DbDE He started
running in the direction his horses went.
)5 4((, -05&6DbD )5 4(()J :66 -05$6DbD )5 4((I
-05D((D
s/he ran out of it | s/he is running out of it | s/he runs out of it (regularly).
THEME: [ 4((,t -05c~cD((Dt M~ (7($,N
for N to run out of something
6 #H6 &%%D((D ccc 6 #H6 :(1 DbD"0
THEME: [ #H6 ~cD((Dt Ms6 +%,1%$N
for an object (usually small, compact) to fall on N
#(1 5&6DbD #(1 $6DbD #(1 DbD"0
it rose | it's rising | it rises (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ~cD((Dt M~ +%,1%$N
for the sun, moon to rise
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 6'-% 8( 5-() 1$ (D23(--1%$- ,06, )%$, 2(3,61$
,% ,0( -5$ %3 +%%$; 6- 1$< [((#& #(1 5&6DbD [(&-L*%--12 &($,
63%5$)E
r5, &541D((D ccc r5, #(1 -0bD"0
he/she/it ran away | --- | he/she/it runs away (regularly).
THEME: r5, Bc4cD((Dt M*6 +%,1%$N
for (singular) S to run away
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( "'6--191(3 -0c "%+81$() &1,0 ,0( 7(38 -,(+
cD((D 8("%+(- c-0((DE
Q5 #%%rJ$6:1 r5, &541D((DE His messenger ran away.
-05&6D((D :66 -05$6DbD :%% -05:6DbD#
it came to an end | it's coming to an end | it comes to an end (quickly, regularly).
THEME: -05c~cD((Dt M$6 (7($,N
for something to end, come to an end, pass; for something to be used up (of
supplies, etc.)
)5 ,u%, &%%D((D ccc )5 ,u%, :%% :6DbD#
s/he is worried about him/her/it | --- | s/he worries about him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: [ ,u%, ec~cD((Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to worry N; for N to have O constantly on the mind
NOTES: [%,( ,06, '1,(36'': ,36$-'6,(); )5 ,u%, &%%D((D +(6$- 1,-
3%''1$* 63%5$) 1$-1)( 01+L0(3E
:66&6D((D :66 :6$6DbD :%% :6DbD#
it happened | it's happening | it happens (regularly).

THEME: :6c~cD((Dt M$6 (7($,N
for something to take place, occur, happen
potlatch.
:b$)( &%%D((D :b$)( :66 $6DbD :b$)( :%% :6DbD#
it set | it is setting | it sets (regularly).
THEME: :b$)( ~cD((Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for the sun, moon to set
DJ1)5 noun comb
VARANTS: -06DJ1)5
B06DJ1)5 I&66E%%E I bought a comb.
D(1$ noun spawned-out salmon with white scabs, ready to die
o(1$ $6*(1"0 r5,66$ ((,bDE After the summer there are a lot of
spawned-out salmon.
)5 D(1,#H noun his/her thorax; flat upper surface of his/her chest
o(1,' noun Thunderbird
o(1,' 6 #H6 #6&)5&6"0H#& :H #J(-E A Thunderbird is carved on this
bracelet.
D(1,' 'b#&-1 M!,N noun lightning
VARANTS: D(1,' 'G#I5; D(1,' 'u%#I5 M/N
D(1,' 'G#I5 noun lightning
VARANTS: D(1,' 'u%#I5 M/N; D(1,' 'b#&-1 M!,N
o(1,' 'G#I5 :u% ,'1:66&GE The lightnting is way over there.
D(1,' ,H6D66 noun horsefly
o(1,' ,H6D66 I6, &5-1,H6DE A horsefly bit me.
DJ$ noun plastic
\J1 I&66EHI DJ$ 0J' 5-0#J &J +1"3%&67( ,u%D :J1 )5E%%&GE I heard
that it's not good to put plastic in the microwave.
gallon.
Db)'66 noun herring rake
not difficult.
Db,66 noun broom; brush
broom.
DbD"0 noun frog
obD"0 6 :H6D #6I&66"0H#&E I carved a frog on it's face.
obD"0 6, u%&5 &%%-0 4(()J )50J1$ $%%"0E The frog crest is claimed by
more than one clan.

D1EH6, noun dusk; twilight
o1EH,, r5&60H6E It is dusk.
D%%)Rb noun comet; falling star
D%%)Rb noun burnt or charred wood
oeeF verb root
6&-1DG# 6-D%%# 6-DG#I
s/he dried it | s/he is drying it | s/he dries it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cD%%#t M~ 6",N
for S to dry O (by any method)
5&6DG# :66 $6DG# DG#I
it dried | it's drying | it dries (regularly).
THEME: ~cD%%#t M~ (7($,N
for something to be dry, dried
TJ IH6, 6 #64(1sb 6 #H, 5&6DG#E The scales of the fish dried on it.
\66 $6DG# 6I $66EH)1E My clothes are drying.
Du%$ noun north wind
A66 #H, 6:6&6-0H, &J Du%$E The north wind hit us in gusts.
Du%-0, noun singed, burnt, or charred matter
ou%-0, 06- )5 :H6 :J1 06- 6$6E(1"0 :66 M06N- 41$)6EH)1E The dark
burnt ashes would be put on their faces when going to war.
Du%,- noun grizzly bear
ou%,- ,'(1$ H&J 66&64Hr &J rH6E That man killed a big brown bear.
Du%& noun memorial pile of rocks
ou%& 0J($ &H,D :J1 &)5)R1$(1E They put a memorial pile of rocks at the
mouth of the water.
o5)R1)66 m&H6$ noun people of Admiralty Island
o5)R1)66 m&H6$ H&J !6$*u%$ r5E%%E The people of Angoon are known
as Xudzidaa wan.
o5$66 noun Hoonah
o5$66 mH6&5 H&J rG$HI 06- '1,-(($E Hoonah people are very strong.
)5 D5I66&G noun pubic hair
288 - o& - Dictionary of Tlingit

o&
oT!!PA verb root
6&'1D&H"0 6'D&H"0, 6'D&H"0I
s/he scraped it | s/he's scraping it | s/he scrapes it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cD&66"0t M~ 6",N
for S to soften, make O flexible; for S to scrape O (hide) to soften it
TJ &6,-bD )%%*G 6&'1D&H"0E She scraped the caribou skin.
l%%"0 )%%*G 6&'1D&H"0E She softened a wolf hide.
D&66-)H6 noun canvas; tarp; tent
Q5 *H$1 6 #60H6)1 :b- H&J D&66-)H6 66&6E%%E He bought a tarp to
cover his firewood.
)5 D&H6:1 noun his/her clan brother
D&H466 noun skin scraper
D&(1,' noun fatigue
oTdC/= verb root
6-0 &5'1D&J,' :66 6-0 $6'D&J,' 6-0 '6D&J,'I
he/she/it made him/her tired | he/she/it is making him/her tired | he/she/it makes
him/her tired (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cD&(1,'t M~ (7($,N
for S to tire O, make O tired (either physically or emotionally)
p6, &5'1D&J,' &J -J(&E I'm tired of the rain.
#6&'1D&J,' :66 #6$6'D&J,' #6'6D&J,'I
it's itchy | it's starting to itch | it gets itchy (regularly).
THEME: #6cBc'cD&(1,'t M~ (7($,N
for S to itch, tickle
!I 'G ,5#6&'1D&J,'E My nose tickled (inside).
&5)1D&J,' :66 $)6D&J,' )6D&J,'I
s/he's tired; s/he was tired | s/he's getting tired | s/he gets tired (regularly).
THEME: ec)cD&(1,'t M~ (7($,N
for O to be tired, weary
!6,'(1$ &5)1D&J,' 6 b,)HIE She was really tired after that.

o
cD postpos. at (the scene of); at (the time of)
VARANTS: c~
NOTES: /0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ cD 06- ,0( 6',(3$6,( 9%3+ c~ M5$+63#()N
&0($ 6,,6"01$* ,% 6 $%5$ ($)1$* 1$ 6 '%$* 7%&('E
beads!
D66 noun point (of land)
o66 )66I :66&6rGI &J :66#&E The boat motored around the point.
TJ D66 s(1 Du%$ ,'J1' 66$ 5,bE The North Wind does not bother the shelter
of the point.
o!!F verb root
H, 5&6DH# ccc HI D66#
it swam underwater to it | --- | it swims underwater to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t Bc~cD66#t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to swim under water to P
6 D66#(1)b noun its seeds
/'J1r& D66#(1)b H&J ,-b,-#& *H$)( $6*%%)b ,u%D :J1 $6,(("0E
Berry seeds are found in bird poop.
o!!mT verb root
6 #H, -(1&6DHr& ccc 6 #HI -6D66r&
s/he forgot | --- | s/he forgets (regularly).
THEME: [ #H,t ec-6c~cD66r&t M~ -,6,(N
for O to forget N
/'J' 6 #HI :1-(1D66sGr &J :66#& #6#GD66K Don't you all forget the
bailer for the boat!
! #H, ,-J 1-(1DH6r& 066 0b, #6,bI66:1K Don't forget our house key!
D66 '5#H noun on the ridge or elevated part of the point (of land)
o66 '5#H H&J HD :J1 $6,(("0 &J ,-66E The seal is always on the point.
D66'DJ1 noun dwarf maple
6 D66$ RelationalNoun its tip (of pointed object); top, tips of its branches (of
tree, bush)

out the limb.
F1)J1$ :6DH, &J 'b,66 D66$K Sharpen the tip of the knife good!
DH6$ noun anger
oH6$ H, 1&6Iu%,1 ,'J' 5-0#JE Anger pulling you around is not good.
DH6$ #6$H6:1 noun general; leader of war, battle
DH6$ :1$66EH, noun war clothes (of moosehide)
o!!B verb root
#6&'1DH6- :66 #6$6'DH6- ccc
it's leaking | it's beginning to leak | ---.
THEME: #6c'cDH6- M~ (7($,N
for something to drip, leak (at fairly fast rate)
!&)6*66$b"0 H&J; )'(1, #66I #6'u%I466 #%%'DH6-"0 0b, #66)HIE
!&)6*66$b :H6 :6*1:((; ')6#H, H, #66)HI #6*5I'6DH6-E When it
sunshines today everything will be dripping off.
DH6- noun waterfall
oH6- ,u%, H&J H, &%%066$E She is standing around in the waterfall.
)5 D66-0 noun cheek of his/her buttocks
o!!/ verb root
6:66&6DH, 6:6DH6, 6:6DjH,I
s/he sharpened it | s/he's sharpening it | s/he sharpens it (regularly).
THEME: ec:6cBc~cDH6,t M~ 6",N
for S to sharpen O (an edge) with a file
sharpening!
F6DH-66 :6DH6, H&J 6-01*u%#E He really knows how to sharpen the rip
saw.
DH6, noun island
oH6, #HD H&J :J1 &%%,(( [66,-1'6$J1E Naatsilani stayed on an island.
F&H, oH6)1)J *6I,%%ru%I #J1)'6)1 #&H)1sH6E We are going to Egg
Island for seagull eggs.
DH6D noun apple; crabapple
oH6D :6#J1 s5&6#66$ )'((:b (($E Apple is good with deer meat.
oH6D ,'6I rG$HI -1EH6D&E Crabapples are very sour.
DH6D #60J($1 noun apple juice
oH6D #60J($1 :J1 &,5-1$(1E We made apple juice.
DH)66 noun file
oH)66 :J1 $)5E(1"0 'b,66 :b-E A file is used to make a knife.
D6#6-#J1$ noun unfinished basket
TJ D6#6-#J1$ )66D H&J :J1 41$JE She is working on the unfinished basket.

DH,*5 noun dogfish; mudshark
D6,)66:J(46:1 noun black turnstone
in shallow water.
DJ()6)1 noun uprooted tree or stump (with roots protruding)
VARANTS: DJ()()1 MPN
oJ()6)1 #66$HI :J1 6I &5)R1*b, 6, *5,u%DE I fell over a stump in the
woods.
oJ()6)1 ,u%D 6&)'1-b$E She hid in a tree stump.
D((- noun boil; inflammation and swelling
TJ D((- )5 #66$HI :6,((E The boil is too much for him.
oddB verb root
&5)1Db- :66 $)6Db- )6Db-I
it's swollen | it's beginning to swell | it swells (regularly).
THEME: )cD((-t M~ (7($,N
for something to swell, be swollen locally; for something to be matted, tangled in
lumps
T5)1Db- )5 *%%-0E His thumb is swollen.
)5 DJ(-1 noun lock of his/her hair; his/her matted hair
VARANTS: )5 -06DJ(-1
Q5 -06DJ(-1 #5'14J(E His matted hair is unattractive.
D((-0H6 noun bucket; pail
o((-0H6 :66 6$6,H$E She is carrying a bucket.
DJ1s66 Adverb truly, really; in truth, for sure
oJ1s66 =1$*b, H&J &6EJE You are a true Lingt.
DJ1s66 H, noun truth
VARANTS: DJ1s66 J, MPN
oJ1s66 H,I -1,(( r5-6IH$E Love is true.
DJ1,66 noun cutthroat trout
oJ1,66 $6*(1"0 >1'ru%,DE There are a lot of cutthroat trout at Chilkoot.
6 DJ1D5 noun its gill (of fish)
! DJ1D5 H&J :%% )5)'1#G,-# &J IH6,E One breaks the gills of the fish.
DJ1I noun crab (king, spider)
oJ1I r66 IJ :6#J1E King crab is a delight to the mouth.
D1s66rH6 noun brave, fearless man; temperamental, quick-tempered,
hot-headed or domineering man

VARANTS: DJ(s66 rH6 M/N
mG$HI D1s66rH6 H&J &J rH6E That man is a real warrior.
oee verb root
H, 6#6&-1Du% 66)J :66 6#6$6-D&J1$ HI 6#-6D%%
s/he nailed it on it | s/he is nailing it on it | s/he nails it on it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc-cD%%t M~ (7($,N
for S to nail O
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$6' 2036-( H,L66)JLHI %$ 1, 1-
$%, 3(V513() &1,0 ,01- 7(38; 6$) ,0(3(9%3( 1- $%, *17($ 1$ ,0(
=((3cd)&63)- ,0(+(E C, 1- *17($ 1$ ,0( 9%3+- 68%7( 0%&(7(3; ,%
-0%& 0%& ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ "06$*(- &1,0 (6"0 +%)(E T1,0%5, ,0(
H,; %$( "%5') -6:< 6#6&-1Du% -L0( )3%7( $61'- 1$ 1,E
l6:J1- )5 0b)1 #H, 6#6&-1Du%E He nailed tin on his roof.
Du%' noun whirlpool; boiling tide; chaos
ou%' H6 '1,-(($ !6$*u%$ :6)HE The boiling tide is strong in Angoon.
D%%$ -H Pronoun how many; some number (of)
Du%& noun blanket; robe
husband.
\H6, 0H$ )5 Du%&5 ,(($E Here he stands with his robe.
DG#466 noun steam (visible, in the air); mist, fog (rising from a body of
standing water)
oG#466 0J($ #H6 :J1 &%%,((E Steam was on top of the water.
DG- noun club
oG- ,(($ -06&)5&6Ib"0E He was hit with a club.
DGD noun paper; book, magazine, newspaper; letter, mail
!I J(-0 #6#)6#&J1: -66,bI -1,((; DGD 6&5IH6D5$E As a captain, my
father used to haul mail.
DGD )66#60b)1 noun post office
/'J1D )H6$66 :J1 I6'1,-(($ #6,bI66 DGD )66#60b)1DE A key costs one
dollar at the post office.
DGD )66#6DGD5 noun envelope
Dictionary of Tlingit - o& - 293

o&
D&H$ noun boot(s)
D&H$ particle be sure to
NOTES: /01- 263,1"'( 1- 5-() &1,0 ,0( C+2(36,17( 6$) A%3,6,17( 7(38
+%)(-E
oT}Bm verb root
&5'1D&H-r :66 $6D&H-r :%% '1D&H-r#
it's numb | it's beginning to get numb | it gets numb (regularly).
THEME: 'cD&H-r M$6 (7($,N
for something to be numb, have no feeling
VARANTS: cDG-r
!I #b &5'1D&H-rE My rump is numb.
294 - p - Dictionary of Tlingit

p
cI postpos. (in prolonged contact) at; (repeatedly arriving) at; being, in the form
of
over her ears.
\(()H, r5:6#J1 s66,H6 :J1 )66$J :b- :H #6D&66$ #HI :66 $6*G)1E
I6c Pronoun I [subject]
pH6: (($ H&J I&6'1:JI &J #6$J1-,E I built that cross out of yellow cedar.
IH particle you see
VARANTS: IH6
NOTES: /01- 263,1"'( -%9,($- 6$ 6--(3,1%$E
p!!
Z
verb root
66&6IH6 6IH 6IJ1I
s/he ate it | s/he is eating it | s/he eats it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cI66t M~ 6",N
for S to eat O
P0H6#& )5IH6 $%%4b$ &J #6'-H6#E They used to eat squirrels long ago.
6, 5&6IH6 6, IH 6, IJ1I
s/he ate | s/he eats; s/he is eating | s/he eats (regularly).
THEME: 6, Bc~cI66t M~ 6",N
for S to eat
:6I 6:6&-1IH6 :6I :66 6:6$6-IJ1$ :6I 6:6-6IJ1I
s/he ate it all up | s/he is eating it all up | s/he eats it all up (regularly).
THEME: :6I ec:6cBc-cI66t M~ (7($,N
for S to eat up, finish, consume O (eating lots of pieces)
p!!
X
verb root
66&6IH6 6IH6 ccc
s/he rowed | s/he is rowing | ---.
THEME: 6cBc~cIH6 M~ 6",N
for S to paddle, row
H, 6:66&6I66 ccc H, :%% 6:6IJ1#
s/he is transporting him/her/it around; s/he transported him/her/it around | --- |
s/he transports him/her/it around (regularly).
THEME: @c, ec:6cBc~cI66t M$6 +%,1%$N
Dictionary of Tlingit - p - 295

for S to transport O around P by boat or car
H, 6:66&6IH6 ccc HI 6:6I66
s/he transported him/her/it there | --- | s/he transports him/her/it there
(regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec:6cBc~cI66t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to transport O by boat or car to P; for S to bring, take or fetch O by boat or
car to P
!,IH ,'(1$ H:H r5EJ(D)( :6#r&6IH6E I am going to haul a lot of food to
the potlatch.
m66$66&G ,'H,*1 #66)J1 :6#r&6IH6 r(1#6D&J1$E I will transport
flowers to the graveyard.
6:66&6IH6D& 6:6IH6D& ccc
s/he hauled it | s/he is hauling it | ---.
THEME: ec:6cBc~cIH6D& M$6 6",N
for S to regularly transport, haul O (mail, newspaper, e.g.) by boat or car
!I J(-0 #6#)6#&J1: -66,bI -1,((; DGD 6&5IH6D5$E As a captain,
my father used to haul mail.
IH6 noun war party, attacking force of warriors or soldiers; army
p!!PA verb root
66&6I66"0 :66 6$6IH"0 :%% 6:6IH"0#
s/he towed it | s/he is towing it | s/he tows it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cI66"0t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to tow O (usually by boat)
Q6IH"0Dj1 :66#& ,'J$Dj H, 06- 6$6IH"0"0EE Tugboats tow large vessels.
6 I66*G noun its claw
I660(1&G noun black currant
p660(1&G ,'J1r&I -1,((E Black currant is a fruit.
)5 I66#& noun his/her nail (of finger or toe)
Q5 I66#& HI 6:6&'1DH-0E He cut his fingernails.
)5 I66#& ((,b noun his/her fingernail markings
Q5 I66#& ((,b H&J &J 'J1& #H&5E His fingernail markings are in the
sand.
I66$H- noun rafter
VARANTS: I66$J- MPN
p66$H- 6&'1:JI &J rH6E That man built rafters.
I66$H- J1$66 noun rack for drying fish

6 I66$1 noun its prongs (of spear)
VARANTS: 6 I66$b
! I66$b #1)J1$ :6DH,K Sharpen its prongs well!
I66, noun root; especially spruce root
p66, H:H *6I,5'6-J1'E We're going to dig spruce roots.
TJ I66, #6$6,H #60J($1 #H6 :J1 *6I,%%E%%E We will put the roots in the
blueberry juice.
IH6, noun fish; salmon
B(1r IH6, DH6-1 H&J :6#J1 s6',u%, 1)6,(($b '6,-(($ -H#& 6,
good for energy.
IH6, )66#60b)1 noun cannery
P0H6$&66$"0 H&J &5'1:JI :H IH6, )66#60b)1E The Chinese built this
cannery.
IH6, sb466 noun fish pitchfork
IH6, 0J($1 noun salmon creek
IH6, #H6I1 noun bloodline inside fish, along the backbone
I66, -H6D& noun woven root hat
IH6, :H)1 noun whitefish; baby fish; tiny fish
pH6, :H)1 0J($ -0H6#)HI 6-s(1&GE She nets whitefish from the head of
the river.
pH6, :H)1 sbr- :b- 6#66&6D66-0E She cut the whitefish to barbeque over
the fire.
I66,' noun algae found on rocks
p66,' H&J :6*J1 >1'rH6,DE There is a lot of algae in the Chilkat.
p!!T verb root
ccc )66)R1IH6& #(1 1-IH6&"0
--- | it's hairy | it gets hairy (regularly).
THEME: [ )66c)c-cIH6& M*6 -,6,(N
for N to have a hairy body
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 2%-(--17( 23%$%5$ 1- 5-() &1,0 ,01- 7(38
&0($ ,6'#1$* 68%5, 6 2(3-%$E S%3 (D6+2'(< )5 )66)R1IH6& -L0(
1- 0613:f 6I )66)R1IH6& C 6+ 0613:E
]6$,5,'G#I5 ,'J1' )66E5-IH6&E Woodworms are not furry.
IH6& noun log (fallen tree)
pH6& :6$ IG,K Pull the log to shore!

I66&66sJ1 noun window
VARANTS: I66&66sb
! ,u%$HI H&J 6, )5&6,J($ &J I66&66sJ1E You can see through the
window.
I66&66sJ1 #6-b-6:1 noun window curtain
VARANTS: I66&66sb #6-b-66 M/N; I66&66sb #(-b-(:1 MPN
I66&66sb noun window
VARANTS: I66&66sJ1
6 I66&G noun its hair, fur; its quill(s) (of porcupine)
mG$HI I6'1,-(($ 6 I66&GE It's fur is very expensive.
)5 I66&G noun his/her body hair, fuzz
I66: noun steambath
p66:)J $6I,%%E66,E Let's go into the steambath.
IH6: noun yellow cedar, Alaska cedar
F%%,J(:66 *6I)5':(1Ib IH6: :J1 $)5E(1"0E When a totem is made it is
yellow cedar that is used.
bottom of it!
I6'6#H"0 noun porcupine
VARANTS: I6'(#H"0 MPN
p6'6#H"0 #6,J1I1 6I IJ :6#J1E Porcupine soup is delightful to my mouth.
I6')'(1, noun white fox
I6',%%"0 $66s6-J1 noun black fox
p6'1,-(($ &J I6',%%"0 $66s6-J1 )%%*GE The skin of a black fox is
expensive.
)5 IH$ RelationalNoun near him/her, by him/her
TJ *H6' s(1:b 66$ $6*G 1 'J('#& IH$)(K Go with the clams to your
grandparent!
p}[ verb root
6&-1IH$ 6-1IH$ ccc
s/he loved him/her/it | s/he loves him/her/it | ---.
THEME: ecBc-cIH$ M*6 -,6,(N
for S to love O

!-1IH$ H&J )5 #J1'#E He loves his nephew.
you."
)5 IH$ 66 noun his/her mate, his "old lady"; her "old man"
husband.
I6, Pronoun me [object]
VARANTS: 6I M!$N
be the jailer.
school tomorrow.
IH, Pronoun I [independent]
IH,66 noun whip
pH,66 :J1 6&-1$(1 6I J(-0E My father made a whip.
pddPA verb root
6-066&6Ib"0 ccc 6-06Ib"0I
s/he clubbed it | --- | s/he clubs it (regularly).
THEME: ec-06cBc~cI(("0t M~ (7($,N
for S to club, hit O on the head
oG- ,(($ -06&)5&6Ib"0E He was hit with a club.
H, 6#66&6Ib"0 ccc HI 6#6I(("0
s/he threw it to it | --- | s/he throws it to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ec#6cBc~cI(("0t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to throw O (esp. liquid) to P
NOTES: /% *17( ,0( +(6$1$* ,03%& %5,; 5-(< :u%c,t %7(3 ,0(3(E
S%3 (D6+2'(< \u%, 6#66&6Ib"0E BL0( ,03(& 1, M'1V51)N %5,E
!I IJ1, 66 #6Ib"0 ,'J1r& #60J($1K Give me some juice! (Lit: Throw some
juice at my mouth!)
:6I 6#66&6Ib"0 ccc :6I 6#6Ib"0I
s/he spilled it | --- | s/he spills it (regularly).
THEME: :6I ec#6cBc~cI(("0t M~ (7($,N
for S to spill, upset O
\66 $,%%EH)1 H&J; )66# &5)R1*b, :6I 6#66&6Ib"0 &5,5&6E1$1
)5 I((# noun his/her upper arm
VARANTS: )5 I(1# MPN
Q5 I((# H&J &%%'J(DE His upper arm is broken.
upper arm!
I((' noun foam; whitecaps
VARANTS: I(1'

IJ(' noun granite
pJ(' :J1 $)5E(1"0 0b,I )5':(1IbE Granite is used to build a house.
IJ(' noun slime; thick mucus
pdd[ verb root
6 #H, &541Ib$ ccc 6 #HI 1-0I(($
THEME: [c,t 4cI(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for a hard, solid object to fall, drop on N
IJ(, noun giant clam
VARANTS: IJ1,
pJ(, 6 )66, -0#6'$((# r5)R1,((E There is a story about a giant clam.
IJ(I noun small owl
pJ(I &5)5&6EHIE A small owl was heard.
IJ(: noun pack; backpack; pack sack
pdC verb root
MH6N 5&6IJ1 ccc MH6N I(1I
s/he stayed overnight (there) | --- | s/he stays overnight (there) (regularly).
THEME: ec~cI(1t M~ (7($,N
for O to stay overnight, spend the night, camp out overnight
VARANTS: cI((t M!$N
}6#&D 5&6IJ1 &J -066&H,E That woman camped at Auke Bay.
m66 ,H6# H&J H6 5&6IJ(E She camped behind everyone.
6, IJ1)1 noun arrowhead
sharpening!
pdCF verb root
6-0 &5-1IJr ccc 6-0 -6IJrI
he/she/it kept him/her awake | --- | he/she/it keeps him/her awake (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cI(1rt M~ (7($,N
for S to keep O awake
VARANTS: cI((rt M!$N
/66, #6$6I I6, &5-1IJr &J #6,'Gr466E All night I was kept awake by
that slow drip.

I(1' noun foam
VARANTS: I(('
p(1' :HI I6:6,((E It's foaming at the mouth.
pdC/
X
verb root
6&-1I(1, #(1 6$6-IJ, #(1 6-IJ,"0
s/he bred them | s/he is breeding them | s/he breeds them (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cI(1,t M*6 (7($,N
for S to breed O
VARANTS: cI((,t M!$N
F6$u%D H&J #J1 6$6-Ib,E He is breeding turtles.
06- &5)R1I(1, #(1 M06N- $6-IJ, #(1 M06N- 1-IJ,"0
they multiplied | they are multiplying | they multiply (regularly).
THEME: )c-cI(1,t M*6 (7($,N
for something to multiply, increase in numbers; for animals to produce young,
breed
VARANTS: cI((,t M!$N
pdC/= verb root
&5'1IJ1,' '1IJ1,' #(1 '6IJ1,'"0
s/he got lucky | s/he's lucky | s/he gets lucky (regularly).
THEME: ec'1cIJ1,' M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be blessed, be lucky
pdC/= verb root
H6 6#6&)'1IJ1,' H6 6#&)'1IJ1,' ccc
s/he was afraid of it | s/he is afraid of it | ---.
THEME: @cD 6c#6c5cBc)c'cIJ1,' M*6 -,6,(N
for S to be afraid of, fear P
VARANTS: cIJ(,' M!$N
[H6#& :b- #6:66$b 6-01*u%#; HD r5E66 6#&)'1IJ1,' r66 IJ1I 66
}6 6#&)'1IJ1,' &J #6sb, ,GE He is afraid of the dark.
pvC/=BA}[ verb root
#6&'1IJ1,'-0H$ #5'1IJ1,'-0H$ #(1 #'6IJ1,'-0H$"0
it was scary | it's scary | it gets to be scary (regularly).
THEME: ec#6c5c'cIJ1,'j-0H$ M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be scary, dangerous
VARANTS: cIJ(,'j-0H$ M!$N
AJ($ :b# 0J($ #6$6)66:b &H6 :6,((:1 :J1D #5'1IJ1,'-0H$ $%%"0E
Sometimes currents in a river are dangerous.
pdCoT verb root
06- &%%IJ1D& 06- IJD& 06- IJD&I
they slept | they're sleeping | they sleep (regularly).

THEME: Bc~cIJ1D&t M$6 6",N
for (plural) S to sleep, sleep in company with others, go to bed
6 Ib41 noun its mane (esp. the hair on the neck hump of a moose)
Ib# noun puffin
)5 I1#-0H noun his/her shoulder
on his shoulder.
6 I%% RelationalNoun (in) the midst of it; among it
of cranberries.
6 I%% 66 noun some of them
wren.
)5 I%%$b noun his/her relative, friend; his/her tribesman
Q5 $66I -1,(( H&J )5 I%%$bE His tribesman are those of his clan.
A66 I%%$b !$u%-01 66$b #66)J r5&5,(($b$E Our friend had traveled to
Russia.
6 I%%$b noun one that matches it; an amount that matches it; equivalent to it;
one like it
! I%%$J(, #6I&)1sbDE I added to it.
TH6 -H :6I&6r66:b 6 I%%$J(, #6-06Db,K Write what I am saying in
addition to it!
pee/
Z
verb root
66)J 66&6Iu%, 66)J :66 $6IG, 66)J :%% 6:6IG,j#
he/she/it dragged him/her/it there | he/she/it is dragging him/her/it there |
he/she/it drags him/her/it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc~cI%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O (esp. light object or solid, stiff object) to P; for S to pull O in
quick movements to P
Q5 s(1&G :66#&)J :66 6$6IG,E He is pulling his seine in.
66)J 6&-1Iu%, 66)J :66 6$6-IG, 66)J :%% 6-1IG,#
s/he drug it there | s/he is dragging it there | s/he drags it there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc-cI%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O to P; for S to haul, transport O (by motor power) to P
m5EJ(D)(1 $6-Iu%, :H #6rH-0I1K Pack the steamed berries to the
potlatch!
H, 66&6Iu%, ccc H, :%% 6:6IG,#
he/she/it is dragging him/her/it around; he/she/it dragged him/her/it around | --- |
s/he drags it around (regularly).
THEME: @c, ecBc~cI%%,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O (esp. person) around at P; for S to pull O in quick movement

around at P
oH6$ H, 1&6Iu%,1 ,'J' 5-0#JE Anger pulling you around is not good.
-06&)'1Iu%, -06'Iu%, :%% -06)'1IG,#
s/he sportfished | s/he's sportfishing | s/he sportfishes (regularly).
THEME: -06cBc)c'cIu%, M$6 6",N
for S to fish with rod, sportfish
-0 :b#)( -06'Iu%,E She is casting into the deep water hole.
:6$ 66&6IG, :H$)( :66 6$6IG, ccc
s/he pulled it in | s/he is pulling it in | ---.
THEME: :6$t ecBc~cI%%,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to drag, pull O (esp. light object or solid, stiff object) in, to shore; for S to
pull O in to shore in quick movement
pH6& :6$ IG,K Pull the log to shore!
pee/
X
verb root
66&6IG, 6IG,, ccc
s/he chopped it | s/he is chopping it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cIu%,t M~ 6",N
for S to chop O (wood); for S to chip O out (with adze)
\H #6-G&66 ,(($ 6 :b#)HI IG,K Chip the inside out with this chopper!
6#6&'1Iu%, 6#'6IG,, :(1 6#'6Iu%,"0
s/he chopped it up | s/he's chopping it up | s/he chops it up (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'cIu%, Ms6 6",N
for S to chop up O; for S to split O (wood)
]H$ #6rH-,1 6#6&'1Iu%, &J I66$ :b-E He chopped kindling for the fire.
peep verb root
66&6I%%I 6I%%I :(1 6I%%I"0
s/he summoned him/her | s/he summons him/her; s/he is summoning him/her |
s/he summons him/her (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cI%%I Ms6 6",N
for S to call, summon O
/'J#s66$HI H&J 06- &5)5&6I%%IE They called them one by one.
-05#6&'1I%%I ccc ccc
s/he composed a song | --- | ---.
THEME: -05c#6cBc'cI%%It M$6 (7($,N
for S to call forth a response (from opposite clan, by means of a song); for S to
compose a song
B0b H&J -05#r&6'6Iu%IE I'm going to compose a song.
IG,66 noun adze
)5 IGI noun her husband
/u%- 0b,)HI H&J )5 IGIE Her husband is from the Shark house.

# !" %

(None.)

p
6 IH6# RelationalNoun between them
NOTES: T0($ 9%''%&() 8: ,0( c, 2%-,2%-1,1%$ M&01"0 1- 3(V513() 8:
2%-1,1%$6' 7(38-N; ,0( 91$6' c# %2,1%$6'': 96''- %5,; 6- 1$ %$( %9 ,0(
(D6+2'(- *17($ 0(3(E
A6- )5 IH6#, &5066$ )5 #H6#E His maternal uncle stood between them.
A6- )5 'J('#& )5 IH6, EH6E Their grandmother is sitting between them.
IH6#& noun sockeye or coho salmon that has entered fresh water
pH6#& IGI5 066 I(1- -6Eb -,%%D #66$HIK Cook us red sockeye soup on
the stove!
pH6#& 0J' 6 #64(1sb r%%-,bE The freshwater sockeye doesn't have any
scales.
IH6' noun skunk cabbage
pH6' ,u%D &5,5-1EJ(E We cooked it in skunk cabbage.
I66$ noun fire
p66$ &5-1,H6IE The fire is burning hot.
I66$ noun red
knitting.
p!![ verb root
6, 5&6IH$ 6, IH6$ 6, IH$I
s/he dried fish | s/he is drying fish | s/he dries fish (regularly).
THEME: 6, Bc~cI66$t M~ 6",N
for S to dry (fish, meat) over fire, smoke lightly
I66$ *%%# noun fireside; by the fire, facing the fire
p66$ *%%#D H&J :J1 6rJ("0E Around the fire is where people sit.
I66$ #HI ,G'66 noun fire drill, hand drill used to start fires by friction
p66$ #HI ,G'66 ,b$ I66$ :1'6:JIK Build a fire with the fire drill!
p!!/ verb root
ccc #6)'1IH, ccc
--- | they're green (unripe) | ---.
THEME: #6c)c'cIH, M-,6,(N
for berries to be unripe, green and hard
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E A(3(j- 6$ (D6+2'(

-($,($"(< AJ' 5-0#J )5I66:b "06 :(1-G #6'IH)1 c 1#s&6-)J(#E
C,- $%, *%%) ,% (6, ,0(+ &0($ ,0(:3( -,1'' *3(($ c :%5'' *(,
"%$-,126,()E
IH6D& noun ling cod
pH6D& G,'I1 H&J :6#J1E Boiled ling cod is good.
)5 I6)66 noun his/her lips; area around his/her mouth
)5 I6)66)R66:b noun his/her whiskers
/'J' I6)66)R66:b )5 4((E He doesn't have whiskers.
B1$)1 P'65- :HI H&J )'(1, :HI :6,(( )5 I6)66)R66:bE His whiskers
are white like Santa Clause.
6 I6)J(D1 noun cork, plug
I6*H6D noun prayer
p6*H6D H&J '1,-(($ :J1 :66&6r66 6I 'J('#&E My grandparent said that
prayer is powerful.
p6*H6D 06- )5 s6$(1IbI -1,((E Prayer is their salvation.
I6*H6D )66#60b)1 noun house of prayer; church
p6*H6D )66#60b)1D 6'1EHI"0 &J sbI466 ru%#E He plays the organ at the
Church.
are sung in church.
I60H6, noun door
TJ I60H6,)( $6*GK Go to the door!
p60H6, #1$H6# H&J H, 6#6&-1Du%; )5 -66:bE He nailed his name above
the door.
)5 I60J($1 noun his/her saliva
Q5 I60J($1 #66&6)66E His saliva is flowing.
p60J($1 )5 IJ1, 5&6)H6E He is drooling.
I6#6#(1Ib noun chain
p6#6#(1Ib 66$ &5)5&6EHI&E He was bound with a chain.
I6#6-Jr&66 noun lipstick
VARANTS: I6#6-J1r5; I6)66-J1r5 M/N; I6#6-J1r&66
p66$ I6#6-Jr&66 :J1 6:6Eu%E She is wearing red lipstick.
)5 I6#%%#H noun in response, reply to him/her; answering him/her;
following his/her train of speech
I6')66#(1, noun small covered box
p6')66#(1, 6&'1:JIE She built a small covered box.
I6')66:J(41 noun sandpiper (shore bird)

6 I6$66 RelationalNoun in its way; keeping it away; protecting, shielding,
screening from it; blocking it
! I6$66 H&J H, ((0H$E You are standing in its way.
A66 I6$66,I &50H$; :6#J1:1 rH6K Move out of our way, good man!
I6-J1#& noun life; breath
Q5 I6-J1*5 :66 -05$6DbDE He is running out of breath.
I6-,u%I noun spit
B0J 6 I%%)J 6:6,J($ )5 I6-,u%I5E He sees blood in his sputum.
)5 I6-,5-66sb noun his/her jawbone; jaws
I6-G$466 noun small bubbles (in water)
)5 IH- noun his/her lower jaw, mandible
Q5 IH- 66&6*&H' &J rH6E That man socked him on the jaw.
a wire.
)5 I6-*5&J1-1 noun his/her tonsils
Q5 I6-*5&J1-1 &5)5&6D66-0E His tonsils were taken out.
)5 I6-0((:b noun his/her song
!$u%-01 I6-0((:b 6, -0b ru%# ,u%)( ,%%EHI41$E We used to hear Russian
songs on the radio.
p6,6-66r noun Eskimo
\H p6,6-66r rG$HI r5-1EH6,1 :J1D H&J :J1 06- :6,((E Eskimos live
in a very cold place.
I6,'%%r noun cold sore
p6,'%%r )5 4((&GE She has an ulcer inside her mouth.
I6&%%' noun doorway
TJ I6&%%' :1$66, 0H$E She is standing in the doorway.
I6&%%' #6:H6-01 noun porch; patio
p6&%%' #6:H6-01 #H H&J H, EH6 &J -066&H,E The woman is sitting
around on the porch.
)5 I6IH$ noun at hand (for him/her to eat or drink)
VARANTS: )5 I6IH$1
Q5 I6IH$1 :J1 6&-1$(1 &J 6,IHE The food that was made for him was
placed close at hand.
6 I6IJ()'1 noun its trim, trimming
good!

)5 I6:HI noun according to his/her words, instructions
Q5 I6:HI 6&'1:JI &J #%%,J(:66E He made the totem according to his
instructions.
)5 I6:(( noun ready, waiting for him/her to eat, drink; waiting for him/her to
speak or finish speaking
Q5 I6:(( :6$ :J1 &)5)R1$J1E They set a place for him to eat.
I6:(1, noun food container; pot or pan; dish, large bowl
\6#J1:1 I6:(1, H&J )5 4((&G 6I 66,E My paternal aunt has nice dishes.
)5 I6E((,b noun his/her food scraps, left-over food; crumbs of food left or
scattered where s/he has eaten
)5 IJ noun his/her mouth
lHI )'((:b *J 1 IJ :6#J1{ Does rabbit meat taste good to you?
brother coffee.
6 IJ RelationalNoun its mouth, opening
pdd= verb root
H, &5-01IJ(' ccc H, :%% -01Ib'#
he/she/it is sliding around; he/she/it slid around | --- | he/she/it slides around
(regularly).
THEME: @c, ec-0cIJ('t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to slip, slide around at P
Q5 #((: -06#6$u%D5 H&J ,'(1 H, $6-0Ib'"0E His kneecap slides
around.
H, &5-01Ib' 66)J :66 $6-0Ib' ccc
he/she/it slid there | he/she/it is sliding there | ---.
THEME: @c,t ec-0cIJ('t M~ +%,1%$N
for O to slip, slide to P
AJ($, &5-01Ib'E He slipped into the water.
#6&-01Ib'# #6-01Ib'# ccc
it was slippery | it's slippery | ---.
THEME: #6c-0cIb'# M-,6,(N
for something to be slippery (oil, ice, wet rocks, etc.)
&5-01IJ(' :(1 $6-0Ib' :(1 1-0IJ('"0
s/he slipped | s/he is slipping | s/he slips (regularly).
THEME: ec-0cIJ(' Ms6 (7($,N
for O to slip, slide
NOTES: [%,( 6 "%52'( %9 "%++%$ +(,620%31"6' 5-(- %9 ,01- 7(38E
T5-01IJ(' "6$ 8( 5-() ,% +(6$ BL0( 9('' %99 ,0( &6*%$ M6- 1$
-,63,() )31$#1$* 6*61$NE !$%,0(3 "%++%$ (D23(--1%$ 1-< },#

60(($b &5-01IJ(' &01"0 +(6$- -L0( -,%22() 8('1(71$*; '%-,
961,0E
IJ($ noun wall crest; wall screen
6 IJ(-01 noun its dried flesh, strips (of fish)
/-66 ((Ib ,(($ :6#J1 6, IJ(-01E Seal oil is good with dryfish.
6, IJ(-01 noun dry fish
pddo verb root
HI #6&'1IJ(D ccc HI :%% #6'1IbD#
he/she/it is stuck there | --- | he/she/it gets stuck there (regularly).
THEME: @cI ec#6c'cIJ(Dt M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to get stuck, be squeezed at P
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,01- 7(38 *17(- 6 '1,(36' +(6$1$* %$':E C, &%5') 8(
5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( ,06, -%+(%$( 1- -,5"# 1$ 6 ,1*0, -26"(; 85, $%, 1$
,0( $%$c'1,(36' -($-( 5-() 1$ 2036-(- -5"0 6- -,5"# 6, 0%+( %3
-,5"# ,0(3( M)5( ,% &(6,0(3N; (,"E
! IH6#D ,-J 1#6$6'IJ(DK Don't get stuck between it now!
IJ(D& noun wedge, shim
IJ(D&H' noun safety pin
VARANTS: IJ1*&H'
IJ1*&H' noun safety pin
VARANTS: IJ(D&H'
6 IJ1$HI Adverb through its mouth
Tlingit language.
I(1$,H6D66 noun labret, lip plug
)5 I(1- noun for him/her to eat or drink
I(1-6&H6 noun willow ptarmigan; pigeon
p(1-6&H6 '(1Ib #5'1,J(--06$ $%%"0E The dance of the ptarmigan is
always a wonder to behold.
IJ1 -06)6*5,I1 'b,66 noun knife with fold-in blade
Q'(1, rH6"0 H&J 6&'1:JI &J IJ1 -06)6*5,I1 'b,66E The white man
invented the pocket knife.

IJ1-0D& noun bluejay, Stellar's jay
VARANTS: IJ1-0#& MPN
pJ1-0D& H&J $6*(1"0 r5,66$ b,)HIE After the summer is over there are a
lot of bluejays
bluejay.
IJ1-0D& noun dark blue
)5 I(1,H#& noun his/her heel
Q5 I(1,H#& :6$J(#&E His heel hurts.
pdCp verb root
6&'1IJI ccc ccc
he/she/it burned him/her/it | --- | ---.
THEME: ecBc'cIJ1It M~ (7($,N
for S to burn O (flesh, skin); for S to scald O
VARANTS: cIJ(It M!$N
Q5 ,'(r-0H H&J 6&'1IJI &J -,%%D #HDE He burned his fingertip on the
stove.
&5)1IJI ccc )6IJII
s/he got burned | --- | s/he gets burned (regularly).
THEME: ec)cIJ1It M~ (7($,N
for O to be burned (of flesh, skin), become shriveled and brittle through burning
VARANTS: cIJ(It M!$N
Q5 41#u%' &5)1IbIE The back of his hand was burned.
Q5 41&H$ &5)1IbIE The outside edge of her hand was burned.
IbD noun eggs (of eels, etc.)
)5 Iu%' noun his/her belly, paunch
Q5 Iu%' $J(#& $%%"0E His belly always hurts.
I%%$ noun soft brown wood for tanning dye
p%%$ :J1 $)5E(1"0 &J 6, )%%*G #6-J1r& :b-E Soft brown wood is used
for coloring the skin.
Iu%$ noun fur seal
)5 I%%- noun his/her foot, leg
l6*66$ H, I%%- 5&6,-u%&E Sun rays are shining on it. (Lit: The sun is
poking its feet out.)
feet.
6 I%%-b RelationalNoun its leg
! I%%-b 66I 66&6DH-0 &J -066&H,"0E The woman cut the legs off.
! I%%-b #1)J1$ H, #6'6,JIK Screw the leg on it good!
)5 I5-*%%-0 noun his/her big toe
Q5 I5-*%%-0 H&J &5)'1Db-E His big toe is swollen.

I5-#(1, noun dancing leggings; leggings for climbing
)5 I5-,H6# noun sole of his/her foot
)5 I5-,H#'1 noun knob on outer side of his/her ankle
)5 I5-,'((r noun his/her toe
VARANTS: )5 I5-,'(1r
)5 I5-,'(1r noun his/her toe
VARANTS: )5 I5-,'((r
)5 I5-:(( noun under his/her feet
feet.
6 I5-:(( RelationalNoun at the foot of it
)5 I5-E((,b noun his/her footprint
6 I5-E((,b noun its tracks
!6-*5,u%, &5*%%)b; )Rb-#& I5-E((,b 6&-1,(($E He saw moose tracks
when he was walking in the woods.
ou%,- I5-E((,b H&J 6&-1,(($ &J #b#1 66E The younger one saw the bear
tracks.
6 IGI5 noun its flesh (of fish)
the stove!
Dictionary of Tlingit - p& - 311

p&
I&H6' noun down (feathers)
I&66-0 noun sea urchin
I&H6, noun Dolly Varden trout
p&H6, 0J($ ,H6#)( 06- 6:6,J($E They see trout in the river.
p&H6, ,'J$D )5-,(1I l66, AJ($1)HIE People catch big trout at Garteeni.
I&J1$66 noun roasting stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; the end is
then bound)
312 - \ - Dictionary of Tlingit

\
:H Demonstrative this (right here)
VARANTS: :H6
mG$HI &%%E66, *1-u%r :H DH6$66E The Northern Lights are really moving
about this evening.
)5 :H noun his/her face
NOTES: T0($ ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ cD 1- 6))() ,% )5 :H; ,0( 7%&('
8("%+(- '%$* 6$) ,0( cD %2,1%$6'': 96''- %5,; 23%)5"1$*< )5 :H6E
/01- 6""%5$,- 9%3 ,0( 9%3+- -(($ 1$ ,0( (D6+2'(- *17($ 0(3(E
6 :H RelationalNoun face, (vertical) side, (vertical) surface of it
:66 Adverb along; down
\66 $,%%EH)1 H&J; )66# &5)R1*b, :6I 6#66&6Ib"0 &5,5&6E1$1
:66 noun trout (sea)
\!!
Z
verb root
66)HI #6&)1:66 ccc ccc
he/she/it disappeared from there | --- | ---.
THEME: @c)HI ec#6c)1c:66t M$6 +%,1%$N
for O to disappear from P; for O to move (often almost imperceptably) from P;
for O to travel (indefinite as to method) from P
ccc %%&6:H6 ccc
--- | it looks like it | ---.
THEME: ecBc5c~c:66t Ms6 -,6,(N
for S to resemble, look like O; for S to be almost identical with O
NOTES: /01- 7(38 "6$ 8( 6 '1,,'( "%$95-1$* 8("65-( %9 ,0( ,0(+6,1"
23(91D 5c; &01"0 "%$,36",- &1,0 ,0( %84(", 23(91D 6c M6$) ,0(
"'6--191(3 :6cN; 23%)5"1$* ,0( 23(91D %%&6c 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,(
,06, ,01- %$': 0622($- &0($ ,0( -584(", 6$) %84(", 63( 8%,0 ,013)
2(3-%$ M6$) 1$ ,01- "6-(; $%$c05+6$NE S%3 ,013) 2(3-%$
Dictionary of Tlingit - \ - 313

05+6$ %84(",-; ,0( %84(", 23%$%5$ 6-0 1- 23(9(33()E S%3 (D6+2'(<
6-0 5&6:H6 -L0( '%%#- '1#( 01+L0(3E B1$"( ,0(3(- $% %84(",
23(91D 6c 0(3(
M&01"0 1- 5-() 9%3 $%$c05+6$
%84(",-N; ,0( 23(91D 1- 5&6c 1$ ,0(
1+2(39(",17(E A(3(- 6$%,0(3 (D6+2'(< !I #J(# I6, 5&6:H6 ?:
'1,,'( -1-,(3 '%%#- '1#( +(E A(3(- 6$ (D6+2'( -($,($"( &1,0 6 913-,
2(3-%$ -584(",<
!I ,'H6 I&66:H6 C '%%# '1#( +:
+%,0(3E [%,( ,06, ,0( ,0(+6,1"
23(91D 5c "%$,36",- &1,0 ,0( 913-,
2(3-%$ -584(", 23(91D M6$) ,0(
"'6--191(3 :6cN; 23%)5"1$* I&66cE /% -6: ,0(: '%%# '1#( (6"0 %,0(3;
,0( 23%$%5$ &%%"0 1- 5-() 6'%$* &1,0 ,0( )c "'6--191(3< &%%"0 06-
&5)1:H6E C$ ,0( $(*6,17(; ,01- 7(38 "6$ ,6#( %$ ,0( +(6$1$*
1+23%2(3E S%3 (D6+2'(< ,'J' %%&66 1,- $%, 31*0,f 1,- $%, 23%2(3
eW 1, )%(-$, '%%# '1#( 1,E
/b$D #6D&J1I %%&6:H6 ,'H,*1 #HD r5E66 #6EJ1IE Bearberries look like
cranberries but they grow on the ground.
/'J1' %%&66 &J 66$ #H6 r5)5)R1,((:1 :%% I6,H$# *J1)(
:6$ #6&)1:H6 ccc :6I #6)6:66
it happened | --- | it happens (regularly).
THEME: :6$t #6c)1c:66t M~ +%,1%$N
for an event to happen, take place
AG r5E66 H:H "06 su%, :J1)( :6$ #6&)1:H6 6I ,'H6; )5 J(-0"0
H:H )5 :H, -66 5&6,b B066D(1)1 /'H6E But with my mother it happened
differently, because her father named her Shaaxeidi Tla.
\!!
X
verb root
66&6:66 :66 6$6:H6$ L :66 6$6:J1$ #(1 6:(1"0
he/she/it carried it on his/her/its back | he/she/it is carrying in on his/her/its back
| he/she/it carries it on his/her/its back (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~c:66t M*6 (7($,N
for S to carry O on back; for S to pack O
NOTES: C$ ,0( 23%*3(--17( 6-2(",; ,0(3( 1- )16'(", 76316,1%$ 8(,&(($
:66 6$6:H6$ 6$) :66 6$6:J1$ 6$) 1$ ,0( 2(39(",17( 0681,56' ,0(3(
1- )16'(", 76316,1%$ 8(,&(($ 6*6:H6"0 6$) 6*6:J1"0E
on his shoulder.
6-06&-1:66 ccc :%% 6-06-1:J1#
s/he anchored the boat | --- | s/he anchors the boat (regularly).
THEME: ec-06cBc-c:66t M$6 (7($,N
for S to anchor O

HI 6#66&6:66 HI :(1 6#6$6:J1$ HI :(1 6#6:J1"0
s/he spread it out | s/he's spreading it out | s/he spreads it out (regularly).
THEME: @cI ec#6cBc~c:66t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for S to spread out, unfold, lay out (singular) O along P
F1$*5"0&H6$ Du%&5 )5 #HI #6&)5&6:66E He was covered with a
Hudson Bay blanket.
-06&)R1:66 ccc -06-:J1I
s/he anchored | --- | s/he anchors (regularly).
THEME: -06cBc)c-c:66t M$6 (7($,N
for S to anchor, lower anchor
QJ1'1 H6 06- -06&)R1:66E They anchored in a harbor.
6, &%%:66 :66 6, $6:H6$ L :66 6, $6:J1$ #(1 6,
:(1"0
he/she/it carried things on his/her/its back | he/she/it is carrying things on
his/her/its back | he/she/it carries things on his/her/its back (regularly).
THEME: 6, Bc~c:66t M*6 (7($,N
for S to carry things on back; for S to pack things
NOTES: C$ ,0( 23%*3(--17( 6-2(",; ,0(3( 1- )16'(", 76316,1%$ 8(,&(($
:66 6, $6:H6$ 6$) :66 6, $6:J1$E O%,0 63( "%33(",E
\66 6, $6:H6$ &J *5##5)6:H6,E The donkey is packing things.
:66 6, $6-#&J1$1 noun student; learner
:H6 6, &%%$J noun respect
:66)6"0u%$ noun straight ahead; directly ahead
VARANTS: :66)("0u%$ MPN
:66# noun mussel
:66#& noun boat, canoe
TJ :J1 #5&%%I5 :66#& :H :J1' 6 #H6 *6I,%%$J(*&H'E We will paint a
raven on the widest side of the skiff.
\6I #(1 #s&6)'H6I& &J :66#&E The boat will get stuck on the beach.
\66#&)H6, noun Yakutat
floated to Yakutat.
:66#& I5#H noun deck of a boat
:66#& I5#60b)1 noun cabin (of boat); pilot house
:66#& :6-6,H$1 noun captain (of a boat)
:66#& :b# noun in the boat

:66#& :1#-b-6:1 noun sail
:66 r5)R1*J1:1 ,-6,-J( noun pigeon
[((# 6-0 6,'HD& :66 r5)R1*J1:1 ,-6,-J(E Pigeons carry messages.
:66$ noun hunger
)5 :66$66:b noun his/her enemy, adversary
:H6$6)1 noun backpack; pack sack
6 :H6$HI RelationalPostposition beyond it, more than it; too much; excessively
! :H6$HI :66&6,H6E She slept in.
:66$6E(1, noun wild celery
NOTES: T63$1$*< "%$,61$- 9536$%"%5+631$- &01"0 "6$ "65-( 36-0
6$) ()(+6
:66-0 #H noun smokehouse shelf
\!!/ verb root
ccc )'1:H,D ccc
--- | they're long | ---.
THEME: )c'c:H,D M*6 -,6,(N
for (plural, general) objects to be long
Q'1:H,D )5 &6I6IJ1I5E Her eyelashes are long.
&%%:H6, :6:H, :H,I
it became long | it is long | it becomes long (regularly).
THEME: ~c:H6,t M$6 -,6,(N
for an object (usually stick-like) to be long
skinny.
&5'1:H, '1:H, ccc
it became long | it's long | ---.
THEME: 'c:H, M$6 -,6,(N
for something to be long (of time or physical objects)
NOTES: B2(6#(3- 6""(2, ,01- 7(38 &1,0 (1,0(3 6 -0%3,; 01*0 -,(+
c:H, M6- *17($ 0(3(N %3 6 '%$*; 01*0 -,(+ c:H6, ,03%5*0%5, ,0(
2636)1*+E
:((:&%%:H6, :((:6:H, :((:H,I
it was long (time) | it's long (time) | it's long (time) (regularly).
THEME: :((c~c:H6,t M$6 -,6,(N
for something to be long (of time)
C ,5&HD :((&%%:H6, :u% r5EJ(DE You thought the potlach was long.
:J1 #66&6:H6, :J1 #%%&H6, :J1 #5&H,I
it got that long | it is that long | it gets that long (regularly).

THEME: M:J1N #6c5c~c:H6,t M$6 -,6,(N
for an object (usually stick-like) to be (so) long
>1$#66, r6 *%%-0Gr r66 I%%- :J1 #%%&H6, )5 :66*GE Her boat is
nineteen feet long.
ccc :J1 #&'1:H6, ccc
--- | it's that long | ---.
THEME: M:J1N #6c5c'c:H6, M$6 -,6,(N
for a general object to be (so) long
/'J1D r66 I%%- :J1 #&'1:H6, &J ,bDE That rope is one foot long.
feet long.
:66& noun herring
not difficult.
:66I Adverb into a boat, vehicle
:H6: noun whale
TJ :H6: :6I &%%)'H6I&E The whale is stuck on the beach.
6 :66:b RelationalNoun one of them (a pair)
AJ' *J 6 :66:b r%%-,b{ Is the matching pair missing?
:H6: I6DJ$1 noun baleen; whalebone
:66E66$5$J noun oldsquaw duck
)5 :6)H#5 noun his/her boyfriend
you."
:6)H#& noun young man (not married)
out the limb.
:6)6#&H,-#5 noun boy
TJ :6)6#&H,-#5 "0%%$(1, ,b$ H&J 66&6,G# &J ,-b,-#&E The young
boy shot the bird with a barbed arrow.
)5 :H)1 noun his/her child
feet.
F6-,H6, ,'(1$ H&J &u%-0)( 6rJ1- 6I :H)1 4((:b-E She is sewing
together a big quilt for my child.
:6*(( M/N noun day, afternoon
VARANTS: :6#:(( M!,/N; :6*1:((

:6*1:(( noun day, afternoon
VARANTS: :6#:((; :6*(( M/N
/'(1)%%-0G s5&6#66$ &5,5-1,(($ ,'J1D :6*1:((E We saw six deer one
day.
:6*%%,' noun young deer
:6*G$' noun growth on the face
)5 :6066:b noun his/her soul (of departed person)
\J1 -0 #6)5'$((# 6 :6066:b r5)R1,(( )H6$66E They say money has a
spirit.
)5 :6066:b noun his/her shadow; image
TJ ,u%$HI r66,(($ #66)J 6&-1,(($ )5 :6066:bE He saw his image in
the mirror.
Q5 ((,b 6 #6I:((, 6#6&'1-bD& r66 :6066:b &J -066,#H,-#5E The
:6#6Eu%, noun button
VARANTS: :5#6Eu%,; &6#6Eu%,
]5$I66 :6#6Eu%, 66&6E%%E She bought abalone buttons.
:6#6Eu%, Du%& noun button blanket
VARANTS: :5#6Eu%, Du%&
\6#6Eu%, Du%& 66&6rH6 )5 -J(# 4((:b-E She sewed a button blanket for
her daughter.
/%%"0 r6 I66$ :HI :6,(( &J :6#6Eu%, Du%&E That button blanket is
black and red.
)5 :6#s&60J1:6*5 noun his/her spirit
:6#:(( noun day, afternoon
VARANTS: :6*1:((; :6*(( M/N
:6#& )66E1)(1)b noun shell of a boat
:6#&,(1:b noun tricks, sleight of hand; juggling
:6#&,'J$D noun cruise ship; large ship
:6#&:H)1 noun skiff; small boat; flat-bottom canoe
\66#&)H6,D H&J :6#&:H)1 #H, H, r5:66&6*%%&G$ 0J($ #H,E
People used to travel around in flat-bottomed canoes in the rivers in Yakutat.
)5 :6rH6&5 noun his/her partner

:6'%%'(1, noun cockle
:6$t Adverb ashore, onto ground; to rest
m66 %%I :J1 )66$J1:1 :b- -*u%$ :6$ 6-06&'10b# She finished dentistry
school.
:H$ noun hemlock
:H$ noun shore; land
6 :6$H6 RelationalNoun over it, covering it (a container or something with an
opening)
!I r&H)'1 :6$H6# 66 ,-J r5, *6:,H6$K Don't misplace my pot cover!
the ground.
:6$6I Adverb underground
VARANTS: :66$6I
6 :6$6EH6,6$1 noun its lid, cover (of pot, etc.)
VARANTS: 6 :6$6EH6,1 M/N
]%%-G H :6$6EH6,6$1 &J -H6& 6 #H, 1-6E((:1 r&H,'{ Where is the
cover for the pot you're cooking the crab in?
:H$)( H, noun west wind; wind blowing ashore
:6$(1-b M/N noun face cream; cold cream
VARANTS: :6$(1-
:6$-05#H noun campsite; (out in) camp; (out in) the bush, wilderness
\6$-05#HD H&J #1)J1$ &5,5'1:JI :H r6$H6IH$E We built the fence
really well out here in the wilderness.
:6$&H6, noun adult; elder
:6$D%%$ noun pile of driftwood, driftlogs; snag pile
\6$:(1)b noun Yanyeid, locally known as "Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety
whose principal crest is the Brown Bear
l%%"0 \6$:(1)b r66 6, %%0J1$1 H&JE The Wolf crest is the property of the
Yanyeid Clan.
\}/ verb root
6-0 #6&)'1:H, 6-0 #%%':H, :u% 6-0 #%%)'1:H,#
s/he played | s/he is playing | s/he plays (regularly).
THEME: 6-0 #6c5cBc)c'c:H, M$6 6",N
for S to play (esp. active games)
F%%"0J1,66 H&J 66$ 06- 6-0 #%%':H, &J 6,:H,D1E The children are

playing with a ball.
/'J' 5I*6$rH6- ,(($ 6-0 #6:((':H)1rK Don't play with matches!
)5 :H,D1 noun his/her children
:6,66:1 0J($ noun coffee; hot water
\6,66:1 0J($ 6 #H6 :J1 $6:E%% &J1 6 #H, :6)5E5-#5 H,K You all put
hot water in the wash basin!
brother coffee.
)5 :6,H#& noun his/her temple; upper side of his/her face (from the
cheekbones to the top of the head)
)5 :6,J1# noun behind his/her back, where s/he can't see
)5 :6,J1$HI noun in secret (where nobody can see); away from people's view
:6&J1$66 noun face powder
:HD&"0 noun sea otter
VARANTS: :GD"0 MPN
\HD&"01 )%%*G I6'1,-(($E Sea otter fur is valuable.
:HD&"01 :66#& noun small canoe with high carved prow
VARANTS: :HD"0 :66#&
:6I Adverb to completion
6 :HI RelationalPostposition like it, in accordance with it, as much as it
:6I6#H6& noun its crosspiece (of boat, snowshoe); thwart (of boat)
TJ1 :66#& :6I6#H6& #6-J(, H6 :J1 )5E%%&G; #1)J1$ :J1
:6I 6, s&6#G noun saying, proverb; event that is so common it has become a
saying or proverb
VARANTS: :6I (, s&6#G MPN
:6I,J noun Big Dipper; Ursa Major
:6:J1$66 noun whetstone
6 :6:b# noun sound, noise of it (something whose identity is unknown)
! :6:b# *J 1:6EHI"0 &J Du%,- 0J($ :66I )JE Do you hear the brown
bears by the water?

6 :6:b- noun getting ready for it; in anticipation of it
6 :6EH6# noun room, space, place for it; time for it; chance, opportunity for it
A66)J1 6, #6*6I)54J1'; 6 :6EH6# D&H$ :J1 $6-$JK Make sure you make
room, they will be bringing it all!
QHI$HI rH6 :6EH6# H&JE It's wide enough for two people.
:J noun place; way
NOTES: /01- $%5$ 1- 5$1V5( 1$ ,06, 1, 1- 7(3: '1+1,() 1$ 1,- 5-( 6$)
%""53- +%-,': 1$ 6,,3185,17( "'65-(-E
:(( Pronoun your (plural) [possessive]
:(( Pronoun you (plural) [object]
T%%"0 ,(($I :(( $6-,bK Stay together!
:((c Pronoun you (plural) [subject]
VARANTS: :1c
\((:,J($ 06- )5 ,J1I ,u%,I H:H ,%%)J 06- :(( 5&6Db"0 066
6 :(( RelationalNoun inside it (a building)
m5&)5&6EJ(D ![O 06'' :(()J1E People were invited to the ANB hall.
\ddPA verb root
6$Hr #6&)'1:(("0 6$Hr :66 #6$6':b"0 6$Hr :%%
#6)'1:b"0#
they flew away from it | they are flying away from it | they fly away from it
(regularly).
THEME: @c$Hr #6c)c'c:(("0t M$6 +%,1%$N
for creatures (that flap wings visibly) to fly away from P
Q5$Hr #6&)'1:(("0 &J #H6DE The grouse flew away from him.
H, #6&)'1:(("0 ccc 6, :%% #6)'1:b"0#
they're flying around; they flew around | --- | they fly around (regularly).
THEME: @c, #6c)c'c:(("0t M$6 +%,1%$N
for creatures (that flap wings visibly) to fly around at P
/-6D&(1' H, #6&)'1:(("0E Crows are flying around.
]14%%# &J1, #6&)'1:(("0E Hawks are flying around there.

H, #6&)'1:b"0 66)J :66 #6$6':b"0 HI #6':(("0
they flew there | they are flying there | they fly there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t #6c)c'c:(("0t M~ +%,1%$N
for creatures (that flap wings visibly) to fly to P
summer.
m66-06-0IH6& ,66#&E((,bD 066I #6':(("0E The dragonflies come in
the summer time.
:(()H, Adverb now
VARANTS: :(()J, MPN
6 :((sH6 noun waiting for it
VARANTS: 6 :1sH6
oGD &5IH6D5 :((sH6 H:H ,%%rJ($E We are waiting in anticipation of the
mail delivery.
:((r Adverb down to beach, shore
VARANTS: :(1r; ((r
\ddm
Z
verb root
H, 6&-1:br 66)J :66 6$6-:br HI 6-:((r
s/he pulled it up there | s/he is pulling it up there | s/he pulls it up there
(regularly).
THEME: @c,t ecBc-c:((rt M~ +%,1%$N
for S to pull, hoist O up to P
#(1 6&-1:br #(1 6$6-:br #(1 6-:br"0
s/he pulled it up | s/he is pulling it up | s/he pulls it up (regularly).
THEME: #(1 ecBc-c:((rt M~ +%,1%$N
for S to pull, haul O (esp. of line) up; for S to hoist O up
I%%-)J 6&)1:br I%%-)J 6)6:((r I%%-I 6)6:brI
s/he put them on | s/he's putting them on | s/he puts them on (regularly).
THEME: I%%-c)J 6cBc)c:((rt M~ 6",N
for S to put on, pull on O (shoes, trousers)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 2%-,2%-1,1%$ c)J "06$*(- ,% cI 1$ ,0(
1+2(36,17( 6$) 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17( 9%3+-E
/5r6,H6' I%%-)J 6&)1:brE He put on his pants.
feet.
\ddm
X
verb root
66&6:((r ccc #(1 6:br"0
he/she/it bit him/her/it | --- | he/she/it bites him/her/it (regularly).

THEME: ecBc~c:((rt M*6 (7($,N
for S to bite O; for S to carry O in mouth (of animal)
C*6:(1r ,-H &J #(1,'K Don't let the dog bite you!
6 :(($ noun (sometime) during it (period of time)
:((- noun stone axe
:J(- adj. new; young; fresh
:J(- r5E%% noun young adult(s); young people
:J(- &H6, noun young adult
:((- noun scraper for hemlock bark
:J(- noun mussel (large mussel on stormy coast, used for scraping)
\ddBA verb root
66I #(1 66&6:b-0 ccc ccc
s/he pulled it out of there | --- | ---.
THEME: @c)HI #(1 ecBc~c:((-0t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to pull O (a fairly light object) out of P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 &%5') 8( 5-() ,% ,6'# 68%5, -5"0 ,01$*- 6-
25''1$* %5, 6 -'17(3; %2($1$* 6 &1$)%& M8: 25-01$* 1, 52N; 25''1$* 6
,%%,0; %3 25''1$* ,0( -0((,- %99 6 8()E
B0((: #6rH6-1 )5 4b$)HI #(1 66&6:b-0E She pulled a splinter out of her
hand.
6 #HI 66&6:((-0 6 #HI :(1 6$6:b-0 6 #HI :(1
6:b-0"0
s/he pulled it over him/her/it | s/he is pulling it over him/her/it | s/he pulls it over
him/her/it (regularly).
THEME: [ #HI ecBc~c:((-0t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for S to pull O (fairly light object) over N; for S to cover N with O
NOTES: [%,( ,06, ,0( 7(38 1$ ,0( (D6+2'( -($,($"( 8('%& 06- ,0(
:6c ,0(+6,1" 23(91D; +(6$1$* 96"(E
over her ears.
:J(-0 noun leech; bloodsucker
)5 :J(, noun his/her son, cousin
Q5 #b#, 0H$ &J )5 :J(,E His son is standing beside him.
F6-0D(()bI -1,(( 066 :J(,E Our son is a scribe.
:((&0H6$ Pronoun you (plural) [independent]
6 :((EH)1 noun receptacle for it
! :((EH)1 *6,66$ -0H"0*1 ,'J1s5 :b-K Carry a container for swamp berries!

:((EH, noun mattress; bedding
C :((EH)1 #H :b- H:H :H Du%&E This blanket is to put on top of your bed.
:(1 Adverb down; out of boat, vehicle
VARANTS: :J1
:J1 Adverb thus, specifically
VARANTS: :u%
m6 IH, ,-G 6I ,%%&G :6#J1 :66 6 #H6 :J1 I6, *5s&6,((:b :66
Lingt.
smoking that hide.
6 :(1)b noun its price, value; the money from the sale of it
shirt.
:J1 41$J noun work, job
:J1 41$J1:1 noun worker
\dCF
X
verb root
ccc '1:J# ccc
--- | it holds more | ---.
THEME: 'c:J# M*6 -,6,(N
for something to hold more, contain more; for something to hold a lot
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E /% -2("19: ,0(
6+%5$, ,06, -%+(,01$* 0%')-; -,6,( ,0( 6+%5$, 9%''%&() 8: :HI;
6- 1$< ,'J1D *GD66 :HI '1:J# 1, 0%')- %$( "52E /&% +%3( (D6+2'(-
%9 ,01- 7(38 1$ "%$,(D, 63(< :H6,66 :H6$HI '1:J# &J1,66 ,01- %$(
0%')- +%3( ,06$ ,06, %$( 6$)< &%%"0 :HI '1:J# ,0(: 0%') ,0(
-6+( 6+%5$,E
gallon.
:J1# noun Indian doctor's spirit
\dC= verb root
-0 r6&)'1:J' ccc -0 r6':J'I
s/he lied | --- | s/he lies (regularly).
THEME: -0 r6cBc)c'c:J1't M~ (7($,N
for S to lie, decieve
NOTES: /% -2("19: &0% %$( 1- ':1$* ,%; 5-(< [ (($ ,% [E S%3
(D6+2'(< Q5 (($ -0 r6&)'1:J' -L0( '1() ,% 01+L0(3E

:J1' noun raven
\66 50H6$ 066 $66I -1,((; \J1' H:H 066 -05#HI -1,((E For our clan,
Raven is our main crest.
:J1' #6&u%)1 noun petrified coral
:J1' #%%IJ,'66 noun scarecrow
:J1' ,-H6D5 noun limpet
\dC= verb root
#6&)5&6:J' :66 #6$)5:J' #6)5:J'I
it's calm | it's calming down | it calms down (regularly).
THEME: #6c)5c~c:J1't M~ (7($,N
for something (esp. bodies of water) to be calm, peaceful
}6 /'(1$ #H6 #6&)5&6:J'E It is calm on Atlin Lake.
r5#6&)5&6:J' :66 r5#6$)5:J' r5#6)5:J'I
the weather is calm | the weather is calming down | the weather calms down
(regularly).
THEME: r5c#6c)5c:J1't M~ (7($,N
for the weather to be calm, peaceful, without storm
m5#6&)5&6:J' H:H c $66#J()( $6I,%%r%%IE It's calm out - let's go up
the bay.
m5#6&)5:J1'1 H&J ]6':JI)(1 s5$6:J1 5r%%I"0 &J1 :66#& ,'(1$E
calm.
:J1' noun elderberry
\dC[ verb root
6-06#6&'1:J$ ccc 6-06#'6:J$I
s/he's waving it | --- | s/he waves it (regularly).
THEME: ec-06c#6cBc'c:J1$t M~ (7($,N
for S to wag O (tail); for S to wave O (hand, etc.); for S to twirl, spin O around
above one's head
!6$ #&J1:1 -06#6&)5)'1:J$E Someone is waving a flag.
Q5 ,'((r H&J 6I :H6 6-0 6#66&'1:J$E He's shaking his finger at me.
:J1$ noun sea cucumber
:(1- noun fall; autumn
F6'6sJ1 $%%"0 66-*5,G :(1-, r5&5066:bE The forest is brilliant when fall
comes.
:(1-G Adverb just now; just then; still; yet

\dCB verb root
#6&)1:J- ccc #6)6:J-I
he/she/it is bruised | --- | he/she/it buises easily.
THEME: ec#6c)c:J1-t M~ (7($,N
for O to be colored, discolored, bruised
p66$ :HI #6&)1:J- &J sH6"0E The rug is colored red.
\dCp
Z
verb root
6#66&6:JI 6#6:J1I 6#6:JII
s/he whittled it | s/he is whittling it | s/he whittles it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~c:(1It M~ 6",N
for S to whittle, plane O; for S to make O (kindling)
!6$#6:JI66 ,b$ 6#66&6:JIE He planed it with a plane.
Q5 ,-J(*1 6 'G 6#66&6:JIE He sharpened the point of his barbecue stick.
H,I 6&'1:JI H,I 6':J1I H,I 6':JII
s/he used it for it | s/he is using it for it | s/he uses it for it (regularly).
THEME: @cI ecBc'c:(1It M~ 6",N
for S to use O for P; for S to make O into P
pJ(' :J1 $)5E(1"0 0b,I )5':(1IbE Granite is used to build a house.
6&'1:JI 6':J1I ccc
s/he built it | s/he is building it | ---.
THEME: ecBc'c:(1It M~ 6",N
for S to build O; for S to make, construct O
VARANTS: c:((It
!I 'J('#5 0H- 4((:b- H&J &5)5)'1:JI &J 6,D66$ 0b)1 ,'(1$E That big
smoke house was built for my grandparents.
next to it.
:J1I noun deadfall trap for large animals
:(,I Adverb starting off taking off
VARANTS: :()6I
:J,- -0H' noun black horn spoon
6 :1sH6 noun waiting for it
VARANTS: 6 :((sH6
TJ 85- :1sH6 I6EH6E I am sitting waiting for the bus.
6 :b# RelationalNoun inside it (a river, road, boat, or other shallow concave
landform or object)

6 :1#EH)1 noun its internal organs, viscera; its guts
VARANTS: 6 :1#EJ)1 MPN
[66'1:J1)(1 #6$6-DH &J IH6, :1#EH)1K Dump the fish guts far away!
\6#J1 #b$# I%%D IH6, :1#EH)1E The fish guts are good in fermenting stink
heads.
:br)'66 noun spark
6 :1$66 RelationalNoun in its way; blocking its way; acting as a shield for it
TJ I6&%%' :1$66, 0H$E She is standing in the doorway.
6 :1$66)J Adverb in the direction or general area of it; (headed) toward it
VARANTS: 6 :1$66)J1; 6 $1:66)J; 6 $1:66)J1
hunt!
:1$660H6, noun body armor, breastplate
)5 :1$66$HI noun his/her family line of descent, side
\66 6I 'J('#& 6I ,'H6 :1$66$HI mJ1$ :u% )5-H6*5$ :66
Angoon.
>%0$ B%8%'(99 :u% )5&6-H6 c :66 6I J(-0 :1$66$HI; 6I J(-0 )5
J(-0E John Soboleff was his name - on my father's side, my father's father.
6 :b- RelationalPostposition for it; to that end
\6$ ((&6$J1 *J 6 :b-{ Are you ready for it?
dentistry school.
:%% Adverb back and forth; to and fro; up and down
:%% 66$ #6EH noun earthquake
VARANTS: :%% 66$ #(EH MPN
:%% 6, #%%4((# noun curiosity
:%% #6,6$ 'b,66 noun curved carving knife
:%%r noun cormorant
:u%,t Adverb away, off (to someplace indefinite)
needles.
:%% ,5,H$# noun consciousness, thought process, thinking
)5 :%%&H noun his/her abdomen; surface of his/her belly; front of his/her body
)5 :%%&G noun his/her stomach; gizzard (of bird)
B0 ,u%sH6 &)1,(( 6I :%%&GE My stomach was satisfied.

:%% I6'6EH,# noun conversation, dialog; talk, discourse (between more than
one person)
VARANTS: :%% I6'(EJ,# MPN
:%% I6,H$# noun speech, talk; language; word, phrase, sentence, or
discourse
VARANTS: :%% I6,J$# MPN
C :%% I6,H$*1 #H6 :6$ 0H$K Stand on your words!
words get hung up.
:G Demonstrative that (distant), yonder
VARANTS: :u%
:5#6Eu%, noun button
VARANTS: :6#6Eu%,; &6#6Eu%,
Q'(1, :HI #66,(( &J :5#6Eu%,E The button is white.
:5#6Eu%, Du%& noun button blanket
VARANTS: :6#6Eu%, Du%&
:GD"0 MPN noun sea otter
VARANTS: :HD&"0
:5I Adverb outside
328 - - Dictionary of Tlingit

E
E!!
Z
verb root
ccc H, 6-EH6 ccc
--- | s/he has him/her seated there | ---.
THEME: @c, ecBc-cE66t M2%-1,1%$N
for S to have O (live creature) seated at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
/%%# #H, 6-EH6 )5 :H)1E He has his child seated on the papoose board.
ccc H, '6EH6 ccc
--- | it's situated there | ---.
THEME: @c, 'cEH6 M2%-1,1%$N
for a building to be situated at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
\66 !6$*u%$, H:H '6EH6 066 0b)1 !6$D66*1 Ab, :u% )5&6-H6#&E
ccc EH6 ccc
--- | s/he sits; s/he is sitting | ---.
THEME: Bc~cE66t M2%-1,1%$N
for (singlular) S to be seated
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,( ,06, 6 $%5$
2036-( &1,0 Mc,N 2%-,2%-1,1%$ 1- 5-() ,% 1$)1"6,( &0(3( %$( 1-
-1,,1$*; 85, ,01- $%5$ 2036-( 1- $%, 3(V513() 8: ,0( 7(38E S%3
(D6+2'(; %$( "%5') -6:< EH6 -L0( 1- -1,,1$*; %3< H, EH6 -L0( 1-
-1,,1$* ,0(3(E
P06 ,'H#& EH6 H&J :6$J(#& )5 #bE His rump hurts from sitting all the
time.
A6- )5 'J('#& )5 IH6, EH6E Their grandmother is sitting between them.
E!!
X
verb root
6I IJ1, :6&)R1EH6 6I IJ1)( :66 :6$6-EJ1$ 6I IJ1I
:6-E66
s/he kissed me | s/he is kissing me | s/he kisses me (regularly).
THEME: [ IJ1,t :6cBc)c-cE66t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to kiss N
6 )66 :6&)R1E66 6 )66 :6-EJ1I 6 )66 :6-EJ1I
s/he examined it | s/he is examining it | s/he examines it (regularly).
THEME: [ )66 :6cBc)c-cE66t M$6 6",N
for S to examine, inspect, look into, judge, assess N
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< 6 )66 :6-EJ1I *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17(
+(6$1$* -L0( 1- (D6+1$1$* 1, 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17(
+(6$1$* -L0( (D6+1$(- 1, M3(*563':NE
Dictionary of Tlingit - E - 329

Q5 #6'u%D-0H$1 $J(*%%"0 H&J )5 )66 :6&)5)R1E66E He is being
examined because of his bladder pain.
E!!
`
verb root
6#6&-1E66 6#-6EJ1I :%% 6#-1EJ1#
s/he grew it | s/he grows it; s/he's growing it | s/he grows it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc-cE66t M$6 6",N
for S to cause O (plant) to grow; for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< 6#-6EJ1I *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*
-L0( *3%&- 1,f -L0( 1- *3%&1$* 1, 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17(
+(6$1$* -L0( *3%&- 1, M3(*5'63':NE
#66&6E66 #6EJ1I :%% #6:6EJ1#
it grew | it grows; it's growing | it grows (regularly).
THEME: #6c~cE66t M$6 6",N
for a plant to grow; for a stream of water to flow, pour forth
!6- ,'J$D H6 #66&6E66E Big trees grew there.
/'J' #6'"06$(1, H6 #%%EJ1I \66#&)H6,E Mountain ash doesn't grow in
Yakutat.
#6&-1E66 #6-6EJ1I :%% #-1EJ1#
it grew | it grows; it's growing | it grows (regularly).
THEME: #6c-cE66t M$6 6",N
for a plant to grow
NOTES: C$ "'6--1"6' /'1$*1,; ,01- 7(38 +(6$, -2("191"6'': 9%3 6 2'6$,
&1,0 6 '%$* -,6'# ,% *3%& M,0( '($*,0 %9 ,0( 2'6$, 1$)1"6,() 8: ,0(
-c "'6--191(3N; 0%&(7(3 ,01- +(6$1$* 06- 8(($ '%-, 9%3 +%-, "533($,
-2(6#(3-; 6$) $%& 45-, +(6$- 9%3 6 2'6$, 1$ *($(36' ,% *3%&E
E!!F
Z
verb root
-0u%, 6&)1EH# ccc -0u%I 6)6E66#
s/he built a fire | --- | s/he builds a fire (regularly).
THEME: -0u%,t 6cBc)cE66#t M~ (7($,N
for S to build a fire (using wood)
TJ *H$ 66$ $6*G &J rH6 -066$ )5 -0u%, 6s1)6E66*b,K Go with the
wood to build a fire for the elderly man!
shavings.
E!!mT verb root
H, 6#66&6E66r& ccc H, :%% 6#6:6EHr&#
s/he gave him/her orders | --- | s/he gives him/her orders (regularly).
THEME: H, ec#6cBc~cE66r&t M$6 (7($,N
for S to give orders to, command, instruct O
:6$ 6#66&6EHr& :H$)( :66 6#6$6EHr& ccc
s/he made a decision | s/he's making a decision | ---.

THEME: :6$t ec#6cBc~cE66r&t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to make a decision about O; for S to finish planning O
E!![
Z
verb root
ccc ,5'1E66$ ccc
--- | s/he is kind | ---.
THEME: ec,5c'cE66$ M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be kind, gentle
A66 r%%$ -0 #6'$((*b H&J rG$HI ,5'1E66$E Our preacher is very kind.
E!!/
Z
verb root
66)J 06- &%%E66, 66)J :66 M06N- $6EH, 66)J :%%
M06N- :6EH,#
they walked there | they are walking there | they walk there (regularly).
THEME: @c)J Bc~cE66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) to P
]H6$)( :66 $6:EH)1 &%%"0 :HI D&H$ 6$6:'(1IK Be sure to all dance
alike when you walk out!
Q'((:sH6 H&J 66)J1 66&6E66,E People went there for meat.
66sH6 06- &%%E66, 66sH6 :66 M06N- $6EH, 66sH6 :%%
:6EH,#
they went to get it | they are going to get it | they go get it (regularly).
THEME: @cs66 Bc~cE66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to go after P, go seeking P (on foot)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, cs66 ,6#(- ,0( %22%-1,( ,%$( %9 ,0( 91$6' -:''68'( %9
,0( $%5$ ,06, 1, 6,,6"0(- ,%E A($"(< #6$6,Hs66 M*%1$*N 69,(3
8'5(8(331(-; 85, -066&sH6 M*%1$*N 69,(3 *5+8%%,-E
H6 #(1 M06N- 5&6EH, H6 #(1 M06N- $6EH, H6 #(1 M06N-
EH,"0
they walked up there | they are walking up there | they walk up there (regularly).
THEME: #(1 Bc~cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk up, go up (by walking or as a general term)
6$6I 06- :66&6EH, 6$6I :66 M06N- &5$6EH, 6$6I
:66 M06N- EH,"0
they walked through it | they are walking through it | they walk through it
(regularly).
THEME: @c$HI :6c5cBc~cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) through, by way of P
H, 06- 5&6EH, 66)J :66 M06N- $6EH, HI 06- E66,
they walked there | they are walking there | they walk there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t Bc~cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) to P

TJ1- )5 -06#,u%, 5&6EH,E She got lice in her hair.
H, 06- &%%E66, ccc H, :%% M06N- :6EH,#
they are walking around; they walked around | --- | they walk around (regularly).
THEME: @c, Bc~cE66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) around at P
walking around.
! )66, 66&6E66,E People are walking around on it.
HI 06- &%%E66, HI :(1 M06N- $6EH, HI :(1 M06N- EH,"0
they walked down along it | they are walking down along it | they walk down
along it (regularly).
THEME: @cI Bc~cE66,t Ms6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) down along P
]H$,1:66#& BJ()1D :66#& ,'(1$ :bI 66&6E66,E People boarded the big
boat at Petersburg.
ccc HI :66 M06N- $6EH, ccc
--- | they are walking along there | ---.
THEME: @cI :66 Bc~cE66,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to be walking, going (by foot or as general term) along P
NOTES: /01- 1- 6$ (D6+2'( %9 6 23%*3(--17( (216-2(",56' 2636)1*+
M=((3; ^ZN; &01"0 86-1"6'': +(6$- ,06, 6'' 9%3+- 63( 86-() %$ ,0(
23%*3(--17( 6-2(",E /0( 23%*3(--17( (216-2(", 1- "0636",(31R() 8:<
ZN0671$* ,0( :66 23(7(38 1$ 6'' 9%3+-; XN0671$* $% 2(39(",17( 9%3+;
6$) `N)($%,(- -(+6$,1"6'': 6 "%$,1$5%5- ,36$-1,1%$ 93%+ %$(
'%"6,1%$ %3 -,6,( ,% 6$%,0(3E
TJ )Rb-#5 ,'(1$ b,I :66 $6EH, &J s%%"0E The wolves are following
behind the big moose.
*H*1 M06N- 5&6EH, *H*1 :66 M06N- $6EH, *H*1 M06N-
EH,I
they emerged | they are emerging | they emerge (regularly).
THEME: *H*1 Bc~cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to emerge, walk out into the open
06- 6-0%%&6E66, :66 M06N- 6-05$6EH, #(1 M06N-
6-05EH,"0
s/he led them | s/he is leading them | s/he leads them (regularly).
THEME: :66 ec-05cBc~cE66,t M*6 (7($,N
for S to lead (plural) O (especially by walking ahead)
NOTES: [%,( ,06, :66 %""53- 1$ (7(3: 9%3+ (D"(2, ,0( 2(39(",17(E
/01- 7(38 06- 6 2'536' -,(+; +(6$1$* ,06, +5',12'( 2(%2'( %3
6$1+6'- 63( 8(1$* '()E C$ ,0( 2636)1*+ *17($ 0(3(; ,0( 2'536'
%84(", 23%$%5$ 06- ,0(+ 1- 5-()E e$( "%5') 6'-% 5-( r66
2(%2'(; 6- 1$< r66 -0%%&6E66, -L0( '() 2(%2'(E !$%,0(3 %2,1%$
1- ,0( %84(", 23(91D r5c 2(%2'(; 6- 1$< r5-0%%&6E66, -L0( '()
332 - . - Dictionary of Tlingit

2(%2'(E S%3 8%,0 %9 ,0(-(; $%,( ,06, ,0( ,013) 2(3-%$ %84(",
23%$%5$ 6c %$ ,0( 7(38 1- )3%22()E C9 :%5 &6$, ,% 1$)1"6,( ,06,
6$1+6'- 63( 8(1$* '(); %+1, ,0( 06-Lr66Lr5c 6$) 5-(<
6-0%%&6E66, -L0( '() ,0(+ M6$1+6'-NE
F1)J1$ :66 r66 -05$6EH, &J r66 -0H6)( 0H$1E The leader is leading
the people well.
06- 6:6&)1EH, :66 M06N- 6:6$)6EH, 06- 6:6)6EH,I
they turned back | they are turning back | they turn back (regularly).
THEME: 6c:6c5cBc)cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as general term)
06- &%%E66, :66 M06N- $6EH, :%% M06N- :6EH,#
they walked | they are walking | they walk (regularly).
THEME: Bc~cE66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term)
m66 )66#(1)b (($ :66 6$6EH,E People are walking along with a casket.
\6$ :J1 41&,%%$(1:b 6 b,$HI ,-H *6I,%%EH6,E After we have finished work,
then we will go.
0J1)( 06- :66&6EH, 0J1)( :66 M06N- &5$6EH, 0J1)(
:66 M06N- EH,"0
they moved over that way | they are moving over that way | they move over that
way (regularly).
THEME: 0J1)( :6c5cBc~cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to move over (away from speaker)
r66 J(, 06- 41&)1EH, ccc r66 J( :%% 06- 41)1EH,#
they attacked someone | --- | they attack people (regularly).
THEME: 41cBc)cE66,t M~ (7($,N
for (plural) S to attack, assault, fall upon
NOTES: /% 1$)1"6,( &0% 1- 8(1$* 6,,6"#(); 5-(< [ J(,t ,0(:
6,,6"#() [E S%3 (D6+2'(< A66 J(, 06- 41&)1EH,E /0(: 6,,6"#()
5-E C, 1- 6'-% 6""(2,68'( ,% 5-( ,01- 7(38 &1,0%5, -2("19:1$* &0%
&6- 6,,6"#()E S%3 (D6+2'(< A6- 41&)1EH, /0(: 6,,6"#()E
/0(3(9%3(; ,0( [ J(,t 1- $%, 3(V513() 6$) 1- $%, *17($ 1$ ,0(
=((3cd)&63)- ,0(+(E
r5, 06- &%%E66, r5, #(1 M06N- $6EH, r5, #(1 M06N-
EH,"0
they got lost | they are getting lost | they get lost (regularly).
THEME: r5, Bc~cE66,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to get lost (on foot)
&%%-0 #66$HI 06- &5)1E66, &%%-0 #66$HI #(1 M06N-
$6)6EH, &%%-0 #66$HI #(1 M06N- )6EH,"0
they gathered together | they are beginning to gather together | they gather
together (regularly).
THEME: &%%-0 #66$HI Bc)cE66,t M*6 +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)

TJ $66 -0H6)1 $HrD1 H&J &%%-0 #66$HI 06- &5)1E66,E The clan
leaders gathered there.
&%%-0 I%%, 06- &5)1EH, &%%-0 I%%)J :66 M06N-
$6)6EH, &%%-0 I%%I 06- )6E66,
they gathered together | they are gathering together | they gather together
(regularly).
THEME: &%%-0 I%%,t Bc)cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for (plural) S to assemble, congregate, gather together (for meetings)
NOTES: T%%-0 6$) &%%"0 -((+ ,% 8( 1$,(3"06$*(68'( 0(3(E
TJ 66$rH6D5 &J1D &%%-0 I%%, 06- &5)1EH,E The chiefs gathered
there.
T%%"0 I%%, &5)5&6EH,E People came together.
E!!/
X
verb root
66)J 6&'1E66, 66)J :66 6$6'EH, 66)J :%% 6'1EH,#
s/he carried them there | s/he is carrying them there | s/he carries them there
(regularly).
THEME: @c)J ecBc'cE66,t M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take (plural) O (esp. baggage and personal belongings) to P
herring eggs.
ccc H, 6#'6EH, ccc
--- | s/he has them lying there | ---.
THEME: @c, ec#6cBc'cEH, M2%-1,1%$N
for S to have O (small, round or hoop-like objects) lying at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E [%,( ,06, 1$ ,0(
(D6+2'( -($,($"( 8('%&; ,0( "'6--191(3 1$ ,0( 7(38< &66r, 6#6'EH, 1-
'c 6$) [e/ '6c E S%3 -%+( "%++%$ $%5$- -5"0 6- &66r (:(; 1,
1- 2%--18'( ,% '(67( %99 ,0( %7(3, 2%--(--%3 )5 01-L0(3E /0( Qc
('(+($, %9 ,0( "'6--191(3 M1$ ,01- "6-( 'cN 3(2'6"(- ,0( %7(3,
2%--(--%3E /0(3(9%3(; 1$ ,0( -($,($"( 8('%& ,0(3( 1- $% %7(3,
2%--(--%3 %9 &66r; 6$) ,0( 7(38 06- ,0( Qc "%+2%$($, %9 ,0(
"'6--191(3 M'cN; 23%)5"1$* ,0( 2036-(< &66r, 6#6'EH,E
T6r)H6$66 &66r, 6#6'EH,E She has eyeglasses on. (Lit: She has glasses
lying on her eyes.)
ccc H, #6'6EH, ccc
--- | they are lying there | ---.
THEME: @c, #6c'cEH, M2%-1,1%$N
for small, round or hoop-like objects to lie at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
ccc H, '6EH, ccc
--- | they're lying there | ---.
THEME: @c, 'cEH, M2%-1,1%$N
for several things to lie at P; for several persons or animals to lie dead,
unconscious, or incapacitated at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
Q(1 #H, '6EH)1 sJ("06)1 66I :J1 6&-1$(1E He removed the windfall lying

in the road.
6 )66 :%% M06N- ,5&'1EH, 6 )66 :%% M06N- ,5'1EH,# 6
)66 :%% M06N- ,5'1EH,#
they thought about it | they think about it; they are thinking about it | they think
about it (regularly).
THEME: [ )66 :%% ,5cBc'cE66,t M~ 6",N
or (plural) S to think over, consider, make up
one's mind about N
)5 4((, 6#6&'1EH, ccc )5 4((I 6#'6E66,
s/he gave them to him/her | --- | s/he gives them to him/her (regularly); s/he is
trying to give them to him/her.
THEME: [ 4((,t ec#6cBc'cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (small, round or hoop-like objects) to N
]5#EH, 6I 4((, #6&)5)'1EH,E I was given earrings.
)5 4((, 6&'1EH, ccc )5 4((I 6'E66,
s/he gave them to him/her | --- | s/he gives them to him/her (regularly); s/he is
trying to give them to him/her.
THEME: [ 4((,t ecBc'cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand (plural) O (esp. baggage and personal belongings) to N
#(1 6:6&'1EH, ccc #(1 6:6'6EH,"0
s/he turned the boat | --- | s/he turns the boat (regularly); s/he is trying to turn the
boat.
THEME: #(1 ec:6cBc'cE66,t M~ (7($,N
for S to turn O (boat)
o66 s(1:b $1:66)J #(1 6:6&'1EH,E He steered (his boat) toward the inside
of the point.
:6$ 6&'1EH, ccc :6I 6'E66,
s/he put them down | --- | s/he puts them down (regularly).
THEME: :6$t ecBc'cE66,t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave (plural) O (esp. baggage and personal
belongings)
P06 H6 :6$ 6&'1EH, &J *H$ 'HI1E He just left the wet outer part of
firewood there.
Q5 41:((D :6$ 6&'1EH, )5 )6rJ1-1E She placed her sewing nearby for her.
:%% M06N- I6&'1EH, :%% M06N- I6'1EH,# :%% M06N-
I6'1EH,#
they conversed | they are conversing | they converse (regularly).
THEME: :%% I6cBc'cE66,t M~ 6",N
for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< :%% M06N- I6'1EH,# *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17(
+(6$1$* ,0(: 63( "%$7(3-1$* 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17(
+(6$1$* ,0(: "%7(3-( M3(*5'63':NE
TJ $66#J()HI '1$*b, s5$6:H6)( :u% 06- I6'1EH,#E The people from
the north speak differently.

the storekeeper.
E!!/ verb root
6&-1EH, 6-EH6, 6-EH,I
s/he chilled it | s/he is chilling it | s/he chills it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cEH6,t M~ 6",N
for S to make O cold, cool
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< 6-EH,I 06- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*
-L0( 1- "01''1$* 1, 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$* -L0(
"01''- 1, M3(*5'63':NE
r5&-1EH6, r5-1EH6, #(1 r5-6EH6,"0
the weather was cold | the weather is cold | the weather gets cold (regularly).
THEME: r5c-cEH6, M*6 -,6,(N
for the weather to be cold
\H p6,6-66r rG$HI r5-1EH6,1 :J1D H&J :J1 06- :6,((E Eskimos live
in a very cold place.
m5-1EH6, *H6$ c #6#J1$ #%%)H- :J1 $6E%%K It's cold out - wear a
sweater!
E!!oT
Z
verb root
&5-1EH6D& -1EH6D& #(1 -6EH6D&"0
it was sour | it's sour | it gets sour (regularly).
THEME: ec-cEH6D& M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be bitter, sour (of taste); for O to be spicy hot
oH6D ,'6I rG$HI -1EH6D&E Crabapples are very sour.
E!!p
Z
verb root
66&6EHI ccc ccc
s/he heard it | --- | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cE66It M~ (7($,N
for S to hear O
\J1 I&66EHI DJ$ 0J' 5-0#J &J +1"3%&67( ,u%D :J1 )5E%%&GE I
heard that it's not good to put plastic in the microwave.
\66 r66 '5$6*Gs5 6 #6:J1# 06- 66&6EHIE They heard the sound of
people running.
ccc 6'1EHI"0 6'1EHI"0
--- | s/he is playing it | s/he plays it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cEHI"0 M*6 -,6,(N
for S to play O (musical instrument)
NOTES: /0( 9%3+< 6'1EHI"0 *17(- 8%,0 6 86-1" 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$*
-L0( 1- 2'6:1$* 1, 6$) 6 3(2(,1,17( 1+2(39(",17( +(6$1$* -L0(
2'6:- 1, M3(*5'63':NE
ccc 6-6:6EHI"0 ccc
--- | s/he hears a voice | ---.
336 - . - Dictionary of Tlingit

THEME: ec-6cBc~cEHI"0 M*6 -,6,(N
for S to hear O (voice)
]5-:6)u%'1 &J1)( -6I66EHI"0E I hear the sandpiper over there.
6-(1&6EHI ccc ccc
s/he heard a voice | --- | ---.
THEME: ec-6cBc~cE66It M~ (7($,N
for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing)
/5-"%$D H&J 66 -6I&66EHI *5-:J #1$)6"0%%$(1)bE I heard some
doves in Tuscon.
H, &5-1EHI ccc HI -6E66I
s/he's listening to it; s/he listened to it | --- | s/he listens to it (regularly).
THEME: @c,t Bc-cE66It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to listen to P
6&'1EHI ccc 6'1EHI"0
s/he played it | --- | s/he plays it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cEH6It M~ (7($,N
for S to play O (musical instrument)
p6*H6D )66#60b)1D 6'1EHI"0 &J sbI466 ru%#E He plays the organ at
the Church.
piano.
ccc 6I6:6EHI"0 ccc
--- | s/he understands him/her | ---.
THEME: ecI6cBc~cEHI"0 M*6 -,6,(N
for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O
/'J' #1)J1$ 1I(1I6EHI"0E I don't understand you well.
6I(1&6EHI ccc ccc
s/he understood him/her | --- | ---.
THEME: ecI6cBc~cE66It M~ (7($,N
for S to hear O with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O
ccc 6:6EHI"0 ccc
--- | s/he can hear it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cEHI"0 M*6 -,6,(N
for S to be able to hear O
\J1 I6EHI41$ :H6 "0b' D%%# >1'rH6,D H&J :J1 )66)5$J1:1$E I used to
hear of smoked salmon being prepared on the Chilkat.
l5$6:J1)( 6, I66EHI"0E I'm hearing strange sounds.
6 #6:J1#s66 r%%&)R1E66I ccc 6 #6:J1#s66 :%%
r5)R1EHI#
s/he listened for the sound of it | --- | s/he listens for the sound of it (regularly).
THEME: @cs66 r5cBc)c-cE66It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to listen for P

)5 IJ1)( r5&)R1E66I ccc )5 IJ1)( :%% r5)R1EHI#
s/he listened to him/her | --- | s/he listens to him/her (regularly).
THEME: [ IJ1)( r5cBc)c-cE66It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to listen to N
)5 IJ1, &5-1EHI ccc )5 IJ1I -6E66I
s/he's listening to him/her; s/he listens to him/her | --- | s/he listens to him/her
(regularly).
THEME: [ IJ1,t Bc-cE66It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to listen to, obey, give heed to N
]5$6'"0J(-0 6I IJ1, :((:-6E66IbE Thank you all for listening to me.
E!!p
X
verb root
H, 66&6E66I ccc H, :%% 6:6EHI#
s/he is carrying it around; s/he carried it around | --- | s/he carries it around
(regularly).
THEME: @c, ecBc~cE66It M$6 +%,1%$N
for S to carry, take O (textile-like object) around at P
ccc H, EHI ccc
--- | it's lying there | ---.
THEME: @c, ~cEHI M2%-1,1%$N
for a textile-like object to lie at P
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': %""53- 1$ ,0( 1+2(39(",17(E
TJ1, E6I #1$66#EH, 6 #HD H&J I&-1,(($ 1 *&J1'1E On top of that coat
lying there is where I saw your bag.
)5 4((, 66&6EHI )5 4(()J :66 6$6EHI )5 4((I 6E66I
s/he gave it to him/her | s/he is giving it to him/her | s/he gives it to him/her
(regularly).
THEME: [ 4((,t ecBc~cE66It M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (textile-like object) to N
mu%# :b*5 6I #6-,H6,1 c 6I 4((, EHIE My quilt is in the box - give it to me.
E!!pT verb root
6)66&-1EHI& 6)66-6EH6I& 6)66-6EHI&I
s/he wrapped it up | s/he's wrapping it up | s/he wraps it up (regularly).
THEME: ec)66cBc-cE66I&t M~ 6",N
for S to tie O together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up
m66 :6,J1$HI D&H$ )66-6EHI& &J ru%#K Wrap that box when no one is
looking now!
:H$)( 66&6EHI& :H$)( 6E66I& ccc
s/he tied it up | s/he's tying it up | ---.
THEME: :H$)( ecBc~cE66I&t M~ 6",N
for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a boat to shore)

Edd verb root
6&-1EJ( 6-EJ( 6-EJ(I
s/he cooked it | s/he cooks it; s/he is cooking it | s/he cooks it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc-cE((t M~ 6",N
for S to cook O
the stove!
6, &5-1EJ( 6, -6EJ( 6, 1-EJ(I
s/he cooked | s/he is cooking | s/he cooks (regularly).
THEME: 6, Bc-cE((t M~ 6",N
for S to cook
Q5 'J('#& )5 I(1- 6, &5-1EJ(E Her grandmother cooked for her.
:6$ 5&6EJ( :H$)( :66 $6EJ($ :6I E((
it's cooked | it's cooking | it cooks (regularly, quickly).
THEME: :6$t ~cE((t M~ +%,1%$N
for food to be cooked, done cooking
Edd[
Z
verb root
66&6Eb$ 6EJ($ 6Eb$I
s/he picked them | s/he's picking them | s/he picks them (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cE(($t M~ 6",N
for S to pick O (esp. berries) into a container
H, 6&-1Eb$ ccc HI 6-E(($
s/he carried it there | --- | s/he carries it there (regularly).
THEME: @c,t ecBc-cE(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to carry O (container full of liquid or small objects) to P
\66&6,66:1 #H6D&(1 b$ D((-0H6 ,u%, 066, 6&-1Eb$E She brought hot
coffee in a bottle.
brother coffee.
)5 4((, 6&-1Eb$ ccc )5 4((I 6-E(($
THEME: [ 4((,t ecBc-cE(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to give, take, hand O (container full of liquid or small objects) to N
TJ -066,# *GD66 #H, "0H6:%% 6I 4((, 6&-1Eb$E The young girl gave
me tea in a cup.
$(1' 6&-1Eb$ ccc $(1'I 6-E(($
s/he brought it inside | --- | s/he brings it inside (regularly).

THEME: $(1' ecBc-cE(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to bring O (container full of liquid or small objects) inside
box.
:6$ 6&-1Eb$ ccc :6I 6-E(($
THEME: :6$t ecBc-cE(($t M~ +%,1%$N
for S to put down, lay down, leave, place O (a container full of liquid or small
objects)
TJ -066&H, )5 s5-0#H6 :6$ 6&-1Eb$ )5 -bD1E The woman put her
plate on her lap.
EddBA verb root
6#6&'1Eb-0 6#'6E((-0 6#'6Eb-0I
s/he strung them together | s/he is stringing them together | s/he strings them
together (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc'cE((-0t M~ 6",N
for S to thread, string together O (esp. beads)
Eddo verb root
66&6EJ(D ccc :(1 6EJ(D"0
s/he invited him/her | --- | s/he invites him/her (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cEJ(D Ms6 (7($,N
for S to invite O, ask O to a party
A66 #b$# :6$ &5$((:b 6 :b- H:H r%%I&66EJ(DE I invited everyone for
when our stink heads are done.
mG$HI &J :(( &%%EJ(D1 66 ,-G :(( I%% :J1 #s&6,J( ,%%&G #J
,(($E Your hostess will welcome you all as well. (Lit: Your hostess will be
among you all with good feelings.)
66&6EJ(D ccc :%% 6:6EJ(D#
s/he called out to him/her | --- | s/he calls out to him/her (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cEJ(D M$6 (7($,N
for S to call out to, shout to, holler at O
E/PA verb root
#6&)'1Eb,"0 #6)'1Eb,"0 :%% #6)'1Eb,"0
it's sparkling; it sparkled | it's sparkling; it sparkles | it sparkles (regularly).
THEME: #6c)c'cb,"0 M$6 -,6,(N
for something to sparkle, reflect light
snow.
F6)'1Eb,"0 J()66 DH6$6DE The phosphoresence glows at night.

Eee
Z
verb root
H6 r%%&6E%% H6 r5:6Eu% L H6 r5&6Eu% ccc
s/he lived there | s/he lives there | ---.
THEME: r5cBc~cE%%t M$6 6",N
for S to live, live at, dwell permanently
NOTES: /% -2("19: &0(3( %$( '17(-; 5-(< @cD 6, @E S%3 (D6+2'(<
B0((,#HD r5:6Eu%E BL0( '17(- 1$ B1,#6E [%,( ,06, H6 6$) HD 63(
-:$%$:+%5-; 8%,0 +(6$1$* ,0(3(E e9,($ &0($ %""531$* )13(",':
8(9%3( ,0( 7(38; ,0( 23(9(33() 9%3+ 1- H6E
B06:6)10J1$ }6$#1"0D r5&6E%%&5 =1$*b,E There are a lot of Tlingit
people living in Anchorage.
Q5 #H6# IH$1 r5:6Eu%E He is living with his maternal uncle.
H6 :J1 66&6E%% ccc H6 :J1 6EGID
s/he put them there | --- | s/he puts them there (regularly).
THEME: @cD :J1 ecBc~cE%% M$6 (7($,N
for S to put, leave (plural) O at P
TJ1 :66#& :6I6#H6& #6-J(, H6 :J1 )5E%%&G; #1)J1$ :J1
:J1 66&6E%% :J1 6:6Eu% ccc
s/he wore it | s/he's wearing it | ---.
THEME: :J1 ecBc~cE%%t M$6 -,6,(N
for S to wear, put on, dress in O; for S to use O
smoking that hide.
Eee
X
verb root
66&6E%% ccc :%% 6:6E(1#
s/he bought it | --- | s/he buys it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cE%% M$6 (7($,N
for S to buy O
!6$rH6&5"0 H&J &%%E%%; &J ,'6*5 0b, ,'(1$E A rich person bought the
big old house.
A%%$ )66#60b)1)HI sH$"0 06- 66&6E%%E They bought tobacco from the
store.
6#66&6E%% ccc :%% 6#6:6E(1#
s/he bought it | --- | s/he buys it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~cE%% M$6 (7($,N
for S to buy O (usually round, spherical object)
NOTES: T01'( ,0( #6c 23(91D %$"( 3(9(33() -2("191"6'': ,% -%+(,01$*
3%5$) %3 -20(31"6' 1$ -062(; ,01- )1-,1$",1%$ +6: 8( 96''1$* %5, %9
5-(; 6- -%+( +%)(3$ -2(6#(3- "%$-1)(3 6#66&6E%% 6$) 66&6E%% ,%
+(6$ (D6",': ,0( -6+( ,01$*E

EeeF verb root
6&'1EG# ccc 6'EG#I
s/he boiled it | --- | s/he boils it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc'cE%%#t M~ (7($,N
for S to boil O (esp. water)
&5)'1EG# :66 $6'EG# 1'EG#I
it's boiling; it boiled | it's starting to boil | it comes to a boil (regularly).
THEME: )c'cEu%#t M~ (7($,N
for something to boil
T5)'1EG# *J &J :6,66:1 0J(${ Did the coffee boil?
Eee[ verb root
66&6EG$ ccc ccc
s/he shot it | --- | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cEu%$t M~ (7($,N
for S to shoot O (with firearms)
! #6*(1)J(D H&J I&66EG$ &J s5&6#66$ ,'(1$E I shot the big deer in its
side
ccc 6EG$, ccc
--- | s/he is shooting at it | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cEG$, M$6 6",N
for S to shoot at O (with firearms)
EeeB verb root
&5'1E%%- '1E%%- ccc
s/he was noisy | s/he's being noisy | ---.
THEME: ec'cE%%- M*6 -,6,(N
for O to be crazy, lively, noisy, never still
eagle.
EeeB verb root
66&6Eu%- 6EG-# :%% 6:6EG-#
s/he washed it | s/he is washing it | s/he washes it (regularly).
THEME: ecBc~cEu%-t M$6 6",N
for S to wash O
TJ 1 &6r)'u%s5 66I $6Eu%-K Clean the sleep from your eyes!
washed outside.
6#66&6Eu%- 6#6EG-# :%% 6#66EG-#
s/he washed it | s/he's washing it | s/he washes it (regularly).
THEME: ec#6cBc~cEu%-t M$6 6",N
for S to wash O (usually surface of pot, table, etc.)
will play cards.

EeeT verb root
66&6Eu%& 6Eu%& ccc
s/he bought them | s/he buys them | ---.
THEME: ecBc~cEu%&
for S to buy lots of O
NOTES: /01- 7(38 %$': -((+- ,% %""53 1$ ,0( 2(39(",17( 6$)
1+2(39(",17(E ?%3( 3(-(63"0 1- $(()()E
\6#J1:1 $66EH, 66I )5Eu%& &J 0%%$ )66#60b)1E Good clothing can be
bought from that store.
P%-,"%)HI 66&6Eu%& 6,IHE He bought food from Costco.
~

5#.,3&6 $" 4,3#.3$

English-to-Tlingit Lexicon - 345

d$*'1-0 ,% /'1$*1,
abalone
abalone: *5$I66E
abdomen
his/her abdomen; surface of his/her belly; front of his/her body: )5 :%%&HE
aboard
s/he carried it aboard; s/he took it aboard (container or hollow object): /!![
:66I 66&6,66$E s/he went aboard: ]ee/
Z
:66I &%%*%%,E
about
around it; about it; concerning it: 6 )66E (resting) at; coming to, arriving at;
moving about: c,E (telling) about it: 6 )66,E
above
above it: 6 #1$H6#E top of it (something with a rounded top, as a mountain);
above it; (elevated) over it: 6 -06#J(E
acceptably
enough, acceptably: s66E
accident
accident; unfortunate mistake or mishap: r66rI&)66*6$J M!NE s/he had an
accident; s/he got hurt; something bad happened to him/her: [dC rH6#&,
5&6$J1E
accidentally
accidentally, wrongly: rH6#&,tE
accomplish
s/he won it; s/he got it; s/he accomplished it; s/he defeated him/her: Q=!!m
6:66&6)'66rE
according to
according to his/her words, instructions: )5 I6:HIE according to the way
s/he does it: )5 41:HIE
accustomed to
s/he got used to it; s/he became accustomed to it (the flavor, pronunciation of
something): Q!!
X
)5 IJ1I &%%)66E
acknowledge
s/he said that; s/he confessed that; s/he acknowledged that: m!!
Z
:J1
:66&6r66E
across
area across, on the other side (especially of body of water): )1:H6$6IEHE
actually
actually; in fact; contrary to what was thought: r6"0%%E
346 - English-to-Tlingit Lexicon

add
s/he contributed to it; s/he donated to it; s/he added to it: lddo H, #6&)1sbDE
adequate
(big) enough for him/her to have or use; adequate for him/her: )5 4((sH6E
enough; adequate: ,'6sH6E
Admiralty Island
people of Admiralty Island: o5)R1)66 m&H6$E
adult
adult; elder: :6$&H6,E young adult: :J(- &H6,E
advise
s/he instructed him/her; s/he advised him/her: >!! 6-05#66&64H6E
adze
adze: IG,66E stone adze: -%%& IG,66E
afraid
s/he was afraid of it: pdC/= H6 6#6&)'1IJ1,'E
African-American
Black (man or person); African-American: ,%%"0 rH6E
after
after it: 6 b,E (distributed) in the area of; (going) after, (waiting) for; about the
time of: cs66E then, around, after, for: 66sH6E
afterlife
afterlife, "happy hunting ground": )6s6$rGE
afternoon
day, afternoon: :6#:((; :6*1:((; :6*(( M/NE
again
again; still; some more: ,-5E
against
against it; wrongly, improperly: 6 *J1,tE against it, wrong (so as to foul up
what s/he had done): )5 41:6*J1IE
age
his/her age: )5 #6,H6*5E it aged; it spoiled: Bddo &5'1-bDE s/he is old:
BA!![ &5)1-0H$E
aground
aground, into shallow water: #5DE
ahead
front of it; ahead of it: 6 -05#HE straight ahead; directly ahead:
:66)6"0u%$E
Ahtna
Ahtna, Copper River Athabascan: Cr#66E

Alaska
Alaska: !$H6-#1E
alcohol
liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage: #6-1:66:1 0J($E
alcoholic
alcoholic: $H6& J(-0E
alder
alnus alder (beach or mountain alder): #(1-0b-0E red alder: -0J1I&E
Aleut
Aleut: !$6Eu%,; ]1:6r&E
algae
algae found on rocks: I66,'E ocean algae: #H6-E
all
all; every: ')6#H,E
along
along; down: :66E along, via; including the time of: c$HIE
alongside
alongside it; catching up with it: 6 #b#E
already
already, (by) now: )(E
also
also, too, as well: ,-GE
although
although, even though, however, nonetheless, yet: "06 66$E
aluminum
aluminum: *JD,'E
always
always, all the time, constantly: ,'H#&; "06 ,'H#&E always; [auxiliary]:
$%%"0E
American
American: T66-0)6$ m&H6$E
American Indian
American Indian: /66&:H6,E
among
(in) the midst of it; among it: 6 I%%E
ancestor
ancestor(s) of his/her clan or nation; his/her background, heredity: )5
-06*u%$E in front of him/her; his/her geneology, history; his/her ancestors:
)5 -05#HE

anchor
anchor: -06:J1$66E s/he anchored: \!!
X
-06&)R1:66E s/he anchored the
boat: \!!
X
6-06&-1:66E
Anchorage
Anchorage: }6$#1"0E
and
and: r6E
anemic
he/she/it was weak; s/he is anemic; it is mild (of weather): /Bdd[ ,'J'
&5',-(($E
angel
messenger; angel: #%%rJ$66E
anger
anger: DH6$E
Angoon
Angoon: !6$*u%$E
angry
s/he's angry: [eeF
X
DH6$, 5&6$G#E
ankle
knob on outer side of his/her ankle: )5 I5-,H#'1E outer side of his/her foot
up to the anklebone: )5 -05,u%IE
answer
in response, reply to him/her; answering him/her; following his/her train of
speech: )5 I6#%%#HE
ant
ant: &6$6,u%D; &6$6,bDE
antenna
its antenna (of radio): 6 *G*5E
anticipate
getting ready for it; in anticipation of it: 6 :6:b-E s/he anticipated it; s/he
foresaw it; s/he expected him/her/it: /dd
X
6-0%%&-1,((E
anus
his/her anus: )5 ,5rE&%%'bE
anxiety
anxiety; wracked nerves; preoccupation; something weighing on one's mind:
,5D6$)6D(("0E
anybody
anyone, anybody; whoever: "06 66)u% -H; "06 66 -HE
anything
anything; whatever: "06 )66 -HE

any time
any time (in the future); whenever (in the future): "06 *&H,*(($ -HE
anywhere
anywhere, anyplace; wherever: "06 *%%,H -HE
apparent
he/she/it appeared before him/her; it was apparent to him/her: /dd
Z
)5
&6r-01:((D :J1 &%%,((E
appealing
it was fun; it was enjoyable; it was appealing: ]ee
Z
r6&-1*u%E
appear
he/she/it appeared before him/her; it was apparent to him/her: /dd
Z
)5
&6r-01:((D :J1 &%%,((E
apple
apple; crabapple: DH6DE apple juice: DH6D #60J($1E crabapple: '1$*b,
DH6D1E
approve
s/he praised him/her; s/he approved it: BAdCp 6#66&6-0JIE
area
the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake); down from
the crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock): 6 -05:((E
aristocrat
high class person, aristocrat: 66$:H)1E
arm
crook of his/her arm; in his/her embrace: )5 41s(1E his/her upper arm: )5
I((#E
armor
armor made of tough hide or wooden rods: -6$#(1,E body armor, breastplate:
$1:60H6,; :1$660H6,E
armpit
his/her armpit: )5 J($((E his/her armpit hair: )5 J($(( I66&GE
armspan
armspan; fathom: &66,E
army
war party, attacking force of warriors or soldiers; army: IH6E
arnica
large-leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum) or possibly arnica species-- Arnica
species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A. gracilis: 66$#6$H6*5E
around
around it; about it; concerning it: 6 )66E around it (bypassing it, avoiding it);
around the end of it: 6 -05&6)66E around the outside surface of it: 6
)66#HE (in) the area of it or around it, (in) its vicinity: 6 )J1$E

arrest
s/he caught it; s/he grabbed him/her/it; s/he arrested him/her; s/he trapped
him/her/it: BA!!/ 66&6-0H6,E
arrive
he/she/it arrived there; he/she/it went there: ]ee/
Z
H, 5&6*G,E they walked
there; they arrived there; they went there: E!!/
Z
H, 06- 5&6EH,E
arrow
arrow: "0%%$(1,E arrowhead: 6, IJ1)1E blunt arrow for stunning: *G,'E
sharp arrow for killing: ,'H6rE
arthritis
arthritis: )66E1,,5$J(#&E
artifact
his/her handiwork, artifact: )5 41E((,bE
ash
ash; ashes: #J',E ashes: *6$ ((,bE
ashore
ashore, onto ground; to rest: :6$tE
ask
s/he asked for it; s/he cried for it: l!!p 6&)R1sH6IE s/he asked him/her:
TeeB
Z
6I(1&6&u%-E s/he told him/her that; s/he said that to him/her; s/he
asked him/her to do that: m!!
Z
:%% 6:6&-1r66E
asleep
s/he fell on his/her face; s/he fell asleep while sitting up: ]!!B :6$
:66&6*H-E
assault
s/he beat him/her up; s/he assaulted him/her; s/he violently attacked him/her:
>!!mT
Z
66&64H6r&E
assist
he/she/it is helping me; s/he helped me: BAdd
Z
6I J(, &5)1-0J(E
as soon as
(along) with, by means of; as soon as: (($; ,(($E
astray
astray, getting lost: r5,E
at
at (the scene of); at (the time of): cDE (in prolonged contact) at; (repeatedly
arriving) at; being, in the form of: cIE is/are at: c5E (resting) at; coming to,
arriving at; moving about: c,E
Athabaskan
Athabaskan (Indian): l5$6$66E
at least
at least, once in a while: "06 #1#H,E

Atlin
Atlin: }6 /'(1$E people of Atlin: }6 /'(1$ m&H6$E
attack
>!!mT
Z
66&64H6r&E they attacked someone: E!!/
Z
r66 J(, 06- 41&)1EH,E
attic
upstairs; attic: 0b, -06$,GE
Auke Bay
Auke Bay: }6#&E people of Auke Bay, southern Lynn Canal, Juneau area,
and northern Admiralty Island: }6#& m&H6$E
auklet
auklet or murrelet: "0((,; #J('E Was'eeneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety
whose principal crests are the Wolf and Auklet: T6-(($(1)bE
aunt
his/her maternal aunt: )5 ,'H6#&E his/her paternal aunt: )5 66,E
aurora borealis
northern lights; aurora borealis: *1-u%rE
autumn
fall; autumn: :(1-E
avalanche
snowslide; snow avalanche: )'(1, r66)bE
aven
species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A. gracilis: 66$#6$H6*5E
awake
he/she/it kept him/her awake: pdCF 6-0 &5-1IJrE
away
away from it, leaving it behind (taking something away from him/her): )5
41$HrE away, off (to someplace indefinite): :u%,tE beside it; out past it; out
away from it; (on) the outskirts of it (town): 6 ,1#HE (going, taking something)
away from it: 6 $HrE in its way; keeping it away; protecting, shielding,
screening from it; blocking it: 6 $1:66; 6 I6$66E in secret (where nobody
can see); away from people's view: r66 :6,J1$HI; )5 :6,J1$HIE
awful
it looked terrible; it looked awful; it was eerie; it was unattractive: >dd
X

#6&'14J(E
awl
awl; chopping block: -G&66E
axe
axe: -06$6I&H6:1; -05$6I&H6:1E stone axe: ,6:((-; :((-E

babiche
babiche, string, leather thonging: )R66-E
baby
baby: ,5#6$J1:1E
babysitter
babysitter: 6,:H,D1 '6,b$1E
back
at his/her back; right behind him/her: )5 )RG#E behind him/her; back of
him/her; at his/her back: )5 ,H6#E behind his/her back, where s/he can't see:
)5 :6,J1#E his/her back: )5 )bIE near the base of it; at the foot of it; the
back, rear or it (house); behind it (house); under the shelter of it (a standing
object or structure): 6 #1:((E (on) the back of it (fish); on the crest, ridge,
backbone of it (hill, ridge, point): 6 '1,#HE
back and forth
back and forth; to and fro; up and down: :%%E
back end
its back end; stern (of boat): 6 #u%'E
backpack
backpack; pack sack: :H6$6)1E pack; backpack; pack sack: IJ(:E
backwards
backwards: r5I )6#u%'(($E
bacon
bacon: *1-0%% ,66:bE
bad
he/she/it was bad; he/she/it was evil: FdC ,'J' &5-0#JE
bag
bag; sack: *&J1'E
baggage
baggage, luggage; things, stuff packed up for carrying: 6, '6EH,E
baggy
its wrinkled, baggy skin, hide: 6 )66'(1'bE
bailer
bailer: #6#GD66E wooden bailer (for boat): -0(($E
bait hooks
s/he baited hooks: [!!mT
Z
:6&)1$Hr&E
bald
bald spot; bald head: -06I&H6- M/NE
baleen
baleen; whalebone: :H6: I6DJ$1E

ball
ball: #%%"0J1,66E
balloon
balloon: #6)5E5DI5 H,E
bandage
s/he bandaged it; s/he bound it up; s/he wrapped it: Bdd/ 6#66&6-b,E
bangs
his/her bangs: )5 #6#I66&GE
banister
banister; railing: 6 )66I :66 )5'-0(("0 H,E
baptize
s/he baptized him/her: /dd
X
0J($, 6:66&6,J(E
barbecue
s/he barbecued it: /BddF 6&'1,-b#E
bare
bare; naked: #6')66sH#&E
barefoot
barefoot; shoeless: #6',J('rE
bark
dry woody outer bark: '%%$E flaky surface of the outer bark of conifers,
especially hemlock: -6*&H6,E its bark: 6 )66:bE yellow cedar bark (for
weaving): ,((: &%%)bE
barnacle
barnacle: -%%#E
barrel
barrel: #H6-,E
base
its base (of tree or other plant); the lower part of its trunk or stem: 6 #((:bE
near the base of it; at the foot of it; the back, rear or it (house); behind it
(house); under the shelter of it (a standing object or structure): 6 #1:((E the
base or foot of it (a standing object): 6 #bE
basket
basket: rH#&E basket of woven red cedar bark: $J1'E basket or pan used to
collect berries by knocking them off the bush: #6)H)R66 :(1,E basket with a
rattle in the lid: ,5)6DH#&E basket with rattle in the lid: ,5r)66)6DH#&E
berrying basket: #6',H-#E berrying basket or can hung around the neck,
resting on the chest: -(1s6,H6$66E birch bark basket: 6, )66:b rH#&E
flat open basket woven from wide strips of bark (for carrying fish, etc.); large
platter: ,H6'E long, flat loosely woven basket for pressing out herring oil:
#66,E roots or vines used in basket decoration: 'J(,E round basket made of
split red cedar branches: ,-6$J1E unfinished basket: D6#6-#J1$E

bastard
fatherless child; bastard: $(("0#6:H)1E
bathe
s/he bathed: BAeePA &5)1-0G"0E
bay
bay: s((:; s(1: M/PN; ((:E head of the bay: s((: ,HE
be
he/she/it was that way: /dd
Z
:J1 &%%,((E it existed; s/he was born: /dd
Z

r%%&)R1,((E it's situated there: E!!
Z
H, '6EH6E s/he became a (noun): /dd
Z

M$%5$NcI &5-1,((E s/he was with him/her; s/he stayed with him/her; s/he
lived with him/her: /dd
Z
)5 IH$D :J1 &%%,((E the building was situated
there (suddenly as if overnight): [eeF
Z
H6 &)1$%%#E the weather was that
way: /dd
Z
:J1 r%%&6,((E
beach
beach; waterside; down on the beach, shore: J(rE down to beach, shore:
:((rE from the woods onto the beach, shore: J(s1E out of the water onto the
beach, shore: )H6s1E shoreline; beach: $(("0E the beach, shore below it (a
town): 6 ((s6:H6#E
beached
it got stuck on the beach: Q=!!pT :6I &%%)'H6I&E
bead
bead: #6&u%,E light bluish-gray trade bead(s): -((r #6&u%,E
beak
dark yellow; eagle's beak: "0H6# '%%&GE its beak: 6 '%%&GE
bear
Chookaneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crests are the Porpoise
and Brown Bear: P0%%#6$(1)bE grizzly bear: Du%,-E Teikweid, locally
called "Brown Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crest is the
Brown Bear: /(1r&(1)bE Yanyeid, locally known as "Bear"; a clan of the
Eagle moiety whose principal crest is the Brown Bear: \6$:(1)bE
bearberry
alpine bearberry, kinnikinnick: ,b$DE
beard
its whiskers, beard (of fish): 6 r6$%%IGE
bear root
bear root, Indian potato: ,-H6,-E
beat
s/he beat it; s/he rang it; s/he stabbed it: ]T!!= 66&6*&66'E
beat up
>!!mT
Z
66&64H6r&E

beaver
beaver: -1*(1)bE beaver dam: -1*(1)b H6:1E beaver's den: -1*(1)b I66:bE
Deisheetaan, locally called "Beaver"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose
principal crest is the Beaver: Q(1-0((,66$E
because
because of; by means of: c"0E because of it; due to it; by virtue of it; on the
strength of it; encouraged by it: 6 ,5&H6)HIE
become
s/he became a (noun): /dd
Z
M$%5$NcI &5-1,((E
bed
bed: #H6 I(ID5 :(1,E mattress; bedding: :((EH,E
bee
bee's nest: *6$)66-664b #G)1E bee; wasp: *6$)66-664bE
beer
beer: *J(&66E
beetle
beetle: #5'#6-#JD#&E
before
before his/her eyes; where he/she can see (it): )5 &6r-01:((E
begin
beginning: s5$6:J1E start, begin: s5$J1E
behave
s/he did it; s/he behaved that way: [eeF
X
:J1 r%%&6$%%#E
behind
at his/her back; right behind him/her: )5 )RG#E behind him/her; back of
him/her; at his/her back: )5 ,H6#E behind his/her back, where s/he can't see:
)5 :6,J1#E behind it: 6 ,J1#E behind it; back inland from it; on the
landward side of it (something on the water): 6 ,H6#E near the base of it; at
the foot of it; the back, rear or it (house); behind it (house); under the shelter of
it (a standing object or structure): 6 #1:((E
believe
s/he believed him/her; s/he trusted him/her: Add[
Z
)5 J(# 66&60(($E
believer
believer: H,# 60(($bE
bell
bell: *66&E
belly
his/her abdomen; surface of his/her belly; front of his/her body: )5 :%%&HE
his/her belly, paunch: )5 Iu%'E his/her flank, side of his/her belly: )5
r66,'E

bellybutton
his/her navel, bellybutton: )5 #%%'E
below
the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake); down from
the crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock): 6 -05:((; 6 -05&((E underneath
it; beneath it; below it: 6 ,6:((E
belt
belt: -J(#E
bend
s/he bent it: /!![ 6#66&6,66$E
bent
it's bent: /!![ :u% #6,H$E
berries
half-dried, compressed food, esp. berries or seaweed: #6,H#I1E swamp
berries: -0H"0*1 ,'J1s5E various odd looking, tasteless, or otherwise
undesirable berries, some poisonous; meaning varies locally, incl. twistedstalk
(Streptopus species), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), fool's huckleberry
(Menziesia ferruginea), etc.: -1s((rH6&5 ,'J1s5E
berry
berry, berries: ,'J1r&E berry juice: ,'J1r& #60J($1E dish made with
berries and salmon eggs: #6$J(*&H'E green, unripe berry: #6IH,E
mashed berries: #6sG,'I1E s/he picked berries: Fdd/ r%%&6#b,E
steamed berries: #6$H'I1E steamed berries put up in soft grease: #6rH-0I1E
berry bush
berry bush: ,'J1r& &H-1E
beside
beside, alongside, next to him/her: )5 ,6r#HE beside, alongside, next to it: 6
,6r#HE beside it, at its side: 6 ,66rE beside it, next to it: 6 ,5&H$E
beside it; out past it; out away from it; (on) the outskirts of it (town): 6 ,1#HE
between
between them: 6 IH6#E enclosed within (the folds of) it, between the folds,
covers, walls of it: 6 s(1E
beyond
beyond it, more than it; too much; excessively: 6 :H6$HIE
bicycle
bicycle: 6 #H, -0 #6)5',-(I, H,E
big
big: ,'(1$E he/she/it is big, tall (live creature or building): ]dC
Z
'1*J1E it got
this big; there were this many: ]dC
Z
:J1 #66&6*J1E it's big (round, spherical
object): ]dC
Z
#6:6*J1E it's that big around: /=!! :J1 #&)1,'H6E it was
big; there were many; there was plenty: ]dC
Z
&%%*J1E they're big: ]dC
Z

)1*J1D; ]dC
Z
#6)1*J1DE they're that big: ]dC
Z
:J1 #&)1*J1E

Big Dipper
Big Dipper; Ursa Major: :6I,JE
bight
cove; bight: #5$6s((:E
bile
his/her bile: )5 ,(1:bE
bind
s/he bandaged it; s/he bound it up; s/he wrapped it: Bdd/ 6#66&6-b,E
birch
birch: 6, )66:bE birch bark basket: 6, )66:b rH#&E
bird
green bird (sparrow or finch): 6-D66$ -0H6"01E grey singing bird
(sparrow or finch): ,'6*5 ,-6,-J(:((E robin-like bird: -0%%IE songbird;
bird: ,-6,-J(; ,-b,-#&E
bison
bison, buffalo; ox, muskox; cow; horse: D66-E
bite
he/she/it bit him/her/it: \ddm
X
66&6:((rE it bit him/her/it: /!!o 6-0
&5-1,H6DE it pierced it; it bit him/her/it: lddPA H, :6&)1sb"0; lddPA
66)J :6&)1s(("0E
bitter
it was sour; it was bitter; it was spicy: E!!oT
Z
&5-1EH6D&E
black
black: ,%%"0E Black (man or person); African-American: ,%%"0 rH6E
black with dirt, filth, stain: ,-Hr'E
black bass
black bass: '1,E1-)G#E
black bear
black bear: -((#E
blackboard
blackboard, chalkboard: #6)5-0D1, ,66 :HE
black cod
black cod: 1-0r(($E
black currant
black currant: I660(1&GE
blacksmith
blacksmith: s6:J1- '6:(1Ib; s6:J1- ,J1I1E
bladder
his/her bladder: )5 #6'u%D-06$1E

blame
s/he brought it onto him/her (esp. shame, blame, joy): /dd
X
)5 #H,
6-05&6,J(E
blanket
blanket; robe: Du%&E blanket sewn from scraps of hide: 6, DH-0)1 Du%&E
cotton; cotton blanket, quilt: #6-,H6,E Hudson Bay blanket: #1$*5"0&H6$
Du%&5E quilt; cotton blanket: #6-,H6, Du%&E wool blanket (used as
potlatch gift or for dancing): 'J(E
blessed
s/he got lucky; s/he was blessed: pdC/= &5'1IJ1,'E
blind
blind person: ' r%%-0,J($1E s/he is blind: /dd[ ,'J' r%%-0,J($E
blindfold
blindfold: &6r#6)u%DE
block
in its way; keeping it away; protecting, shielding, screening from it; blocking it:
6 $1:66E
blond
grayish; blond (hair): 'H6IE
blood
blood: -0JE bloodline inside fish, along the backbone: IH6, #H6I1E
bloodsucker
leech; bloodsucker: :J(-0E
blossom
flower; blossom: r(1#6D&J1$E
blow
it blew; it's blowing: [eeF
X
&5)5&6$G#E it's blowing around; it blew
around; s/he is sailing around; s/he sailed around: BddB H, &5'1-((-E it's
blowing in the wind there: BddB 66)J #6&)'1-J(-E spray of air exhaled
through its blowhole (of sea mammal): 6 u%D5E
blowfish
moonfish, suckerfish, blowfish: ,'J1,'E
blubber
fat; blubber: ,66:E
blue
dark blue: IJ1-0D&E green, light blue: -%%&E sky blue: DH6,-E
blueberry
alpine blueberry: ,-J(#HI#&E blueberry; huckleberry: #6$6,HE
blueberry juice; purple: #6$6,H #60J($1E huckleberry; blueberry:
$66$:66 #6$6,66:bE swamp blueberry: 'HI '%%&GE

bluejay
bluejay, Stellar's jay: IJ1-0D&E
blunt
it's dull; it's blunt: ldd= :66&)1sb'E
board
board: ,H6E
boat
boat, canoe: :66#&E gas-powered boat: -(($H6 :66#&E in the boat:
:66#& :b#E old, worn-out boat: 'H6r&E shell of a boat: :6#&
)66E1)(1)bE skiff; small boat; flat-bottom canoe: :6#&:H)1E steamboat;
riverboat: *H$,1:66#&E stern (of a boat): 6 *J(#E
body
his/her body parts: )5 )66-06*u%$E his/her/its body: )5 )66E1,E
boil
1

it's boiling; it boiled: EeeF &5)'1EG#E s/he boiled it: EeeF 6&'1EG#E s/he
steamed it; s/he boiled it: /!!
`
6&-1,H6E
boil
2

boil; inflammation and swelling: D((-E
boiled
boiled food; broth: ,J1I; 6 ,J1I1E
bone
bone: -66rE his/her bone marrow: -6r,5E((IbE his/her skeleton, bare
bones: )5 D66*GE
book
paper; book, magazine, newspaper; letter, mail: DGDE
boot
boot(s): D&H$E
boredom
loneliness; boredom: ,5,((-0E
born
it existed; s/he was born: /dd
Z
r%%&)R1,((E
borrow
s/he borrowed it: AddB 66&60J(-E s/he borrowed it (round, spherical
object): AddB 6#66&60J(-E
boss
boss: r66 -66,bE his/her boss, master: )5 -66,bE
both
both: "05 )J1IE
bother
he/she/it bothered him/her; he/she/it is bothering him/her: odd= 6#66&6Db'E

bottle
bottle; jug: ,%%"01$(1,; b$ D((-0H6E
bottom
(around) the bottom of it: 6 ,5r)66E the bottom of it (a cavity): 6 ,H6#E the
inside surface of its bottom (of container, vessel): 6 ,6#HE
bough
bough, branch with needles on it, especially of hemlock: 066&E bough, branch
with needles on it, especially of spruce: "0H6-0E
boulder
underwater reef; large rock or boulder lying under the water: 01$,5E((4bE
bow
1

its cutwater; the curved part of a bow or stern (of boat): 6 DJ(-1E
bow
2

bow (ribbon tied into a bow): '6s&H$E
bow and arrow
bow: -Hr-E close quarter bow and arrow: -0(1D&; -0((D&E
bowl
food container; pot or pan; dish, large bowl: I6:(1,E
bowstay
its bowstay: 6 '5#6,bD1E
box
bentwood box: 'Hr,E box: ru%#E large box for storing grease, oil: )6$(1,E
small covered box: I6')66#(1,E
boy
boy: :6)6#&H,-#5E boys, young men: #1-H6$1E
boyfriend
his/her boyfriend: )5 :6)H#5E his/her husband's clan brother; his/her man,
boyfriend, husband: )5 rH6&5E
bracelet
bracelet: #J(-E
brailer bag
dipper, scoop, ladle; brailer bag: #6D&J$66E
brain
his/her brain: )5 ,'6s(1:bE
branch
bough, branch with needles on it, especially of hemlock: 066&E bough, branch
with needles on it, especially of spruce: "0H6-0E its secondary branch: 6
,H$1E limb, primary branch; limb knot: -0((:E old, dead branch: ,'HD"0E
brant
brant (small goose): rb$E

brass
brass: 1r$H6"0E
brave
brave, fearless man; temperamental, quick-tempered, hot-headed or
domineering man: D1s66rH6E
bread
bread crumbs: -6#&$J1$ #6I(1',bE Easter bread; communion bread:
'J1#&66E flour; bread: -6#&$J1$E (loaf of) bread: -6#&$J1$ J(&5E
break
it broke (general, solid object): =ddo &%%'J(DE it broke (long object):
=ddo &5'1'J(DE s/he broke it (general, solid object): =ddo 66&6'J(DE
s/he broke it (long object): =ddo 6&'1'J(DE s/he broke it (rope-like object):
Fee/B 6&'1#%%,-E s/he did something wrong; s/he broke the law: ]dd/
X
6,
*J1, &5)R1*b,E
breast
his/her breast: )5 '66E
breastplate
body armor, breastplate: $1:60H6,E
breath
life; breath: I6-J1#&; )6-J1#&E
breed
s/he bred them: pdC/
X
6&-1I(1,E they multiplied; they bred: pdC/
X
06-
&5)R1I(1,E
bright
it's bright; it's shining: ]!![
Z
#6&)1*H$E
bring
hand it here, bring it here: 066$)JE s/he brought it onto him/her (esp. shame,
blame, joy): /dd
X
)5 #H, 6-05&6,J(E s/he brought it out; s/he picked it up
(general, often compact object): /dd
X
#(1 66&6,J(E s/he brought it out; s/he
picked it up (long, complex object): /!![ #(1 6&-1,H$E
British
Canadian, British: ]1$4%%"0&H6$; ]1$41"0&H6$E
broke
broke; penniless; without money: #6')H6$66rE
broom
broom; brush: Db,66E
broth
boiled food; broth: ,J1I; 6 ,J1I1E soup broth; soup: ,6I0J($1E

brother
her brother, cousin: )5 J(#E her younger sister; his younger brother; cousin:
)5 #J(#E his/her clan brother: )5 D&H6:1E his/her clan brother or sister,
distant relative, comrade: )5 ,66sbE his older brother, cousin: )5 0G$I&E
brother-in-law
his/her brother-in-law, sister-in-law: )5 #H6$1E
brown
brown: -6*&H6,E
brown bear
solid-ribbed brown bear: -5r#6-)G#E
bruise
s/he injured it; s/he wounded it; s/he bruised it: PAee[ 6&'1"0G$E
bruised
he/she/it is bruised; it's colored; it's discolored: \dCB #6&)1:J-E he/she/it is
injured; he/she/it is wounded; he/she/it is bruised; s/he is hurting (emotionally):
PAee[ &5)1"0G$E
brush
1

broom; brush: Db,66E clothes brush: $66EH, #6Db,66E pencil; pen; brush:
#%%DJ()66E
brush
2

windfall; dead tree(s) or brush that has fallen: sJ(46)1E woods; bush; brush,
underbrush: 6, *5,GE
bubble
bubbles, esp. from whale: #Gr)'66E fast drip with bubbles: #Gr466E small
bubbles (in water): I6-G$466E
bucket
bucket; pail: D((-0H6E
buckshot
buckshot; moccasin lining: 6, ,5I&H$-1E
buffalo
build
s/he built it; s/he made it; s/he constructed it: \dCp
Z
6&'1:JIE
building
house; building: 0b,E
bullet
bullet: 6, #6,JE
bullhead
bullhead: J(,#6,'u%I5E bullhead, sculpin: &J1IE little bullhead (found
under beach rocks): ,J ,6:(( ,'u%I5E mud bullhead: ,'u%IE

bump
bump, lump, hump, mound: *%%,'E
bunchberry
bunchberry: r(1#6DJ,'#E
buoy
fixed buoy: (("0 #6#&J1:1E floating buoy: (("0 #&J1:1E
burden
under the burden, weight of it; belabored or suffering from it (a burden,
hardship): 6 41:((,E
burl
growth on the trunk of a tree, burl: *G$'E
burn
he/she/it burned him/her/it; s/he scalded him/her/it: pdCp 6&'1IJIE it's on
(light); it's burning (fire): ]!![
Z
H, 6#66&6*H$E s/he burned it up: ]!![
Z

#(1 6&-1*H$E
burned
s/he got burned: pdCp &5)1IJIE
burnt
burnt or charred wood: D%%)RbE singed, burnt, or charred matter: Du%-0,E
bush
bush: &H-E false azalea (fruitless bush): #J(,-6$E wilderness; the bush:
#6,r66rG; s6's66r5E woods; bush; brush, underbrush: 6, *5,GE
buttock
cheek of his/her buttocks: )5 D66-0E crack of his/her buttocks; his/her butt
crack: )5 ,5I6D66:bE his/her buttocks, butt: )5 ,u%rE his/her buttocks,
thighs: )5 sH,-E
button
button: r66:6#5Eu%,1 M!,N; :5#6Eu%,; :6#6Eu%,E
button blanket
button blanket: r66:5#6Eu%,1 Du%& M/N; :6#6Eu%, Du%&; :5#6Eu%,
Du%&E
buy
s/he bought it: Eee
X
66&6E%%E s/he bought it (round, spherical object): Eee
X

6#66&6E%%E s/he bought them (lots of something): EeeT 66&6Eu%&E
by
near him/her, by him/her: )5 IH$E near him/her, by him/her (at hand, for
him/her to work with): )5 41IH$E
cabin
cabin (of boat); pilot house: :66#& I5#60b)1E
cable
cable: s6:J1- ,bDE

cache
platform cache; house cache; shed: "0H'E
cairn
cairn; rock pile: ,J Du%&E
calendar
calendar: )b- &%%IJ1:1E
call
s/he called him/her/it that (name): B!!
X
:J1 66&6-H6#&E s/he called
him/her on the phone: /!![ )5 4((, I6&)1,H$; /!![ )5 4(()J
I6&)1,66$E s/he called out to him/her; s/he shouted to him/her: Eddo
66&6EJ(DE s/he composed a song; s/he called forth a response (from opposite
clan by means of a song): peep -05#6&'1I%%IE s/he summoned him/her;
s/he called him/her: peep 66&6I%%IE
calm
it's calm; it's peaceful: \dC= #6&)5&6:J'E peace, calm: #6:J1'E the
weather is calm: \dC= r5#6&)5&6:J'E
cambium
cambium, sap scraped from inner bark: -HDE
camera
camera: 66$#6)5-0D1, H,E
camp
campsite; (out in) camp; (out in) the bush, wilderness: :6$-05#HE s/he
stayed overnight; s/he camped out: pdC 5&6IJ1E
can
berrying basket or can hung around the neck, resting on the chest:
-(1s6,H6$66E cup; can: *GD66E
Canadian
Canadian, British: ]1$4%%"0&H6$; ]1$41"0&H6$E
canary
goldfinch, canary: -H6-E
cancer
rotting sore; gangrene; cancer: ,'%%rE
candle
candle: ,%%& -(($H6E
candlefish
eulachon; candlefish; hooligan: -66#E
cane
cane; walking stick; staff: &%%,-66sH6E
cannery
cannery: IH6, )66#60b)1E

cannibal
tribe of cannibals, man-eaters: r5-6I6r&H6$E
cannister
large cannister: $66-6EH6E
canoe
boat, canoe: :66#&E canoe made of cottonwood: )GrE canoe of caribou
skins: 466rGIE canoe under construction: )H6IE dug-out canoe designed to
go through shallow waters: -((,E sea otter hunting canoe with an angular
prow for breaking the waves: "01:H6-0E skiff; small boat; flat-bottom canoe:
:6#&:H)1E small canoe with high carved prow: :HD&"01 :66#&E
canvas
canvas; tarp; tent: D&66-)H6E
canyon
draw, gully, box canyon: -J(,E
cape
shawl; cape; poncho: ,(1rE
Cape Fox
people of Cape Fox, Saxman: B6$:66 m&H6$E
captain
captain (in the navy): #6##6#&J1: -66,b M!,NE captain (of a boat): :66#&
:6-6,H$1E captain; person in charge: #6#)6#&J1: -66,bE
captive
captive: s6'-0H6,6)1E
capture
s/he held it; s/he captured it: BA!!/ 6&'1-0H6,E
car
car, automobile: #H6E
caribou
caribou: &6,-bDE
carpenter
carpenter: 6, '6:(1I -66,bE
carrot
carrot: -b$E
carry
he/she/it carried it on his/her/its back; he/she/it packed it on his/her/its back:
\!!
X
66&6:66E he/she/it carried things on his/her/its back; he/she/it packed
things on his/her/its back: \!!
X
6, &%%:66E s/he carried him/her/it (live
creature): [eeF
Z
6&-1$%%#E s/he carried it aboard; s/he took it aboard
(container or hollow object): /!![ :66I 66&6,66$E s/he carried it all
there; s/he took it all there: >dC= 66)J 6#66&64(1'E s/he carried it inside;
s/he took it inside (container full of liquid or small objects): Edd[
Z
$(1'

6&-1Eb$E s/he carried it inside; s/he took it inside (general, compact object):
/dd
X
$(1' 66&6,J(E s/he carried it; s/he took it (container or hollow object):
/!![ 66&6,66$E s/he carried it (solid, complex object): /dd
X
6&-1,((E
s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (container full of liquid or small objects):
Edd[
Z
H, 6&-1Eb$E s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (container or hollow
object): /!![ H, 66&6,H$E s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (general,
compact object): /dd
X
66)J 66&6,((E s/he carried it there; s/he took it there
(solid, often complex object): /dd
X
66)J 6&-1,((E s/he carried stuff there;
s/he took stuff there: >dC= 66)J 6, #66&64(1'E s/he carried them there; s/he
took them there (esp. baggage or personal belongings): E!!/
X
66)J 6&'1E66,E
s/he is carrying him/her/it around; s/he carried him/her/it around (live
creature): [eeF
Z
H, 6&-1$%%#E s/he is carrying it around; s/he carried it
around (container or hollow object): /!![ H, 66&6,66$E s/he is carrying it
around; s/he carried it aroundj (textile-like object): E!!p
X
H, 66&6E66IE
cartilage
cartilage, gristle: 6 ,Gr'1E cartilage, gristle at the end of its bones: 6
-6r-05,Gr'1E cartilage, gristle between its bones: 6 -6rIH6# ,Gr'1E
carve
s/he carved it: PA!!FT 6#66&6"0H#&E s/he cut it up; s/he carved it; s/he
sliced it: o!!BA 6#66&6D66-0E
carver
carver: 6, #6"0H6#5E
casket
coffin; casket: r66 )66#(1)bE
cast
s/he sportfished; s/he casted: pee/
Z
-06&)'1Iu%,E
cat
cat: )u%-0E
cataract
cataract: *H6'E
catch
caterpillar
worm; larva; grub; caterpillar; snake: ,'G#IE
Caucasian
White, European, Caucasian (man or person): ]5-#1:(( r&H6$; )'(1,
rH6E
cave
cave: ,6,u%#; #6,u%#E
cedar
red cedar: '66IE yellow cedar, Alaska cedar: IH6:E

ceiling
its ceiling: 6 #6I:((E
cellar
pit; hole dug in the ground; cellar: #u%rE
centipede
centipede: 6,D66:bE
chain
chain: &u%-0$HI I6#6#J1I1; I6#6#(1IbE
chainsaw
chainsaw: -0 )6D6-0 &6-0J($E
chair
chair: #H6:6s14(1,E
chalkboard
blackboard, chalkboard: #6)5-0D1, ,66 :HE
chance
room, space, place for it; time for it; chance, opportunity for it: 6 :6EH6#E
chaos
whirlpool; boiling tide; chaos: Du%'E
charcoal
charcoal: ,%%"0E
charm
sympathetic magic, charm: 0J1I&66E
charred
singed, burnt, or charred matter: Du%-0,E
chase
he/she/it chased it into the open: FdC=
Z
)66# 6&'1#J'E
cheek
his/her cheek: )5 &H-0E inside of his/her cheek: )5 &6-0,GE (outside of)
his/her cheek: )5 &6-0#HE
chest
chest pain; tuberculosis: &5&,5$J(#&E his/her chest: )5 &u%&E his/her
thorax; flat upper surface of his/her chest: )5 D(1,#HE (on) his/her chest: )5
&%%&#HE
chickadee
chickadee: r66,%%&GE
chicken
spruce grouse, spruce hen; chicken: #H6DE
chief
rich man; man of wealth; chief: 66$rH6&5E

child
child: 6,#H,-#5E fatherless child; bastard: $(("0#6:H)1E his/her child:
)5 :H)1E
children
children: 6,:H,D1; 6)H,D1E his/her children: )5 :H,D1E
Chilkat blanket
Chilkat blanket: $66D(1$E
chill
s/he chilled it: E!!/ 6&-1EH,E
chin
his/her chin: )5 ,J(:E
Chinese
Chinese: P0H6$&66$E
chinook salmon
king salmon; chinook salmon; spring salmon: ,HE
chip
s/he chopped it (wood); s/he chipped it out (with adze): pee/
X
66&6IG,E
chisel
chisel: ,b:66E rounded carving chisel: #6"0H#&66E
chiton
gumboots; chiton: -066&E
choir
singers, choir: 6, -0J(D1E
Chookaneid
and Brown Bear: P0%%#6$(1)bE
chop
s/he chopped it (esp. tree, branch): BeeT 66&6-G&E s/he chopped it up;
s/he split it (wood): pee/
X
6#6&'1Iu%,E s/he chopped it (wood); s/he
chipped it out (with adze): pee/
X
66&6IG,E
chopper
chopper: #6-G&66E
chopping block
awl; chopping block: -G&66E
Chugach
Chugach Eskimo: ]5,J1IE
chum salmon
dog salmon; chum salmon: ,J('E
church
house of prayer; church: I6*H6D )66#60b)1E

circle
s/he drove around it; s/he went around it; s/he circled it (by boat, car): meep
Z
6
)66I :66&6rGIE
claim
possession; that which is claimed: r66 6, %%0J1$1E s/he claimed it; s/he owns
it: AdC[ 66&60J1$E
clam
baby clams: )RJ(D&E clam: *H6'E giant clam: IJ(,E its edible part (of
clam): 6 s(1:bE littleneck clams: ,'1')66-#(1,E razor clam: r6'#H,-#E
slime (inside clamshell): H,'H$1E tiny clams (too small to eat): )Ru%DE
clan
nation; moiety; clan; band of people: $66E
clan house
head of a clan house; master of the house: 0b, -66,bE
claw
its claw: 6 I66*GE
clay
clay; alluvial silt: -JE
clerk
salesman; clerk; storekeeper: )60%%$bE
cliff
cliff: sb'E
climb
he/she/it climbed the face of it: /=dC/ 6 :HI &5)'1,'J1,E he/she/it climbed
up it: /=dC/ 6 )66I #(1 &)'1,'J,E
clock
clock: *66&E
cloth
cheesecloth, loose-woven cloth; netting, screen: #6sH)66E cloth; sailcloth:
-b-66E
clothes
clothes, clothing; garment: $66EH,E under or inside his/her clothes; next to
his/her skin: )5 )%%$:66E
cloud
cloud cover; sky, cloudy sky: *u%-E cloud(s): r5*u%-E
cloudberry
yellow cloudberry: $JI&E
cloudy
it was cloudy: ]eB r%%&'1*u%-E

club
club: DG-E s/he clubbed it; s/he hit it on the head: pddPA 6-066&6Ib"0E
coal
coal: ,%%"0 ,JE
coal oil
kerosene; coal oil: 5I*6$0J($E
coat
coat, overcoat: #1$66EH,; #1$66#EH,E
cobbler
shoemaker, cobbler: ,J(' '6:(1IbE
cockle
cockle: :6'%%'(1,E
cod
ling cod: -H6IE tomcod: "05)J1E
coffee
coffee: #H6D&(1E coffee; hot water: :6,66:1 0J($E
coffin
coffin; casket: r66 )66#(1)bE
coho
L'uknax.di, locally called "Coho"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Coho: =5#$6IEH)1E
coho salmon
coho salmon; silver salmon: '%%#E sockeye or coho salmon that has entered
fresh water: IH6#&E
coin
money, coin, dollar: )H6$66E
cold
chest cold: r5-6EH6, $J(#&E cold weather: r5-6EH6,E the weather was
cold: E!!/ r5&-1EH6,E
cold sore
cold sore: I6,'%%rE
cold water
cold water: -1EH6,1 0J($E
color
its color: 6 #6-J1r5E
colored
he/she/it is bruised; it's colored; it's discolored: \dCB #6&)1:J-E
colt
colt: *6&)H6$ :H)1E

comb
comb: DJ1)5; r66 -06#-6:J1*5E
come out
it fell (small, compact object); it came out (sun, moon): oddo )66# 5&6DbDE
comet
comet; falling star: D%%)RbE
comfort
comfort: r66 ,%%&G '6,66E he/she/it comforted him/her: /!! )5 ,%%&G
6&'1,H6E
commander
director, planner; commander: H, r5#6&5E66sGE
community
people; community: r5E%%E
complete
s/he finished it; s/he completed it: [dC :6$ 6&-1$J1; AddF :6$ 6-06&'10b#E
to completion: :6IE
complexion
his/her skin, complexion: )5 )%%#E
component
its what it is (to be) made of; its parts, components, materials: 6 -06*u%$E
compose
s/he composed a song; s/he called forth a response (from opposite clan by means
of a song): peep -05#6&'1I%%IE
comrade
his/her clan brother or sister, distant relative, comrade: )5 ,66sbE
conceited
s/he is proud; s/he is conceited; s/he is particular; s/he is picky: ldC -0
,5#)'1sJ1E
concentrate
s/he exerted his/her full strength on it; s/he concentrated on it; s/he strove for it:
oddPA 66&6Db"0E
confess
Z
:J1
:66&6r66E
conflict
trouble; conflict: #6DJ('E
connect
s/he connected it there: o!!/
Z
66)J 6#6&-1DH,E
connected
it's connected there; it's tied there: o!!/
Z
66)J #-1DH,E

conscious
consciousness, thought process, thinking: :%% ,5,H$#E
consider
s/he thought about it; s/he considered it; s/he made up his/her mind about it:
/!![ 6 )66 :%% ,%%&6,H$E they thought about it; they considered it; they
made up their minds about it: E!!/
X
6 )66 :%% M06N- ,5&'1EH,E
conspicuous
he/she/it was fancy; he/she/it was conspicuous; he/she/it was prominent: ldC
#6&'1sJ1E
construct
Z
6&'1:JIE
container
container for it: )66#(1,E container for traveling provisions; lunch basket,
lunch container: &u%& )66#(1,E
contribute
s/he contributed; s/he donated: lddo #6&)1sJ(DE s/he contributed to it;
s/he donated to it; s/he added to it: lddo H, #6&)1sbDE
control
out of control; blindly: 5I #(1E
conversation
conversation, dialog; talk, discourse (between more than one person): :%%
I6'6EH,#E
converse
they conversed; they spoke; they talked: E!!/
X
:%% M06N- I6&'1EH,E
cook
s/he cooked: Edd 6, &5-1EJ(E s/he cooked it: Edd 6&-1EJ(E
cooked
it's cooked: Edd :6$ 5&6EJ(E
copper
copper: ((rE
copper shield
copper shield: ,1$H6E
coral
coral: 01$,6#DGD1; 01$,66# Du%-1E petrified coral: :J1' #6&u%)1E
cord
cord (of wood): 6, #66:bE
cork
cork, plug: 6 I6)J(D1E
cork up
s/he corked it up; s/he covered his/her mouth: Qddo 6I(1&6)bDE

cormorant
cormorant: :%%rE
corner
corner: *G#-01E (in) the corner of it: 6 *5#-06,G; 6 *5#-01,G M!$NE
(in) the corner, (on or along) the edge, end of it: 6 -05,GE
correctional facility
correctional facility: H6 r5:6)54(( :JE
corset
corset: #6-6$#6EH,E
cotton
cotton; cotton blanket, quilt: #6-,H6,E cottongrass, Alaska cotton, swamp
cotton: -0H"0# #6I&H6'1E
cottonwood
cottonwood: )GrE
country
earth; land, country; soil: ,'H,#E
courage
strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve: ,%%&G '6,-(($E
cousin
her brother, cousin: )5 J(#E her fraternal niece, nephew, cousin: )5
#H6'#&E her older sister, cousin: )5 -0H,IE her younger sister; his
younger brother; cousin: )5 #J(#E his/her daughter, cousin: )5 -J(E
his/her paternal uncle, cousin: )5 -H$1E his/her son, cousin: )5 :J(,E
cove
cove; bight: #5$6s((:E in a fort, shelter, cove: $%%& s(1E
cover
(draped) over it, covering it: 6 $H6E its covering; cover (over a large opening
or something without an opening): 6 #60H6)1E its lid, cover (of pot, etc.): 6
:6$6EH6,6$1E over it, covering it (a container or something with an
opening): 6 :6$H6E s/he corked it up; s/he covered his/her mouth: Qddo
6I(1&6)bDE s/he covered it: /!![ 6 :6$H6I 6, &%%,66$E s/he pulled it
over him/her/it; s/he covered him/her/it with it: \ddBA 6 #HI 66&6:((-0E
smokehole cover: *66$ I60H6)1E
cow
bison, buffalo; ox, muskox; cow; horse: D66-E cow: &6-u%-E
coward
coward: r6,IH6$E
crab
crab (king, spider): DJ1IE dungeness crab: -H6&E
cradleboard
cradleboard; papoose carrier: ,%%#E

cramp
it cramped; it's cramping; he/she/it got shocked (by electricity): BAeeF
#6&)'1-0G#E
cranberry
bog cranberry; low bush cranberry: r(1-0#60H6*5E high bush cranberry:
#6D&J1IE lowbush cranberry, bog cranberry: )HD&E
crane
heron; Canada crane: 'HIE sandhill crane: )u%'E
cranky
crankiness; irritation; petulance: r5#60b$E
crawl
he/she/it crawled there on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept there on his/her/its
belly: /=eeo 66)J &%%,'u%DE he/she/it is crawling around on his/her/its
belly; he/she/it crawled around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it is creeping around
on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it is
squirming around; he/she/it squirmed around: /=eeo H, &%%,'u%DE s/he
crawled away (from the open): lT!!/
Z
)66r &5)1s&H,E s/he is crawling
around there; s/he crawled around there: lT!!/
Z
H, &5)1s&H6,E
crazy
crazy; insane; disturbed; mentally unbalanced: -0 #6066)bE person who acts
crazy or possesssed: '%%#6$H6E s/he was noisy; s/he was crazy; s/he was
lively: EeeB &5'1E%%-E
cream
face cream; cold cream: :6$(1-b M/NE
creek
creek; small stream: 0J($H#&E fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek:
b-0E mouth of it (a river, creek): 6 &H,E river, stream, creek: 0J($E river;
stream; creek: #6$66)66:1 0J($; $66)66:1 0J($E salmon creek: IH6,
0J($1E
creep
he/she/it crawled there on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept there on his/her/its
belly: /=eeo 66)J &%%,'u%DE he/she/it is crawling around on his/her/its
belly; he/she/it crawled around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it is creeping around
on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it is
squirming around; he/she/it squirmed around: /=eeo H, &%%,'u%DE
crest
(on) the back of it (fish); on the crest, ridge, backbone of it (hill, ridge, point): 6
'1,#HE wall crest; wall screen: IJ($E
crevice
rock crevice; fissure in rock: ,J rH6-E
crew
worker; crew: *6$6-&H6$E

crochet
knitting, crocheting: #6-$JE s/he knitted; s/he crocheted; s/he wove: [dC
#6&)R1$J1E s/he made it (by weaving, knitting, crocheting); s/he mended it
(net): [dC 6#6&-1$(1E
crooked
it's crooked; s/he is crooked, wicked: /ddp #6&)R1,bIE
cross
cross: #6$J1-,E
crosspiece
its crosspiece (of boat, snowshoe); thwart (of boat): :6I6#H6&E
crotch
his/her crotch; between his/her legs: )5 s6,-IH6#E
crow
crow: ,-6D&(1'E
crowbar
pry; stick or tool for prying; crowbar: #b,66E
crowd
they crowded the place; they all went there: A!! H, 06- :6&)10H6E
townspeople; crowd or large group of people: 66$,r(($bE
cry
crying, weeping: s66IE he/she/it cried out: l!!p #6&)1s66IE person who
cries easily: H$#&E s/he asked for it; s/he cried for it: l!!p 6&)R1sH6IE
s/he cried: l!!p &%%s66IE
cup
cup; can: *GD66E
cure
s/he saved him/her/it; s/he healed him/her/it; s/he cured him/her/it: [dCp
6&-1$(1IE s/he was saved; s/he was healed; s/he was cured; s/he recovered;
s/he was satisfied: [dCp &%%$(1IE
curious
curiosity: :%% 6, #%%4((#E
curlew
curlew: 6:60((:H6E
curly
his/her curly hair: )5 -06#6#u%"01E
currant
black currants or swamp currants: #6$(1',-b#& M!,NE gray currant, stink
currant: -066IE
currants
black currants or swamp currants: #6$(1',-H#&E currants: #6)%%0(1IE66E

current
current; tidal action: 0J($ #6$6)66:bE current, tide: 066,E
curtain
window curtain: I66&66sJ1 #6-b-6:1E
cut
cut; knife wound: rJ1r&E s/he cut him/her/it (accidentally); s/he wounded
him/her/it: mdCFT
Z
66&6rJ#&E s/he cut himself/herself; s/he wounded
himself/herself (with a sharp instrument): mdCFT
Z
-0 &5)1rJ#&E s/he cut
it off; s/he sawed it off: o!!BA 66I 66&6DH-0E s/he cut it (rope-like object):
o!!BA 6&'1D66-0E s/he cut it up; s/he carved it; s/he sliced it: o!!BA
6#66&6D66-0E s/he cut it (with a knife); s/he sawed it: o!!BA
66&6D66-0E s/he cut; s/he did some cutting: o!!BA &5)1D66-0E
cute
Cute!: %-#KE she is pretty; it is cute: ldC -06#'1sJ1E
daddy long legs
daddy long legs; mosquito eater: ,H6D66 I5-#5)6:H6,E
dagger
dagger; machete, long knife: *&H'66E double-ended dagger: -06#H,-E
Dakl'aweid
Dakl'aweid, locally called "Killer Whale"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose
principal crest is the Killer Whale: Q6r'6&(1)bE
dam
beaver dam: -1*(1)b H6:1E
dance
dance: 6'(1IE neck cord worn for dance: #6-J1r&E s/he danced: =dCp
66&6'(1IE s/he danced out: =dCp )66# 66&6'JIE s/he started dancing:
=dCp s5$J1 66&6'JIE
dandruff
dandruff: -06#J1'E
dangerous
it was scary; it was dangerous: pvC/=BA}[ #6&'1IJ1,'-0H$E
dark
it's dark: ldd/ r5#6&41sb,E
darkness
darkness: #6sb,E
daughter
his/her daughter, cousin: )5 -J(E
dawn
dawn, daybreak: r((EH; r((IJ; r(1IJ M!$N; r(1EHE

day
dawn, daybreak: r((EH; r(1EHE day, afternoon: :6#:((; :6*1:((; :6*((
M/NE the other day; a few days ago: ,'1:66,*JE
deaf
deaf person: ' r%%'EHI41E
death
death: $6$HE
decide
s/he made a decision about it: /!![ 6 )66 ,%%&)1,66$E s/he made a
decision; s/he planned it: E!!mT :6$ 6#66&6EHr&E
deck
deck of a boat: :66#& I5#HE
deep
it became deep: Q=!![ &%%)'66$E it got that deep: Q=!![ :J1
#66&6)'H6$E it's piled up; it's deep: Q=!![ :6$ #66&6)'H$E
deer
deer: s5&6#66$; r5&6#66$ M/PNE deer or other ruminant having a horn
with only one point: -06,66sH6E deer or other ruminant with full-grown
horns: -06'-H6&E deer sprouting horns: -06#G$,-E deer with full-grown
antlers: -06'6-H6&E young deer: :6*%%,'E
deer cabbage
deer cabbage, lily-of-the-valley: #5&66$bE
defeat
6:66&6)'66rE
Deisheetaan
Deisheetaan, locally called "Beaver"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose
principal crest is the Beaver: Q(1-0((,66$E
delayed
he/she/it got hung up; s/he got delayed; s/he got stuck: Fddp :6$6I
&5-01#J(IE s/he is delayed: BddF
Z
:66&6-b#E
deliver
s/he let him/her/it go; s/he released him/her/it; s/he left him/her/it; s/he delivered
it: [!!m
X
64((&6$HrE
demonstrate
s/he demonstrated it to him/her; s/he showed him/her how to do it; s/he
performed it for him/her: [dC )5 &6r-01:((D :J1 6&-1$(1E
den
beaver's den: -1*(1)b I66:bE its den, lair (of animal, undergound): 6
r%%&GE

dentist
dentist: r66 %%I '6:(1Ib; r66 %%I :(1 )66$J1:1E
devilfish
octopus; devilfish: $H6r&E
devil's club
devil's club: -HD,E
diaper
diaper: ,5r)66EH,E
different
different: s5$6:J1)(E different directions: &%%-0)6#H)1$E differently:
&%%-0 s5$6:H6)(; &%%-0 s5$6:H6)(; &%%-0 s5&6$:H6)(E
differently from it: 6 s5$6:H6)(; 6 s5&6$:H6)( M!$NE different ones;
variety: &%%-0 s5$6:H6)( 66E different, other: "06 su%,E
difficult
it was difficult: Qkdd &5'1)RJ(; /ddo &%%,J(DE
dig
s/he dug it: A!! 6#66&60H6E s/he dug it up: A!! #(1 6#66&60H6E s/he
gardened; s/he did some digging: A!! 6#66&6066E
dime
dime: *G,E
<diminutive>
little; precious; [diminutive suffix]: c#E
dipnet
dipnet (for eulachon): )((*H6E
dipper
dipper (for dipping water): -0(($ I6:((E dipper, scoop, ladle; brailer bag:
#6D&J$66E dipper; water ouzel: 01$:1#'(1IbE water dipper; ladle: 0J($
*GD66E
direction
different directions: &%%-0)6#H)1$E
director
dirt
black with dirt, filth, stain: ,-Hr'E dirt, dust: "0J1I&E dirt; scrap(s);
rubbish, trash, clutter; lint: -((DE soil; dirt: 'JI#&E
dirty
he/she/it is dirty: PAdCpT &5'1"0JI&E s/he got it dirty: PAdCpT
6&'1"0JI&E
disappear
he/she/it disappeared from there: \!!
Z
66)HI #6&)1:66E

discharge
pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); sore, wound that discharges pus: rJ(,E
disciple
his/her follower, disciple: )5 b,I $6*%%)bE his/her followers, disciples: )5
b,I $6E66)bE
discolored
he/she/it is bruised; it's colored; it's discolored: \dCB #6&)1:J-E
disease
sickness; illness; disease: $J(#&E
dish
dish; plate: -bDE dish; platter: #J'66; #b'66E food container; pot or pan;
dish, large bowl: I6:(1,E
dissolve
it melted; it dissolved; it thawed: =!!
Z
&5'1'H6E
distribute
s/he put up food; s/he stored up food (for the winter); s/he preserved food; s/he
finished distributing things (at party): ]!! :6$ 6#6&'1*H6E
dive
it dove into the water; it slapped its tail down into the water: /!!FT 0J($)(
6&41,H#&E
do
s/he did it; s/he behaved that way: [eeF
X
:J1 r%%&6$%%#E s/he does it; s/he
is doing it; s/he works on it; s/he is working on it: [dC :J1 6)66$J1E s/he
fixed it; s/he did that to it: [dC :J1 6&-1$(1E s/he's in the habit of doing it:
/!![ 6#&-01,H$E s/he worked; s/he did that: [dC :J1 4((&6$(1E
dock
at the landing of a dock: )R(1, -05:((E dock, pier: )R(1,E
doctor
doctor: r66 )66 :6-J1I1E healer; doctor; nurse: r5$H6*5E
dog
dog: #(1,'E
dogfish
dogfish; mudshark: DH,*5E
dog salmon
dog salmon; chum salmon: ,J('E L'eeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a
clan of the Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Dog Salmon: =(($(1)bE
Sukteeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose
principal crest is the Dog Salmon: B5r,(($(1)bE
doll
doll: -J(E

dollar
half dollar; fifty cents: )H6$66 -0%%&GE money, coin, dollar: )H6$66E
dolly
wheelbarrow; hand truck, dolly: #%%4GD&66 M!$N; #%%4GD66 M/PNE
dolphin
dolphin: r66$E
domineering
brave, fearless man; temperamental, quick-tempered, hot-headed or
domineering man: D1s66rH6E
donate
s/he contributed; s/he donated: lddo #6&)1sJ(DE s/he contributed to it;
s/he donated to it; s/he added to it: lddo H, #6&)1sbDE s/he donated it; s/he
loaded it (gun); s/he shot it (basketball): lddo 6#66&6sJ(DE
donkey
donkey: *5##5)6:H6,E
door
door: I60H6,E
doorway
doorway: I6&%%'E
dove
pigeon or dove: *5-:J #1$)6"0%%$(1)bE
down
down; out of boat, vehicle: :(1E
downstream
downstream; south: J(DE downstream; south; lower 48 states, (locally: down
south): 1D#J(E (toward) downstream: bD)(E
drag
he/she/it dragged it there; s/he pulled it there (esp. light object or solid, stiff
object): pee/
Z
66)J 66&6Iu%,E he/she/it is dragging him/her/it around;
he/she/it dragged him/her/it around: pee/
Z
H, 66&6Iu%,E s/he dragged it
away; s/he pulled it away; s/he hauled it away; (heavy object or limp object such
as dead animal): o!!/ 66)HI 6&-1DH6,E s/he dragged it; s/he pulled it;
s/he hauled it (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal): o!!/
6&-1DH6,E s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it there; s/he hauled it there (by
motor power): pee/
Z
66)J 6&-1Iu%,E s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it
there; s/he hauled it there; (heavy object or limp object such as dead animal):
o!!/ 66)J 6&-1DH6,E s/he pulled it in; s/he dragged it in (esp. light object
or solid, stiff object): pee/
Z
:6$ 66&6IG,E
dragonfly
dragonfly: r66-06-0IH6&E

drain
it drained out; it went dry: Feeo #6&'1#%%DE s/he strained it; s/he filtered it;
s/he drained it off: PA!! 6#6&'1"0H6E
draw
s/he wrote: odd/ #6&-01Db,E
draw
1

s/he wrote it; s/he drew it; s/he painted it; s/he photographed it; s/he took X-rays
of it: odd/ 6#6&-01Db,E
draw
2

dress
dress: '66#E
dress up
s/he is dressed up: [dC :6$ -0 &5)R1$J1E
dried
dried thing, esp. food: 6, #66&6DG#&E
drift
he/she/it drifted out to sea; he/she/it is drifting out to sea; he/she/it floated out to
sea; he/she/it is floating out to sea: A!!BA )66# &5'10H-0E he/she/it drifted
to it; he/she/it floated to it: A!!BA H, &5'10H-0E it's floating around; it
floated around; it's drifting around; it drifted around: A!!BA H, &5'1066-0E
driftwood
driftwood: $6'0H6-06)1E pile of driftwood, driftlogs; snag pile: :6$D%%$E
snag; driftlog, driftwood: -066rE
drill
drill: ,G'66E drill bit: ,G'D5E
drink
at hand (for him/her to eat or drink): )5 I6IH$E for him/her to eat or drink:
)5 I(1-E s/he drank: [!!
X
6, &5)1$H6E s/he drank it: [!!
X
6&)1$H6E
drip
drip, leak with dripping: #6,'Gr466E fast drip, leak: #6'u%D466;
#6'u%I466E fast drip with bubbles: #Gr466E it's leaking; it's dripping:
o!!B #6&'1DH6-E trickle of water; steady drip or leak: #6DH6-466E
drive
s/he drove around it; s/he went around it; s/he circled it (by boat, car): meep
Z
6
)66I :66&6rGIE s/he drove it: meep
Z
6&-1r%%IE s/he drove it there:
meep
Z
66)J 6&-1r%%IE s/he drove it to it: meep
Z
H, 6&-1rGIE s/he
drove there; s/he went there (by boat, car): meep
Z
66)J &%%r%%IE s/he
drove through it; s/he went through it (by boat, car): meep
Z
6 ,u%$HI
:66&6rGIE s/he drove to it; s/he went to it (by boat, car): meep
Z
H,
5&6rGIE s/he is driving along; s/he is going along (by boat, car): meep
Z


:66 $6rGIE s/he is driving around; s/he drove around: meep
Z
H,
&%%r%%IE s/he started driving; s/he started going: meep
Z
s5$J1 5&6rGIE
drum
drum: *66&E
drunk
drunk; drunkard: 6, )6$H6:1; $H6& -66,bE drunkenness; inebriation;
giddiness: #6$6-0GE
dry
dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish): sH#&E it drained out; it went dry:
Feeo #6&'1#%%DE it dried; it's dry: oeeF 5&6DG#E s/he dried fish; s/he
smoked fish: p!![ 6, 5&6IH$E s/he dried it: oeeF 6&-1DG#E s/he is
thirsty; it is dry: Feeo -066&6#GDE
Dry Bay
people of Dry Bay: l5$66I%% m&H6$E
duck
bufflehead (duck): 01$,6#D&H-s1E duck: *H6D&E flathead duck:
-J'6-0((-0E harlequin duck: -G-E kind of duck: 01$:1#*H6D5E
mallard duck: #1$)6"0%%$(1,E merganser: r66IE oldsquaw duck:
:66E66$5$JE scooter duck: &6r#6'-%%I *H6D&; '6#(("0&GE
due to
because of it; due to it; by virtue of it; on the strength of it; encouraged by it: 6
,5&H6)HIE
dull
it's dull; it's blunt: ldd= :66&)1sb'E
during
along, via; including the time of: c$HIE (sometime) during it (period of time):
6 :(($E
dusk
dusk; twilight: D1EH6,E
dust
dirt, dust: "0J1I&E dust cloud; snow cloud: #6'-jJ(-466E dust; pollen:
#6)H$466E
dye
dye: #6-JrI5E s/he dyed it; s/he stained it: BdCmT 6#6&'1-Jr&E
dyed
it's dyed; it's stained: BdCmT #6&)1-Jr&E
eagle
bald eagle: "0H6#E immature eagle: "06#:J1-E
ear
his/her ear: )5 *G#E

earlier
just now; a while ago, earlier: )R1:H6#E
earring
earring: *5#EH,; *5# #6466-0E earring; yarn dangling from the ears that
sways during dancing: *5# ,'J1$I&E
earth
earth; land, country; soil: ,'H,#E
earthquake
earthquake: :%% 66$ #6EHE
earwax
his/her earwax: )5 *5#:1##u%I5E
eat
at hand (for him/her to eat or drink): )5 I6IH$E for him/her to eat or drink:
)5 I(1-E ready, waiting for him/her to eat, drink; waiting for him/her to
speak or finish speaking: )5 I6:((E s/he ate: p!!
Z
6, 5&6IH6E s/he ate
it: p!!
Z
66&6IH6E s/he ate it all up: p!!
Z
:6I 6:6&-1IH6E
ebb
the tide went out from under it; the tide ebbed out from under it: =!!
Z
HI
&%%'66E
edge
edge of it; (to the) side of it: 6 &H$E (in) the corner, (on or along) the edge,
end of it: 6 -05,GE its hem, bottom edge (of coat, dress, shirt); rim (of hat): 6
#u%$E on the edge, side of it (as a trail); on the shoulder of it: 6 &6$#HE
separate from it; on the edge, side of it; missing its mark: 6 &6$H6#E
eel
eel: 'u%,E
eerie
X

#6&'14J(E
egg
egg (of bird): #&H,E eggs (of eels, etc.): IbDE herring eggs: sH6D&E it
laid an egg: FT}/ 6&)'1#&H,E roe, eggs (of fish): #60H6#&E
eggshell
eggshell: $u%DE
eight
eight: $6-*6)%%-0GE eight (people): $6-*6)%%-0u%$HIE
elbow
his/her elbow: )5 ,((:E tip of his/her elbow: )5 ,1:-0GE
elder
adult; elder: :6$&H6,E

elderberry
elderberry: :J1'E
electricity
electricity: #6-0u%#E
eleven
eleven: 41$#66, r6 ,'J1DE eleven (people): 41$#66, r6 ,'J1$HIE
email
email: #6-0u%# :%% I6,H$#E
embarassment
shame, embarrassment: #6)J1DE
embrace
crook of his/her arm; in his/her embrace: )5 41s(1E
embroider
s/he embroidered it on it; s/he sewed beads on it: m!!
X
6 #H6 6#66&6rH6E
emerge
he/she/it emerged: ]ee/
Z
*H*1 5&6*G,E they emerged: E!!/
Z
*H*1 06-
5&6EH,E
empty
its empty shell (of house); empty container: 6 DH#&,1E s/he poured it out
there; s/he emptied it there: o!! 66)J 6#6&-1D66E s/he poured it there; s/he
emptied it there: o!! H, 6#6&-1DH6E
encounter
meeting, encountering, intercepting it; (arriving) at the same place or time as it:
)5 #6*JE
end
(in) the corner, (on or along) the edge, end of it: 6 -05,GE it came to an end;
it was used up: oddo -05&6D((DE it ended there: /!![ H6 :6$
-05#66&6,H$E it extends to it; it ends at it: /!![ H, -05#6,H$E the end
of it: 6 -0GE the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it
(lake); down from the crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock): 6 -05&((E
enemy
his/her enemy, adversary: )5 :66$66:bE
engine
engine, motor: &6-0J($E
enjoyable
Z
r6&-1*u%E
enough
(big) enough for him/her to have or use; adequate for him/her: )5 4((sH6E
enough, acceptably: s66E enough; adequate: ,'6sH6E less than it;
(reaching, falling) short of it; not (big or far) enough for it: 6 rb$E

envelope
envelope: DGD )66#6DGD5E
equivalent
one that matches it; an amount that matches it; equivalent to it; one like it: 6
I%%$bE
Eskimo
Chugach Eskimo: ]5,J1IE Eskimo: p6,6-66rE
eulachon
eulachon; candlefish; hooligan: -66#E
European
White, European, Caucasian (man or person): ]5-#1:(( r&H6$; )'(1,
rH6E
even
still, even: "05E
evening
evening: DH6$66E
every
all; every: ')6#H,E
everybody
everyone, everybody: "06 ')6#H, rH6E
everything
everything: "06 ')6#H, H,; ')6#H, H,E
everywhere
everywhere: "06 ')6#H, :J; ')6#H, :JE
evil
evil, sin: ' 5-0#JE he/she/it was bad; he/she/it was evil: FdC ,'J' &5-0#JE
examine
s/he examined it: E!!
X
6 )66 :6&)R1E66E
excess
<exclamation>
Check it out!; Wow!: vKE Cool it!; Calm down!: P06 #((,H6$HIKE Cute!:
%-#KE Don't!; Stop it!: C'bKE [exclamation toward someone who is putting
on airs in order to impress others]: A6EJKE Good grief!: A6)'H6KE Oh no!;
Yikes!: !*6$H6KE Oops!: /'H2KE Ouch!: AGKE Poor baby!: A66 :H,D5
J(KE Poor thing!: d(-0H6$KE See how you are!; Look what you did!: Q%uKE
Shame on you! [reprimand]: AG-0KE Shut up!; Be quiet!: B0 (('#H,'KE
Stop it!; That's enough!: QJ1 H&JKE That's all!; All gone!; No more!; All
done!: Au%"0KE Wait!: C'b -JKE Yikes!; Scary!: !,-#6$J(KE Yuck!;
Eeeew!: v(KE Yum!: v1,-#KE

exert
oddPA 66&6Db"0E
exist
it existed; s/he was born: /dd
Z
r%%&)R1,((E
expect
s/he anticipated it; s/he foresaw it; s/he expected him/her/it: /dd
X

6-0%%&-1,((E
expensive
it was expensive; it was precious: /Bdd[ I6&'1,-(($E
explode
it exploded: /eeF
X
#(1 &41,G#E
extend
it extends around it: BAee
Z
HI :66&6-0u%E it extends to it; it ends at it:
/!![ H, -05#6,H$E it extends up there: BAee
Z
HI #(1 &'1-0u%E
eye
before his/her eyes; where he/she can see (it): )5 &6r-01:((E corner of
his/her eye: )5 &6r-0GE his/her eye: )5 &66rE inside of his/her eye: )5
&6r'6,H6#; )5 &6r',H6#E
eyebrow
his/her eyebrow: )5 -((; )5 -(1E
eyeglasses
eyeglasses: &6r)H6$66E
eyelash
his/her eyelash: )5 &6I6IJ1I5E
eyelid
his/her eyelid: )5 &6r#6)%%*GE
face
face, (vertical) side, (vertical) surface of it: 6 :HE growth on the face:
:6*G$'E his/her face: )5 :HE
facing
facing it: 6 )6:J($E
fact
it; that place, time, reason, fact: HE
faith
faith: H,# 60(($E
fall
1

he/she/it fell against it (of live creature): ]dd/
Z
H, &5)R1*b,E he/she/it fell (of
live creature): ]dd/
Z
)66# &5)R1*b,E he/she/it fell there (of live creature):
]dd/
Z
66)J &)R1*((,E it fell into it (round, spherical object): oddo H,
#66&6DbDE it fell on it (hard, solid object): pdd[ 6 #H, &541Ib$E it fell on

it; it hit it (of bullet); it spread around (rumor, news): oddo H, 5&6DbDE it
fell on it (of small, compact object): oddo 6 #H6 &%%D((DE it fell (small,
compact object); it came out (sun, moon): oddo )66# 5&6DbDE it fell
through it (round, spherical object): oddo 6$6I #66&6D((DE it's falling
around; it's wobbly: oddo H, &%%D((DE s/he fell on his/her face; s/he fell
asleep while sitting up: ]!!B :6$ :66&6*H-E s/he fell over it; s/he tripped
over it (of live creature): ]dd/
Z
6$6I :(1 &)R1*b,E
fall
2

fall; autumn: :(1-E
false hellebore
false hellebore: -b#-0E
family
his/her family line of descent, side: )5 :1$66$HIE
famine
famine; starvation: '66D&E
fancy
#6&'1sJ1E
far
it became that far: =dC :J1 #66&6'(1E
farmer
farmer: 6#60J1I1E
fart
fart: s&H6'E noiseless fart: #u%"0E
farther over
farther over; way over: ,'1:66E
fascinating
it was a sight to behold; it was fascinating to watch: /vdBBA}[
#6&'1,J(--0H$E
fast
fast: ,'H6#&E he/she/it was fast: B}/F &%%-H,#E
fat
cracklings of rendered fat, grease unfit for consumption: )H#&,6-1E fat;
blubber: ,66:E tallow, hard fat: ,%%&E
fate
fate; bad luck: 41$60H6E his/her fate: )5 )66#6-0GE
father
his/her father: )5 J(-0E
father-in-law
his/her father-in-law: )5 &u%E

fathom
armspan; fathom: &66,E
fatigue
fatigue: D&(1,'E
fawn
fawn: s5&6#66$ :H)1E
fear
fear: 6#%%'IJ1,'E
feast
feast, potlatch; party: r5EJ(DE
feather
down (feathers): I&H6'E feather: ,66&E long feather; quill (of bird):
rb$66; rJ$66E
feces
feces: *H$)( $6*%%)bE feces; dung: 0H6,'E
feed
s/he fed him/her/it; s/he gave him/her/it something to eat: /dd
X
)5 IJ1I 6,
&%%,((E s/he fed it to him/her/it; s/he gave it to him/her/it to eat: /dd
X
)5
IJ1I 66&6,((E
feel
s/he feels that way; s/he wants to do it; s/he feels like doing it: /dd
Z
:J1
,5&6,((E s/he felt it: [eeF
X
4J( 6&)1$G#E s/he felt that way: [eeF
X
:J1
-0 ,5&)1$%%#E
feelings
his/her inner being; mind; soul; feelings; intention: )5 ,%%&GE
feline
man-eating feline; mountain lion; tiger, leopard: 066)66)u%-01E
female
female (animal): -0(("0; -01"0E
fence
fence: r6$H6IH$E
fern
fiddlehead fern (with edible rhizome): #&H'IE shield fern: -66"0E
fetus
her fetus, unborn child: )5 #6:H)1E
fever
fever: ,66: $J(#& M!,/NE
field
garden; field: ,H6:E

fighting
fighting; war, conflict: r5'6*66&E
file
file: DH)66E
fill
s/he filled it (with liquid): /=dd/ 6-06&'1,'b,E s/he filled it (with solids or
abstracts): AddF 6-06&'10b#E
filter
s/he strained it; s/he filtered it; s/he drained it off: PA!! 6#6&'1"0H6E
filth
black with dirt, filth, stain: ,-Hr'E filth, mess; trash, rubbish, garbage: ,'((DE
fin
its dorsal fin (of killerwhale): 6 *%%-0bE
find
s/he found it: /dC
Z
66&6,(1E s/he found it (round, spherical object): /dC
Z

6#66&6,(1E
fine
he/she/it was good; he/she/it got better; he/she/it was fine; he/she/it was pretty:
FdC &%%#J1E
finger
between his/her fingers: )5 ,'(rIH6#E his/her finger: )5 ,'((r; )5
,'(1rE his/her first finger: )5 "0J(I1E his/her little finger: )5
&6$#6"0((rE his/her middle finger: )5 ,'1r,'(1$; )5 ,'(r,'(1$E
his/her ring finger: )5 '66:1sH*5E
fingernail
his/her fingernail markings: )5 I66#& ((,bE his/her nail (of finger or toe):
)5 I66#&E
fingertip
his/her fingertip: )5 ,'(r-0H; )5 ,'1r-0HE
finish
s/he finished it; s/he completed it: [dC :6$ 6&-1$J1; AddF :6$ 6-06&'10b#E
finished
he/she/it is ready; he/she/it is finished; he/she/it is prepared; he/she/it is
permanent: [dC :6$ 5&6$J1E
fir
fir: '(1:b-E
fire
around the fire: *6$)66E fire: I66$E fireside; by the fire, facing the fire:
I66$ *%%#; *6$*%%#E in the fire: *6$6',H6#E s/he built a fire: E!!F
Z

-0u%, 6&)1EH#E s/he lit it (fire); s/he turned it on (light): ]!![
Z
H,
6#6&'1*H$E

fire drill
fire drill, hand drill used to start fires by friction: I66$ #HI ,G'66E
firestone
firestone; iron pyrite: )H6)R1E
fireweed
fireweed: 'u%'E
firewood
dry inner part of firewood: *6$,5D%%*GE firewood: *H$E small pieces of
firewood; kindling: *H$ :H,D1E wet firewood: *H$ ,'H6#E
first
(at) first, originally: -05DH6$HIE (at) first; originally; in the beginning:
-0u%*5$HIE first: -JE
fish
aged fish head: #b$#E bloodline inside fish, along the backbone: IH6,
#H6I1E boiled fish: G,'I1E dried fish strips, dried necktie style:
,-6#H6&H-0E dry fish: 6, IJ(-01E fish air-dried in cold weather and
allowed to freeze: "0b' D%%#E fish cleaned and hung to dry: #6)G,'I1E fish
heads cooked on ground around fire: *6$*5#sHI1E fish hung over the fire to
cook: sbr-E fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek: b-0E fish pitchfork:
IH6, sb466E fish roasted whole, strung up by its tail over the fire and twirled
periodically: sbr-66 M/NE fish; salmon: IH6,E fish smoked for a short time
with the backbone taken out: #6)G#'1E fish trap: -0H6'E half-dried salmon
(smoked): $H6:6)1E its dried flesh, strips (of fish): 6 IJ(-01E its flesh (of
fish): 6 IGI5E its skin (of fish): 6 DH6-1E rack for drying fish: I66$H-
J1$66E s/he fished (with a hook); s/he trolled: /dCp 6&)R1,(1IE s/he
seined; s/he fished (with a net): ldCTee 6&)R1s(1&GE s/he sportfished; s/he
casted: pee/
Z
-06&)'1Iu%,E soaked dried fish: ,J(:bE whitefish; baby
fish; tiny fish: IH6, :H)1E
fisherman
fisherman (troller): 6-,(1IbE halibut fisherman: "0H6,' 6-,(1IbE seine
fisherman; seine boat: 6-s(1&GE sport fisherman: 6-06'Iu%,1E troller:
-05#6'I664bE
fishing rod
fishing rod: -06IG,66E
fissure
rock crevice; fissure in rock: ,J rH6-E
five
five: #(14b$E five (people): #(14b$1$HIE
fix
s/he fixed it; s/he did that to it: [dC :J1 6&-1$(1E
flag
flag: 66$ #&J1:1E

flagpole
flagpole: 66$ #&J1:1 ,5*H6-1E
flame
flame: *6$:6'u%,E
flank
his/her flank, side of his/her belly: )5 r66,'E his/her flank, side of his/her
body between the ribs and the hip: )5 r6,':HE
flashlight
flashlight: #6)5'sG#I -(($H6; #6)5'su%# -(($H6E
flea
flea: ,bDE
flesh
his/her flesh: )5 )66)'((:bE meat, flesh: )'((:E the quick (the flesh under
the outer skin): -J1r&E
flicker
northern flicker: #u%$E
flint
flint: b$E
flipper
its tail flippers: 6 *(($bE
float
sea; he/she/it is floating out to sea: A!!BA )66# &5'10H-0E he/she/it drifted
to it; he/she/it floated to it: A!!BA H, &5'10H-0E it's floating around; it
floated around; it's drifting around; it drifted around: A!!BA H, &5'1066-0E
flood
flood: 66$ *6'6rGE flood; tide: rJ(-E it flowed through it; it flooded it:
Q!!
Z
6$6I :66&6)H6E
floor
floor: ,H6 #HE
flounder
flounder: )RH$,1E starry flounder: &6$#6-0DJ(,E
flour
flour; bread: -6#&$J1$E
flow
it flowed along it: Q!!
Z
HI #66&6)66E it flowed; it's flowing; it's running (of
nose): Q!!
Z
#66&6)66E it flowed through it; it flooded it: Q!!
Z
6$6I
:66&6)H6E it flowed to it: Q!!
Z
H, 5&6)H6E it grew; it flowed (stream of
water): E!!
`
#66&6E66E s/he grew it; s/he turned it on (hose); s/he caused it
to flow (water): E!!
`
6#6&-1E66E the (water) level rose to there; it flowed to
there: Q!!
Z
H, #66&6)H6E

flower
flower; blossom: r(1#6D&J1$E
fly
housefly; bluebottle fly: DJ($E s/he is flying around; s/he flew around: mdd[
H, &5)1r(($E they flew away from it: \ddPA 6$Hr #6&)'1:(("0E they
flew there: \ddPA H, #6&)'1:b"0E they're flying around; they flew around:
\ddPA H, #6&)'1:(("0E
foam
foam: I(1'E foam (on waves); sponge: ,((, I6"0H'I1E foam; whitecaps:
I(('E
[focus]
[focus + interrogative]: H*JE [puts focus on preceding phrase]: HE
fog
gray; fog: r5*H6-E steam (visible, in the air); mist, fog (rising from a body of
standing water): DG#466E
foggy
it's foggy; it was foggy: ]T!!B r%%&)1*&H-E
follow
(following) him, her, it: )5 b,E he/she/it followed it: ]ee/
Z
6 b,I &%%*%%,E
his/her follower, disciple: )5 b,I $6*%%)bE his/her followers, disciples: )5
b,I $6E66)bE the next one, the following one: 6 b, 66E
food
food, a meal: 6,IHE food taken home from a feast or dinner to which one was
invited: J($&5E his/her food scraps, left-over food; crumbs of food left or
scattered where s/he has eaten: )5 I6E((,bE leftovers, food scraps: r66
I6E((,bE
foolishness
foolishness; recklessness: ' :66 r%%-0*JE
foot
at the foot of it: 6 I5-:((E foot (measurement): r66 I%%-E his/her foot,
leg: )5 I%%-E outer side of his/her foot up to the anklebone: )5 -05,u%IE
sole of his/her foot: )5 I5-,H6#E the base or foot of it (a standing object): 6
#bE the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake); down
from the crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock): 6 -05:((; 6 -05&((E top of
his/her foot: )5 1r#HE under his/her feet: )5 I5-:((E
foot path
foot path: r66 I%%- )(1:bE
footprint
his/her footprint: )5 I5-E((,bE

for
(distributed) in the area of; (going) after, (waiting) for; about the time of: cs66E
for him/her: )5 4b-; )5 4((:b-E for it (a day, week; a dish): 6 #6:b-E for it;
to that end: 6 :b-E future (noun), (noun) to be, for (noun): -H#&E
forehead
his/her forehead: )5 #H6#E
foresee
s/he anticipated it; s/he foresaw it; s/he expected him/her/it: /dd
X

6-0%%&-1,((E
forest
forest; timbered area: 66-*5,GE
forever
forever: "05 ,'(1IE
forget
s/he forgot: o!!mT 6 #H, -(1&6DHr&E
fork
fork: H"0 6, )5-I6 H,E sharpened stick (for digging up clams, roots, etc.);
gardening fork: #H6,E
form
stretcher, form for shaping: #6$H*66E
for nothing
in vain; for nothing; without success: "06 sJs66E
fort
fort: $%%&E in a fort, shelter, cove: $%%& s(1E
four
four: )66D%%$E four (people): )66D%%$b$HIE four times:
)66D%%$)60J($E
fox
black fox: I6',%%"0 $66s6-J1E fox; red fox: $66s6-J1E white fox:
I6')'(1,E
fragrant
he/she/it was fragrant; he/she/it smelled sweet: /B!! &5'1,-H6E
frame
tanning frame; frame for stretching skin: ,J(-0E
freeze
it's frozen; it froze; it solidified; it hardened: /ddo &5)'1,bDE
freezer
freezer: 6 ,u% 6, )5',1DI1 H,E
fresh
new; young; fresh: :J(-E

Friday
Friday: #(14b$ :6*1:((E
fried
fried food: 6 #6-G#I5E
friend
his/her relative, friend; his/her tribesman: )5 I%%$bE
frog
Gaanaxteid, locally called "Frog"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Frog: l66$6I,(1)bE frog: DbD"0E Kiks.di, locally called
"Frog"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Frog: F1#-EH)1E
from
from, out of; since: c)HIE
front
front of it; ahead of it: 6 -05#HE
frost
frost: #6D&66$E
frustrating
it was difficult: Qkdd &5'1)RJ(E
fry
s/he fried it; s/he toasted it: BeeF 6#6&'1-G#E
fry bread
fry bread, bannock: ((I #H, -6#&$(1$E
full
he/she/it is full: AddF -066&60b#E
fun
Z
r6&-1*u%E
fungus
bracket fungus: 66-)66sH6)'1E
fur
its hair, fur; its quill(s) (of porcupine): 6 I66&GE
future
future (noun), (noun) to be, for (noun): -H#&E
Gaanaxteid
crest is the Frog: l66$6I,(1)bE
gaff
fish spear with a long pole and detachable gaff hook: #%%Db)66 M!,NE gaff
hook; grappling hook: #bI66E

gamble
s/he gambled; s/he played cards: m!!
`
6&)'1rH6E s/he shot it (with bow and
arrow); s/he chose it (in gambling with sticks): /eeF 66&6,G#E
gambling
gambling; game of chance: 6'rH6E
game
checkers; games played using string in the hands: 6')66&H6E
gangrene
garbage
filth, mess; trash, rubbish, garbage: ,'((DE
garden
garden; field: ,H6:E s/he gardened; s/he did some digging: A!!
6#66&6066E
gardener
gardener: ,H6: #60J1I1E
gather
s/he gathered it: A!! 6:6&-10H6E they gathered together: E!!/
Z
&%%-0
#66$HI 06- &5)1E66,; E!!/
Z
&%%-0 I%%, 06- &5)1EH,E
general
general; leader of war, battle: DH6$ #6$H6:1E
generosity
kindness; generosity of heart: ,5'6E66$E
gentle
s/he is kind; s/he is gentle: E!![
Z
,5'1E66$E
gentleman
respected person; gentleman; lady: -0 :H6 6&5)6$J1:1E
get
s/he went to get it: ]ee/
Z
66sH6 &%%*%%,E s/he won it; s/he got it; s/he
accomplished it; s/he defeated him/her: Q=!!m 6:66&6)'66rE they went to
get it: E!!/
Z
66sH6 06- &%%E66,E
get up
s/he got up: [eeF
Z
-06&)1$G#E
ghost
ghost: -1s((rH6&5E
giddy
drunkenness; inebriation; giddiness: #6$6-0GE
gill
its gill (of fish): 6 DJ1D5E

girl
girl: -066,#1:H,-#5; -066,#H,-#5E girls, young women:
-066D&-H6$1E
girlfriend
his/her girlfriend: )5 -066,#bE
give
s/he fed him/her/it; s/he gave him/her/it something to eat: /dd
X
)5 IJ1I 6,
&%%,((E s/he fed it to him/her/it; s/he gave it to him/her/it to eat: /dd
X
)5
IJ1I 66&6,((E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (container full
of liquid or small objects): Edd[
Z
)5 4((, 6&-1Eb$E s/he gave it to him/her;
s/he took it to him/her (container or hollow object): /!![ )5 4((, 66&6,H$E
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (general, esp. abstract object):
/dd
X
)5 4((, 66&6,J(E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (long,
complex object): /!![ )5 4((, 6&-1,H$E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it
to him/her (round object): /dd
X
)5 4((, 6#66&6,J(E s/he gave it to him/her;
s/he took it to him/her (textile-like object): E!!p
X
)5 4((, 66&6EHIE s/he
gave them to him/her; s/he took them to him/her: [dC )5 4((, :J1 6&-1$(1E
s/he gave them to him/her; s/he took them to him/her (esp. baggage or personal
belongings): E!!/
X
)5 4((, 6&'1EH,E s/he gave them to him/her; s/he took
them to him/her (small, round or hoop-like objects): E!!/
X
)5 4((, 6#6&'1EH,E
s/he sent him/her there; s/he ordered him/her to go there; s/he gave it (in
accordance with clan relationship): [!!
`
66)J 6#66&6$H6E
gizzard
his/her stomach; gizzard (of bird): )5 :%%&GE
glacier
glacier: -b,E
glacier bear
glacier bear: -b, ,5Du%)R1E
gland
his/her gland: )5 )66E1,&J1-1E
glass
glass (the substance): b,"0E
glorify
praise, glorification: #6-0J(IE
gloves
rubber gloves: -J1' ,-H6DE
go
he/she/it arrived there; he/she/it went there: ]ee/
Z
H, 5&6*G,E he/she/it
went there; he/she/it walked there: ]ee/
Z
66)J &%%*%%,E s/he drove around
it; s/he went around it; s/he circled it (by boat, car): meep
Z
6 )66I
:66&6rGIE s/he drove there; s/he went there (by boat, car): meep
Z
66)J
&%%r%%IE s/he drove through it; s/he went through it (by boat, car): meep
Z
6
,u%$HI :66&6rGIE s/he drove to it; s/he went to it (by boat, car): meep
Z
H,

5&6rGIE s/he is driving along; s/he is going along (by boat, car): meep
Z

:66 $6rGIE s/he is walking along; s/he is going along: ]ee/
Z
:66 $6*G,E
s/he started driving; s/he started going: meep
Z
s5$J1 5&6rGIE s/he turned
back; s/he went back; s/he walked back: ]ee/
Z
6:6&)1*G,E s/he went
ashore; s/he came to a stop: meep
Z
:6$ 5&6rGIE s/he went (by motorized
vehicle): meep
Z
&%%r%%IE s/he went out to sea: meep
Z
)66# 5&6rGIE
s/he went to get it: ]ee/
Z
66sH6 &%%*%%,E the group went there: Fdd/
66)J M06N- #6&)1#J(,E the group went to it: Fdd/ H, 06- #6&)1#b,E
they are walking along there; they are going along there: E!!/
Z
HI :66 M06N-
$6EH,E they crowded the place; they all went there: A!! H, 06- :6&)10H6E
they turned back; they went back; they walked back: E!!/
Z
06- 6:6&)1EH,E
they walked there; they arrived there; they went there: E!!/
Z
H, 06- 5&6EH,E
they walked there; they went there: E!!/
Z
66)J 06- &%%E66,E they walked
through it; they went through it: E!!/
Z
6$6I 06- :66&6EH,E they walked up
there; they went up there: E!!/
Z
H6 #(1 M06N- 5&6EH,E they went to get it:
E!!/
Z
66sH6 06- &%%E66,E
goat
mountain goat: 4H$&5E
God
God: Q1#H6$rH6&5; Q1#J( 66$rH6&5E God, Lord: !6$rH6&5E
gold
gold: *u%$E gold-rust; flecked with gold or rust: #6,'H6#E
goldfinch
goldfinch, canary: -H6-E
good
FdC &%%#J1E the weather became good: FdC r%%&6#(1E
goose
brant (small goose): rb$E Canada goose: ,66&HrE
goose tongue
goose tongue: -5r,J1,'E
go out
it went out (light, fire): FddB :6#6&'1#b-E
gossip
gossip, rumormonger: $1#-66,bE gossip; rumormonger: $((# -06,'JrD5;
$((# -66,b M/NE news; gossip, rumor: $((#E
grab
grandchild
his/her grandchild: )5 )6"0IH$E

grandfather
Grandmother!; Grandfather!: =J('#&KE
grandmother
Grandmother!; Grandfather!: =J('#&KE
grandparent
his/her grandparent: )5 H6'1; )5 'J('#&E his/her grandparent (term of
respect): )5 )66#6$u%D5E
granite
granite: IJ('E
grass
grass: "0%%#H$E hairy grass, seaweed on which herring spawn: $JE
timothy grass (used for basket decoration): -0H6#E
grateful
s/he was grateful; s/he was thankful; s/he was satisfied: /dd
Z
-0 ,u%sH6
&)1,((E
gravel
fine sand or gravel: 'J1& :H,D1E sandbar; gravel bar; sand beach; gravel
beach: DH#&E sand; gravel: 'J1&E
graveyard
graveyard: r66$66&G ,'H,*1E
gray
gray: '6&GIE gray; fog: r5*H6-E gray hair: )5 -06-066$bE grayish;
blond (hair): 'H6IE
grayling
grayling: ,H-1E
grease
cracklings of rendered fat, grease unfit for consumption: )H#&,6-1E large box
for storing grease, oil: )6$(1,E oil, grease: ((I; (1I MPNE oil, grease (for
coating skin or rubbing); lotion; liniment: $(1-E
grebe
horned grebe or red-necked grebe: "0H6IE
green
green, light blue: -%%&E green, unripe berry: #6IH,E they're unripe;
they're green (of berries): p!!/ #6)'1IH,E
greenstone
greenstone: -%%&E
grin
s/he is grinning; s/he is smiling: [ee/B
Z
6, #66&6$G,-E
grindstone
grindstone: sb'66E

grip
his/her grip: )5 41$,GE
groan
mourning, wailing, loud weeping or crying; wail, groan, moan: #6-s66IE
groundhog
hoary marmot; groundhog, whistler: -66IE
group
grouse
blue grouse: $G#,E spruce grouse, spruce hen; chicken: #H6DE
grow
it grew: E!!
`
#6&-1E66E it grew; it flowed (stream of water): E!!
`

#66&6E66E s/he grew it; s/he turned it on (hose); s/he caused it to flow
(water): E!!
`
6#6&-1E66E s/he grew up: T!!/ #(1 5&6&H,E s/he raised
him/her/it; s/he grew it: T!!/ 6&-1&H,E
growl
his/her stomach growled: /eep )5 Iu%' #6&)1,u%IE his/her stomach is
growling: /eep )5 Iu%' #6-,u%IE
growth
growth on the face: :6*G$'E growth on the trunk of a tree, burl: *G$'E
grub
guard
guard, watchman: 6, #HI 6)J'1E
gull
gull, seagull: #J1)'6)1E
gully
gum
gum; lead: #u%IE
gumboots
gumboots; chiton: -066&E
gums
his/her gums: )5 5I#1)'((:bE
gun
gun, rifle: u%$66E gunshot wound: u%$66 ((,bE
gunpowder
gunpowder: 6, ,5*H$1E
gurgle
his/her stomach is growling: /eep )5 Iu%' #6-,u%IE

gust
the wind hit it in gusts: BA!!/ H, 6:6&6-0H,E
guts
his/her intestines, guts: )5 $66-bE its internal organs, viscera; its guts: 6
:1#EH)1E
habit
s/he's in the habit of doing it: /!![ 6#&-01,H$E
Haida
Haida: Q(1#(($66E
hail
hail: #6)H-E it's pouring rain; it's hailing; it's snowing: ldd/ 66&6sJ(,E
Haines
Haines: Q(1-0GE
hair
gray hair: )5 -06-066$bE his/her body hair, fuzz: )5 I66&GE his/her
curly hair: )5 -06#6#u%"01E his/her hair: )5 -06I66&GE its hair, fur;
its quill(s) (of porcupine): 6 I66&GE lock of his/her hair; his/her matted hair:
)5 DJ(-1E pubic hair: )5 D5I66&GE
hair pendant
hair pendant: r66 -06#-6:br-1E
hair pin
hair pin: -06IjJ( Dj&H'jE
hairy
it's hairy: p!!T )66)R1IH6&E
half
half of it (something cut or broken in half); one side of it (a symmetrical object):
6 #b*1E part of it; half of it: 6 -0%%&GE
halibut
halibut: "0H6,'E halibut fisherman: "0H6,' 6-,(1IbE
hammer
hammer: ,Hr'E mallet, wooden hammer: '%%&G ,Hr'E
hammock
swing, hammock: s(1sH"0E swing; hammock: s((sH"0E
hand
back of his/her hand: )5 41#u%'E his/her hand: )5 4b$E near him/her, by
him/her (at hand, for him/her to work with): )5 41IH$E outer edge of his/her
hand: )5 41&H$E
handiwork
handiwork, handmade crafts: r66 41E((,bE his/her handiwork, artifact: )5
41E((,bE

handkerchief
handkerchief: '5s&J1$66E
handle
its handle (stick-like); its shaft (of spear, etc.): 6 -HD&)1; 6 -H#&,1E
hang
it's hanging there: BAee
Z
HI s66-0u%E s/he hung it there (esp. to dry): /dd
X

HI 6-06:66&6,J(E s/he put it there; s/he hung it there; s/he installed it there
(general, compact object): /dd
X
HI 66&6,((E
happen
it happened: oddo :66&6D((DE it happened (of event): \!!
Z
:6$
#6&)1:H6E that happened to him/her/it; that occurred to him/her/it: [dC :J1
&%%$(1E that's what happened: [dC :J1 6, &%%$(1E
happiness
good thoughts; felicity; happiness: ,%%&G #JE joy; happiness: -6*GE
happy
s/he was happy: FdC )5 ,%%&G &%%#J1; ]ee
Z
)5 ,%%&G &-1*u%E
harbor
shelter (from wind or weather), harbor: )J1'1E
hard
dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish): sH#&E it's hard: /ddo #6-1,J(DE
harden
it hardened: /ddo #66&6,bDE it's frozen; it froze; it solidified; it hardened:
/ddo &5)'1,bDE
harpoon
fish spear; harpoon for spearing salmon: )'6*&H6E
hat
ceremonial woven root hat with a stack of basket-like cylinders on top:
-06)6#u%IE hat: -H6D&E headdress, dance hat: -06#((EH,E woven
root hat: I66, -H6D&E
hatchet
hatchet: -06$6I&H6:1 :H)1E
hate
s/he hated him/her/it: F!![ 6&-01#66$E
haul
s/he dragged it away; s/he pulled it away; s/he hauled it away; (heavy object or
limp object such as dead animal): o!!/ 66)HI 6&-1DH6,E s/he dragged it;
s/he pulled it; s/he hauled it (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead
animal): o!!/ 6&-1DH6,E s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it there; s/he
hauled it there (by motor power): pee/
Z
66)J 6&-1Iu%,E s/he dragged it
there; s/he pulled it there; s/he hauled it there; (heavy object or limp object such
as dead animal): o!!/ 66)J 6&-1DH6,E s/he hauled it: p!!
X

6:66&6IH6D&E

hawk
kind of hawk: *14%%#; #14%%#; -066:H6'E
he
he, she [independent]: 0GE
head
back of his/her head at the base: )5 -06'HIE head of a clan house; master of
the house: 0b, -66,bE head of river, stream: 0J($ -0H6#E head of the bay:
s((: ,HE his/her head: )5 -0HE his/her occiput; nape of neck; back of
head: )5 '6#J("0E its head: 6 -0HE over his/her head; covering his/her
head: )5 -06$H6E
headdress
headdress, dance hat: -06#((EH,E
heal
healer; doctor; nurse: r5$H6*5E s/he saved him/her/it; s/he healed
him/her/it; s/he cured him/her/it: [dCp 6&-1$(1IE s/he was saved; s/he was
healed; s/he was cured; s/he recovered; s/he was satisfied: [dCp &%%$(1IE
hear
hearing: r5EHI"0E s/he can hear it: E!!p
Z
6:6EHI"0E s/he heard a voice:
E!!p
Z
6-(1&6EHIE s/he heard it: E!!p
Z
66&6EHIE s/he hears a voice: E!!p
Z

6-6:6EHI"0E s/he understands him/her; s/he hears (and understands)
him/her: E!!p
Z
6Ij6:6EHI"0E
hearing aid
hearing aid: r5EHI41E
heart
his/her heart: )5 ,J1IE
heating pad
heating pad: #6-0J(#& *&J1'; #6-0u%# *&J1'E
heavy
it got heavy; it was weighty (of abstracts): Q!!= &%%)H'E something compact
and very heavy: J("0E
heel
his/her heel: )5 I(1,H#&E
help
he/she/it is helping me; s/he helped me: BAdd
Z
6I J(, &5)1-0J(E
hem
hem of his/her coat, shirt, dress: )5 #u%$E its hem, bottom edge (of coat,
dress, shirt); rim (of hat): 6 #u%$E
hemlock
hemlock: :H$E swamp hemlock: -JIE water hemlock: '1$*b, #G$,-1E
young spruce or hemlock: )Gr'E

hen
spruce grouse, spruce hen; chicken: #H6DE
her
him, her: )5 ((tE him, her, it [object]: 6cE his/her [possessive]: )5E
herb
leaf, leaves; vegetation, plants, herbs, herbiage: #6:66$bE
here
hand it here, bring it here: 066$)JE
heredity
ancestor(s) of his/her clan or nation; his/her background, heredity: )5
-06*u%$E
heron
heron; Canada crane: 'HIE
herring
herring: :66&E herring eggs: sH6D&E herring rake: Db)'66E young
herring: -0H6"0E
hide
1

he/she/it hid; s/he's hiding: Bdd[ 6&)'1-b$E s/he hid it; s/he's hiding it: Bdd[
6&'1-b$E
hide
2

its skin (of animal); hide: 6 )%%*GE its wrinkled, baggy skin, hide: 6
)66'(1'bE
hill
small hill; mound, knoll: *%%"0E
him
him, her: )5 ((tE him, her, it [object]: 6cE
hindquarter
its hindquarters; thigh: 6 sH)R1E
hip
his/her pelvis, hip: )5 rH6-0E
his
his/her [possessive]: )5E
hit
it fell on it; it hit it (of bullet); it spread around (rumor, news): oddo H,
5&6DbDE s/he clubbed it; s/he hit it on the head: pddPA 6-066&6Ib"0E
s/he hit him/her in the face; s/he punched him/her: ]T!!= 6:66&6*&H'E
hither
hither, toward speaker: 066,tE

hold
it holds more: \dCF
X
'1:J#E s/he held it open; s/he tore it away (from the
hook): BdC= 6I(1&6-J'E s/he held it; s/he captured it: BA!!/ 6&'1-0H6,E
hole
hole: &%%'E it has a hole in it: Tee= :6&u%'E
Holy Spirit
Holy Spirit: ' 5'1,%%*5 m66 \6#s&60J1:6*5E
home
home: $(1'E inside, into the house, home: $(1'tE
honey
honey: *6$)66-664b 0H6,'1 M/NE honey!: 4H6E
hoof
its hoof: 6 *&J1$'1E
hook
fish hook: ,(1I; ,(1IH6 M/NE gaff hook; grappling hook: #bI66E halibut
hook (made of wood): $HD&E s/he hooked it in the head: FdCp
6-066&6#JIE
hooligan
eulachon; candlefish; hooligan: -66#E hooligan oil: -66# ((IbE
Hoonah
Hoonah: o5$66; ]66&,6rE66$E
hope
hope; intention; focus of hopes or thoughts: ,5,H$E I hope; would that:
*5E66'E s/he hopes for it: BAdd
Z
H, 6&)1-0J(E
horizon
horizon: *%%- -0GE
horn
its horn: 6 -0(1)bE
horse
bison, buffalo; ox, muskox; cow; horse: D66-E horse: *6&)H6$E
horsefly
horsefly: D(1,' ,H6D66E
horsetail
horsetail: ,66$ I6)66)R66:bE
hot
it's burning hot: /!!p &5-1,H6IE it's hot: /!! :66&6,H6E it's hot; it's
warm: /!! 5&6,H6E the weather got hot; the weather got warm: /!!
r%%&6,H6E
hot springs
hot springs: ,66:E

hour
hour: *66& IH6#E
house
house; building: 0b,E house post: *H6-E
housefly
housefly: $(1' :(( ,H6D6:1E
how
how: &H6 -HE
however
although, even though, however, nonetheless, yet: "06 66$E however:
r5E66E however, any which way: "06 #%%*J1:1E
how many
how many; some number (of): D%%$ -HE
huckleberry
blueberry; huckleberry: #6$6,HE huckleberry; blueberry: $66$:66
#6$6,66:bE red huckleberry: ,'(1#6,H$#E
Hudson Bay tea
Hudson Bay tea: -1#-06')J($E
hummingbird
hummingbird: )6*6,*1:H6; )1*1,*1:H6E
hump
bump, lump, hump, mound: *%%,'E
humpback salmon
Kwaashk'i Kwan, locally called "Humpback Salmon"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Humpback Salmon: F&66-0#1 m&H6$E
pink salmon; humpy, humpback salmon: "0H6-E
hunger
hunger: :66$E
hungry
s/he is hungry: A!! )5 J(, :66$ 5&60H6E
hung up
&5-01#J(IE
hunt
hunt: 6'u%$E s/he hunted: =ee[ 66&6'u%$E s/he hunted it: =ee[
66&6'u%$E
hunter
hunter: 6'u%$1E
hurry
war; trouble; rush, hurry: 6)6&u%,'E

hurt
he/she/it is injured; he/she/it is wounded; he/she/it is bruised; s/he is hurting
(emotionally): PAee[ &5)1"0G$E s/he got sick; he/she/it hurt; s/he was in
pain: [ddFT &%%$J(#&E s/he had an accident; s/he got hurt; something bad
happened to him/her: [dC rH6#&, 5&6$J1E
husband
her husband: )5 IGIE his/her husband's clan brother; his/her man, boyfriend,
husband: )5 rH6&5E
I
I [independent]: IH,E I [subject]: I6cE
ice
ice: ,J(DE
iceberg
iceberg: DH6,'E
if only
as if; if only; even if: u%-0E
illness
image
his/her shadow; image: )5 :6066:bE
imitate
s/he imitated him/her; s/he quoted him/her: /dd
`
6I(1&6,((E
immediately
suddenly, immediately, right away: "06 :H#&E
improve
s/he improved it; s/he made peace with him/her/it: FdC 6&'1#J1E
in
enclosed within (the folds of) it, between the folds, covers, walls of it: 6 s(1E
(in) the area of it or around it, (in) its vicinity: 6 )J1$E in the boat: :66#&
:b#E in the midst of it (a crowd, an activity or event involving several people);
in the hubbub: 6 ru%DE
indeed
indeed, for sure: )H*H6E
Indian potato
bear root, Indian potato: ,-H6,-E
infected
it's infected: mdd/ &5)'1rb,E
in front
in front of him/her; his/her geneology, history; his/her ancestors: )5 -05#HE

inheritance
his/her inheritance; possessions of deceased given to him/her at a feast: )5
$J1D1E
injure
s/he injured it; s/he wounded it; s/he bruised it: PAee[ 6&'1"0G$E
injured
(emotionally): PAee[ &5)1"0G$E
inland
toward the inland, interior; up to the woods; back (away from the open):
)Hr)(E up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the
water's edge, inside): )66rE up in the woods; inland; back (away from the
open, away from the water's edge, inside); inland; interior: )6r#HE
insane
crazy; insane; disturbed; mentally unbalanced: -0 #6066)bE
insect
crawling insect; spider: #6$6-E66)bE
inside
inside, into the house, home: $(1'tE inside it: 6 ,GE inside it (a building): 6
:((E inside it (a river, road, boat, or other shallow concave landform or
object): 6 :b#E the inside of it (clothing, bedding); lining it: 6 ,(1$:66E the
inside surface of its bottom (of container, vessel): 6 ,6#HE
install
s/he put it there; s/he hung it there; s/he installed it there (general, compact
object): /dd
X
HI 66&6,((E
instruct
s/he gave him/her orders; s/he instructed him/her: m!!
Z
H6 641#66&6r66;
E!!mT H, 6#66&6E66r&E s/he instructed him/her; s/he advised him/her:
>!! 6-05#66&64H6E
instructions
according to his/her words, instructions: )5 I6:HIE
intention
his/her inner being; mind; soul; feelings; intention: )5 ,%%&GE hope;
intention; focus of hopes or thoughts: ,5,H$E
interior
toward the inland, interior; up to the woods; back (away from the open):
)Hr)(E up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the
water's edge, inside); inland; interior: )6r#HE
[interrogative]
[focus + interrogative]: H*JE [interrogative - marks WH-questions]: -HE
[interrogative marks yes-no questions]: *JE

intestine
his/her intestines, guts: )5 $66-bE
in the way
in its way; blocking its way; acting as a shield for it: 6 :1$66E
into
into a boat, vehicle: :66IE
in vain
in vain; for nothing; without success: "06 sJs66E
investigate
s/he investigated it; s/he researched it: /=!!FT 6#66&6,'66#&E
invite
s/he invited him/her: Eddo 66&6EJ(DE
iron
iron (for ironing): #6Ib'66E iron, tin: s6:J1-; 1r:J1-E
island
flat-topped island with steep sides; low flat island or hill: $%%&E island:
DH6,E nucleus of emerging river island; reef above high tide level:
-06','H6IE
isthmus
portage, passage across it; its isthmus: 6 *u%$E
it
him, her, it [object]: 6cE it; that place, time, reason, fact: HE
itch
itch; rash: #6D&(1,'E it's itchy; it tickles: oTdC/= #6&'1D&J,'E
its
its [possessive]: 6E
jab
s/he poked it; s/he jabbed at it; s/he speared it: /!!m
Z
66&6,HrE
jail
jail: s6:J1- 0b,E
jailer
keeper of the key; jailer; night watchman: #6,bI66 -66,bE
jaw
his/her jawbone; jaws: )5 I6-,5-66sbE his/her lower jaw, mandible: )5
IH-E
jellyfish
jellyfish: ,66#& 66$H-1E
job
work, job: :J1 41$JE

joint
his/her joints: )5 )66E(1, IH6#E
joist
piling, foundation post; floor joist: 0b, ,6:((*H6-1E
joy
joy; happiness: -6*GE s/he brought it onto him/her (esp. shame, blame, joy):
/dd
X
)5 #H, 6-05&6,J(E
jug
bottle; jug: ,%%"01$(1,; b$ D((-0H6E pitcher; jug: r6,(1'E
juice
apple juice: DH6D #60J($1E juice: 6, #60J($1E orange juice: H6$4b-
#60J($1E
jump
he/she/it is jumping around; he/she/it jumped around: FdC[ H, &541#J1$E
they jumped: FdC[ #(1 06- #6&)5&6#J$E
Juneau
Juneau; Gold Creek (in Juneau): QRH$,1#1 AJ($1E
just
just, simply; just then: ,'(E only, just: "06-E the very, just: "06E
just now
just now; a while ago, earlier: )R1:H6#E just now; just then; still; yet: :(1-GE
Kaach.di
Kaach.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Sockeye: m66"0EH)1E
Kaagwaantaan
Kaagwaantaan, locally called "Wolf"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose
principal crest is the Wolf: F66*&66$,66$E
Kake
Kake: mJ(I; mJ1IE people of Kake: mJ(I m&H6$E
Kaliakh River
people of Kaliakh River (Cape Yakataga to Controller Bay): l6':HI m&H6$E
kelp
bull kelp: -GE kelp: *((-0E seaweed, kelp on which herring spawn: )66&E
kerchief
headscarf, kerchief covering the head: -06)66EH,E
kerosene
kerosene; coal oil: 5I*6$0J($E
Ketchikan
Ketchikan: F1"0IH6$E

key
keeper of the key; jailer; night watchman: #6,bI66 -66,bE key: #6,bI66E
kick
s/he kicked it; s/he stamped on it: /BdCp 66&6,-JIE
Kiks.di
Kiks.di, locally called "Frog"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal crest
is the Frog: F1#-EH)1E
kill
s/he killed him/her/it; s/he let it go: >!!m 66&64HrE
killer whale
principal crest is the Killer Whale: Q6r'6&(1)bE Tsaagweid; a clan of the
Eagle moiety whose principal crests are the Seal and Killerwhale: /-66*&(1)bE
killerwhale
killerwhale: #J(,E
Killisnoo
Killisnoo: F($6-$%%&E
kind
s/he is kind; s/he is gentle: E!![
Z
,5'1E66$E
kindling
kindling: *H$ #6rH-,1E
kindness
kindness; generosity of heart: ,5'6E66$E
kingfisher
kingfisher: ,'6I6$(1-E
king salmon
king salmon; chinook salmon; spring salmon: ,HE
kinnikinnick
alpine bearberry, kinnikinnick: ,b$DE
kinsman
his/her kinsman, moiety mate: )5 (($ 66E
kiss
s/he kissed me: E!!
X
6I IJ1, :6&)R1EH6E
kitten
kitten: )u%-0 :H)1E
Klawock
Klawock: =6&H6#E people of Klawock: A1$:66 m&H6$E
Klukwan
Klukwan: /'H#& !6$E

knead
s/he kneaded it: PAeeo 6#66&6"0GDE
knee
end of his/her knee: )5 #1:-0HE his/her knee: )5 #((:E underside of
his/her knee; (inside of) his/her lower leg: )5 -66:((E
kneecap
his/her kneecap: )5 #1:-06#6$u%D5; )5 #((: -06#6$u%D5E
knife
curved carving knife: :%% #6,6$ 'b,66E dagger; machete, long knife:
*&H'66E knife: 'b,66E knife with fold-in blade: IJ1 -06)6*5,I1 'b,66E
knife wound: 'b,66 ((,bE pocket knife: s6',5'b,66E woman's curved knife:
&J1#-0E
knit
knitting, crocheting: #6-$JE s/he knitted; s/he crocheted; s/he wove: [dC
#6&)R1$J1E s/he made it (by weaving, knitting, crocheting); s/he mended it
(net): [dC 6#6&-1$(1E
knoll
small hill; mound, knoll: *%%"0E
knot
knot hole: -0((: &%%'bE limb knot: -0((: ,5#6*%%)'bE
know
s/he knows it; s/he learned it: Fee
X
6&-1#u%E s/he learned how to do it; s/he
knows how to do it: ]eeF 6&-01*u%#E
knowledgeable
knowledgeable person: 6, &5-#u%&5E
Kuiu Island
Kuiu Island people: F%%:6 m&H6$E
Kwaashk'i Kwan
Kwaashk'i Kwan, locally called "Humpback Salmon"; a clan of the Raven
moiety whose principal crest is the Humpback Salmon: F&66-0#1 m&H6$E
labret
labret hole: r6$%%I ((,bE labret, lip plug: I(1$,H6D66E labret, small lip
plug: r6$%%IE
lack
he/she/it needed it; he/she/it lacked it: /dd
Z
6 ((,J($HI &%%,((E
lacking
lacking it; without it: 6 ((,J($HIE without it; lacking it: 6 su%,E
ladder
ladder; stairs: )R(1,E

ladle
dipper, scoop, ladle; brailer bag: #6D&J$66E handmade ladle: ,-(($(1)1
-0H'E water dipper; ladle: 0J($ *GD66E
lady
respected person; gentleman; lady: -0 :H6 6&5)6$J1:1E
lair
its den, lair (of animal, undergound): 6 r%%&GE
lake
lake: H6E little lake; pond: H6#&E
lamb
lamb: &6$6)u% :H)1E
lamp
lamp: -(($H6E
lancet
lancet: ,Hs66E
land1
earth; land, country; soil: ,'H,#E on the ridge or elevated part of the point (of
land): D66 '5#HE point (of land): D66E shore; land: :H$E town; village;
settlement; inhabited or owned land: 66$E
land2
he/she/it squatted; he/she it sat down low; he/she/it landed (of waterfowl, plane):
m!!m &541r66rE
landing
at the landing of a dock: )R(1, -05:((E
language
speech, talk; language; word, phrase, sentence, or discourse: :%% I6,H$#E
lap
(on) his/her lap: )5 s5-0#HE
larva
late
late; after the appointed time: *66& b,DE
later
after a while; later on: )R1:H6*1$E
laugh
s/he laughed: BAeem 6, &%%-0%%rE
laughter
laughter: 6, -0%%rE
laundry
laundry: u%-1E

law
law, words one lives by: 6 #H6 r5)5)R1,((:1 :%% Ij6,H$#E
lazy
s/he is lazy: F!!
Z
%%)R1#66E
lead1
gum; lead: #u%IE soft lead: #u%I 'J,'#E
lead2
s/he led them: E!!/
Z
06- 6-0%%&6E66,E
leader
leader: r66 -0H6)( 0H$1E leaders: r66 -0H6)( $HrD1E
leadline
leadline (of net): #u%I ,bD1E
leaf
its sprouts, fleshy leaves growing toward the top of the stem (e.g. of bear root): 6
-066)bE leaf, leaves; vegetation, plants, herbs, herbiage: #6:66$bE
leak
drip, leak with dripping: #6,'Gr466E fast drip, leak: #6'u%D466;
#6'u%I466E it's leaking; it's dripping: o!!B #6&'1DH6-E trickle of water;
steady drip or leak: #6DH6-466E
leap
he/she/it leapt on it; s/he pounced on it: ]!!B 6 #H, -0 &5)'1*H-E
learn
s/he knows it; s/he learned it: Fee
X
6&-1#u%E s/he learned how to do it; s/he
knows how to do it: ]eeF 6&-01*u%#E s/he studied it; s/he learned it; s/he
practiced it: /eeT -0 ,u% 6&)'1,u%&E
learner
student; learner: :66 6, $6-#&J1$1E
leather
babiche, string, leather thonging: )R66-E
leave
he/she/it left there: ]ee/
Z
66)HI &%%*%%,E s/he left it behind: ]ee/
Z
6
$Hr &%%*%%,E s/he let him/her/it go; s/he released him/her/it; s/he left
him/her/it; s/he delivered it: [!!m
X
64((&6$HrE s/he put it down; s/he left it
(container full of liquid or small objects): Edd[
Z
:6$ 6&-1Eb$E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (container or hollow object): /!![ :6$ 66&6,H$E s/he put
it down; s/he left it (general, compact object): /dd
X
:6$ 66&6,J(E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (long, complex object): /!![ :6$ 6&-1,H$E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (round, spherical object): /dd
X
:6$ 6#66&6,J(E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (small, stick-like object): /!![ :6$ 6#6&-1,H$E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (solid, complex object): /dd
X
:6$ 6&-1,J(E s/he put them
down; s/he left them (esp. baggage or personal belongings): E!!/
X
:6$

6&'1EH,E s/he put them down; s/he left them (round objects): [dC :6$ :J1
6#6&-1$J1E s/he put them there; s/he left them there: Eee
Z
H6 :J1 66&6E%%E
lee
the shelter of it; the lee of it; the (beach) area below it (a mountain, hill, etc.): 6
-(1:bE
leech
leech; bloodsucker: :J(-0E
L'eeneid
L'eeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose
principal crest is the Dog Salmon: =(($(1)bE
leftovers
his/her food scraps, left-over food; crumbs of food left or scattered where s/he
has eaten: )5 I6E((,bE leftovers, food scraps: r66 I6E((,bE
leg
his/her foot, leg: )5 I%%-E its leg: 6 I%%-bE underside of his/her knee;
(inside of) his/her lower leg: )5 -66:((E
legend
myth; legend; children's tale: ,'66*GE
leggings
dancing leggings; leggings for climbing: I5-#(1,E
lend
s/he lent it to him/her: AddB )5 J(, 66&60b-E
leopard
man-eating feline; mountain lion; tiger, leopard: 066)66)u%-01E
less
less than it; (reaching, falling) short of it; not (big or far) enough for it: 6 rb$E
let go
s/he killed him/her/it; s/he let it go: >!!m 66&64HrE s/he let him/her/it go;
s/he released him/her/it; s/he left him/her/it; s/he delivered it: [!!m
X

64((&6$HrE
letter
lichen
lichen that hangs down from trees: -J1I&6$1E
lid
its lid, cover (of pot, etc.): 6 :6$6EH6,6$1E
lie
1

s/he lied: \dC= -0 r6&)'1:J'E
lie
2

it's lying there (textile-like object): E!!p
X
H, EHIE s/he has it lying there: /dd
X

H, 6#6,J($; /!![ H, 6-,H$E s/he has them lying there (small, round or

hoop-like objects): E!!/
X
H, 6#'6EH,E they are lying there (small, round or
X
H, #6'6EH,E they're lying there (things, unconscious
creatures): E!!/
X
H, '6EH,E
life
life; breath: I6-J1#&; )6-J1#&E life; way of living: r5-,bE
lift up
s/he lifted him/her/it up: [eeF
Z
#(1 6&-1$G#E
light
it's on (light); it's burning (fire): ]!![
Z
H, 6#66&6*H$E light: #6*H$E
s/he lit it (fire); s/he turned it on (light): ]!![
Z
H, 6#6&'1*H$E
lightning
lightning: D(1,' 'G#I5; D(1,' 'b#&-1 M!,NE
like
1

s/he liked the taste of it: FdC )5 IJ &%%#J1E s/he wanted it; s/he liked it; it
was pleasing to him/her: ]ee
Z
)5 ,5&H6 &-1*u%E
like
2

he/she/it was like it; he/she/it was similar to it: /dd
Z
6 :HI &%%,((E like it, in
accordance with it, as much as it: 6 :HIE one that matches it; an amount that
matches it; equivalent to it; one like it: 6 I%%$bE something sort of like it;
something not measuring up to it; where one expects it to be: 6 #6:66E
limb
limb, primary branch; limb knot: -0((:E
limpet
limpet: :J1' ,-H6D5E
ling cod
ling cod: IH6D&E
liniment
liniment: #u%-0)66 $H6*5E oil, grease (for coating skin or rubbing); lotion;
liniment: $(1-E
lining
its lining: 6 ,(1$:66#6&%%&G M!,NE
lint
dirt; scrap(s); rubbish, trash, clutter; lint: -((DE
lion
man-eating animal; lion; tiger; man-eating wolf: 066)66s%%4bE man-eating
feline; mountain lion; tiger, leopard: 066)66)u%-01E
lip
his/her lips; area around his/her mouth: )5 I6)66E
lip plug
labret, lip plug: I(1$,H6D66E labret, small lip plug: r6$%%IE

lipstick
lipstick: I6#6-Jr&66E
liquor
liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage: $H6&E
listen
s/he listened for the sound of it: E!!p
Z
6 #6:J1#s66 r%%&)R1E66IE s/he
listened to him/her: E!!p
Z
)5 IJ1)( r5&)R1E66IE s/he's listening to
him/her; s/he listens to him/her; s/he obeys him/her: E!!p
Z
)5 IJ1, &5-1EHIE
s/he's listening to it; s/he listened to it: E!!p
Z
H, &5-1EHIE
little
little; precious; [diminutive suffix]: c#E
Lituya Bay
Lituya Bay: =,5E66E
live
s/he lived there: Eee
Z
H6 r%%&6E%%E s/he was with him/her; s/he stayed with
him/her; s/he lived with him/her: /dd
Z
)5 IH$D :J1 &%%,((E
lively
s/he was noisy; s/he was crazy; s/he was lively: EeeB &5'1E%%-E
liver
his/her liver: )5 ,'u%s5E
lizard
lizard, newt: ,-(($IJE
load
s/he donated it; s/he loaded it (gun); s/he shot it (basketball): lddo
6#66&6sJ(DE
lock
s/he locked it: /dCp IJ1, 6#6&'1,bIE
log
log (fallen tree): IH6&E
loneliness
loneliness; boredom: ,5,((-0E
long
it became long (of stick-like object): \!!/ &%%:H6,E it became long (of time
or physical objects): \!!/ &5'1:H,E it got that long (of stick-like object):
\!!/ :J1 #66&6:H6,E it's that long (of general object): \!!/ :J1
#&'1:H6,E it was long (time): \!!/ :((:&%%:H6,E long: #5&H6,E
they're long (of plural, general objects): \!!/ )'1:H,DE
long ago
long ago; back then; in the old days: "0H#&; "0H6#&E

look
he/she/it looked there: ldC[ 66)J 6&)'1s(1$E s/he looked for it; s/he
searched for it: BAdd
Z
66sH6 r%%&6-0((E s/he searched there; s/he looked
there: BAdd
Z
H, r5&6-0J(E
look after
s/he watched him/her/it; s/he looked after him/her/it; s/he took care of
him/her/it: /dd[ 6&'1,b$E
look like
it looks like it; it resembles it: o!!/
X
6 :HI #66DH,; \!!
Z
%%&6:H6E
loon
common loon: #6s((,E
lose
s/he lost it: lddo r5, 66&6sJ(DE s/he lost it (round, spherical object):
lddo r5, 6#66&6sJ(DE s/he lost it; s/he misplaced it (container or hollow
object): /!![ r5, 66&6,66$E s/he lost them (of plural objects): BeeB
Z
r5,
6#66&'1-u%-E
lost
astray, getting lost: r5,E s/he got lost: ]dd/
Z
r5, &5)R1*((,E s/he got lost
(by boat, car): meep
Z
r5, &%%r%%IE s/he got lost (on foot): ]ee/
Z
r5,
&%%*%%,E they are lost; they got lost: BeeB
Z
r5, 06- #66&6-u%-E they
got lost (on foot): E!!/
Z
r5, 06- &%%E66,E
lotion
oil, grease (for coating skin or rubbing); lotion; liniment: $(1-E
loud
he/she/it was loud-voiced: ]!!T -6&'1*66&E
louse
louse, lice: &J1-E
love
love (of people): r5-6IH$E love (of things, of everything): 6, -6IH$E s/he
loved him/her/it: p}[ 6&-1IH$E
luck
fate; bad luck: 41$60H6E
lucky
s/he got lucky; s/he was blessed: pdC/= &5'1IJ1,'E
luggage
L'ukaax.di
L'ukaax.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose
principal crest is the Sockeye: =5#66IEH)1E

L'uknax.di
crest is the Coho: =5#$6IEH)1E
lumber
lumber: #6DH-,1E
luminescence
phosphorescence (sparks of light in ocean water); luminescence (on rotten
wood): J()66E
lump
bump, lump, hump, mound: *%%,'E lump in the flesh; tumor: #6&H6,E
lunch
container for traveling provisions; lunch basket, lunch container: &u%&
)66#(1,E food, lunch, provisions taken along (on a trip, to work or school):
&u%&E
lung
his/her lungs: )5 #(1*GE
lupine
lupine: #6$,Hr&E
lynx
lynx: s66rE
machete
dagger; machete, long knife: *&H'66E
mackerel
mackerel: )H#)(-6#66#E
magazine
maggot
maggot: &%%$E
magic
s/he performed rites; s/he made magic: AvCpT!! 66&60J1I&66E
sympathetic magic, charm: 0J1I&66E
magpie
magpie: ,-((sJ($1; ,-(1sJ($1 M/NE
mail
make
Z
6&'1:JIE s/he made it (by
weaving, knitting, crocheting); s/he mended it (net): [dC 6#6&-1$(1E s/he
used it for it; s/he made it into it: \dCp
Z
H,I 6&'1:JIE

make up mind
s/he thought about it; s/he considered it; s/he made up his/her mind about it:
/!![ 6 )66 :%% ,%%&6,H$E they thought about it; they considered it; they
made up their minds about it: E!!/
X
6 )66 :%% M06N- ,5&'1EH,E
male
man; male; person, people: rH6E
mallet
mallet, wooden hammer: '%%&G ,Hr'E
man
Black (man or person); African-American: ,%%"0 rH6E boys, young men:
#1-H6$1E his/her husband's clan brother; his/her man, boyfriend, husband:
)5 rH6&5E man; male; person, people: rH6E men: rH6D&E old man:
rH6 -066$E rich man; man of wealth; chief: 66$rH6&5E shaman;
medicine man: bI,E young man (not married): :6)H#&E
mandible
his/her lower jaw, mandible: )5 IH-E
mane
its mane (esp. the hair on the neck hump of a moose): 6 Ib41E
many
it got this big; there were this many: ]dC
Z
:J1 #66&6*J1E it was big; there
were many; there was plenty: ]dC
Z
&%%*J1E there got to be many; there got to
be plenty: A!! -06:6&)1066E
maple
dwarf maple: D66'DJ1E
marble
marble: $J(I; #%%,H6D66E
marijuana
marijuana: #6-1:J1:1 -(1rE
marker
marker; mark, sign: #&J1:E
marmot
hoary marmot; groundhog, whistler: -66IE
married
s/he got married: BA!!
Z
&5)5&6-0H6E
marrow
his/her bone marrow: -6r,5E((IbE its bone marrow: 6 -6r,5E((IbE
marry
s/he married him/her; s/he is married: BA!!
Z
66&6-0H6E they married each
other: BA!!
Z
&%%"0 06- &5)1-0H6E
marten
marten: #u%DE

mash
s/he mashed it; s/he squeezed it: lee/= 6#66&6sG,'E
mast
its mast (of boat): 6 #6E66-bE
master
head of a clan house; master of the house: 0b, -66,bE his/her boss, master:
)5 -66,bE
master of ceremonies
master of ceremonies, elder of the opposite clan consulted conducting a
ceremony: $66 #H6$1E
mat
mat, doormat; rug: sH6"0E
match
match: 5I*6$rH6-E match; stick: rH6-E
mate
his/her mate, his "old lady"; her "old man": )5 IH$ 66E
material
math
math: &%%"0 :HI :66 )6,u%&"0E
mattress
mattress; bedding: :((EH,E
maybe
maybe; I'm not sure; [expression of uncertainly]: #&-0J1E
mayor
mayor: 66$ -66,bE
me
me [object]: I6,E
meal
food, a meal: 6,IHE
measure
measure; mile: #66:E pattern, model, template for it; measure of it;
measurement for it: 6 #66:bE
measuring stick
measuring stick: #66:E
meat
its raw (flesh or meat); rare (meat): 6 -0b-rE meat, flesh: )'((:E
medicine
medicine: $H6#&E shaman; medicine man: bI,E

meet
meeting, encountering, intercepting it; (arriving) at the same place or time as it:
)5 #6*JE
melt
Z
&5'1'H6E
memorial
memorial pile of rocks: Du%&E
mend
s/he made it (by weaving, knitting, crocheting); s/he mended it (net): [dC
6#6&-1$(1E
menstruation
menstrual discharge; period: *H6$E
merchant
merchant; seller: 0%%$ -66,bE
merganser
merganser: r66IE
mess
filth, mess; trash, rubbish, garbage: ,'((DE
messenger
messenger; angel: #%%rJ$66E
mica
mica: #6,'H6#E
middle
middle of it: 6 )6*1:*JE
midnight
midnight: ,66, -1,*6&-H6$1E
midst
in the midst of it (a crowd, an activity or event involving several people); in the
hubbub: 6 ru%DE
migrate
s/he migrated; s/he moved: Q!!m
X
#(1 &5-1)HrE
mild
&5',-(($E
mile
measure; mile: #66:E
milk
cow's milk: &6-u%- '66:bE
Milky Way
Milky Way: 'r6:H6#& I5-E((,bE

milt
its semen; its milt (of fish): 6 ,'J1'1E
mind
his/her inner being; mind; soul; feelings; intention: )5 ,%%&GE s/he is
worried about him/her/it; s/he has him/her/it on her mind: oddo )5 ,u%,
&%%D((DE
minister
priest; pastor; minister: $6#&$J1,E
mink
mink: $5#-01:H6$; '5#-01:H6$E
mirror
mirror: ,u%$HI r66,(($E
misplace
s/he lost it; s/he misplaced it (container or hollow object): /!![ r5,
66&6,66$E
mist
steam (visible, in the air); mist, fog (rising from a body of standing water):
DG#466E
mistake
accident; unfortunate mistake or mishap: r66rI&)66*6$J M!NE by mistake,
wrongly: r&66rI )66rE
moan
moccasin
buckshot; moccasin lining: 6, ,5I&H$-1E moccasins: 6, DH-0)1 ,J('E
moccasin top: ,J(' 1r#(1)bE wooden form for shaping/stretching moccasins:
,J(' ,5#6$H*66E
model
pattern, model, template for it; measure of it; measurement for it: 6 #66:bE
moiety
his/her kinsman, moiety mate: )5 (($ 66E nation; moiety; clan; band of
people: $66E
mold
mold: ,'66IE
moldy
it's moldy; it got moldy: /=!!p &5)1,'HIE
money
broke; penniless; without money: #6')H6$66rE its price, value; the money
from the sale of it: 6 :(1)bE money, coin, dollar: )H6$66E
monkey
monkey: 66$)66, #6$60b#E

month
month: )b-E
moon
moon: )b-E moonbeam: )b- I5-:((E
moonfish
moose
moose: )Rb-#&E
mop
s/he wiped it; s/he mopped it: lee 6&'1s%%E
more
morning
morning: ,-%%,66,E
mortar
mortar for grinding: #6DH*&66 :(1,E mortar for pounding: #6,JI66 :(1,E
mosquito
mosquito: ,H6D66E
mosquito eater
daddy long legs; mosquito eater: ,H6D66 I5-#5)6:H6,E
moss
moss: -bDs66E peat moss: -%%rE
mossberry
mossberry: DJ('1E
moth
moth: 6,I6 H,E
mother
his/her mother: )5 ,'H6E
mother-in-law
his/her mother-in-law: )5 "066$E
motor
engine, motor: &6-0J($E
mound
bump, lump, hump, mound: *%%,'E small hill; mound, knoll: *%%"0E
mountain
mountain: -066E mountainside; around the mountain: -066 :6)66E
mountaintop; on top of the mountain: -066 -06#J(E the shelter of a
mountain, area on the beach below a mountain: -066 -(1:bE

mountain ash
mountain ash: #6'"06$(1,E
mountain ash berry
mountain ash berry: #6'"06$(1, ,'J1s5E
mourn
mouse
mouse: #6sH#E mouse, deer mouse; vole: #6sH6#E mouse; rat: #5,-(($E
mouth
his/her mouth: )5 IJE inside of his/her mouth: )5 '6#HE its mouth,
opening: 6 IJE mouth of it (a river, creek): 6 &H,E mouth ulcer; soreness of
the mouth (as of a baby teething): DH6,'H#&E through its mouth: 6 IJ1$HIE
move
s/he migrated; s/he moved: Q!!m
X
#(1 &5-1)HrE s/he moved it out of his/her
way: /!![ )5 41#66)HI 6:66&6,H$E s/he moved there: ]!!B H,
&5'1*H-; ]!!B 66)J &'1*H6-E
move over
s/he moved over that way: ]ee/
Z
0J1)( :66&6*G,E they moved over that
way: E!!/
Z
0J1)( 06- :66&6EH,E
much
much, lots of, really: 66,'(1$E
mucus
slime; thick mucus: IJ('E thick mucus, phlegm: s(1,'E
mud
mud: rG,'#&E
muddy
it got muddy: mee/= #6&-01rG,'E
mudflats
river flats; tidelands; mudflats: ,66-05#HE
mudshark
dogfish; mudshark: DH,*5E
multiply
they multiplied; they bred: pdC/
X
06- &5)R1I(1,E
murder
murderer: r5E(($bE
murderer
murderer: r%%&646s1 66E
murky
silty, murky water: 'u%IE

murrelet
auklet or murrelet: "0((,; #J('E
muscle
its muscles (of shell creature): 6 ,-J(#5E muscles of a shell creature;
pincher; thing that pinches: 6, ,-b#&,1E
mush
mush, oatmeal, porridge: &H-0E
music
music, singing, song: 6, -0bE
music box
radio, phonograph, stereo, music box, ipod; any device that plays music: 6, -0b
ru%#E
muskox
muskrat
muskrat: ,-b$E
mussel
mussel: :66#E mussel (large mussel on stormy coast, used for scraping):
:J(-E red mussel: -1*((rH6&5 :66*bE
mute
mute; person who cannot speak: ' :%% r(1-0,H$*1E
my
my [possessive]: 6IE
myth
nagoonberry
nagoonberry, lagoonberry, dwarf nagoonberry: $(1*u%$E
nail
nail: ,50H6:1; -06:J($E s/he nailed it on it: oee H, 6#6&-1Du%E
naked
bare; naked: #6')66sH#&E
name
his/her name; his/her namesake: )5 -66:bE name: -66E s/he called
him/her/it that (name): B!!
X
:J1 66&6-H6#&E s/he named him/her/it that;
s/he nominated him/her: B!!
X
:J1 66&6-H6E
namesake
his/her name; his/her namesake: )5 -66:bE his/her namesake: )5
,'6*%%r&6$-66:bE
narrate
s/he told a story; s/he preached; s/he narrated: [ddF -0 #6&)'1$((#E

narrow
it's narrow: B!!
Z
:J1 #&'1-H6E
nation
nation; moiety; clan; band of people: $66E
navel
his/her navel, bellybutton: )5 #%%'E
near
near him/her, by him/her: )5 IH$E near him/her, by him/her (at hand, for
him/her to work with): )5 41IH$E
neck
back of his/her neck: )5 '5)bI; )5 '1)bIE his/her occiput; nape of neck;
back of head: )5 '6#J("0E
necklace
necklace: -(1,E
necktie
necktie: -6#6EH,E
need
he/she/it needed it; he/she/it lacked it: /dd
Z
6 ((,J($HI &%%,((E
needle
fine needle for stringing beads: #6&u%, #6Eb-066E leather needle:
'5#6,b-066E needle: ,H6DH'E three-cornered needle for sewing skin or
leather: #6,b-066E
needlefish
needlefish: ,%%rE
neighbor
neighbor: #1)66#H 66E neighbors: #1)66r&H6$1E
nephew
her fraternal niece, nephew, cousin: )5 #H6'#&E his sororal niece, nephew:
)5 #J1'#E
nest
bee's nest: *6$)66-664b #G)1E it laid an egg: FT}/ 6&)'1#&H,E nest:
#G,E nest (of animal): 6 #G)1E
net
cheesecloth, loose-woven cloth; netting, screen: #6sH)66E dipnet (for
eulachon): )((*H6E fish net; seine net: s(1&GE
nettle
nettle: ,u%#E
new
new; young; fresh: :J(-E

news
news; gossip, rumor: $((#E
newspaper
newt
lizard, newt: ,-(($IJE
next
the next one, the following one: 6 b, 66E
next to
beside, alongside, next to him/her: )5 ,6r#HE beside, alongside, next to it: 6
,6r#HE beside it, next to it: 6 ,5&H$E next door to him/her/it: )5
#1)66#HE
niece
her fraternal niece, nephew, cousin: )5 #H6'#&E his sororal niece, nephew:
)5 #J1'#E
night
during the night; in the middle of the night: ,66, :(($E last night: $1-)66,E
night: ,66,E
nine
nine: *%%-0GrE nine (people): *%%-0Gs5$HIE
no
no: ,'J1#E no, none, not: ,'J1'E
noise
noise: '6*66&E sound, noise of it: 6 #6:J1#E sound, noise of it (something
whose identity is unknown): 6 :6:b#E sound of stamping, pounding fists,
clapping; sound of running quickly: ,bD&466 M!,N; ,GD466E
noisy
s/he was noisy; s/he was crazy; s/he was lively: EeeB &5'1E%%-E
nominate
s/he named him/her/it that; s/he nominated him/her: B!!
X
:J1 66&6-H6E
none
no, none, not: ,'J1'E
noon
noon: -1,*6&-H6$E
north
upstream; north: $66#J(E
northern lights
northern lights; aurora borealis: *1-u%rE

nose
his/her nose: )5 'GE his/her nose cartilage: 6 '5,5,Gr'1E inside of his/her
nose: )5 '5,GE lobe of his/her nostril: )5 '5*u%"0E side of his/her nose:
)5 '5,66rE
nose ring
nose ring: '5$H-E
not
no, none, not: ,'J1'E
nothing
nothing: ,'J' )66 -HE
now
already, (by) now: )(E now: :(()H,E now, this time: )J1E
numb
it's numb: oT}Bm &5'1D&H-rE
nurse
healer; doctor; nurse: r5$H6*5E
oak
oak: *5-#1r&H6$ '%%&GE
oatmeal
mush, oatmeal, porridge: &H-0E
obey
s/he's listening to him/her; s/he listens to him/her; s/he obeys him/her: E!!p
Z
)5
IJ1, &5-1EHIE
obvious
it's obvious; it's clearly visible: A!! ,'J' *%%0H6E
occur
that happened to him/her/it; that occurred to him/her/it: [dC :J1 &%%$(1E
ocean
ocean; salt water: J1'E
octopus
octopus; devilfish: $H6r&E
offshore
thing heading offshore, esp. wind: )H#)( H,E
oil
hooligan oil: -66# ((IbE large box for storing grease, oil: )6$(1,E oil,
grease: ((I; (1I MPNE oil, grease (for coating skin or rubbing); lotion;
liniment: $(1-E petroleum, oil: ,%%"0 ((IbE
old
(little) old person: -066$H#&E old: "0H6*5E old age: -066$E old;
from the past: ,'6*5E old man: rH6 -066$E old person: -066$E

on
the (horizontal) surface of it; on it; on top of it; in it ( a dish; a path): 6 #HE
once
once, one time: ,'(1)60J($; ,'(D)60J($E
one
one: ,'J1DE one at a time, one by one: ,'J#s66E one hundred: ,'J1D
0H$)1,E one kind, type; one way, direction: ,'(1:((#66)JE one, one of
[object]: 66E one (person): ,'J1$HIE one (person) at a time: ,'J#s66$HIE
only
only, just: "06-E
open
from hiding into open: *H*1E
opening
its mouth, opening: 6 IJE
opinion
in his/her opinion; to his/her way of thinking, feeling: )5 ,5&HDE
opportunity
orange
bright red or orange: -0(I&,H6D1E orange: H6$4b-E orange (in color):
-0J1I&E orange juice: H6$4b- #60J($1E
order
s/he gave him/her orders; s/he instructed him/her: m!!
Z
H6 641#66&6r66;
E!!mT H, 6#66&6E66r&E s/he ordered it: Tee
Z
66sH6 66&6&u%E s/he
sent him/her there; s/he ordered him/her to go there; s/he gave it (in accordance
with clan relationship): [!!
`
66)J 6#66&6$H6E
ordinary
ordinary, usual: "06 :J1E
organ
organ, piano: sbI466 ru%#E
organs
its internal organs, viscera; its guts: 6 :1#EH)1E
originally
(at) first, originally: -05DH6$HIE (at) first; originally; in the beginning:
-0u%*5$HIE
orphan
orphan: #5066$#J(E
other
different, other: "06 su%,E this/that (over here), the other: 0JE

otter
land otter; river otter: #u%-0)66E
our
our [possessive]: 066E
out
down; out of boat, vehicle: :(1E out to sea; out into the open; (falling) down:
)66#E
outdoors
outdoors; outside: *H6$E
outside
around the outside surface of it: 6 )66#HE outdoors; outside: *H6$E
outside: :5IE
outskirts
ouzel
dipper; water ouzel: 01$:1#'(1IbE
over
(draped) over it, covering it: 6 $H6E over it, covering it (a container or
something with an opening): 6 :6$H6E
owl
owl; great horned owl: )Rb-#& M!,/NE owl with ear tufts: ,-b-#&E owl
without ear tufts: #H#&E small owl: IJ(IE
own
possession(s); that which is owned (by them): r66 6, u%&5E s/he claimed it;
s/he owns it: AdC[ 66&60J1$E
ox
pack
he/she/it carried it on his/her/its back; he/she/it packed it on his/her/its back:
\!!
X
66&6:66E he/she/it carried things on his/her/its back; he/she/it packed
things on his/her/its back: \!!
X
6, &%%:66E s/he packed it; s/he stacked it:
PA!!F 6#66&6"0H#E
paddle
paddle: 6IH6E s/he rowed; s/he paddled: p!!
X
66&6IH6E
pail
bucket; pail: D((-0H6E
pain
s/he got sick; he/she/it hurt; s/he was in pain: [ddFT &%%$J(#&E
paint
crimson red; face paint: 'J1I&E paint: $J(*&H'E s/he painted it:
[vd]T}= 66&6$J(*&H'E s/he wrote: odd/ #6&-01Db,E s/he wrote it;

s/he drew it; s/he painted it; s/he photographed it; s/he took X-rays of it: odd/
6#6&-01Db,E
pair
one of them (a pair): 6 :66:bE pair: &%%-0 :66:bE
palate
his/her palate: )5 #1r'H$E
pale
pale; pastel: ,'H6#E
palm
his/her palm (center): )5 41$,6#:H)1E his/her palm (of hand): )5 41$,H6#E
pan
basket or pan used to collect berries by knocking them off the bush: #6)H)R66
:(1,E cast-iron skillet: ,J #6-G*&66 :(1, M/NE food container; pot or pan;
dish, large bowl: I6:(1,E frying pan, skillet: #6I*H6$1 :(1,; #6-b*&66
:(1, M!NE
pants
pants, trousers: ,5r6,H6'E
paper
parable
parable: 6, #%%#(1)bE
paralysis
paralysis; polio: ' 5&6D&6"0*1 $J(#&E
part
part of it; half of it: 6 -0%%&GE
particular
,5#)'1sJ1E
partner
his/her partner: )5 :6rH6&5E
party
feast, potlatch; party: r5EJ(DE the life of the party: $66 -05#'6s((:bE
passage
past
pastel
pale; pastel: ,'H6#E

pastor
priest; pastor; minister: $6#&$J1,E
patch
patch: ,J(:E
path
on the path, trail, road; bed of the path, trail, road: )(1 :b#E path, trail; road,
street: )(1E
patio
porch; patio: I6&%%' #6:H6-01E
pattern
pattern, model, template for it; measure of it; measurement for it: 6 #66:bE
paw
its paw: 6 4b$1E
pay
s/he paid him/her; s/he paid for it: mdC
Z
64((&6rJ1E
peace
peace, calm: #6:J1'E s/he improved it; s/he made peace with him/her/it: FdC
6&'1#J1E
peaceful
it's calm; it's peaceful: \dC= #6&)5&6:J'E
peavy
peavy: )'H*&66E
peddle
s/he went peddling it; s/he went selling it: Aee[ 6&'10u%$E
peel
s/he tore it; s/he peeled it off; s/he ripped it off: BdC= 6#66&6-J1'E
pelvis
his/her pelvis, hip: )5 rH6-0E
pen
pencil; pen; brush: #%%DJ()66E
pencil
pencil; pen; brush: #%%DJ()66E
penis
his penis: )5 'b'1E privates (of male); penis and testicles: )5 'H6&E
people
people; community: r5E%%E people of long ago: ,'6*5 r&H6$D1E person or
people from that place: 6 r&H6$E
pepper
pepper: -1EH6D5 H,; ,5I&H$-1 $H6#&E

perceive
s/he can see it; s/he perceives it: /dd[ 6:6,J($E
perform
perhaps
perhaps: *&H'E perhaps; I guess, it would seem: *bE perhaps, probably:
-0H#)J1E
permanent
person
high class person, aristocrat: 66$:H)1E man; male; person, people: rH6E
person: '1$*b,E person or people from that place: 6 r&H6$E
Petersburg
Petersburg: ]H$,1:66#& BJ()1E
petrel
petrel: s6$%%#E
petroleum
petroleum, oil: ,%%"0 ((IbE
petticoat
petticoat; slip: )%%$:66I'66#E
pharynx
his/her windpipe; pharynx: )5 '(1#6"0u%I5E
phlegm
thick mucus, phlegm: s(1,'E
phonograph
ru%#E
phosphorescence
phosphorescence (sparks of light in ocean water); luminescence (on rotten
wood): J()66E
photograph
s/he wrote: odd/ #6&-01Db,E s/he wrote it; s/he drew it; s/he painted it; s/he
photographed it; s/he took X-rays of it: odd/ 6#6&-01Db,E
piano
organ, piano: sbI466 ru%#E
pick
1

pick, pickaxe: #J1,5E

pick
2

s/he picked berries: Fdd/ r%%&6#b,E s/he picked them: Edd[
Z
66&6Eb$E
pick up
s/he brought it out; s/he picked it up (general, often compact object): /dd
X
#(1
66&6,J(E s/he brought it out; s/he picked it up (long, complex object): /!![
#(1 6&-1,H$E s/he picked it up off of it (general, compact object): /dd
X
66I
66&6,J(E s/he picked them up off of it: [dC 66I :J1 6&-1$(1E s/he touched
it; s/he picked it up; s/he took it: BAdd
Z
H, 5&6-0J(E
picky
,5#)'1sJ1E
pier
dock, pier: )R(1,E
pierce
it pierced it; it bit him/her/it: lddPA H, :6&)1sb"0; lddPA 66)J
:6&)1s(("0E they peirced it: lddPA H, :6&)'1sb"0E
pig
pig: *1-0%%E
pigeon
pigeon: :66 r5)R1*J1:1 ,-6,-J(E pigeon or dove: *5-:J
#1$)6"0%%$(1)bE willow ptarmigan; pigeon: I(1-6&H6E
pile up
it's piled up; it's deep: Q=!![ :6$ #66&6)'H$E
piling
pillow
pillow: -06:(1,E
pilot bread
pilot bread: sH6,'E
pilot house
cabin (of boat); pilot house: :66#& I5#60b)1E
pin
safety pin: IJ(D&H'; IJ1*&H'E
pincher
muscles of a shell creature; pincher; thing that pinches: 6, ,-b#&,1E
pine
pine needles, spruce needles: sb,s66E
pine cone
pine cone, spruce cone: -u%-6$1E

pink
pink: 'u%'E
pink salmon
pink salmon; humpy, humpback salmon: "0H6-E
pipe
pipe (for carrying water): ,5$6I01$$6)66E pipe (for tobacco):
-(1r)66#(1,E tobacco pipe: -1r)66#(1,E
pit
pit; hole dug in the ground; cellar: #u%rE
pitch
pitch scab (where bark has been removed); pitchwood: ,J1'E tree pitch:
66-)66#u%I5E
pitcher
pitcher; jug: r6,(1'E
pitchfork
fish pitchfork: IH6, sb466E
pith
its stem (of plant); pith (of tree): 6 #6)bD1E
place
(in) place of it; place where it was; its imprint or aftermath: 6 ((,bE it; that
place, time, reason, fact: HE place; way: :JE
plan
s/he made a decision; s/he planned it: E!!mT :6$ 6#66&6EHr&E
plane
plane for scraping wood: 66$#6:JI66; ,H6 #6:JI66E
planner
plant
leaf, leaves; vegetation, plants, herbs, herbiage: #6:66$bE s/he planted it:
A!! 6#66&6066E
plastic
plastic: DJ$E
plate
dish; plate: -bDE plate: -bD rH6,'E
platform
platform; porch: #6:H6-0E
platter
dish; platter: #J'66; #b'66E flat open basket woven from wide strips of bark
(for carrying fish, etc.); large platter: ,H6'E

play
s/he gambled; s/he played cards: m!!
`
6&)'1rH6E s/he played: \}/ 6-0
#6&)'1:H,E s/he played it (musical instrument): E!!p
Z
6&'1EHIE s/he plays
it (musical instrument): E!!p
Z
6'1EHI"0E
plaything
plaything: r5-E%%#E
please
s/he wanted it; s/he liked it; it was pleasing to him/her: ]ee
Z
)5 ,5&H6
&-1*u%E
pleased
s/he became proud; s/he became pleased: ldC )5 ,%%&G #6&'1sJ1E
plenty
it was big; there were many; there was plenty: ]dC
Z
&%%*J1E there got to be
many; there got to be plenty: A!! -06:6&)1066E
pliers
pliers: 6, #6,HD66; #6#6,HD66E
<plural>
[pluralizer]: )6s6cE [plural marker for kinship terms]: 0H-E
pneumonia
pneumonia: #1$6-0u%E
pocket
pocket: s6',GE pocket knife: s6',5'b,66E
point
its point (of a long thin pointed object): 6 'GE its tip, point: 6 '5D66E on the
ridge or elevated part of the point (of land): D66 '5#HE point (of land): D66E
rock point: ,6D66:bE sand point: 'J1& D66:bE
poke
s/he poked it; s/he jabbed at it; s/he speared it: /!!m
Z
66&6,HrE
polar bear
polar bear: 01$,66# Du%)R1E
pole
long smokehouse pole(s): 41#6rH6-E pole (for boating, for pushing skin
toboggan): ,-Hs66E pole; sapling: ,'6s6$b-E pole(s) on which fish are hung
for drying in smokehouse: -u%-E poles used to push aside ice (from a boat):
DH6,' #6',-Hs66E sapling; pole made from sapling: ,6s6$b-E s/he pushed
the boat out (with a pole): /!!m
Z
:66#& )66# 6:6&'1,HrE
police
policeman; policewoman: &H6"0&66$E
polio
paralysis; polio: ' 5&6D&6"0*1 $J(#&E

pollen
dust; pollen: #6)H$466E
polliwog
tadpole; polliwog: )G-0E
poncho
pond
little lake; pond: H6#&E
poor
poor man: r6$6-0*1)J1 rH6E
porch
platform; porch: #6:H6-0E porch; patio: I6&%%' #6:H6-01E
porcupine
porcupine: I6'6#H"0E
porpoise
and Brown Bear: P0%%#6$(1)bE porpoise: "0(("0E
porridge
mush, oatmeal, porridge: &H-0E porridge: -6#&$J1$ #6,J1I1E soup,
porridge: #6,J1IE
portage
possessed
person who acts crazy or possesssed: '%%#6$H6E
possession
his/her inheritance; possessions of deceased given to him/her at a feast: )5
$J1D1E in his/her possession: )5 4((E possession(s); that which is owned (by
them): r66 6, u%&5E possession; that which is claimed: r66 6, %%0J1$1E
post
post office
post office: DGD )66#60b)1E
pot
food container; pot or pan; dish, large bowl: I6:(1,E pot, cooking pot:
r&H,'E
potato
potato: #G$,-E
potlatch
feast, potlatch; party: r5EJ(DE in public; at a potlatch, feast:
r66$#6#E((,D M/NE

pounce
he/she/it leapt on it; s/he pounced on it: ]!!B 6 #H, -0 &5)'1*H-E
pound
pounder (for meat or grease): #6,JI66E s/he pounded it: /ddp
6#66&6,JIE
pour
s/he poured it on there: o!! 6 #66)J 6:6&-1D66E s/he poured it out there;
s/he emptied it there: o!! 66)J 6#6&-1D66E s/he poured it there; s/he
emptied it there: o!! H, 6#6&-1DH6E
powder
face powder: :6&J1$66E
power
strength, power: '6,-(($E
powerful
he/she/it became strong; he/she/it became powerful: /Bdd[ &5'1,-(($E
practice
s/he studied it; s/he learned it; s/he practiced it: /eeT -0 ,u% 6&)'1,u%&E
praise
praise, glorification: #6-0J(IE s/he praised him/her; s/he approved it:
BAdCp 6#66&6-0JIE
pray
s/he prayed: ]!!o -0 #H6 I6&)1*HDE
prayer
prayer: I6*H6DE wish; prayer: %%'DJ1-E
preach
s/he told a story; s/he preached; s/he narrated: [ddF -0 #6&)'1$((#E
preacher
preacher: -0 #6'$((*bE storyteller; preacher: r%%$ -0 #6'$((*bE
precious
it was expensive; it was precious: /Bdd[ I6&'1,-(($E little; precious;
[diminutive suffix]: c#E
prepared
preserve
pretending
pretending; make-believe: r(1')60H6#5E

pretty
FdC &%%#J1E she is pretty; it is cute: ldC -06#'1sJ1E
price
its price, value; the money from the sale of it: 6 :(1)bE
pride
pride; self-esteem, feeling good about oneself: ,%%&G #'6sJE
priest
priest: &H6)1-0*66E priest; pastor; minister: $6#&$J1,E
probably
perhaps, probably: -0H#)J1E
profitable
s/he got rich; s/he got wealthy; it became profitable: [}!=p &5'1$H6'IE
prominent
#6&'1sJ1E
prosperity
wealth; prosperity; riches: '6$H6'IE
prostitute
prostitute: -0 #6':J1:1E
protect
in its way; keeping it away; protecting, shielding, screening from it; blocking it:
6 $1:66E
proud
s/he became proud; s/he became pleased: ldC )5 ,%%&G #6&'1sJ1E s/he is
proud; s/he is conceited; s/he is particular; s/he is picky: ldC -0 ,5#)'1sJ1E
proverb
saying, proverb; event that is so common it has become a saying or proverb:
:6I 6, s&6#GE
ptarmigan
willow ptarmigan; pigeon: I(1-6&H6E
public
in public; at a potlatch, feast: r66$#6#E((,D M/NE
puffin
puffin: Ib#E tufted puffin: '5*H$E
pull
he/she/it dragged it there; s/he pulled it there (esp. light object or solid, stiff
object): pee/
Z
66)J 66&6Iu%,E he/she/it is dragging him/her/it around;
he/she/it dragged him/her/it around: pee/
Z
H, 66&6Iu%,E s/he dragged it
away; s/he pulled it away; s/he hauled it away; (heavy object or limp object such
as dead animal): o!!/ 66)HI 6&-1DH6,E s/he dragged it; s/he pulled it;

s/he hauled it (esp. heavy object or limp object such as dead animal): o!!/
6&-1DH6,E s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it there; s/he hauled it there (by
motor power): pee/
Z
66)J 6&-1Iu%,E s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it
there; s/he hauled it there; (heavy object or limp object such as dead animal):
o!!/ 66)J 6&-1DH6,E s/he pulled it in; s/he dragged it in (esp. light object
or solid, stiff object): pee/
Z
:6$ 66&6IG,E s/he pulled it out of there:
\ddBA 66I #(1 66&6:b-0E s/he pulled it over him/her/it; s/he covered
him/her/it with it: \ddBA 6 #HI 66&6:((-0E s/he pulled it tight: o!!/
Z

#1)J1$ 6#6&-1DH,E s/he pulled it up (esp. line): \ddm
Z
#(1 6&-1:brE s/he
pulled it up there: \ddm
Z
H, 6&-1:brE s/he pulled up spruce roots: BdC=
I66, 6&'1-J'E
punch
s/he hit him/her in the face; s/he punched him/her: ]T!!= 6:66&6*&H'E
pupil
student; pupil; scholar: -*u%$&66$E
purple
blueberry juice; purple: #6$6,H #60J($1E
pus
it's infected: mdd/ &5)'1rb,E pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); sore,
wound that discharges pus: rJ(,E
push
s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole): /!!m
Z
:66#& )66# 6:6&'1,HrE
put
object): /dd
X
HI 66&6,((E s/he put them there; s/he left them there: Eee
Z
H6
:J1 66&6E%%E
put down
s/he put him/her/it down (live creature): [eeF
Z
:6$ 6&-1$G#E s/he put
his/her hand down: /!![ :6$ 41&-1,H$E s/he put it down; s/he left it
(container full of liquid or small objects): Edd[
Z
:6$ 6&-1Eb$E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (container or hollow object): /!![ :6$ 66&6,H$E s/he put
it down; s/he left it (general, compact object): /dd
X
:6$ 66&6,J(E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (long, complex object): /!![ :6$ 6&-1,H$E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (round, spherical object): /dd
X
:6$ 6#66&6,J(E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (small, stick-like object): /!![ :6$ 6#6&-1,H$E s/he put it
down; s/he left it (solid, complex object): /dd
X
:6$ 6&-1,J(E s/he put them
down; s/he left them (esp. baggage or personal belongings): E!!/
X
:6$
6&'1EH,E s/he put them down; s/he left them (round objects): [dC :6$ :J1
6#6&-1$J1E
put on
s/he put it on: /dd
X
#HI 6&)1,((E s/he put them on: \ddm
Z
I%%-)J
6&)1:brE s/he wore it; s/he put it on; s/he used it: Eee
Z
:J1 66&6E%%E
put out
s/he put it out (fire); s/he turned it off (light): FddB 6:6#6&'1#b-E

put up
pyrite
firestone; iron pyrite: )H6)R1E
quick
the quick (the flesh under the outer skin): -J1r&E
quill
its hair, fur; its quill(s) (of porcupine): 6 I66&GE long feather; quill (of bird):
rb$66; rJ$66E quills on rear end of it (porcupine): 6 #1-06,66s6$bE
quilt
cotton; cotton blanket, quilt: #6-,H6,E quilt; cotton blanket: #6-,H6,
Du%&E
quote
s/he imitated him/her; s/he quoted him/her: /dd
`
6I(1&6,((E
rabbit
rabbit: sHIE
rack
rack for drying fish: I66$H- J1$66E
radio
ru%#E
rafter
rafter: I66$H-E
rafters
rafters (large roof beams): 0b, #6-H*5E rafters (modern): 0b, #6*66)bE
railing
banister; railing: 6 )66I :66 )5'-0(("0 H,E
rain
it's pouring rain; it's hailing; it's snowing: ldd/ 66&6sJ(,E it's raining:
/!![ -J(& )66# &5-1,H$E rain: -J(&; -u%& MPNE
rainbow
rainbow: #1"0IE6$6*66,E
raise
s/he raised a hand: /B!!m #(1 41&'1,-HrE s/he raised him/her/it; s/he grew it:
T!!/ 6&-1&H,E s/he raised his/her hand: /!![ #(1 41&-1,H$E
rake
herring rake: Db)'66E
rare
its raw (flesh or meat); rare (meat): 6 -0b-rE

rash
itch; rash: #6D&(1,'E rash: DJ(-0E
raspberry
raspberry: ,'Jr& :H)1E
rat
mouse; rat: #5,-(($E
ratfish
ratfish: s((: #6$6I r5,J(-E
rattle
rattle (of shaman): -0(1-0u%IE
raven
raven: :J1'E
raw
its raw (flesh or meat); rare (meat): 6 -0b-rE
razor
razor: 66$ :6)5D6- H,E
reach
s/he reached his/her hand through it: >dC= 6$6I :66&64J'E
read
s/he read: /eeT &5)1,u%&E s/he read it: /eeT 66&6,u%&E
ready
getting ready for it; in anticipation of it: 6 :6:b-E he/she/it is ready; he/she/it
is finished; he/she/it is prepared; he/she/it is permanent: [dC :6$ 5&6$J1E
ready, waiting for him/her to eat, drink; waiting for him/her to speak or finish
speaking: )5 I6:((E ready, waiting for him/her to use: )5 41:((E
really
much, lots of, really: 66,'(1$E truly, really; in truth, for sure: DJ1s66E
reason
it; that place, time, reason, fact: HE
receptacle
receptacle for it: 6 :((EH)1E
recklessness
foolishness; recklessness: ' :66 r%%-0*JE
recover
s/he was saved; s/he was healed; s/he was cured; s/he recovered; s/he was
satisfied: [dCp &%%$(1IE
recovery
recovery; salvation: s6$(1IE

red
bright red or orange: -0(I&,H6D1E crimson red; face paint: 'J1I&E red:
I66$E
red salmon
sockeye salmon; red salmon: s66,E
red snapper
red rockfish; red snapper: 'J1r&E
reef
nucleus of emerging river island; reef above high tide level: -06','H6IE reef;
large rock or boulder lying on the ocean floor: (("0E underwater reef; large
rock or boulder lying under the water: 01$,5E((4bE
reflect light
it's sparkling; it's reflecting light: E/PA #6&)'1Eb,"0E
regalia
dance regalia: '6I#(1,E
relative
his/her clan brother or sister, distant relative, comrade: )5 ,66sbE his/her
relative, friend; his/her tribesman: )5 I%%$bE
release
s/he let him/her/it go; s/he released him/her/it; s/he left him/her/it; s/he delivered
it: [!!m
X
64((&6$HrE
reply
speech: )5 I6#%%#HE
report
s/he told about it; s/he reported about it; s/he witnessed it; s/he testified about it:
[ddF 6#66&6$((#E
research
s/he investigated it; s/he researched it: /=!!FT 6#66&6,'66#&E
resemble
it looks like it; it resembles it: o!!/
X
6 :HI #66DH,; \!!
Z
%%&6:H6E
resolve
strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve: ,%%&G '6,-(($E
respect
respect: :H6 6, &%%$JE respected person; gentleman; lady: -0 :H6
6&5)6$J1:1E s/he respects him/her: [dC )5 :H6 6:66&6$J1 L )5 :H6
6&5&6$J1E
response
speech: )5 I6#%%#HE

rest
ashore, onto ground; to rest: :6$tE s/he rested; s/he's resting: B!!
`

&5)'1-H6E the rest of it: 6 )J1$)( 66E
restaurant
restaurant; tavern: 6,IH )66#60b)1E
return
(returning) back: r5IE s/he returned it: /!![ r5I 66&6,H$E
rheumatism
rheumatism: -66s1,5$J(#& M!,/NE
rib
his/her rib: )5 -u%s5E
ribbon
hair ribbon: -06"0J($E ribbon: "0J($E
rice
rice; Kamchatka lily root: #u%DE
rich
rich man: )H6$66 -66,bE rich man; man of wealth; chief: 66$rH6&5E
s/he got rich; s/he got wealthy; it became profitable: [}!=p &5'1$H6'IE
ridge
(on) the back of it (fish); on the crest, ridge, backbone of it (hill, ridge, point): 6
'1,#HE on the ridge or elevated part of the point (of land): D66 '5#HE
rifle
gun, rifle: u%$66E
right away
suddenly, immediately, right away: "06 :H#&E
rim
its hem, bottom edge (of coat, dress, shirt); rim (of hat): 6 #u%$E
ring
1

ring: ,'j1r#6#J(-E
ring
2

it rang: ]T!!= -0 &5)1*&H'E s/he beat it; s/he rang it; s/he stabbed it:
]T!!= 66&6*&66'E
rip
s/he tore it; s/he peeled it off; s/he ripped it off: BdC= 6#66&6-J1'E
rise
it rose: oddo #(1 5&6DbDE the water level rose; the tide came up: Q!!
Z
#(1
5&6)H6E the (water) level rose to there; it flowed to there: Q!!
Z
H,
#66&6)H6E
rites
s/he performed rites; s/he made magic: AvCpT!! 66&60J1I&66E

river
edge of river channel: 0J($ &6$,GE fishing hole; hole in stream, river,
creek: b-0E head of river, stream: 0J($ -0H6#E (in the) river valley: 0J($
:b#E in the water; in the river: 0J($ ,H6#E mouth of it (a river, creek): 6
&H,E mouth of river, stream: 0J($ &H,E on (top of) the water, river: 0J($
I6#HE river, stream, creek: 0J($E river; stream; creek: #6$66)66:1
0J($; $66)66:1 0J($E
river flats
riverside
riverside: 0J($ I6:66IE
road
street: )(1E side of the path, trail, road, street: )(1 :66IE
robe
blanket; robe: Du%&E
robin
robin-like bird: -0%%IE
rock
cairn; rock pile: ,J Du%&E memorial pile of rocks: Du%&E reef; large rock or
boulder lying on the ocean floor: (("0E stone; rock: ,JE underwater reef;
large rock or boulder lying under the water: 01$,5E((4bE
rockfish
red rockfish; red snapper: 'J1r&E
rockslide
rockslide: ,6r66)bE
rod
engine cylinder connecting rod: &6-0J($ #6,Hs6:1E
roe
roe, eggs (of fish): #60H6#&E
roll
it rolled to it: ]T!!/= H, #66&6*&H,'E it's running (of engine); it started (of
engine); it's rolling (of wheel); it's spinning (of wheel): >eeo #66&64u%DE
roof
roof: 0b, #HE
room
(in) his/her room, bedroom: )5 ((,b #HE room: ((,E room, space, place for
it; time for it; chance, opportunity for it: 6 :6EH6#E
root
rice; Kamchatka lily root: #u%DE root; especially spruce root: I66,E roots
or vines used in basket decoration: 'J(,E

rope
rope: ,bDE
rose
rose: #1$"0J1:1E
rosehip
rosehip: #1$"0J1:1 ,'J1s5E
rough
it's rough (of ocean): /!![ 41&-1,66$E it's stormy; it's rough (of weather):
/dd
X
6:6&)1,((E
row
s/he rowed; s/he paddled: p!!
X
66&6IH6E
rowboat
rowboat: 66$)66:66*GE
rubber
rubber: -J'E
rug
mat, doormat; rug: sH6"0E
rumen
its rumen, main stomach (of ruminant): 6 )H6'1E
rumor
gossip, rumormonger: $1#-66,bE gossip; rumormonger: $((# -06,'JrD5;
$((# -66,b M/NE news; gossip, rumor: $((#E
rump
his/her rump; the flesh around his/her hips: )5 #bE
run
he/she/it is running around; he/she/it ran around: oddo H, &541D((DE
he/she/it ran away: oddo r5, &541D((DE he/she/it ran there: oddo 66)J
&41D((DE he/she/it ran to it: oddo H, &541DbDE he/she/it started running:
oddo s5$J1 &41DbDE it flowed; it's flowing; it's running (of nose): Q!!
Z

#66&6)66E it's running (of engine); it started (of engine); it's rolling (of
wheel); it's spinning (of wheel): >eeo #66&64u%DE they ran: ]eem 06-
'%%&6*%%rE they ran after it: ]eem 6 b,I 06- '%%&6*%%rE they ran
there: ]eem 66)J M06N- '%%&6*%%rE they ran to it: ]eem H, 06-
'5&6*GrE
run out
s/he ran out of it: oddo )5 4((, -05&6DbDE
rush
war; trouble; rush, hurry: 6)6&u%,'E
Russia
Russia: !$u%-01 66$bE

Russian
Russian: !$u%-01E
rust
rust: s6:J1- 0H6,'1E
rutabaga
rutabaga; turnip: 6$60%%E
sack
bag; sack: *&J1'E
sadness
sorrow; sadness: ,%%&G $J(#&; ,%%&G $u%#E
sail
it's blowing around; it blew around; s/he is sailing around; s/he sailed around:
BddB H, &5'1-((-E sail: :66#& :1#-b-6:1E
sailboat
sailboat: -b-66 :66#&E
sale
sale: 0%%$E
salesman
saliva
his/her saliva: )5 I60J($1E
salmon
coho salmon; silver salmon: '%%#E dead salmon (after spawning): $u%-0E
dog salmon; chum salmon: ,J('E fish; salmon: IH6,E half-dried salmon
(smoked): $H6:6)1E king salmon; chinook salmon; spring salmon: ,HE pink
salmon; humpy, humpback salmon: "0H6-E salmon creek: IH6, 0J($1E
sockeye or coho salmon that has entered fresh water: IH6#&E sockeye
salmon; red salmon: s66,E spawned-out salmon with white scabs, ready to
die: D(1$E
salmonberry
salmonberry: &6-D66$ ,'J1s5E young salmonberry bush shoots (edible):
#(1,E
salmon eggs
dish made with berries and salmon eggs: #6$J(*&H'E
salt
salt: J1'E
saltwater brine
saltwater brine: J1' #60J($1E
salvation
recovery; salvation: s6$(1IE

same
the same: "05 -0u%*5E
sand
fine sand or gravel: 'J1& :H,D1E sandbar; gravel bar; sand beach; gravel
beach: DH#&E sand; gravel: 'J1&E sand point: 'J1& D66:bE
sandhopper
sandhopper: #%%#J$66E
sandpiper
sandpiper: *5-:6)u%'1E sandpiper (shore bird): I6')66:J(41E
sap
cambium, sap scraped from inner bark: -HDE its sap, phloem: 6 #HI1E its
sapwood; its sappy inner bark (of a tree): 6 'HI1E
sapling
pole; sapling: ,'6s6$b-E sapling: 66- :H)1E sapling; pole made from
sapling: ,6s6$b-E
sapwood
its sapwood; its sappy inner bark (of a tree): 6 'HI1E
sash
sash (worn over shoulder): #%%*J1$66E
Satan
Satan: Q1:J( 66$rH6&5E
satisfied
Z
-0 ,u%sH6
&)1,((E
satisfy
satisfied: [dCp &%%$(1IE
save
s/he saved him/her/it; s/he healed him/her/it; s/he cured him/her/it: [dCp
6&-1$(1IE s/he was saved; s/he was healed; s/he was cured; s/he recovered;
s/he was satisfied: [dCp &%%$(1IE
saw
narrow saw used to cut corners off lumber; bevel saw: ,H6 -05DH-066E rip
saw; double-handled saw for sawing lumber: #6DH-66E saw: DH-066E
s/he cut it (with a knife); s/he sawed it: o!!BA 66&6D66-0E
sawmill
sawmill: #6DH-,1 )66#60b)1; -0 #6)6DH-0,1 0b,E
Saxman
people of Cape Fox, Saxman: B6$:66 m&H6$E

say
Z
:J1
:66&6r66E s/he told him/her that; s/he said that to him/her; s/he asked
him/her to do that: m!!
Z
:%% 6:6&-1r66E
saying
saying, proverb; event that is so common it has become a saying or proverb:
:6I 6, s&6#GE
scab
scab: rJ("0E
scald
he/she/it burned him/her/it; s/he scalded him/her/it: pdCp 6&'1IJIE
scale
its scale (of fish): 6 4(1sbE
scales
its scales (of fish): 6 #64(1sbE
scalp
his/her scalp: )5 -06)66)%%*GE
scar
scar: ,(('E
scarecrow
scarecrow: :J1' #%%IJ,'66E
scarf
headscarf, kerchief covering the head: -06)66EH,E neck scarf; kerchief:
-6)66,66:E
scary
it was scary; it was dangerous: pvC/=BA}[ #6&'1IJ1,'-0H$E
scholar
student; pupil; scholar: -*u%$&66$E
school
school: HD r66 J( 6, )5',u%& :J; 6, &5-#G )66#60b)1; -*u%$E
scissors
scissors: r66-06DH-066E
scrap
dirt; scrap(s); rubbish, trash, clutter; lint: -((DE
scrape
s/he scraped it: o!!B 66&6DH-E s/he scraped it; s/he softened it: oT!!PA
6&'1D&H"0E
scraper
scraper, as for scraping off bark from roots: J($66E scraper for hemlock
bark: :((-E skin scraper: D&H466E

screen
cheesecloth, loose-woven cloth; netting, screen: #6sH)66E wall crest; wall
screen: IJ($E
screw
screw: #6-J(,E s/he screwed it on it: /dCp H, 6#6&'1,bIE
screwdriver
screwdriver: #6-J(, #6,bI66E
scribe
writer; scribe; secretary: #6-0D(()bE
scrubber
scrubber: #6Db'66E
sculpin
bullhead, sculpin: &J1IE
sea anemone
sea anemone: ,6:6,66:bE small red sea anemone: ,6:6-06*%%E
sea cucumber
sea cucumber: :J1$E
seagull
gull, seagull: #J1)'6)1E T'akdeintaan, locally called "Seagull"; a clan of the
Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Seagull: /6r)(1$,66$E young
seagull: '6&GIE
seal
fur seal: Iu%$E hair seal: ,-66E Tsaagweid; a clan of the Eagle moiety
whose principal crests are the Seal and Killerwhale: /-66*&(1)bE
sea lion
sea lion: ,66$E
seam
seam: rJ1"0H'E
sea monster
legendary sea monster: s5$6#6)(1,E
sea otter
sea otter: :HD&"0; :GD"0 MPNE
search
s/he looked for it; s/he searched for it: BAdd
Z
66sH6 r%%&6-0((E s/he
searched there; s/he looked there: BAdd
Z
H, r5&6-0J(E
seat
s/he has him/her seated there: E!!
Z
H, 6-EH6E s/he seated him/her: [eeF
Z

6&-1$%%#E
sea urchin
sea urchin: $J(-; I&66-0E

seaweed
bladder rack; rock weed; yellow seaweed: ,6:(1)bE dulse (type of seaweed):
'66rH-#E hairy grass, seaweed on which herring spawn: $JE half-dried,
compressed food, esp. berries or seaweed: #6,H#I1E ribbon seaweed:
rH6"0E seaweed, kelp on which herring spawn: )66&E
secret
in secret (where nobody can see); away from people's view: r66 :6,J1$HI;
)5 :6,J1$HIE
secretary
secretary (stenographer): r66 IJ1)HI #6-0D(()bE writer; scribe;
secretary: #6-0D(()bE
see
blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see): )5 &6r#HE
coming to see him/her: )5 #((#H$E s/he can see it; s/he perceives it: /dd[
6:6,J($E s/he sees it; s/he saw it: /dd[ 6&-1,(($E you see: IHE
seed
its seeds: 6 D66#(1)bE its seeds (inside it, as inside a berry): 6 ,5#6:H,D1E
seesaw
seesaw: #%%#b,-66E
seine
seine fisherman; seine boat: 6-s(1&GE s/he seined; s/he fished (with a net):
ldCTee 6&)R1s(1&GE
sell
s/he sold it: Aee[ 66&60%%$E s/he went peddling it; s/he went selling it:
Aee[ 6&'10u%$E
seller
merchant; seller: 0%%$ -66,bE
semen
its semen; its milt (of fish): 6 ,'J1'1E
send
s/he sent him/her on a mission: m!!
Z
6#66&6r66E s/he sent him/her there;
s/he ordered him/her to go there; s/he gave it (in accordance with clan
relationship): [!!
`
66)J 6#66&6$H6E
separate
separate from it; on the edge, side of it; missing its mark: 6 &6$H6#E
serviceberry
serviceberry; saskatoonberry: *66&HrE
set
it set (sun, moon): oddo :b$)( &%%D((DE
settlement
town; village; settlement; inhabited or owned land: 66$E

seven
seven: )6I6)%%-0GE seven (people): )6I6)%%-0u%$HIE
sew
s/he embroidered it on it; s/he sewed beads on it: m!!
X
6 #H6 6#66&6rH6E
s/he sewed: m!!
X
&5)1rH6E s/he sewed it: m!!
X
66&6rH6E s/he sewed it
on it: m!!
X
6 #H, 6#6&'1rH6E
sewing
sewing: )6rJ1-E
shade
shade, shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc.: "0JI1 MPNE
shadow
his/her shadow; image: )5 :6066:bE shade, shadow(s) cast by landforms,
etc.: "0JI1 MPNE
shaft
its handle (stick-like); its shaft (of spear, etc.): 6 -HD&)1; 6 -H#&,1E
shaman
shaman; medicine man: bI,E
shame
shame, embarrassment: #6)J1DE Shame on you! [reprimand]: AG-0KE s/he
brought it onto him/her (esp. shame, blame, joy): /dd
X
)5 #H, 6-05&6,J(E
Shangukeid
Shangukeid, locally known as "Thunderbird"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose
principal crest is the Thunderbird: B06$*5#(1)bE
shark
man-eating shark (legendary): -06I)Hr&E shark: ,u%-E shark
(porpoise-like): "01"05:66E
sharp
it got sharp: F}/B :6&'1#H,-E
sharpen
s/he sharpened it: o!!/ 6:66&6DH,; ldd= 6:66&6sb'E
shawl
she
he, she [independent]: 0GE
shed
platform cache; house cache; shed: "0H'E
sheep
mountain sheep, bighorn sheep: ,6&J1E sheep: &6$6)u%E

shell
dentalia shells: ,HDI1E empty bivalve shell: DH6#E pounded shell powder:
#H,-E shell; shell-like chip or flake; china; carapace: $u%DE
shelter
in a fort, shelter, cove: $%%& s(1E shelter (from wind or weather), harbor:
)J1'1E shelter of it (especially a tree): 6 41-(1:bE the shelter of a mountain,
area on the beach below a mountain: -066 -(1:bE the shelter of a tree: 66-
41-(1:bE the shelter of it; the lee of it; the (beach) area below it (a mountain,
hill, etc.): 6 -(1:bE
shepherd
shepherd: &6$6)u% '6,b$1E
shield
in its way; blocking its way; acting as a shield for it: 6 :1$66E in its way;
keeping it away; protecting, shielding, screening from it; blocking it: 6 $1:66E
shim
wedge, shim: IJ(D&E
shin
his/her shin: )5 DJ(- MPNE
shine
it's bright; it's shining: ]!![
Z
#6&)1*H$E it's shining on it: ]!![
Z
6 #H,
#6&)1*H$E it's sunny; the sun is shining: ]!![
Z
6&)1*66$E sun rays are
shining on it: /BeeT s6*66$ H, I%%- 5&6,-u%&E the moon is shining:
QddB 6&)'1)J(-E
shingle
shingle(s): 0b, #6,H6:1E shingles: ,66 :H,D1E
ship
cruise ship; large ship: :6#&,'J$DE
shirt
shirt: #%%)H-E
shock
it cramped; it's cramping; he/she/it got shocked (by electricity): BAeeF
#6&)'1-0G#E
shoe
shoe(s): ,J('E slipper(s); house shoe(s): $(1':((,J('1E
shoelace
shoelace(s): ,J(' I6*5)R66-b; ,J(' I6#6)R66Rb; ,J(' I6)R66-bE
shoemaker
shoemaker, cobbler: ,J(' '6:(1IbE
shoe polish
shoe polish: ,J(' )66#(:J1-1 MPNE

shoot
s/he donated it; s/he loaded it (gun); s/he shot it (basketball): lddo
6#66&6sJ(DE s/he is shooting at it: Eee[ 6EG$,E s/he shot it: Eee[
66&6EG$E s/he shot it (with bow and arrow); s/he chose it (in gambling with
sticks): /eeF 66&6,G#E
shopping
s/he went shopping: Aee[ &5)'10%%$E
shore
beach; waterside; down on the beach, shore: J(rE down to beach, shore:
:((rE shore; land: :H$E the beach, shore below it (a town): 6 ((s6:H6#E
shoreline
shoreline: ,'(1:H$E shoreline; beach: $(("0E
short
less than it; (reaching, falling) short of it; not (big or far) enough for it: 6 rb$E
short: *5&H6,'E
shoulder
his/her shoulder: )5 I1#-0HE
shoulderblade
his/her shoulderblade; scapula: )5 u%D5E
shout
s/he called out to him/her; s/he shouted to him/her: Eddo 66&6EJ(DE
shovel
shovel: r5,'b)66E
show
shrimp
shrimp: -J(DH,E
sick
s/he got sick; he/she/it hurt; s/he was in pain: [ddFT &%%$J(#&E
sickness
side
face, (vertical) side, (vertical) surface of it: 6 :HE his/her family line of
descent, side: )5 :1$66$HIE his/her flank, side of his/her belly: )5 r66,'E
his/her flank, side of his/her body between the ribs and the hip: )5 r6,':HE in
addition to it; along with it; to the side of it; besides that: 6 #b#$HIE one side
of his/her torso: )5 #b#E on the edge, side of it (as a trail); on the shoulder of
it: 6 &6$#HE separate from it; on the edge, side of it; missing its mark: 6
&6$H6#E side of it (house, building, animal); slab of meat covering its
ribcage: 6 #6*(1)bE side of the path, trail, road, street: )(1 :66IE

sideways
sideways: ,'66)J1$E
sight
it was a sight to behold; it was fascinating to watch: /vdBBA}[
#6&'1,J(--0H$E s/he has sight: /dd[ r5&6,J($ L r5:6,J($E
sign
marker; mark, sign: #&J1:E
silt
clay; alluvial silt: -JE
silty
silty, murky water: 'u%IE
silver
silver: )H6$66E
silver salmon
coho salmon; silver salmon: '%%#E
silversmith
silversmith: )H6$66 #6,J(I1; )H6$66 ,J(I1E
similar
he/she/it was like it; he/she/it was similar to it: /dd
Z
6 :HI &%%,((E
simply
just, simply; just then: ,'(E
sin
evil, sin: ' 5-0#JE
since
from, out of; since: c)HIE
sinew
its sinew: 6 ,H-1E thread; sinew: ,H-E
sing
s/he sang: BAdd
X
6, &%%-0((E s/he sang it: BAdd
X
66&6-0((E
singed
singed, burnt, or charred matter: Du%-0,E
singer
singer: 6, -0J(:1E singers, choir: 6, -0J(D1E
singing
music, singing, song: 6, -0bE
sink
it sank: /!!pT &%%,H6I&E

sister
her older sister, cousin: )5 -0H,IE her younger sister; his younger brother;
cousin: )5 #J(#E his/her clan brother or sister, distant relative, comrade:
)5 ,66sbE his/her clan sister: )5 -0H6&5E his sister: )5 )'66#E
sister-in-law
his/her brother-in-law, sister-in-law: )5 #H6$1E
sit
it's sitting there: /dd
X
H, -6,J($; /!![ H, ,H$E s/he sits; s/he is sitting: E!!
Z

EH6E they are sitting: mdd 06- rJ($E
sit down
m!!m &541r66rE s/he sat down: [eeF
Z
&%%$%%#E they sat down: mdd
06- &%%r((E
Sitka
people of Sitka: B0(( !,1#H m&H6$E Sitka: B0((,#HE
situated
it's situated there: E!!
Z
H, '6EH6E the building was situated there (suddenly as
if overnight): [eeF
Z
H6 &)1$%%#E
six
six: ,'(1)%%-0GE six (people): ,'(1)%%-0u%$HIE
Skagway
Skagway: B0s6*&(1E
skate
skate (ocean creature related to the shark and the ray): "0J(,s66E
skeleton
his/her skeleton, bare bones: )5 D66*GE
skewer
spit, skewer, roasting stick, barbecue stick: ,-J(#E
ski
ski(s): ,H6 4H641E
skiff
skiff; small boat; flat-bottom canoe: :6#&:H)1E
skillet
cast-iron skillet: ,J #6-G*&66 :(1, M/NE frying pan, skillet: #6I*H6$1
:(1,; #6-b*&66 :(1, M!NE
skin
his/her skin, complexion: )5 )%%#E his/her skin (surface): )5 "0H6,&5E
its skin (of animal); hide: 6 )%%*GE its skin (of fish): 6 DH6-1E its wrinkled,
baggy skin, hide: 6 )66'(1'bE under or inside his/her clothes; next to his/her
skin: )5 )%%$:66E

ski pole
ski pole(s): ,H6 4H641 &%%,-66s6:bE
skull
pit at base of his/her skull: )5 '6#(("0#u%s5E
skunk cabbage
skunk cabbage: IH6'E
sky
clear sky, blue sky: DH6,-E
slap
it dove into the water; it slapped its tail down into the water: /!!FT 0J($)(
6&41,H#&E s/he slapped him/her/it; s/he tagged him/her/it: /!!PA
66&6,H"0E
slave
slave: *%%IE
sled
sled: DH,66E sled (for recreational sledding): 6"0 #%%-0Ib'66 :(1,E
sledgehammer
sledgehammer: ,J -06$6I&H6:1E
sleep
s/he overslept: /!!
Z
6 :H6$HI :66&6,H6E s/he slept: /!!
Z
&%%,66E
sleep: ,HE sleep in his/her eyes: &6r)'u%rE they slept: pdCoT 06-
&%%IJ1D&E
sleeve
it's sleeve (of shirt, coat): 6 4b$1E
slice
s/he cut it up; s/he carved it; s/he sliced it: o!!BA 6#66&6D66-0E
slide
he/she/it is sliding around; he/she/it slid around: pdd= H, &5-01IJ('E
he/she/it slid there: pdd= H, &5-01Ib'E s/he slipped; s/he slid: pdd=
&5-01IJ('E
slime
slime (inside clamshell): H,'H$1E slime; thick mucus: IJ('E
sling
sling: 4GI66E
slip
1

petticoat; slip: )%%$:66I'66#E
slip
2

s/he slipped; s/he slid: pdd= &5-01IJ('E
slipper
slipper(s); house shoe(s): $(1':((,J('1E

slippers
slippers (shell creature): #%%&E
slippery
it's slippery: pdd= #6-01Ib'#E
slough
slough: J1IE
slowly
slowly: #6')66sJ1$HIE
slug
slug, snail: ,H6IE
slush
wet snow; slush: #6#'60J($E
small
they're small: ]dC
Z
:J1 #&)R1*J1E
smallpox
smallpox: #&66$E
smell
he/she/it stank; he/she/it smelled: PA!![ &5'1"0H$E he/she/it was fragrant;
he/she/it smelled sweet: /B!! &5'1,-H6E s/he smelled it: [ddo 6&-1$bD L
6&)R1$bDE
smile
s/he is grinning; s/he is smiling: [ee/B
Z
6, #66&6$G,-E
smoke
s/he dried fish; s/he smoked fish: p!![ 6, 5&6IH$E s/he smoked: BdCm -0
I6&)1-(1rE s/he tanned it; s/he smoked it: BdCm HI 6#6&'1-(1rE smoke:
-(1r; -((rE smoke spreaders (board suspended horizontally above
smokehouse fire): *6$1*(1)bE
smokehole
opening of smokehole: *66$ &%%'bE smokehole: *66$; *66$ #HE
smokehole cover: *66$ I60H6)1E
smokehouse
long smokehouse pole(s): 41#6rH6-E smokehouse: 6,D66$ 0b)1E
smokehouse shelf: :66-0 #HE smokehouse (with smoke piped in from
outside): -(1r )66#60b)1E
snag
pile of driftwood, driftlogs; snag pile: :6$D%%$E snag; driftlog, driftwood:
-066rE
snail
slug, snail: ,H6IE snail with shell: ,-J-I&E
snake
snake: '5,,'H6rE worm; larva; grub; caterpillar; snake: ,'G#IE

snare
s/he snared it: Q!!B 6&)'1)H-E snare: )H6-66E
snob
snob; person who considers himself/herself better than others: r66 #6$6IrH6E
snot
snot: '5s(1,'E
snow
dry snow: )'(1, #6#J,-#E dust cloud; snow cloud: #6'-jJ(-466E it's
pouring rain; it's hailing; it's snowing: ldd/ 66&6sJ(,E it's raining: /!![
-J(& )66# &5-1,H$E snow: )'(1,E wet snow; slush: #6#'60J($E
snowberry
snowberry: )'(1, ,'J1s5E
snowshoe
snowshoe: 4H641E
snowslide
snowslide; snow avalanche: )'(1, r66)bE
snowstorm
snowstorm, snow shower: )'(1, sJ()1E
soak
s/he soaked it: FdC= 6#6&'1#J'E
soap
soap: G-66E
soapberry
soapberry: DH#&'1E
sock
sock(s): 'J( D&H$E
sockeye
crest is the Sockeye: m66"0EH)1E L'ukaax.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan
of the Raven moiety whose principal crest is the Sockeye: =5#66IEH)1E
sockeye salmon
sockeye or coho salmon that has entered fresh water: IH6#&E sockeye
salmon; red salmon: s66,E
soften
s/he scraped it; s/he softened it: oT!!PA 6&'1D&H"0E
soil
earth; land, country; soil: ,'H,#E soil; dirt: 'JI#&E
solidify
it's frozen; it froze; it solidified; it hardened: /ddo &5)'1,bDE

some
some of them: 6 I%% 66E which (one); some (certain one): )66r&E66 -HE
sometimes
sometimes: &H6 :6,((:1 :J1DE sometimes, once in a while:
&H6$s6$(($-E
son
his/her son, cousin: )5 :J(,E
song
his/her song: )5 I6-0((:bE music, singing, song: 6, -0bE song: -0bE
songbird
songbird; bird: ,-6,-J(; ,-b,-#&E
soon
(along) with, by means of; as soon as: ,1$E
soot
soot: )G-E
sore
pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); sore, wound that discharges pus: rJ(,E
sorrow
sorrow; sadness: ,%%&G $J(#&; ,%%&G $u%#E
soul
his/her inner being; mind; soul; feelings; intention: )5 ,%%&GE his/her soul
(of departed person): )5 :6066:bE
sound
sound, noise of it: 6 #6:J1#E sound, noise of it (something whose identity is
unknown): 6 :6:b#E sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of
running quickly: ,bD&466 M!,N; ,GD466E
soup
soup broth; soup: ,6I0J($1E soup, porridge: #6,J1IE
sour
Z
&5-1EH6D&E
sourdock
sourdock; wild rhubarb: ,'66r&H"0E
south
downstream; south: J(DE downstream; south; lower 48 states, (locally: down
south): 1D#J(E
space
spark
spark: :br)'66E

sparkle
it's sparkling; it's reflecting light: E/PA #6&)'1Eb,"0E
speak
speaking: )5 I6:((E s/he spoke; s/he talked; s/he made a speech: /!![
I6&)1,66$E s/he spoke to him/her; s/he talked to him/her: /!![ )5 J(,
I(1&6,H$E s/he talked; they spoke: /!![ :%% I(1&6,H$E they conversed;
they spoke; they talked: E!!/
X
:%% M06N- I6&'1EH,E
spear
fish spear; harpoon for spearing salmon: )'6*&H6E fish spear with a long
pole and detachable gaff hook: #%%Db)66 M!,NE its head (of spear): 6 #H)1E
its prongs (of spear): 6 I66$1E s/he poked it; s/he jabbed at it; s/he speared it:
/!!m
Z
66&6,HrE spear: ,-66sH'E spear for clubbing: 6, -06I1-0)1
)RH6-E spear (for devilfish): ,H6$66E spear (for fish and seal): H6)66E
spear for hunting: &%%-H6$1E spear which binds rope around seal: 6,
-66$E6I& )RH6-E
speech
s/he spoke; s/he talked; s/he made a speech: /!![ I6&)1,66$E speech, talk;
language; word, phrase, sentence, or discourse: :%% I6,H$#E
spicy
Z
&5-1EH6D&E
spider
crawling insect; spider: #6$6-E66)bE spider: 6-*5,5:1#-0H6E
spill
s/he spilled it: pddPA :6I 6#66&6Ib"0E
spin
it's running (of engine); it started (of engine); it's rolling (of wheel); it's spinning
(of wheel): >eeo #66&64u%DE
spirit
fighting spirit: 'J#&66E his/her spirit: )5 :6#s&60J1:6*5E Indian
doctor's spirit: :J1#E spirit: r66 :6#s&60J1:6*5E
spit
s/he spat: /eep :u%, r6&)R1,GIE spit: I6-,u%IE
splinter
splinter, sliver: -0((: #6rH6-1E
split
s/he chopped it up; s/he split it (wood): pee/
X
6#6&'1Iu%,E
spoil
it aged; it spoiled: Bddo &5'1-bDE
sponge
foam (on waves); sponge: ,((, I6"0H'I1E

spoon
black horn spoon: :J,- -0H'E large wooden spoon: -0J($E sheep or goat
horn spoon: '(1$(1, -0H'E spoon: -0H'E
sport
sport fisherman: 6-06'Iu%,1E
spotted
it's spotted: F}op #641#HDI; PA}PAp #6)'1"0H"0IE
spray
spray of air exhaled through its blowhole (of sea mammal): 6 u%D5E
spread
it fell on it; it hit it (of bullet); it spread around (rumor, news): oddo H,
5&6DbDE s/he spread it out; s/he unfolded it: \!!
X
HI 6#66&6:66E
spring
spring (AT): r5#6',J(D #HE spring (of water): *%%$E
sprout
its sprouts, fleshy leaves growing toward the top of the stem (e.g. of bear root): 6
-066)bE
spruce
pine needles, spruce needles: sb,s66E Sitka spruce: -0J1:1E young spruce or
hemlock: )Gr'; ,Gr'E
square
square: ,J(-0 #66:bE square (for marking boards): ,H6 -05#66:bE
squat
m!!m &541r66rE
squeeze
s/he mashed it; s/he squeezed it: lee/= 6#66&6sG,'E
squeezed
he/she/it is stuck there; he/she/it is squeezed (in) there: pddo HI #6&'1IJ(DE
squid
squid: )6s6-66E
squirm
his/her/its belly; he/she/it is creeping around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept
around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it is squirming around; he/she/it squirmed
around: /=eeo H, &%%,'u%DE
squirrel
arctic ground squirrel: ,-H'#E red squirrel: #6$6'-H6#E squirrel:
#6'-H6# M/NE
stab
s/he beat it; s/he rang it; s/he stabbed it: ]T!!= 66&6*&66'E

stack
s/he packed it; s/he stacked it: PA!!F 6#66&6"0H#E
stain
black with dirt, filth, stain: ,-Hr'E s/he dyed it; s/he stained it: BdCmT
6#6&'1-Jr&E
stained
it's dyed; it's stained: BdCmT #6&)1-Jr&E
stairs
ladder; stairs: )R(1,E
stamp
s/he kicked it; s/he stamped on it: /BdCp 66&6,-JIE
stand
s/he is standing: A!![
Z
0H$E s/he remained standing: A!![
Z
:6$ 5&60H$E
they are standing: [!!m
Z
06- $HrE they kept standing; they stood: [!!m
Z

:6$ 06- 5&6$HrE
stand up
s/he stood up: A!![
Z
&5)1066$E
star
comet; falling star: D%%)RbE star: r5,IE6:6$60HE
starfish
starfish: -HDE
start
it's running (of engine); it started (of engine); it's rolling (of wheel); it's spinning
(of wheel): >eeo #66&64u%DE start, begin: s5$J1E starting off taking off:
:(,IE
starvation
famine; starvation: '66D&E
starving
he/she/it starved: =!!oT 5&6'HD&E
stay
s/he stayed overnight; s/he camped out: pdC 5&6IJ1E s/he was with him/her;
s/he stayed with him/her; s/he lived with him/her: /dd
Z
)5 IH$D :J1 &%%,((E
steal
s/he stole it: /!!T 66&6,H&E
steam
s/he steamed it; s/he boiled it: /!!
`
6&-1,H6E steam (visible, in the air); mist,
fog (rising from a body of standing water): DG#466E
steambath
steambath: I66:E

steam engine
steam engine, train: -0,J($ #H6E
stem
its stem (of plant); pith (of tree): 6 #6)bD1E
stereo
ru%#E
stern
its back end; stern (of boat): 6 #u%'E its cutwater; the curved part of a bow
or stern (of boat): 6 DJ(-1E stern (of a boat): 6 *J(#E
stick
1

match; stick: rH6-E planting stick: #6,-u%&66E pry; stick or tool for
prying; crowbar: #b,66E roasting stick (split so that the meat can be inserted;
the end is then bound): I&J1$66E sharpened stick (for digging up clams,
roots, etc.); gardening fork: #H6,E spit, skewer, roasting stick, barbecue stick:
,-J(#E stick: -0((:E sticks woven through the fish lengthwise after it has
been filleted for barbecuing: ,'J(#6,E
stick
2

s/he stuck it to it: BddoT H, 6#6&'1-bD&E
stickleback
stickleback: #66*H$E
stiff
dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish): sH#&E
Stikine
Stikine River: B0,6D0J($E
still1
again; still; some more: ,-5E just now; just then; still; yet: :(1-GE still,
even: "05E
still2
he/she/it became still: /dd
Z
,'(1:J1 :J1 &%%,((E
stink
he/she/it stank; he/she/it smelled: PA!![ &5'1"0H$E
stomach
his/her stomach; gizzard (of bird): )5 :%%&GE its rumen, main stomach (of
ruminant): 6 )H6'1E
stone
stone; rock: ,JE wide, flat stone (used for cooking): ,J rH6,'E
stop
Don't!; Stop it!: C'bKE he/she/it became still: /dd
Z
,'(1:J1 :J1 &%%,((E s/he
went ashore; s/he came to a stop: meep
Z
:6$ 5&6rGIE Stop it!; That's
enough!: QJ1 H&JKE

store
store: 0%%$ )66#60b)1E
storekeeper
store up
stormy
it's stormy; it's rough (of weather): /dd
X
6:6&)1,((E
story
s/he told the story of it; s/he talked into it: [ddF 6#6&'1$((#E story:
-0#6'$((#E
storyteller
storyteller; preacher: r%%$ -0 #6'$((*bE
stout
stout: #5,'HE
stove
stove: -,%%DE
straight
straight ahead; directly ahead: :66)6"0u%$E
straighten out
s/he straightened it out: [dC &%%"0 :HI 6&-1$(1E
strain
s/he strained it; s/he filtered it; s/he drained it off: PA!! 6#6&'1"0H6E
straw
straw (for drinking): 6 ,u%$HD #6)5-jbr-j H,E
strawberry
strawberry: -0H#&E wild strawberry: '1$*b, -0H#&E
stream
creek; small stream: 0J($H#&E fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek:
b-0E head of river, stream: 0J($ -0H6#E mouth of river, stream: 0J($
&H,E river, stream, creek: 0J($E river; stream; creek: #6$66)66:1 0J($;
$66)66:1 0J($E
strength
strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve: ,%%&G '6,-(($E strength,
power: '6,-(($E
stretcher
stretcher, form for shaping: #6$H*66E

string
babiche, string, leather thonging: )R66-E s/he strung them together; s/he
threaded it: EddBA 6#6&'1Eb-0E string: ,bD :H)1E
striped
it's striped: l!!B #6)'1sH6-E
strive
oddPA 66&6Db"0E
strong
he/she/it became strong; he/she/it became powerful: /Bdd[ &5'1,-(($E
stuck
&5-01#J(IE he/she/it is stuck there; he/she/it is squeezed (in) there: pddo
HI #6&'1IJ(DE it got stuck on the beach: Q=!!pT :6I &%%)'H6I&E
student
student; learner: :66 6, $6-#&J1$1E student; pupil; scholar: -*u%$&66$E
study
s/he studied it; s/he learned it; s/he practiced it: /eeT -0 ,u% 6&)'1,u%&E
s/he studied; s/he taught himself/herself: /eeT -0 ,u% 6, &5)'1,u%&E
stump
its stump, butt end (of tree or other plant): 6 *%%&GE uprooted tree or stump
(with roots protruding): DJ()6)1E
sucker
its sucker (devilfish): 6 u%,1E
suckerfish
suddenly
suddenly, immediately, right away: "06 :u%#E
suffer
under the burden, weight of it; belabored or suffering from it (a burden,
hardship): 6 41:((,E
Sukteeneid
principal crest is the Dog Salmon: B5r,(($(1)bE
summer
summer: r5,66$E summer; early summer: ,66#&E((,bE
summon
s/he summoned him/her; s/he called him/her: peep 66&6I%%IE
sun
sun: s6*66$E

sunbeam
sunbeam; ray of sunlight: s6*66$ I5-:((E
sun-dried
sun-dried: s6*66$ #6-G#&I5E
sunlight
sunbeam; ray of sunlight: s6*66$ I5-:((E
sunny
it's sunny; the sun is shining: ]!![
Z
6&)1*66$E
sure
be sure not to: ,-JE be sure to: D&H$E indeed, for sure: )H*H6E
surface
face, (vertical) side, (vertical) surface of it: 6 :HE the (horizontal) surface of it;
on it; on top of it; in it ( a dish; a path): 6 #HE
surgeon
surgeon: r66)66D66-0bE
surprise
[expression of mild surprise]: -0JE [expression of strong surprise]: *&H6E
swallow
1

swallow: -J(& #%%-0)6$(1,E
swallow
2

s/he swallowed it: [ee/ 6#66&6$u%,E
swamp
stunted tree in swamp; jackpine, swamp spruce: -0H"0# #6E66-bE swamp:
-0H"0#E
swan
swan: *Gr'E
sweater
sweater: #6#J1$ #%%)H-E
sweep
s/he swept: odd/ &5)1DJ(,E s/he swept the floor: odd/ ,66 #H
66&6DJ(,E
sweet
he/she/it was fragrant; he/she/it smelled sweet: /B!! &5'1,-H6E it was
sweet: [F/B &5'1$G#,-E
sweetheart
his/her sweetheart: )5 ,-(1:b; )5 #6"0H&'1E
swell
wave; swell: ,((,E
swelling
boil; inflammation and swelling: D((-E

swim
it is swimming around there; it swam around there: FT!![ H, 41&-1#&66$E
it swam ashore: Add[
X
:6$ 5&60b$E it swam underwater to it: o!!F H,
5&6DH#E they are swimming around there; they swam around there: FT!![
H, 06- &5-1#&66$E they are traveling around (of a group of cars or fleet of
boats); they are swimming around (of a school of sea mammals): ]ee
X
H, 06-
:66&6*%%E they swam to it: ]ee
X
H, :6&-1*u%E
swing
swing, hammock: s(1sH"0E swing; hammock: s((sH"0E
swollen
it's swollen; it's tangled: oddB &5)1Db-E
table
table: $6)H6#&E
tadpole
tadpole; polliwog: )G-0E
tag
s/he slapped him/her/it; s/he tagged him/her/it: /!!PA 66&6,H"0E
tail
its tail flippers: 6 *(($bE its tail (of animal): 6 '(()bE its tail (of bird or
fish): 6 #%%&GE
tailbone
his/her tailbone; bottom of his/her spine: )5 #u%'E
T'akdeintaan
T'akdeintaan, locally called "Seagull"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose
principal crest is the Seagull: /6r)(1$,66$E
take
s/he carried it aboard; s/he took it aboard (container or hollow object): /!![
:66I 66&6,66$E s/he carried it all there; s/he took it all there: >dC= 66)J
6#66&64(1'E s/he carried it inside; s/he took it inside (container full of liquid
or small objects): Edd[
Z
$(1' 6&-1Eb$E s/he carried it inside; s/he took it
inside (general, compact object): /dd
X
$(1' 66&6,J(E s/he carried it; s/he
took it (container or hollow object): /!![ 66&6,66$E s/he carried it there;
s/he took it there (container full of liquid or small objects): Edd[
Z
H, 6&-1Eb$E
s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (container or hollow object): /!![ H,
66&6,H$E s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (general, compact object):
/dd
X
66)J 66&6,((E s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (solid, often
complex object): /dd
X
66)J 6&-1,((E s/he carried stuff there; s/he took stuff
there: >dC= 66)J 6, #66&64(1'E s/he carried them there; s/he took them there
(esp. baggage or personal belongings): E!!/
X
66)J 6&'1E66,E s/he gave it to
him/her; s/he took it to him/her (container full of liquid or small objects): Edd[
Z

)5 4((, 6&-1Eb$E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (container or
hollow object): /!![ )5 4((, 66&6,H$E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it
to him/her (general, esp. abstract object): /dd
X
)5 4((, 66&6,J(E s/he gave
it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (long, complex object): /!![ )5 4((,

6&-1,H$E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (round object): /dd
X

)5 4((, 6#66&6,J(E s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her
(textile-like object): E!!p
X
)5 4((, 66&6EHIE s/he gave them to him/her; s/he
took them to him/her: [dC )5 4((, :J1 6&-1$(1E s/he gave them to him/her;
s/he took them to him/her (esp. baggage or personal belongings): E!!/
X
)5 4((,
6&'1EH,E s/he gave them to him/her; s/he took them to him/her (small, round or
X
)5 4((, 6#6&'1EH,E s/he touched it; s/he picked it
up; s/he took it: BAdd
Z
H, 5&6-0J(E
take care
take off
starting off taking off: :(,IE
Takhini
Takhini hot springs (north of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory): /6I0J($1E
Taku
Taku: /66rGE
tale
talk
conversation, dialog; talk, discourse (between more than one person): :%%
I6'6EH,#E s/he spoke; s/he talked; s/he made a speech: /!![ I6&)1,66$E
s/he spoke to him/her; s/he talked to him/her: /!![ )5 J(, I(1&6,H$E s/he
talked; they spoke: /!![ :%% I(1&6,H$E s/he told the story of it; s/he talked
into it: [ddF 6#6&'1$((#E speech, talk; language; word, phrase, sentence,
or discourse: :%% I6,H$#E they conversed; they spoke; they talked: E!!/
X

:%% M06N- I6&'1EH,E
talk out of
s/he talked him/her out of it: [ddF 6 #HI 6#6&'1$b#E
tall
he/she/it is big, tall (live creature or building): ]dC
Z
'1*J1E
tallow
tallow, hard fat: ,%%&E
tan
s/he tanned it; s/he smoked it: BdCm HI 6#6&'1-(1rE
tangled
it's swollen; it's tangled: oddB &5)1Db-E
tarp
canvas; tarp; tent: D&66-)H6E
tarpaper
bark roofing material; tarpaper: 0b, #6DGD5E

taste
s/he liked the taste of it: FdC )5 IJ &%%#J1E s/he tasted it: [eeF
X
IJ1
6&)1$G#E
tavern
restaurant; tavern: 6,IH )66#60b)1E
tea
tea: "0H6:%%E
teach
s/he studied; s/he taught himself/herself: /eeT -0 ,u% 6, &5)'1,u%&E s/he
taught him/her: /eeT )5 J(D 6, &5'1,u%&E s/he taught it to him/her:
/eeT )5 J(D 6&'1,u%&E
teacher
teacher: ru% 6, '6,u%&5 M/NE
tea kettle
tea kettle (originally with long curved spout): ,66&Hr D((-0H6E
tear
s/he held it open; s/he tore it away (from the hook): BdC= 6I(1&6-J'E s/he
tore it: BdC= 66&6-J1'E s/he tore it; s/he peeled it off; s/he ripped it off:
BdC= 6#66&6-J1'E
tears
his/her tears: )5 &6I60J($1E
Teikweid
Teikweid, locally called "Brown Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose
principal crest is the Brown Bear: /(1r&(1)bE
telephone
s/he called him/her on the phone: /!![ )5 4((, I6&)1,H$; /!![ )5 4(()J
I6&)1,66$E
tell
s/he tells him/her that: m!!
Z
:J1 6)66:6rHE s/he told about it; s/he reported
about it; s/he witnessed it; s/he testified about it: [ddF 6#66&6$((#E s/he
told a story; s/he preached; s/he narrated: [ddF -0 #6&)'1$((#E s/he told
him/her that; s/he said that to him/her; s/he asked him/her to do that: m!!
Z
:%%
6:6&-1r66E s/he told people a legend: /=!!FT r%%$ 66&6,'H#&E
temple
his/her temple; upper side of his/her face (from the cheekbones to the top of the
head): )5 :6,H#&E
tempt
he/she/it tempted him/her; he/she tried it out; he/she tested it: Q=v[p!!
6#66&6)'J$I66E
temptation
temptation, trial: r5#6)'J$I66E

ten
ten: 41$#66,E ten (people): 41$#66)1$HIE
tendon
vein; tendon (inside body): ,J(,E
tent
canvas; tarp; tent: D&66-)H6E tent: -b-66 0b,E
tentacle
its tentacle (of octopus): 6 ,'(1sb MPN; 6 ,'((sbE
tern
tern: r(1r&; #1"0:H,; #%%,'J1,66E
terrible
X

#6&'14J(E
Teslin
Teslin: Q(1-'(($E Teslin Lake people: Q(1-'(($ m&H6$E
test
6#66&6)'J$I66E
testicles
his testicles: )5 #&H,E its testicles (of moose, caribou): 6 #G$,-1E
testify
[ddF 6#66&6$((#E
thankful
Z
-0 ,u%sH6
&)1,((E
thank you
Thank you!: ]5$6'"0J(-0KE
that
that (at hand): &JE that (at hand) [focus]: H&JE that (at hand)
[interrogative]: H#E&JE that (distant), yonder: :GE that (distant), yonder
[focus]: H:GE that (distant), yonder [interrogative]: H#:GE this/that (over
here), the other: 0JE this/that (over here), the other [focus]: H0JE this/that
(over here), the other [interrogative]: H#E0JE
that's how
thus, that's how: 6:HIE
thaw
Z
&5'1'H6E
their
their [possessive]: 06- )5E

them
them [object]: 06-E
then
only then: ,-HE then, around, after, for: 66sH6E
they
they [independent]: 0H-E they [subject]: 06-E
thick
it became thick: F!!F &5-1#66#E it got that thick; it thickened: F!!F :J1
#6&-1#66#E thick: #5-6#66#E
thief
thief: ,H6& -66,bE
thigh
its hindquarters; thigh: 6 sH)R1E
thighs
his/her buttocks, thighs: )5 sH,-E
thimble
thimble: ,'1r$66EH,E
thimbleberry
thimbleberry: "0((IE
thin
thin (flat object): rH6,'E
thing
thing: H,E
things
think
in his/her opinion; to his/her way of thinking, feeling: )5 ,5&HDE s/he
thought about it; s/he considered it; s/he made up his/her mind about it: /!![ 6
)66 :%% ,%%&6,H$E they thought about it; they considered it; they made up
their minds about it: E!!/
X
6 )66 :%% M06N- ,5&'1EH,E
thirsty
s/he is thirsty; it is dry: Feeo -066&6#GDE
thirty
thirty: $H-# 41$#66,E
thirty one
thirty one: $H-# 41$#66, r6 ,'J1DE
this
this (right here): :HE this (right here) [focus]: H:HE this (right here)
[interrogative]: H#:HE this/that (over here), the other: 0JE this/that (over

here), the other [focus]: H0JE this/that (over here), the other [interrogative]:
H#E0JE
thought
consciousness, thought process, thinking: :%% ,5,H$#E I thought: r6-0)(E
thought: ,5$)6,H6$E
thread
s/he strung them together; s/he threaded it: EddBA 6#6&'1Eb-0E thread;
sinew: ,H-E
three
three: $H-#E three at a time, three by three: $H-*1sH6E three (people):
$H-*1$HIE
three times
three times: $6-*1)60J($E
throat
his/her throat: )5 '(1,u%IE
throw
s/he threw it: lddo #(1 6#66&6sbDE s/he threw it to it: pddPA H,
6#66&6Ib"0; =dd/ H, 66&6'b,E
throw up
s/he vomited; s/he threw up: mee &5)'1r%%E
thumb
his/her thumb: )5 *%%-0E
thunderbird
principal crest is the Thunderbird: B06$*5#(1)bE
Thunderbird
Thunderbird: o(1,'E
thus
thus, specifically: :J1E
thwart
its crosspiece (of boat, snowshoe); thwart (of boat): :6I6#H6&E
tickle
it's itchy; it tickles: oTdC/= #6&'1D&J,'E
tide
current; tidal action: 0J($ #6$6)66:bE current, tide: 066,E flood; tide:
rJ(-E high tide line: rJ(- -05&((E low tide (point at which the tide will
begin coming in): J(r '5#6rJ(-1E the tide is in: Q!!
Z
)66r 5&6)H6E the
tide is low: =!!
Z
:6$ 5&6'H6E the tide went out from under it; the tide ebbed
out from under it: =!!
Z
HI &%%'66E the water level rose; the tide came up:
Q!!
Z
#(1 5&6)H6E whirlpool; boiling tide; chaos: Du%'E

tide flats
tide flats: 'J1$E
tidelands
tie
s/he tied it: Qeeo 6#66&6)GDE s/he tied it up: E!!pT :H$)( 66&6EHI&E
s/he wrapped it up; s/he tied it in a bundle: E!!pT 6)66&-1EHI&E
tied
it's connected there; it's tied there: o!!/
Z
66)J #-1DH,E
tiger
man-eating animal; lion; tiger; man-eating wolf: 066)66s%%4bE man-eating
feline; mountain lion; tiger, leopard: 066)66)u%-01E
tighten
s/he pulled it tight: o!!/
Z
#1)J1$ 6#6&-1DH,E
timbers
house timbers: 0b, )6E1)(1)bE
time
(distributed) in the area of; (going) after, (waiting) for; about the time of: cs66E
it's time for it: A!! H, r5&60H6E it; that place, time, reason, fact: HE it was
long (time): \!!/ :((:&%%:H6,E late; after the appointed time: *66& b,DE
on time; in time: *66& :HIE room, space, place for it; time for it; chance,
opportunity for it: 6 :6EH6#E time: *66&E
tin
iron, tin: s6:J1-; 1r:J1-E
tip
its tip (of pointed object); top, tips of its branches (of tree, bush): 6 D66$E its
tip, point: 6 '5D66E
tired
he/she/it made him/her tired: oTdC/= 6&'1D&J,'E s/he's tired; s/he's weary:
oTdC/= &5)1D&J,'E
Tlingit
Tlingit: =1$*b,E
to
(resting) at; coming to, arriving at; moving about: c,E to, toward; until; in the
manner of: c)JM1N t c)(M1NE
toast
s/he fried it; s/he toasted it: BeeF 6#6&'1-G#E
tobacco
(plug of) chewing tobacco: #6,J(DE tobacco: sH$"0; ,5&66#GE
toe
his/her big toe: )5 I5-*%%-0E his/her toe: )5 I5-,'(1r; )5 I5-,'((rE

toenail
his/her nail (of finger or toe): )5 I66#&E
together
together [object]: &%%-0; &%%"0E
tomorrow
tomorrow: -(1sH$; -(1sH$1$E
tongs
tongs: 'H,66E
tongue
his/her tongue: )5 'u%,E
tonsils
his/her tonsils: )5 I6-*5&J1-1E
too
also, too, as well: ,-GE
tool
tool, tools: 41-06*u%$E
too much
too much: rG,IE
tooth
his/her missing tooth: )5 %%I#1E((,bE his/her tooth: )5 %%IE its tooth: 6
%%IGE
toothpick
toothpick: %%I #6,-Hs66E
top
around the top of it (object with rounded top): 6 -06)66E its tip (of pointed
object); top, tips of its branches (of tree, bush): 6 D66$E top of it (something
with a rounded top, as a mountain); above it; (elevated) over it: 6 -06#J(E
top (spinning toy): ,%%'"0H$E
torn
it's torn: BdC= #6&)1-J1'E
totem pole
totem pole: #%%,J(:66E
touch
s/he felt it: [eeF
X
4J( 6&)1$G#E s/he touched it; s/he picked it up; s/he took
it: BAdd
Z
H, 5&6-0J(E
tourist
tourist: -0 ,5&H6 #6-:J1:1E
tow
s/he towed it: p!!PA 66&6I66"0E

toward
in the direction or general area of it; (headed) toward it: 6 :1$66)J; 6
$1:66)JE straight towards it; directly towards it: 6 )6"0u%$E to, toward;
until; in the manner of: c)JM1N t c)(M1NE
towel
towel, hand towel: 41s&J1$66E
town
in a town, on the streets of a town: 66$ I6:((E town; village; settlement;
inhabited or owned land: 66$E
townspeople
tracks
its tracks: 6 I5-E((,bE
trail
1

street: )(1E
trail
2

s/he untangled it; s/he trailed him/her/it; s/he undid it: FdC 6#6&-1#(1E
transport
s/he is transporting him/her/it around; s/he transported him/her/it around: p!!
X

H, 6:66&6I66E s/he transported him/her/it there: p!!
X
H, 6:66&6IH6E
trap
deadfall trap for large animals: :J1IE fish trap: -0H6'E rock pile fish trap:
u%,E s/he caught it; s/he grabbed him/her/it; s/he arrested him/her; s/he
trapped him/her/it: BA!!/ 66&6-0H6,E trap (esp. steel trap): s66,H6E
trapper
trapper: s66,H6 :J1 )66$J1:1E
trash
dirt; scrap(s); rubbish, trash, clutter; lint: -((DE filth, mess; trash, rubbish,
garbage: ,'((DE
travel
s/he traveled there: /dd[ H, r5&6,b$; /dd[ 66)J r%%&6,(($E they are
traveling around (of a group of cars or fleet of boats); they are swimming
around (of a school of sea mammals): ]ee
X
H, 06- :66&6*%%E they
traveled through it: ]ee
X
6$6I 06- :66&6*u%E
tree
dead dry tree, still standing: 'H6IE fallen tree: 'H#&,1E growth on the trunk
of a tree, burl: *G$'E its stump, butt end (of tree or other plant): 6 *%%&GE
stunted tree in swamp; jackpine, swamp spruce: -0H"0# #6E66-bE the shelter
of a tree: 66- 41-(1:bE tree (esp. conifer): 66-E tree pitch: 66-)66#u%I5E
tumor in a tree, with branches growing from it: 66-)66DJ(-1E uprooted tree

or stump (with roots protruding): DJ()6)1E windfall; dead tree(s) or brush
that has fallen: sJ(46)1E windfall; tree lying in the woods: sJ("06)1E
trial
temptation, trial: r5#6)'J$I66E
tribesman
his/her relative, friend; his/her tribesman: )5 I%%$bE
trickle
trickle of water; steady drip or leak: #6DH6-466E
tricks
tricks, sleight of hand; juggling: :6#&,(1:bE
trim
its trim, trimming: 6 I6IJ()'1E
trip
s/he fell over it; s/he tripped over it (of live creature): ]dd/
Z
6$6I :(1
&)R1*b,E
troll
s/he fished (with a hook); s/he trolled: /dCp 6&)R1,(1IE
troller
fisherman (troller): 6-,(1IbE troller: -05#6'I664bE
trouble
he/she/it bothered him/her; he/she/it is bothering him/her: odd= 6#66&6Db'E
trouble; conflict: #6DJ('E war; trouble; rush, hurry: 6)6&u%,'E
troublemaker
troublemaker: 6, '5D66rH6&5E
trout
cutthroat trout: DJ1,66E Dolly Varden trout: I&H6,E lake trout: )6'(1:bE
steelhead trout: 66-0H,E trout (sea): :66E
truly
truly, really; in truth, for sure: DJ1s66E
trunk
its base (of tree or other plant); the lower part of its trunk or stem: 6 #((:bE
trust
s/he believed him/her; s/he trusted him/her: Add[
Z
)5 J(# 66&60(($E
truth
truth: DJ1s66 H,E
try
6#66&6)'J$I66E

Tsaagweid
Tsaagweid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crests are the Seal and
Killerwhale: /-66*&(1)bE
Tsimshian
Tsimshian: /-%%,-DH$E
tub
large rectangular tub for soaking skins while tanning them: r66#6$J1E
tuberculosis
chest pain; tuberculosis: &5&,5$J(#&E
tugboat
tugboat: )6IH"0D1E
tumor
lump in the flesh; tumor: #6&H6,E tumor in a tree, with branches growing
from it: 66-)66DJ(-1E
turn
it's his/her turn: A!! )5 J(, r5&60H6E s/he turned the boat: E!!/
X
#(1
6:6&'1EH,E
turn back
s/he turned back: meep
Z
6:6&)1rGIE s/he turned back; s/he went back; s/he
walked back: ]ee/
Z
6:6&)1*G,E they turned back; they went back; they
walked back: E!!/
Z
06- 6:6&)1EH,E
turnip
rutabaga; turnip: 6$60%%E turnip: ,'66)J1$E66E
turn off
s/he put it out (fire); s/he turned it off (light): FddB 6:6#6&'1#b-E
turn on
s/he grew it; s/he turned it on (hose); s/he caused it to flow (water): E!!
`

6#6&-1E66E s/he lit it (fire); s/he turned it on (light): ]!![
Z
H, 6#6&'1*H$E
turn over
s/he turned it over: /!![ H6 :6I 66&6,H$E turning over: H6 :6IE turning
over endwise: -0u% :6IE
turnstone
black turnstone: D6,)66:J(46:1E
turtle
turtle: ,6)6$u%D; #6$u%DE
twenty
twenty: ,'(1rH6E twenty (people): ,'(1rH6$HIE
twenty one
twenty one: ,'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1DE twenty one (people): ,'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1$HIE

twilight
dusk; twilight: D1EH6,E
twin
his/her twin: )5 #1#:H)1E
twirl
s/he's waving it (hand, etc.); it's wagging it (tail); s/he is twirling it around
above his/her head: \dC[ 6-06#6&'1:J$E
two
both: "05 )J1IE twice, two times: )6I)60J($E two: )J1IE two at a time,
two by two: )HIs66E two different kinds, types; two different ways, directions:
)6I:((#66)JE two (people): )HI$HIE two (people) at a time:
)HIs66$HIE
type
one kind, type; one way, direction: ,'(1:((#66)JE s/he typed it: Q!!=
6#6&'1)H'E two different kinds, types; two different ways, directions:
)6I:((#66)JE
typist
typist: #6')H6'1E
ulcer
mouth ulcer; soreness of the mouth (as of a baby teething): DH6,'H#&E
umbilical cord
his/her umbilical cord: )5 ,66$b M/PN; )5 ,66$G M!,/NE
umbrella
umbrella: #J1 )6r1$41 -H6D&E
unattractive
X

#6&'14J(E
uncle
his/her maternal uncle: )5 #H6#E his/her paternal uncle, cousin: )5 -H$1E
under
near the base of it; at the foot of it; the back, rear or it (house); behind it
(house); under the shelter of it (a standing object or structure): 6 #1:((E
under his/her feet: )5 I5-:((E underneath it; beneath it; below it: 6 ,6:((E
under or inside his/her clothes; next to his/her skin: )5 )%%$:66E
underground
underground: :6$6IE
undershirt
undershirt: )%%$:66I #%%)H-E

understand
s/he understands him/her; s/he hears (and understands) him/her: E!!p
Z

6Ij6:6EHI"0E s/he understood: ]dC
X
)5 )66 :66 r5-05&-1*J1E s/he
understood him/her; s/he heard (and understood) him/her: E!!p
Z
6I(1&6EHIE
undo
unfold
s/he spread it out; s/he unfolded it: \!!
X
HI 6#66&6:66E
unripe
green, unripe berry: #6IH,E they're unripe; they're green (of berries): p!!/
#6)'1IH,E
untangle
until
to, toward; until; in the manner of: c)JM1N t c)(M1NE
up
partway up it; halfway up it (the inside of a vessel or container): 6 #6,u%,E
up: #(1E
upstairs
upstairs; attic: 0b, -06$,GE
upstream
upstream; north: $66#J(E
upward
upward: #b$)(1E
urine
his/her urine: )5 'u%D5E strong urine smell: #6I((-E
us
us [object]: 066E
use
ready, waiting for him/her to use: )5 41:((E s/he used it for it; s/he made it
into it: \dCp
Z
H,I 6&'1:JIE s/he wore it; s/he put it on; s/he used it: Eee
Z
:J1
66&6E%%E
used to
something): Q!!
X
)5 IJ1I &%%)66E
used up
it came to an end; it was used up: oddo -05&6D((DE
utensil
kitchen utensil: 6,IH 41-06*u%$E

vagina
privates (of female); vulva; vagina: )5 *u%-E
valley
mountain valley; valley: -066$HIE
value
its price, value; the money from the sale of it: 6 :(1)bE
variety
different ones; variety: &%%-0 s5$6:H6)( 66E
vegetation
leaf, leaves; vegetation, plants, herbs, herbiage: #6:66$bE
vein
vein; tendon (inside body): ,J(,E
Venus
Venus: #u%D )b-1E
verdigris
verdigris: ((r 0H6,'1E
very
very: rG$HI; ,'6IE
vest
vest; sleeveless top: 'E5'4b$1E
via
along, via; including the time of: c$HIE
view
blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see): )5
&6r#6-u%D; )5 &6r#HE
village
town; village; settlement; inhabited or owned land: 66$E
vine
roots or vines used in basket decoration: 'J(,E
visible
it's obvious; it's clearly visible: A!! ,'J' *%%0H6E
voice
his/her voice: )5 -6,G; )5 -JE
vole
mouse, deer mouse; vole: #6sH6#E
vomit
s/he is vomiting; s/he vomited: A!!B 5&60H-E s/he vomited; s/he threw up:
mee &5)'1r%%E vomit; urge to vomit: 0H6-E

wade
he/she/it waded ashore: Aee :6$ 5&60u%E
wag
wagon
flywheel; wheelbarrow; wagon; hand truck: #64GD66E
wail
waist
his/her waist: )5 #6-H$E
wait
speaking: )5 I6:((E Wait!: C'b -JKE waiting for it: 6 ((sH6; 6 :((sH6; 6
:1sH6E
wake up
s/he woke him/her up: ]dd/
Z
#(1 6&-1*b,E s/he woke up: ]dd/
Z
#(1
&)R1*b,E
walk
he/she/it is walking around there; he/she/it walked around there: ]ee/
Z
H,
&%%*%%,E he/she/it walked along it: ]ee/
Z
HI &%%*%%,E he/she/it walked
into the open;: ]ee/
Z
)66# 5&6*G,E he/she/it walked through it: ]ee/
Z

6$6I :66&6*G,E he/she/it went there; he/she/it walked there: ]ee/
Z
66)J
&%%*%%,E s/he is walking along; s/he is going along: ]ee/
Z
:66 $6*G,E
s/he turned back; s/he went back; s/he walked back: ]ee/
Z
6:6&)1*G,E they
are walking along there; they are going along there: E!!/
Z
HI :66 M06N-
$6EH,E they are walking around: E!!/
Z
H, 06- &%%E66,E they turned back;
they went back; they walked back: E!!/
Z
06- 6:6&)1EH,E they walked: E!!/
Z

06- &%%E66,E they walked down along it: E!!/
Z
HI 06- &%%E66,E they
walked there; they arrived there; they went there: E!!/
Z
H, 06- 5&6EH,E they
walked there; they went there: E!!/
Z
66)J 06- &%%E66,E they walked
through it; they went through it: E!!/
Z
6$6I 06- :66&6EH,E they walked up
there; they went up there: E!!/
Z
H6 #(1 M06N- 5&6EH,E
wall
wall: ,H6 :HE
walrus
walrus: #%%'J1I&66E
want
s/he feels that way; s/he wants to do it; s/he feels like doing it: /dd
Z
:J1
,5&6,((E s/he wanted it; s/he liked it; it was pleasing to him/her: ]ee
Z
)5
,5&H6 &-1*u%E
war
fighting; war, conflict: r5'6*66&E war; trouble; rush, hurry: 6)6&u%,'E

war clothes
war clothes (of moosehide): DH6$ :1$66EH,E
warm
it's hot; it's warm: /!! 5&6,H6E s/he warmed it up: /!! 6&-1,H6E the
weather got hot; the weather got warm: /!! r%%&6,H6E
warrior
war party, attacking force of warriors or soldiers; army: IH6E
wart
wart: ,H6I&E
Was'eeneid
Was'eeneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crests are the Wolf and
Auklet: T6-(($(1)bE
wash
s/he washed it: EeeB 66&6Eu%-; EeeB 6#66&6Eu%-E
wash basin
wash basin: #H, :6)5E5-#5 H,E
washboard
washboard: #H, )5'E5-#5 H,; 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,E
wash over
waves washed over it: /!![ 6 #6$6I 41:6&-1,H$E
wasp
bee; wasp: *6$)66-664bE
watch1
wristwatch: 41#6&H6"0E
watch2
watchman
guard, watchman: 6, #HI 6)J'1E keeper of the key; jailer; night watchman:
#6,bI66 -66,bE night watchman: ,66, 66:b 6)J'1E
water
coffee; hot water: :6,66:1 0J($E edge of body of water: 0J($ -0GE end
of body of standing water: 01$-0G M!,NE in the water; in the river: 0J($
,H6#E into water: 0J($I; 0J($1E on (top of) the water, river: 0J($ I6#H;
01$I5#HE out of the water onto the beach, shore: )H6s1E water: 0J($E
waterfall
waterfall: DH6-E
watermelon berry
watermelon berry, twisted stalk, wild cucumber: ,'(1r& #60b$,1E

wave
1

waves washed over it: /!![ 6 #6$6I 41:6&-1,H$E wave; swell: ,((,E
wave
2

waves1
waves reached the beach: /!![ :6$ 41&-1,H$E
way
place; way: :JE
we
we [independent]: 50H6$E we [subject]: ,%%cE
weak
&5',-(($E
wealth
wealth; prosperity; riches: '6$H6'IE
wealthy
rich man; man of wealth; chief: 66$rH6&5E s/he got rich; s/he got wealthy; it
became profitable: [}!=p &5'1$H6'IE
wear
s/he is wearing it: /dd
X
#H, 6)6,J($E s/he wore it; s/he put it on; s/he used
it: Eee
Z
:J1 66&6E%%E
wear out
it wore out: BA!!BA &%%-0H6-0E
weary
s/he's tired; s/he's weary: oTdC/= &5)1D&J,'E
weasel
weasel: )H6E
weather
dry weather; clear day: r5D66#E the weather was that way: /dd
Z
:J1
r%%&6,((E weather: r5,bE
weave
s/he knitted; s/he crocheted; s/he wove: [dC #6&)R1$J1E s/he made it (by
weaving, knitting, crocheting); s/he mended it (net): [dC 6#6&-1$(1E
web
its web (of spider): 6 s(1&GE
wedge
wedge, shim: IJ(D&E
weep
crying, weeping: s66IE

weighty
it got heavy; it was weighty (of abstracts): Q!!= &%%)H'E
well
well: #1)J1$E
wet
he/she/it is wet: /=!!F &5)1,'H#E
whale
whale: :H6:E
whatever
anything; whatever: "06 )66 -HE
wheel
s/he wheeled it there: >eeo 66)J 6#6&'14%%DE s/he wheeled it to it: >eeo
H, 6#6&'14GDE
wheelbarrow
flywheel; wheelbarrow; wagon; hand truck: #64GD66E wheelbarrow; hand
truck, dolly: #%%4GD&66 M!$N; #%%4GD66 M/PNE
when
when, while: "05 ,'(1E
whenever
any time (in the future); whenever (in the future): "06 *&H,*(($ -HE
wherever
anywhere, anyplace; wherever: "06 *%%,H -HE
whetstone
whetstone: :6:J1$66E
which
which (one); some (certain one): )66r&E66 -HE
while
when, while: "05 ,'(1E
whip
whip: IH,66E
whirlpool
whirlpool: 066, #%%'E whirlpool; boiling tide; chaos: Du%'E
whisker
his/her whiskers: )5 I6)66)R66:bE its whiskers, beard (of fish): 6
r6$%%IGE
white
white: )'(1,E White, European, Caucasian (man or person): ]5-#1:((
r&H6$; )'(1, rH6E
whitecap
foam; whitecaps: I(('E

whittle
s/he whittled it: \dCp
Z
6#66&6:JIE
whoever
anyone, anybody; whoever: "06 66)u% -H; "06 66 -HE
wide
it's wide: Teep :6&GIE
widow
widow: ' -66,b -066&H,E
wife
his old lady (wife): )5 -066&H)1E his wife: )5 -0H,E
wild celery
wild celery: :66$6E(1,E
wilderness
wilderness; the bush: #6,r66rG; s6's66r5E
wild rhubarb
sourdock; wild rhubarb: ,'66r&H"0E
will
will; wish(es): 6, -6s6066:bE
willow
willow: "0H6'E
win
6:66&6)'66rE
wind
chinook wind; south wind: #(('4H6; #(1'4H6E north wind: Du%$E thing
heading offshore, esp. wind: )H#)( H,E west wind: '6s6#HIE west wind;
wind blowing ashore: :H$)( H,E wind: u%D466E wind (blowing) from the
south: -H6$HIE
window
window: I66&66sJ1; I66&66sbE
windpipe
his/her windpipe; pharynx: )5 '(1#6"0u%I5E
wing
its wing: 6 #b41E
winter
(in preparation) for winter: ,H6#& $1:b-E winter; year: ,H6#&E
wipe
s/he wiped it; s/he mopped it: lee 6&'1s%%E
wire
wire: #6DJ(-E

wish
will; wish(es): 6, -6s6066:bE wish; prayer: %%'DJ1-E
witch
witch: $6#&-66,bE
with
(along) with, by means of; as soon as: (($; ,1$; ,(($E in addition to it; along
with it; to the side of it; besides that: 6 #b#$HIE with it: 66$E working with
him/her; helping him/her work or do something: )5 41E(($E
without
lacking it; without it: 6 ((,J($HIE without it; lacking it: 6 su%,E
witness
[ddF 6#66&6$((#E
wolf
Kaagwaantaan, locally called "Wolf"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose
principal crest is the Wolf: F66*&66$,66$E man-eating animal; lion; tiger;
man-eating wolf: 066)66s%%4bE Was'eeneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety
whose principal crests are the Wolf and Auklet: T6-(($(1)bE wolf: s%%"0E
wolverine
wolverine: $u%-#&; $u%-#E
woman
girls, young women: -066D&-H6$1E woman: -066&H,E young woman
(not married): -066,#E
women
women: -0H6E
[wonder]
Eh?; I wonder: #&-0JE
wonder
s/he wondered about it: >dd
Z
:%% 6#66&64((#E
wood
burnt or charred wood: D%%)RbE cord (of wood): 6, #66:bE dead wood
that's wet on the outside: *H$ 'HI1E its green wood (of tree): 6 -0b-rE
punk wood, decayed dry wood: s5$6$66 ,(,'E rotten wood: $66r&E soft
brown wood for tanning dye: I%%$E very rotton wood: rG'#E wood chips;
wood shavings: #6:(1I,Hs5 MPNE wood, piece of wood; wood chip: '(1&G;
'%%&GE wood shavings: #6:(1IE
woodpecker
woodpecker: *6$)66)6*u%*5E
woods
from the woods onto the beach, shore: J(s1E thing of the woods: 6, *5,5EH)1E
woods; bush; brush, underbrush: 6, *5,GE

woodworm
woodworm: *6$,5,'G#I5E
wool
yarn; wool: #6#J1$E
work
s/he worked; s/he did that: [dC :J1 4((&6$(1E working with him/her; helping
him/her work or do something: )5 41E(($E work, job: :J1 41$JE
worker
worker: :J1 41$J1:1E worker; crew: *6$6-&H6$E
work on
s/he does it; s/he is doing it; s/he works on it; s/he is working on it: [dC :J1
6)66$J1E
world
world: '1$*b, 66$bE
worm
worry
s/he is worried about him/her/it; s/he has him/her/it on her mind: oddo )5 ,u%,
&%%D((DE
wound
cut; knife wound: rJ1r&E gunshot wound: u%$66 ((,bE knife wound: 'b,66
((,bE pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); sore, wound that discharges pus:
rJ(,E s/he cut him/her/it (accidentally); s/he wounded him/her/it: mdCFT
Z

66&6rJ#&E s/he cut himself/herself; s/he wounded himself/herself (with a
sharp instrument): mdCFT
Z
-0 &5)1rJ#&E s/he injured it; s/he wounded
it; s/he bruised it: PAee[ 6&'1"0G$E wound: -J1'E
wounded
(emotionally): PAee[ &5)1"0G$E
Wrangell
Wrangell: m66"0I6$6EH6#&E
wrap
s/he bandaged it; s/he bound it up; s/he wrapped it: Bdd/ 6#66&6-b,E s/he
wrapped it up; s/he tied it in a bundle: E!!pT 6)66&-1EHI&E
wren
wren: &%%'$HI &%%-0rHrE
wrench
wrench: #6-J(, #6sG#&66; #6-J(, #6*&H)'66E
wrist
back of his/her wrist: )5 41#HE his/her wrist: )5 41#'1DJ(-; )5 41*G$'j1E

wrist gaurd
wrist guard: 41s(1EH,E
wrist guard
wrist guard: 41#6EH,E
write
s/he wrote: odd/ #6&41Db,E s/he wrote it; s/he drew it; s/he painted it; s/he
photographed it; s/he took X-rays of it: odd/ 6#6&-01Db,E
writer
writer; scribe; secretary: #6-0D(()bE
wrong
against it; wrongly, improperly: 6 *J1,tE against it, wrong (so as to foul up
what s/he had done): )5 41:6*J1IE s/he did something wrong; s/he broke the
law: ]dd/
X
6, *J1, &5)R1*b,E
X-ray
s/he wrote it; s/he drew it; s/he painted it; s/he photographed it; s/he took X-rays
of it: odd/ 6#6&-01Db,E
Yakutat
Yakutat: \66#&)H6,E
Yanyeid
Yanyeid, locally known as "Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crest is the Brown Bear: \6$:(1)bE
yarn
yarn; wool: #6#J1$E
yarrow
yarrow; (locally) rat's tail: #6s6#'(()bE
year
winter; year: ,H6#&E
yellow
dark yellow; eagle's beak: "0H6# '%%&GE yellow: #(,''u%D5; -J1I&6$1;
,'H6,'E
yes
yes: 6H6E
yesterday
yesterday: ,6,*JE
yet
just now; just then; still; yet: :(1-GE
yonder
that (distant), yonder: :GE that (distant), yonder [focus]: H:GE that (distant),
yonder [interrogative]: H#:GE

you
you (plural) [independent]: :((&0H6$E you (plural) [object]: :((E you
(plural) [subject]: :((cE you (singular) [independent]: &6EJE you (singular)
[object]: 1cE you (singular) [subject]: 1cE
young
new; young; fresh: :J(-E young adult: :J(- &H6,E young adult(s); young
people: :J(- r5E%%E younger one: #b#1 66E
your
your (plural) [possessive]: :((E your (singular) [possessive]: 1E

~
Tlingit Thematic Lexicon - 491

4,3#.3$ 46%/7$3) 8%93)"#

1- The physical universe
1.1 Sky
1.1.1 Objects in the sky
1.1.3 Weather
1.1.3.1 Natural Disaster
1.1.3.2 Wind
1.2.1 Land
1.2.2 Matter
1.3 Water
1.3.1 Bodies of water
1.3.2 Movement of water
1.3.4 Be in water
1.5 Plant
1.5.1 Tree
1.5.2 Bush, shrub
1.5.3 Grass, herb, vine
1.5.4 Moss, fungus, algae
1.5.5 Parts of a plant
1.5.6 Growth of plants
1.5.7 Plant diseases
1.6 Animal
1.6.1 Types of animals
1.6.1.1 Mammal
1.6.1.2 Bird
1.6.1.3 Reptile
1.6.1.4 Amphibian
1.6.1.5 Fish
1.6.1.6 Shark, ray
1.6.1.7 Insect
1.6.1.9 Sea creatures
1.6.2 Parts of an animal
1.6.3 Animal life cycle
1.6.4 Animal actions
1.6.5 Animal homes
1.6.7 Male and female animals

2- Person
2.1 Types of people
2.2 Body
2.2.1 Head
2.2.2 Torso
2.2.3 Arm, leg
2.2.4 Skin
2.2.5 Hair
2.2.6 Bone, joint
2.2.8 Internal organs
2.3 Body functions
2.4 The senses
2.4.1 See
2.4.2 Hear
2.4.3 Taste
2.4.4 Smell
2.4.5 Sense of touch
2.5 Body condition
2.6 Health
2.6.1 Sick
2.7 Life
2.7.1 Marriage
2.7.3 Birth
2.7.4 Stage of life
2.7.5 Male, female
2.7.6 Die

492 - Tlingit Thematic Lexicon

3- Language and thought
3.1 Soul, spirit
3.1.1 Personality
3.2 Mind
3.2.1 Think
3.3 Want
3.4 Emotion
3.5 Communication
3.5.4 Verbal tradition
3.5.5 Reading and writing
3.6 Teach
3.6.2 School

4- Social behavior
4.1 Relationships
4.1.8 Show affection
4.1.9 Related by kinship
4.2 Social activity
4.2.3 Music
4.2.4 Dance
4.2.6 Entertainment, recreation
4.2.7 Play, fun
4.3 Behavior
4.3.4 Do good/evil to
4.3.9 Culture
4.5 Authority
4.5.1 Person in authority
4.7 Law
4.7.3 Break the law
4.7.7 Punish
4.8 Strife
4.8.3 Peace
4.8.4 War
4.9 Religion

5- Home
5.1 Rooms of a house
5.1.3 Furniture
5.1.4 Household tools
5.2 Food
5.2.1 Food preparation
5.2.2 Eat
5.2.3 Types of food
5.2.3.1 Food from plants
5.2.3.2 Food from animals
5.2.3.4 Prepared food
5.2.3.6 Beverages
5.2.3.7 Alcoholic beverages
5.2.4 Tobacco
5.3 Clothing
5.3.3 Traditional clothing
5.3.6 Parts of clothing
5.3.7 Wear clothing
5.3.8 Naked
5.4 Adornment
5.4.1 Jewelry
5.4.2 Cosmetics
5.4.3 Caring for hair
5.5 Fire
5.6 Cleaning
5.6.1 Clean, dirty
5.7 Sleep

6- Work and occupation
6.1 Work
6.1.3 Difficult, impossible
6.2 Agriculture
6.2.1 Growing crops
6.4 Hunt and fish
6.4.1 Hunt
6.4.2 Trap

6.4.5 Fishing
6.5 Working with buildings
6.5.1 Building
6.5.2 Parts of a building
6.5.3 Building materials
6.6 Occupations
6.6.1 Working with cloth
6.6.2 Working with minerals
6.6.3 Working with wood
6.6.5 Art
6.7 Tool
6.7.7 Container
6.7.9 Machine
6.8 Finance
6.8.4 Financial transactions
6.8.5 Borrow

7- Physical actions
7.1 Posture
7.1.1 Stand
7.1.2 Sit
7.1.3 Lie down
7.1.8 Bend down
7.1.9 Move a part of the body
7.2 Move
7.2.1 Manner of movement
7.2.2 Move in a direction
7.2.6 Travel
7.3 Move something
7.3.1 Carry
7.3.2 Move something
in a direction
7.3.4 Handle something
7.3.5 Turn something
7.3.6 Open/Shut
7.3.7 Cover/Uncover
7.3.8 Transportation
7.3.9 Keep/Leave something
7.4 Arrange
7.4.1 Gather
7.4.2 Join, attach
7.5 Hide
7.5.1 Search
7.5.2 Find
7.5.3 Lose, misplace
7.6 Physical impact
7.6.1 Hit
7.7 Divide into pieces
7.7.6 Dig

8- States
8.1 Quantity
8.1.2 Number
8.1.5 All/Some
8.2 Measure
8.2.2 Long/Short
8.2.4 Size
8.2.5 Volume
8.3 Quality
8.3.1 Shape
8.3.2 Texture
8.3.3 Light
8.3.4 Temperature
8.3.5 Decay
8.3.6 Type, kind
8.3.8 Good/Bad
8.3.9 Appearance
8.4 Time
8.4.1 Period of time
8.4.2 Time of the day
8.4.7 Take time
8.4.8 Speed

8.5 Location
8.5.1 Here, there
8.5.2 Direction
8.5.3 Be at a place
8.5.5 Spatial relations
8.6 Parts of things

9- Grammar
9.1 General words
9.1.1 Be
9.1.2 Do
9.1.3 Thing
9.2 Part of speech
9.2.1 Adjectives
9.2.2 Adverbs
9.2.3 Pronouns
9.2.4 Prepositions, postpositions
9.2.6 Particles
9.2.7 Interjections
9.3 Propositions
9.3.4 Plurality
9.7 Name
9.7.2 Name of a place


1.1 Sky
clear sky, blue sky c DH6,-
darkness c #6sb,
dusk; twilight c D1EH6,
horizon c *%%- -0G
it's dark c r5#6&41sb,
light c #6*H$
1.1.1 Objects in the sky
Big Dipper; Ursa Major c :6I,J
cloud cover; sky, cloudy sky c *u%-
comet; falling star c D%%)Rb
it fell (small, compact object); it came out (sun, moon) c )66# 5&6DbD
it rose c #(1 5&6DbD
it set (sun, moon) c :b$)( &%%D((D
Milky Way c 'r6:H6#& I5-E((,b
moon c )b-
moonbeam c )b- I5-:((
northern lights; aurora borealis c *1-u%r
the moon is shining c 6&)'1)J(-
rainbow c #1"0IE6$6*66,
star c r5,IE6:6$60H
sun c s6*66$
sunbeam; ray of sunlight c s6*66$ I5-:((
Venus c #u%D )b-1
1.1.3 Weather
cloud(s) c r5*u%-
cold weather c r5-6EH6,
dry snow c )'(1, #6#J,-#
dry weather; clear day c r5D66#
dust cloud; snow cloud c #6'-jJ(-466

the weather became good c r%%&6#(1
the weather got hot; the weather got warm c r%%&6,H6
the weather is calm c r5#6&)5&6:J'
the weather was cold c r5&-1EH6,
the weather was that way c :J1 r%%&6,((
fall; autumn c :(1-
flood; tide c rJ(-
frost c #6D&66$
gray; fog c r5*H6-
hail c #6)H-
it's foggy; it was foggy c r%%&)1*&H-
it's piled up; it's deep c :6$ #66&6)'H$
it's pouring rain; it's hailing; it's snowing c 66&6sJ(,
it's raining c -J(& )66# &5-1,H$
it's rough (of ocean) c 41&-1,66$
it's stormy; it's rough (of weather) c 6:6&)1,((
it's sunny; the sun is shining c 6&)1*66$
it was cloudy c r%%&'1*u%-
lightning c D(1,' 'G#I5f D(1,' 'b#&-1 M!,N
phosphorescence (sparks of light in ocean water); luminescence (on rotten wood) c
J()66
rain c -J(&f -u%& MPN
shade, shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc. c "0JI1 MPN
snow c )'(1,
snowstorm, snow shower c )'(1, sJ()1
spring (AT) c r5#6',J(D #H
summer c r5,66$
summer; early summer c ,66#&E((,b
sun-dried c s6*66$ #6-G#&I5
sun rays are shining on it c s6*66$ H, I%%- 5&6,-u%&
weather c r5,b
wet snow; slush c #6#'60J($
winter; year c ,H6#&

1.1.3.1 Natural Disaster
earthquake c :%% 66$ #6EH
flood c 66$ *6'6rG
rockslide c ,6r66)b
snowslide; snow avalanche c )'(1, r66)b
1.1.3.2 Wind
chinook wind; south wind c #(('4H6f #(1'4H6
the wind hit it in gusts c H, 6:6&6-0H,
it blew; it's blowing c &5)5&6$G#
it's blowing around; it blew around; s/he is sailing around; s/he sailed around c
H, &5'1-((-
it's blowing in the wind there c 66)J #6&)'1-J(-
north wind c Du%$
thing heading offshore, esp. wind c )H#)( H,
west wind c '6s6#HI
west wind; wind blowing ashore c :H$)( H,
wind c u%D466
wind (blowing) from the south c -H6$HI
1.2.1 Land
beach; waterside; down on the beach, shore c J(r
bump, lump, hump, mound c *%%,'
campsite; (out in) camp; (out in) the bush, wilderness c :6$-05#H
cave c #6,u%#f ,6,u%#
clay; alluvial silt c -J
cliff c sb'
dirt, dust c "0J1I&
draw, gully, box canyon c -J(,
earth; land, country; soil c ,'H,#
fine sand or gravel c 'J1& :H,D1
flat-topped island with steep sides; low flat island or hill c $%%&
foot path c r66 I%%- )(1:b

forest; timbered area c 66-*5,G
garden; field c ,H6:
glacier c -b,
the shelter of a mountain, area on the beach below a mountain c -066 -(1:b
island c DH6,
mountain c -066
mountainside; around the mountain c -066 :6)66
mountaintop; on top of the mountain c -066 -06#J(
mountain valley; valley c -066$HI
mud c rG,'#&
nucleus of emerging river island; reef above high tide level c -06','H6I
(on) the back of it (fish); on the crest, ridge, backbone of it (hill, ridge, point) c 6
'1,#H
on the ridge or elevated part of the point (of land) c D66 '5#H
outdoors; outside c *H6$
path, trail; road, street c )(1
point (of land) c D66
portage, passage across it; its isthmus c 6 *u%$
reef; large rock or boulder lying on the ocean floor c (("0
river flats; tidelands; mudflats c ,66-05#H
rock crevice; fissure in rock c ,J rH6-
rock point c ,6D66:b
sandbar; gravel bar; sand beach; gravel beach c DH#&
sand; gravel c 'J1&
sand point c 'J1& D66:b
shore; land c :H$
shoreline c ,'(1:H$
shoreline; beach c $(("0
small hill; mound, knoll c *%%"0
soil; dirt c 'JI#&
stone; rock c ,J
town; village; settlement; inhabited or owned land c 66$
underground c :6$6I
wide, flat stone (used for cooking) c ,J rH6,'
wilderness; the bush c #6,r66rGf s6's66r5

woods; bush; brush, underbrush c 6, *5,G
world c '1$*b, 66$b
1.2.2 Matter
aluminum c *JD,'
brass c 1r$H6"0
charcoal c ,%%"0
coal c ,%%"0 ,J
copper c ((r
flint c b$
gold-rust; flecked with gold or rust c #6,'H6#
granite c IJ('
greenstone c -%%&
gum; lead c #u%I
iron, tin c 1r:J1-; s6:J1-
marble c $J(I
mica c #6,'H6#
petroleum, oil c ,%%"0 ((Ib
pounded shell powder c #H,-
silver c )H6$66
soft lead c #u%I 'J,'#
something compact and very heavy c J("0
thing c H,
verdigris c ((r 0H6,'1
1.3 Water
cold water c -1EH6,1 0J($
foam c I(1'
foam (on waves); sponge c ,((, I6"0H'I1
foam; whitecaps c I(('
ice c ,J(D
(in the) river valley c 0J($ :b#
on (top of) the water, river c 0J($ I6#H

silty, murky water c 'u%I
small bubbles (in water) c I6-G$466
water c 0J($
1.3.1 Bodies of water
bay c ((:; s((:; s(1: M/PN
cove; bight c #5$6s((:
creek; small stream c 0J($H#&
edge of body of water c 0J($ -0G
edge of river channel c 0J($ &6$,G
end of body of standing water c 01$-0G M!,N
fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek c b-0
head of river, stream c 0J($ -0H6#
head of the bay c s((: ,H
hot springs c ,66:
lake c H6
little lake; pond c H6#&
mouth of it (a river, creek) c 6 &H,
mouth of river, stream c 0J($ &H,
ocean; salt water c J1'
riverside c 0J($ I6:66I
river, stream, creek c 0J($f #6$66)66:1 0J($f $66)66:1 0J($
salmon creek c IH6, 0J($1
shelter (from wind or weather), harbor c )J1'1
slough c J1I
spring (of water) c *%%$
swamp c -0H"0#
Takhini hot springs (north of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory) c /6I0J($1
waterfall c DH6-
1.3.2 Movement of water
the water level rose; the tide came up c #(1 5&6)H6
bubbles, esp. from whale c #Gr)'66

current; tidal action c 0J($ #6$6)66:b
current, tide c 066,
drip, leak with dripping c #6,'Gr466
fast drip, leak c #6'u%I466
fast drip with bubbles c #Gr466
high tide line c rJ(- -05&((
the tide is in c )66r 5&6)H6
the tide is low c :6$ 5&6'H6
the tide went out from under it; the tide ebbed out from under it c HI &%%'66
it drained out; it went dry c #6&'1#%%D
it flowed along it c HI #66&6)66
it flowed; it's flowing; it's running (of nose) c #66&6)66
it flowed through it; it flooded it c 6$6I :66&6)H6
it flowed to it c H, 5&6)H6
it melted; it dissolved; it thawed c &5'1'H6
it's leaking; it's dripping c #6&'1DH6-
low tide (point at which the tide will begin coming in) c J(r '5#6rJ(-1
steam (visible, in the air); mist, fog (rising from a body of standing water) c
DG#466
tide flats c 'J1$
trickle of water; steady drip or leak c #6DH6-466
the (water) level rose to there; it flowed to there c H, #66&6)H6
waves reached the beach c :6$ 41&-1,H$
waves washed over it c 6 #6$6I 41:6&-1,H$
wave; swell c ,((,
whirlpool c 066, #%%'
whirlpool; boiling tide; chaos c Du%'
1.3.4 Be in water
fixed buoy c (("0 #6#&J1:1
floating buoy c (("0 #&J1:1
sea; he/she/it is floating out to sea c )66# &5'10H-0
he/she/it drifted to it; he/she/it floated to it c H, &5'10H-0
he/she/it is wet c &5)1,'H#

he/she/it waded ashore c :6$ 5&60u%
iceberg c DH6,'
in the water; in the river c 0J($ ,H6#
into water c 0J($1f 0J($I
it is swimming around there; it swam around there c H, 41&-1#&66$
it sank c &%%,H6I&
it's floating around; it floated around; it's drifting around; it drifted around c
H, &5'1066-0
it swam underwater to it c H, 5&6DH#
s/he anchored the boat c 6-06&-1:66
s/he soaked it c 6#6&'1#J'
underwater reef; large rock or boulder lying under the water c 01$,5E((4b
1.5 Plant
bear root, Indian potato c ,-H6,-
bladder rack; rock weed; yellow seaweed c ,6:(1)b
bull kelp c -G
coral c 01$,66# Du%-1
coral c 01$,6#DGD1
deer cabbage, lily-of-the-valley c #5&66$b
devil's club c -HD,
dulse (type of seaweed) c '66rH-#
false hellebore c -b#-0
fiddlehead fern (with edible rhizome) c #&H'I
fireweed c 'u%'
goose tongue c -5r,J1,'
horsetail c ,66$ I6)66)R66:b
Hudson Bay tea c -1#-06')J($
kelp c *((-0
species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A. gracilis c 66$#6$H6*5
leaf, leaves; vegetation, plants, herbs, herbiage c #6:66$b
lupine c #6$,Hr&
nettle c ,u%#
petrified coral c :J1' #6&u%)1

ribbon seaweed c rH6"0
seaweed, kelp on which herring spawn c )66&
shield fern c -66"0
skunk cabbage c IH6'
sourdock; wild rhubarb c ,'66r&H"0
wild celery c :66$6E(1,
yarrow; (locally) rat's tail c #6s6#'(()b
1.5.1 Tree
alnus alder (beach or mountain alder) c #(1-0b-0
birch c 6, )66:b
cottonwood c )Gr
driftwood c $6'0H6-06)1
dwarf maple c D66'DJ1
fallen tree c 'H#&,1
fir c '(1:b-
flaky surface of the outer bark of conifers, especially hemlock c -6*&H6,
the shelter of a tree c 66- 41-(1:b
hemlock c :H$
its bark c 6 )66:b
its green wood (of tree) c 6 -0b-r
limb, primary branch; limb knot c -0((:
mountain ash c #6'"06$(1,
oak c *5-#1r&H6$ '%%&G
punk wood, decayed dry wood c s5$6$66 ,(,'
red alder c -0J1I&
red cedar c '66I
sapling c 66- :H)1
Sitka spruce c -0J1:1
stunted tree in swamp; jackpine, swamp spruce c -0H"0# #6E66-b
swamp hemlock c -JI
tree (esp. conifer) c 66-
tumor in a tree, with branches growing from it c 66-)66DJ(-1
water hemlock c '1$*b, #G$,-1
willow c "0H6'

windfall; dead tree(s) or brush that has fallen c sJ(46)1; sJ("06)1
wood shavings c #6:(1I
yellow cedar, Alaska cedar c IH6:
young spruce or hemlock c )Gr'f ,Gr'
1.5.2 Bush, shrub
berry bush c ,'J1r& &H-1
bush c &H-
false azalea (fruitless bush) c #J(,-6$
1.5.3 Grass, herb, vine
cottongrass, Alaska cotton, swamp cotton c -0H"0# #6I&H6'1
grass c "0%%#H$
hairy grass, seaweed on which herring spawn c $J
timothy grass (used for basket decoration) c -0H6#
1.5.4 Moss, fungus, algae
algae found on rocks c I66,'
bracket fungus c 66-)66sH6)'1
it's moldy; it got moldy c &5)1,'HI
lichen that hangs down from trees c -J1I&6$1
mold c ,'66I
moss c -bDs66
ocean algae c #H6-
peat moss c -%%r
1.5.5 Parts of a plant
alpine bearberry, kinnikinnick c ,b$D
berry, berries c ,'J1r&
bough, branch with needles on it, especially of hemlock c 066&

bough, branch with needles on it, especially of spruce c "0H6-0
cambium, sap scraped from inner bark c -HD
dead wood that's wet on the outside c *H$ 'HI1
dry woody outer bark c '%%$
dust; pollen c #6)H$466
flower; blossom c r(1#6D&J1$
green, unripe berry c #6IH,
its sap, phloem c 6 #HI1
its sapwood; its sappy inner bark (of a tree) c 6 'HI1
its secondary branch c 6 ,H$1
its seeds c 6 D66#(1)b
its seeds (inside it, as inside a berry) c 6 ,5#6:H,D1
its sprouts, fleshy leaves growing toward the top of the stem (e.g. of bear root) c
6 -066)b
its stem (of plant); pith (of tree) c 6 #6)bD1
knot hole c -0((: &%%'b
limb knot c -0((: ,5#6*%%)'b
log (fallen tree) c IH6&
match; stick c rH6-
old, dead branch c ,'HD"0
pile of driftwood, driftlogs; snag pile c :6$D%%$
pine cone, spruce cone c -u%-6$1
pine needles, spruce needles c sb,s66
pitch scab (where bark has been removed); pitchwood c ,J1'
pole; sapling c ,'6s6$b-
rice; Kamchatka lily root c #u%D
root; especially spruce root c I66,
roots or vines used in basket decoration c 'J(,
rose c #1$"0J1:1
rosehip c #1$"0J1:1 ,'J1s5
sapling; pole made from sapling c ,6s6$b-
snag; driftlog, driftwood c -066r
soft brown wood for tanning dye c I%%$
splinter, sliver c -0((: #6rH6-1
stick c -0((:
swamp berries c -0H"0*1 ,'J1s5

they're unripe; they're green (of berries) c #6)'1IH,
uprooted tree or stump (with roots protruding) c DJ()6)1
various odd looking, tasteless, or otherwise undesirable berries, some poisonous;
meaning varies locally, incl. twistedstalk (Streptopus species), snowberry
(Symphoricarpos albus), fool's huckleberry (Menziesia ferruginea), etc. c
-1s((rH6&5 ,'J1s5
wood chips; wood shavings c #6:(1I,Hs5 MPN
wood, piece of wood; wood chip c '(1&Gf '%%&G
yellow cedar bark (for weaving) c ,((: &%%)b
young salmonberry bush shoots (edible) c #(1,
1.5.6 Growth of plants
it grew c #6&-1E66
it grew; it flowed (stream of water) c #66&6E66
1.5.7 Plant diseases
dead dry tree, still standing c 'H6I
growth on the trunk of a tree, burl c *G$'
rotten wood c $66r&
very rotton wood c rG'#
1.6.1.1 Mammal
arctic ground squirrel c ,-H'#
beaver c -1*(1)b
bison, buffalo; ox, muskox; cow; horse c D66-
black bear c -((#
black fox c I6',%%"0 $66s6-J1
caribou c &6,-bD
cat c )u%-0
colt c *6&)H6$ :H)1
cow c &6-u%-
deer c s5&6#66$f r5&6#66$ M/PN
deer or other ruminant having a horn with only one point c -06,66sH6

deer or other ruminant with full-grown horns c -06'-H6&
deer sprouting horns c -06#G$,-
deer with full-grown antlers c -06'6-H6&
dog c #(1,'
dolphin c r66$
donkey c *5##5)6:H6,
fawn c s5&6#66$ :H)1
fox; red fox c $66s6-J1
fur seal c Iu%$
glacier bear c -b, ,5Du%)R1
grizzly bear c Du%,-
hair seal c ,-66
hoary marmot; groundhog, whistler c -66I
horse c *6&)H6$
killerwhale c #J(,
kitten c )u%-0 :H)1
lamb c &6$6)u% :H)1
land otter; river otter c #u%-0)66
lynx c s66r
man-eating animal; lion; tiger; man-eating wolf c 066)66s%%4b
man-eating feline; mountain lion; tiger, leopard c 066)66)u%-01
marten c #u%D
mink c '5#-01:H6$; $5#-01:H6$
moose c )Rb-#&
mountain goat c 4H$&5
mountain sheep, bighorn sheep c ,6&J1
mouse, deer mouse; vole c #6sH#f #6sH6#
mouse; rat c #5,-(($
muskrat c ,-b$
pig c *1-0%%
polar bear c 01$,66# Du%)R1
porcupine c I6'6#H"0
porpoise c "0(("0
rabbit c sHI
red squirrel c #6$6'-H6#
sea lion c ,66$

sea otter c :HD&"0f :GD"0 MPN
sheep c &6$6)u%
solid-ribbed brown bear c -5r#6-)G#
squirrel c #6'-H6# M/N
thing of the woods c 6, *5,5EH)1
walrus c #%%'J1I&66
weasel c )H6
whale c :H6:
white fox c I6')'(1,
wolf c s%%"0
wolverine c $u%-#f $u%-#&
young deer c :6*%%,'
1.6.1.2 Bird
auklet or murrelet c "0((,f #J('
bald eagle c "0H6#
black turnstone c D6,)66:J(46:1
blue grouse c $G#,
bluejay, Stellar's jay c IJ1-0D&
brant (small goose) c rb$
bufflehead (duck) c 01$,6#D&H-s1
Canada goose c ,66&Hr
chickadee c r66,%%&G
common loon c #6s((,
cormorant c :%%r
crow c ,-6D&(1'
curlew c 6:60((:H6
dipper; water ouzel c 01$:1#'(1Ib
duck c *H6D&
egg (of bird) c #&H,
flathead duck c -J'6-0((-0
goldfinch, canary c -H6-
green bird (sparrow or finch) c 6-D66$ -0H6"01
grey singing bird (sparrow or finch) c ,'6*5 ,-6,-J(:((
gull, seagull c #J1)'6)1

harlequin duck c -G-
heron; Canada crane c 'HI
horned grebe or red-necked grebe c "0H6I
hummingbird c )6*6,*1:H6f )1*1,*1:H6
immature eagle c "06#:J1-
kind of duck c 01$:1#*H6D5
kind of hawk c *14%%#f #14%%#
kind of hawk c -066:H6'
kingfisher c ,'6I6$(1-
magpie c ,-((sJ($1f ,-(1sJ($1 M/N
mallard duck c #1$)6"0%%$(1,
merganser c r66I
northern flicker c #u%$
oldsquaw duck c :66E66$5$J
owl; great horned owl c )Rb-#& M!,/N
owl with ear tufts c ,-b-#&
owl without ear tufts c #H#&
petrel c s6$%%#
pigeon c :66 r5)R1*J1:1 ,-6,-J(
pigeon or dove c *5-:J #1$)6"0%%$(1)b
puffin c Ib#
raven c :J1'
robin-like bird c -0%%I
sandhill crane c )u%'
sandpiper c *5-:6)u%'1
sandpiper (shore bird) c I6')66:J(41
scooter duck c '6#(("0&Gf &6r#6'-%%I *H6D&
small owl c IJ(I
songbird; bird c ,-6,-J(; ,-b,-#&
spruce grouse, spruce hen; chicken c #H6D
swallow c -J(& #%%-0)6$(1,
swan c *Gr'
tern c #1"0:H,f #%%,'J1,66f r(1r&
Thunderbird c o(1,'
tufted puffin c '5*H$
willow ptarmigan; pigeon c I(1-6&H6

woodpecker c *6$)66)6*u%*5
wren c &%%'$HI &%%-0rHr
young seagull c '6&GI
1.6.1.3 Reptile
lizard, newt c ,-(($IJ
snake c '5,,'H6r
turtle c #6$u%Df ,6)6$u%D
1.6.1.4 Amphibian
frog c DbD"0
tadpole; polliwog c )G-0
1.6.1.5 Fish
black bass c '1,E1-)G#
black cod c 1-0r(($
bullhead c J(,#6,'u%I5
bullhead, sculpin c &J1I
coho salmon; silver salmon c '%%#
cutthroat trout c DJ1,66
dead salmon (after spawning) c $u%-0
dog salmon; chum salmon c ,J('
Dolly Varden trout c I&H6,
eel c 'u%,
eulachon; candlefish; hooligan c -66#
fish; salmon c IH6,
flounder c )RH$,1
grayling c ,H-1
halibut c "0H6,'
herring c :66&
king salmon; chinook salmon; spring salmon c ,H
lake trout c )6'(1:b

ling cod c -H6If IH6D&
little bullhead (found under beach rocks) c ,J ,6:(( ,'u%I5
mackerel c )H#)(-6#66#
moonfish, suckerfish, blowfish c ,'J1,'
mud bullhead c ,'u%I
needlefish c ,%%r
octopus; devilfish c $H6r&
pink salmon; humpy, humpback salmon c "0H6-
ratfish c s((: #6$6I r5,J(-
red rockfish; red snapper c 'J1r&
sockeye or coho salmon that has entered fresh water c IH6#&
sockeye salmon; red salmon c s66,
spawned-out salmon with white scabs, ready to die c D(1$
starry flounder c &6$#6-0DJ(,
stickleback c #66*H$
tomcod c "05)J1
trout (sea) c :66
whitefish; baby fish; tiny fish c IH6, :H)1
young herring c -0H6"0
1.6.1.6 Shark, ray
dogfish; mudshark c DH,*5
man-eating shark (legendary) c -06I)Hr&
shark c ,u%-
shark (porpoise-like) c "01"05:66
skate (ocean creature related to the shark and the ray) c "0J(,s66
1.6.1.7 Insect
ant c &6$6,bDf &6$6,u%D
beetle c #5'#6-#JD#&
bee; wasp c *6$)66-664b
centipede c 6,D66:b
crawling insect; spider c #6$6-E66)b

daddy long legs; mosquito eater c ,H6D66 I5-#5)6:H6,
dragonfly c r66-06-0IH6&
flea c ,bD
horsefly c D(1,' ,H6D66
housefly c $(1' :(( ,H6D6:1
housefly; bluebottle fly c DJ($
it bit him/her/it c 6-0 &5-1,H6D
louse, lice c &J1-
maggot c &%%$
mosquito c ,H6D66
moth c 6,I6 H,
sandhopper c #%%#J$66
slug, snail c ,H6I
spider c 6-*5,5:1#-0H6
woodworm c *6$,5,'G#I5
worm; larva; grub; caterpillar; snake c ,'G#I
1.6.1.9 Sea creatures
abalone c *5$I66
baby clams c )RJ(D&
barnacle c -%%#
clam c *H6'
cockle c :6'%%'(1,
crab (king, spider) c DJ1I
dungeness crab c -H6&
giant clam c IJ(,
gumboots; chiton c -066&
jellyfish c ,66#& 66$H-1
leech; bloodsucker c :J(-0
limpet c :J1' ,-H6D5
littleneck clams c ,'1')66-#(1,
mussel c :66#
mussel (large mussel on stormy coast, used for scraping) c :J(-
razor clam c r6'#H,-#
red mussel c -1*((rH6&5 :66*b

sea anemone c ,6:6,66:b
sea cucumber c :J1$
sea urchin c $J(-f I&66-0
shrimp c -J(DH,
slippers (shell creature) c #%%&
small red sea anemone c ,6:6-06*%%
snail with shell c ,-J-I&
squid c )6s6-66
starfish c -HD
tiny clams (too small to eat) c )Ru%D
1.6.2 Parts of an animal
baleen; whalebone c :H6: I6DJ$1
bloodline inside fish, along the backbone c IH6, #H6I1
cartilage, gristle c 6 ,Gr'1
cartilage, gristle at the end of its bones c 6 -6r-05,Gr'1
cartilage, gristle between its bones c 6 -6rIH6# ,Gr'1
dark yellow; eagle's beak c "0H6# '%%&G
down (feathers) c I&H6'
feather c ,66&
his/her bone marrow c -6r,5E((Ib
his/her stomach; gizzard (of bird) c )5 :%%&G
his/her whiskers c )5 I6)66)R66:b
its beak c 6 '%%&G
its bone marrow c 6 -6r,5E((Ib
its claw c 6 I66*G
its dorsal fin (of killerwhale) c 6 *%%-0b
its flesh (of fish) c 6 IGI5
its gill (of fish) c 6 DJ1D5
its hair, fur; its quill(s) (of porcupine) c 6 I66&G
its head c 6 -0H
its hindquarters; thigh c 6 sH)R1
its hoof c 6 *&J1$'1
its horn c 6 -0(1)b
its internal organs, viscera; its guts c 6 :1#EH)1

its leg c 6 I%%-b
its mane (esp. the hair on the neck hump of a moose) c 6 Ib41
its mouth, opening c 6 IJ
its muscles (of shell creature) c 6 ,-J(#5
its paw c 6 4b$1
its rumen, main stomach (of ruminant) c 6 )H6'1
its scale (of fish) c 6 4(1sb
its scales (of fish) c 6 #64(1sb
its sinew c 6 ,H-1
its skin (of animal); hide c 6 )%%*G
its skin (of fish) c 6 DH6-1
its sucker (devilfish) c 6 u%,1
its tail flippers c 6 *(($b
its tail (of animal) c 6 '(()b
its tail (of bird or fish) c 6 #%%&G
its tentacle (of octopus) c 6 ,'((sb; 6 ,'(1sb MPN
its testicles (of moose, caribou) c 6 #G$,-1
its tooth c 6 %%IG
its tracks c 6 I5-E((,b
its whiskers, beard (of fish) c 6 r6$%%IG
its wing c 6 #b41
long feather; quill (of bird) c rJ$66
long feather; quill (of bird) c rb$66
muscles of a shell creature; pincher; thing that pinches c 6, ,-b#&,1
quills on rear end of it (porcupine) c 6 #1-06,66s6$b
side of it (house, building, animal); slab of meat covering its ribcage c 6 #6*(1)b
slime (inside clamshell) c H,'H$1
slime; thick mucus c IJ('
tallow, hard fat c ,%%&
the quick (the flesh under the outer skin) c -J1r&
1.6.3 Animal life cycle
eggshell c $u%D
eggs (of eels, etc.) c IbD
it laid an egg c 6&)'1#&H,

its semen; its milt (of fish) c 6 ,'J1'1
s/he bred them c 6&-1I(1,
they multiplied; they bred c 06- &5)R1I(1,
1.6.4 Animal actions
he/she/it bit him/her/it c 66&6:((r
spray of air exhaled through its blowhole (of sea mammal) c 6 u%D5
they are swimming around there; they swam around there c H, 06- &5-1#&66$
they swam to it c H, :6&-1*u%
1.6.5 Animal homes
beaver dam c -1*(1)b H6:1
beaver's den c -1*(1)b I66:b
bee's nest c *6$)66-664b #G)1
dentalia shells c ,HDI1
empty bivalve shell c DH6#
its den, lair (of animal, undergound) c 6 r%%&G
its web (of spider) c 6 s(1&G
nest c #G,
nest (of animal) c 6 #G)1
shell; shell-like chip or flake; china; carapace c $u%D
1.6.7 Male and female animals
female (animal) c -0(("0
female (animal) c -01"0
2 Person
alcoholic c $H6& J(-0
drunk; drunkard c 6, )6$H6:1
drunk; drunkard c $H6& -66,b

orphan c #5066$#J(
people; community c r5E%%
people of long ago c ,'6*5 r&H6$D1
person c '1$*b,
person or people from that place c 6 r&H6$
respected person; gentleman; lady c -0 :H6 6&5)6$J1:1
slave c *%%I
townspeople; crowd or large group of people c 66$,r(($b
2.1 Types of people
Ahtna, Copper River Athabascan c Cr#66
Aleut c !$6Eu%,
Aleut c ]1:6r&
American c T66-0)6$ m&H6$
American Indian c /66&:H6,
Athabaskan (Indian) c l5$6$66
Black (man or person); African-American c ,%%"0 rH6
Canadian, British c ]1$41"0&H6$f ]1$4%%"0&H6$
Chinese c P0H6$&66$
Chugach Eskimo c ]5,J1I
Eskimo c p6,6-66r
Haida c Q(1#(($66
Russian c !$u%-01
Tlingit c =1$*b,
tribe of cannibals, man-eaters c r5-6I6r&H6$
Tsimshian c /-%%,-DH$
White, European, Caucasian (man or person) c ]5-#1:(( r&H6$; )'(1, rH6
2.2 Body
his/her body parts c )5 )66-06*u%$
his/her flesh c )5 )66)'((:b
his/her/its body c )5 )66E1,
his/her shadow; image c )5 :6066:b

2.2.1 Head
back of his/her head at the base c )5 -06'HI
back of his/her neck c )5 '1)bI
back of his/her neck c )5 '5)bI
corner of his/her eye c )5 &6r-0G
his/her cheek c )5 &H-0
his/her chin c )5 ,J(:
his/her ear c )5 *G#
his/her eye c )5 &66r
his/her eyebrow c )5 -((; )5 -(1
his/her eyelash c )5 &6I6IJ1I5
his/her eyelid c )5 &6r#6)%%*G
his/her face c )5 :H
his/her forehead c )5 #H6#
his/her gums c )5 5I#1)'((:b
his/her head c )5 -0H
his/her jawbone; jaws c )5 I6-,5-66sb
his/her lips; area around his/her mouth c )5 I6)66
his/her lower jaw, mandible c )5 IH-
his/her missing tooth c )5 %%I#1E((,b
his/her mouth c )5 IJ
his/her nose c )5 'G
his/her nose cartilage c 6 '5,5,Gr'1
his/her occiput; nape of neck; back of head c )5 '6#J("0
his/her palate c )5 #1r'H$
his/her scalp c )5 -06)66)%%*G
his/her temple; upper side of his/her face (from the cheekbones to the top of the
head) c )5 :6,H#&
his/her throat c )5 '(1,u%I
his/her tongue c )5 'u%,
his/her tonsils c )5 I6-*5&J1-1
his/her tooth c )5 %%I
his/her whiskers c )5 I6)66)R66:b
inside of his/her cheek c )5 &6-0,G
inside of his/her eye c )5 &6r'6,H6#; )5 &6r',H6#
inside of his/her mouth c )5 '6#H

inside of his/her nose c )5 '5,G
lobe of his/her nostril c )5 '5*u%"0
(outside of) his/her cheek c )5 &6-0#H
pit at base of his/her skull c )5 '6#(("0#u%s5
side of his/her nose c )5 '5,66r
2.2.2 Torso
cheek of his/her buttocks c )5 D66-0
crack of his/her buttocks; his/her butt crack c )5 ,5I6D66:b
his/her abdomen; surface of his/her belly; front of his/her body c )5 :%%&H
his/her anus c )5 ,5rE&%%'b
his/her back c )5 )bI
his/her belly, paunch c )5 Iu%'
his/her breast c )5 '66
his/her buttocks, butt c )5 ,u%r
his/her chest c )5 &u%&
his/her crotch; between his/her legs c )5 s6,-IH6#
his/her flank, side of his/her belly c )5 r66,'
his/her flank, side of his/her body between the ribs and the hip c )5 r6,':H
his/her navel, bellybutton c )5 #%%'
his/her rib c )5 -u%s5
his/her shoulderblade; scapula c )5 u%D5
his/her stomach; gizzard (of bird) c )5 :%%&G
his/her tailbone; bottom of his/her spine c )5 #u%'
his/her thorax; flat upper surface of his/her chest c )5 D(1,#H
his/her waist c )5 #6-H$
his penis c )5 'b'1
his testicles c )5 #&H,
(on) his/her chest c )5 &%%&#H
privates (of female); vulva; vagina c )5 *u%-
privates (of male); penis and testicles c )5 'H6&

2.2.3 Arm, leg
back of his/her hand c )5 41#u%'
back of his/her wrist c )5 41#H
between his/her fingers c )5 ,'(rIH6#
crook of his/her arm; in his/her embrace c )5 41s(1
end of his/her knee c )5 #1:-0H
his/her armpit c )5 J($((
his/her armpit hair c )5 J($(( I66&G
his/her big toe c )5 I5-*%%-0
his/her buttocks, thighs c )5 sH,-
his/her elbow c )5 ,((:
his/her finger c )5 ,'((rf )5 ,'(1r
his/her fingernail markings c )5 I66#& ((,b
his/her fingertip c )5 ,'(r-0H; )5 ,'1r-0H
his/her first finger c )5 "0J(I1
his/her foot, leg c )5 I%%-
his/her footprint c )5 I5-E((,b
his/her grip c )5 41$,G
his/her hand c )5 4b$
his/her heel c )5 I(1,H#&
his/her knee c )5 #((:
his/her kneecap c )5 #((: -06#6$u%D5; )5 #1:-06#6$u%D5
his/her little finger c )5 &6$#6"0((r
his/her middle finger c )5 ,'(r,'(1$; )5 ,'1r,'(1$
his/her nail (of finger or toe) c )5 I66#&
his/her palm (center) c )5 41$,6#:H)1
his/her palm (of hand) c )5 41$,H6#
his/her ring finger c )5 '66:1sH*5
his/her rump; the flesh around his/her hips c )5 #b
his/her shin c )5 DJ(- MPN
his/her thumb c )5 *%%-0
his/her toe c )5 I5-,'((r; )5 I5-,'(1r
his/her upper arm c )5 I((#
his/her wrist c )5 41*G$'j1f )5 41#'1DJ(-
knob on outer side of his/her ankle c )5 I5-,H#'1

(on) his/her lap c )5 s5-0#H
outer edge of his/her hand c )5 41&H$
outer side of his/her foot up to the anklebone c )5 -05,u%I
s/he raised a hand c #(1 41&'1,-Hr
sole of his/her foot c )5 I5-,H6#
top of his/her foot c )5 1r#H
under his/her feet c )5 I5-:((
underside of his/her knee; (inside of) his/her lower leg c )5 -66:((
2.2.4 Skin
his/her skin, complexion c )5 )%%#
his/her skin (surface) c )5 "0H6,&5
its wrinkled, baggy skin, hide c 6 )66'(1'b
2.2.5 Hair
bald spot; bald head c -06I&H6- M/N
dandruff c -06#J1'
gray hair c )5 -06-066$b
his/her bangs c )5 #6#I66&G
his/her body hair, fuzz c )5 I66&G
his/her curly hair c )5 -06#6#u%"01
his/her hair c )5 -06I66&G
it's hairy c )66)R1IH6&
lock of his/her hair; his/her matted hair c )5 DJ(-1
pubic hair c )5 D5I66&G
2.2.6 Bone, joint
bone c -66r
his/her joints c )5 )66E(1, IH6#
his/her pelvis, hip c )5 rH6-0
his/her shoulder c )5 I1#-0H

his/her skeleton, bare bones c )5 D66*G
tip of his/her elbow c )5 ,1:-0G
2.2.8 Internal organs
blood c -0J
his/her bile c )5 ,(1:b
his/her bladder c )5 #6'u%D-06$1
his/her brain c )5 ,'6s(1:b
his/her gland c )5 )66E1,&J1-1
his/her heart c )5 ,J1I
his/her intestines, guts c )5 $66-b
his/her liver c )5 ,'u%s5f )5 #(1*G
his/her windpipe; pharynx c )5 '(1#6"0u%I5
vein; tendon (inside body) c ,J(,
2.3 Body functions
crying, weeping c s66I
fart c s&H6'
feces c *H$)( $6*%%)b
feces; dung c 0H6,'
his/her earwax c )5 *5#:1##u%I5
his/her saliva c )5 I60J($1
his/her stomach growled c )5 Iu%' #6&)1,u%I
his/her stomach is growling c )5 Iu%' #6-,u%I
his/her tears c )5 &6I60J($1
his/her urine c )5 'u%D5
life; breath c )6-J1#&; I6-J1#&
menstrual discharge; period c *H6$
noiseless fart c #u%"0
s/he cried c &%%s66I
s/he is grinning; s/he is smiling c 6, #66&6$G,-
s/he spat c :u%, r6&)R1,GI
s/he swallowed it c 6#66&6$u%,

sleep in his/her eyes c &6r)'u%r
snot c '5s(1,'
spit c I6-,u%I
strong urine smell c #6I((-
2.4.1 See
before his/her eyes; where he/she can see (it) c )5 &6r-01:((
blindfold c &6r#6)u%D
blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see) c )5 &6r#6-u%D
blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see) c )5 &6r#H
eyeglasses c &6r)H6$66
he/she/it looked there c 66)J 6&)'1s(1$
it's obvious; it's clearly visible c ,'J' *%%0H6
it was a sight to behold; it was fascinating to watch c #6&'1,J(--0H$
s/he can see it; s/he perceives it c 6:6,J($
s/he has sight c r5&6,J($ L r5:6,J($
s/he is blind c ,'J' r%%-0,J($
s/he sees it; s/he saw it c 6&-1,(($
s/he watched him/her/it; s/he looked after him/her/it; s/he took care of him/her/it c
6&'1,b$
2.4.2 Hear
hearing c r5EHI"0
he/she/it was loud-voiced c -6&'1*66&
it rang c -0 &5)1*&H'
noise c '6*66&
s/he can hear it c 6:6EHI"0
s/he heard a voice c 6-(1&6EHI
s/he heard it c 66&6EHI
s/he hears a voice c 6-6:6EHI"0
s/he listened for the sound of it c 6 #6:J1#s66 r%%&)R1E66I
s/he listened to him/her c )5 IJ1)( r5&)R1E66I
s/he's listening to him/her; s/he listens to him/her; s/he obeys him/her c )5 IJ1,
&5-1EHI

s/he's listening to it; s/he listened to it c H, &5-1EHI
s/he understands him/her; s/he hears (and understands) him/her c 6Ij6:6EHI"0
s/he understood him/her; s/he heard (and understood) him/her c 6I(1&6EHI
sound, noise of it c 6 #6:J1#
sound, noise of it (something whose identity is unknown) c 6 :6:b#
2.4.3 Taste
it was sour; it was bitter; it was spicy c &5-1EH6D&
it was sweet c &5'1$G#,-
something) c )5 IJ1I &%%)66
s/he liked the taste of it c )5 IJ &%%#J1
s/he tasted it c IJ1 6&)1$G#
2.4.4 Smell
he/she/it stank; he/she/it smelled c &5'1"0H$
he/she/it was fragrant; he/she/it smelled sweet c &5'1,-H6
s/he smelled it c 6&-1$bD L 6&)R1$bD
2.4.5 Sense of touch
it's itchy; it tickles c #6&'1D&J,'
it's numb c &5'1D&H-r
s/he felt it c 4J( 6&)1$G#
s/he felt that way c :J1 -0 ,5&)1$%%#
2.5 Body condition
fatigue c D&(1,'
he/she/it became strong; he/she/it became powerful c &5'1,-(($
he/she/it made him/her tired c 6&'1D&J,'
he/she/it was weak; s/he is anemic; it is mild (of weather) c ,'J' &5',-(($
hunger c :66$

itch; rash c #6D&(1,'
s/he is hungry c )5 J(, :66$ 5&60H6
s/he is thirsty; it is dry c -066&6#GD
s/he rested; s/he's resting c &5)'1-H6
s/he's tired; s/he's weary c &5)1D&J,'
strength, power c '6,-(($
2.6 Health
arthritis c )66E1,,5$J(#&
blind person c ' r%%-0,J($1
boil; inflammation and swelling c D((-
cataract c *H6'
chest cold c r5-6EH6, $J(#&
chest pain; tuberculosis c &5&,5$J(#&
cold sore c I6,'%%r
cut; knife wound c rJ1r&
deaf person c ' r%%'EHI41
face cream; cold cream c :6$(1-b M/N
fever c ,66: $J(#& M!,/N
growth on the face c :6*G$'
gunshot wound c u%$66 ((,b
hearing aid c r5EHI41
he/she/it burned him/her/it; s/he scalded him/her/it c 6&'1IJI
(emotionally) c &5)1"0G$
it cramped; it's cramping; he/she/it got shocked (by electricity) c #6&)'1-0G#
it's infected c &5)'1rb,
it's swollen; it's tangled c &5)1Db-
knife wound c 'b,66 ((,b
lancet c ,Hs66
liniment c #u%-0)66 $H6*5
lump in the flesh; tumor c #6&H6,
medicine c $H6#&
mouth ulcer; soreness of the mouth (as of a baby teething) c DH6,'H#&
oil, grease (for coating skin or rubbing); lotion; liniment c $(1-

Ouch! c AGK
paralysis; polio c ' 5&6D&6"0*1 $J(#&
pneumonia c #1$6-0u%
pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); sore, wound that discharges pus c rJ(,
rash c DJ(-0
rheumatism c -66s1,5$J(#& M!,/N
rotting sore; gangrene; cancer c ,'%%r
scab c rJ("0
scar c ,(('
shaman; medicine man c bI,
s/he bandaged it; s/he bound it up; s/he wrapped it c 6#66&6-b,
s/he cut him/her/it (accidentally); s/he wounded him/her/it c 66&6rJ#&
s/he cut himself/herself; s/he wounded himself/herself (with a sharp instrument) c
-0 &5)1rJ#&
s/he got sick; he/she/it hurt; s/he was in pain c &%%$J(#&
s/he had an accident; s/he got hurt; something bad happened to him/her c rH6#&,
5&6$J1
s/he injured it; s/he wounded it; s/he bruised it c 6&'1"0G$
s/he saved him/her/it; s/he healed him/her/it; s/he cured him/her/it c 6&-1$(1I
satisfied c &%%$(1I
sickness; illness; disease c $J(#&
sling c 4GI66
smallpox c #&66$
thick mucus, phlegm c s(1,'
vomit; urge to vomit c 0H6-
wart c ,H6I&
wound c -J1'
wrist guard c 41#6EH,f 41s(1EH,
2.6.1 Sick
s/he vomited; s/he threw up c &5)'1r%%

2.7 Life
life; way of living c r5-,b
2.7.1 Marriage
her husband c )5 IGI
his/her mate, his "old lady"; her "old man" c )5 IH$ 66
his old lady (wife) c )5 -066&H)1
his wife c )5 -0H,
s/he got married c &5)5&6-0H6
s/he married him/her; s/he is married c 66&6-0H6
they married each other c &%%"0 06- &5)1-0H6
widow c ' -66,b -066&H,
2.7.3 Birth
her fetus, unborn child c )5 #6:H)1
his/her umbilical cord c )5 ,66$b M/PNf )5 ,66$G M!,/N
it existed; s/he was born c r%%&)R1,((
2.7.4 Stage of life
adult; elder c :6$&H6,
baby c ,5#6$J1:1
child c 6,#H,-#5
children c 6)H,D1
children c 6,:H,D1
his/her age c )5 #6,H6*5
(little) old person c -066$H#&
new; young; fresh c :J(-
old age c -066$
old man c rH6 -066$
old person c -066$
s/he grew up c #(1 5&6&H,

s/he is old c &5)1-0H$
young adult c :J(- &H6,
young adult(s); young people c :J(- r5E%%
younger one c #b#1 66
2.7.5 Male, female
boy c :6)6#&H,-#5
boys, young men c #1-H6$1
girl c -066,#1:H,-#5; -066,#H,-#5
girls, young women c -066D&-H6$1
man; male; person, people c rH6
men c rH6D&
woman c -066&H,
women c -0H6
young man (not married) c :6)H#&
young woman (not married) c -066,#
2.7.6 Die
afterlife, "happy hunting ground" c )6s6$rG
cairn; rock pile c ,J Du%&
coffin; casket c r66 )66#(1)b
death c $6$H
graveyard c r66$66&G ,'H,*1
his/her inheritance; possessions of deceased given to him/her at a feast c )5 $J1D1
memorial pile of rocks c Du%&
3.1 Soul, spirit
fighting spirit c 'J#&66
ghost c -1s((rH6&5
his/her inner being; mind; soul; feelings; intention c )5 ,%%&G
his/her soul (of departed person) c )5 :6066:b
his/her spirit c )5 :6#s&60J1:6*5

3.1.1 Personality
brave, fearless man; temperamental, quick-tempered, hot-headed or domineering
man c D1s66rH6
coward c r6,IH6$
crazy; insane; disturbed; mentally unbalanced c -0 #6066)b
foolishness; recklessness c ' :66 r%%-0*J
the life of the party c $66 -05#'6s((:b
person who acts crazy or possesssed c '%%#6$H6
person who cries easily c H$#&
s/he is kind; s/he is gentle c ,5'1E66$
s/he is lazy c %%)R1#66
s/he was noisy; s/he was crazy; s/he was lively c &5'1E%%-
snob; person who considers himself/herself better than others c r66 #6$6IrH6
troublemaker c 6, '5D66rH6&5
3.2 Mind
consciousness, thought process, thinking c :%% ,5,H$#
curiosity c :%% 6, #%%4((#
faith c H,# 60(($
in his/her opinion; to his/her way of thinking, feeling c )5 ,5&HD
knowledgeable person c 6, &5-#u%&5
respect c :H6 6, &%%$J
s/he anticipated it; s/he foresaw it; s/he expected him/her/it c 6-0%%&-1,((
s/he believed him/her; s/he trusted him/her c )5 J(# 66&60(($
s/he forgot c 6 #H, -(1&6DHr&
s/he knows it; s/he learned it c 6&-1#u%
s/he learned how to do it; s/he knows how to do it c 6&-01*u%#
s/he made a decision about it c 6 )66 ,%%&)1,66$
s/he made a decision; s/he planned it c :6$ 6#66&6EHr&
s/he respects him/her c )5 :H6 6:66&6$J1 L )5 :H6 6&5&6$J1
s/he studied it; s/he learned it; s/he practiced it c -0 ,u% 6&)'1,u%&
s/he studied; s/he taught himself/herself c -0 ,u% 6, &5)'1,u%&
s/he understands him/her; s/he hears (and understands) him/her c 6Ij6:6EHI"0
s/he understood c )5 )66 :66 r5-05&-1*J1

s/he understood him/her; s/he heard (and understood) him/her c 6I(1&6EHI
s/he wondered about it c :%% 6#66&64((#
thought c ,5$)6,H6$
truth c DJ1s66 H,
under the burden, weight of it; belabored or suffering from it (a burden, hardship) c
6 41:((,
3.2.1 Think
s/he thought about it; s/he considered it; s/he made up his/her mind about it c
6 )66 :%% ,%%&6,H$
they thought about it; they considered it; they made up their minds about it c
6 )66 :%% M06N- ,5&'1EH,
3.3 Want
he/she/it needed it; he/she/it lacked it c 6 ((,J($HI &%%,((
he/she/it tempted him/her; he/she tried it out; he/she tested it c 6#66&6)'J$I66
s/he feels that way; s/he wants to do it; s/he feels like doing it c :J1 ,5&6,((
s/he hopes for it c H, 6&)1-0J(
s/he ordered it c 66sH6 66&6&u%
s/he wanted it; s/he liked it; it was pleasing to him/her c )5 ,5&H6 &-1*u%
temptation, trial c r5#6)'J$I66
will; wish(es) c 6, -6s6066:b
3.4 Emotion
anger c DH6$
anxiety; wracked nerves; preoccupation; something weighing on one's
mind - ,5D6$)6D(("0
comfort c r66 ,%%&G '6,66
crankiness; irritation; petulance c r5#60b$
crying, weeping c s66I
drunkenness; inebriation; giddiness c #6$6-0G
fear c 6#%%'IJ1,'
good thoughts; felicity; happiness c ,%%&G #J

hope; intention; focus of hopes or thoughts c ,5,H$
it was scary; it was dangerous c #6&'1IJ1,'-0H$
joy; happiness c -6*G
kindness; generosity of heart c ,5'6E66$
laughter c 6, -0%%r
loneliness; boredom c ,5,((-0
love (of people) c r5-6IH$
love (of things, of everything) c 6, -6IH$
mourning, wailing, loud weeping or crying; wail, groan, moan c #6-s66I
pride; self-esteem, feeling good about oneself c ,%%&G #'6sJ
shame, embarrassment c #6)J1D
s/he became proud; s/he became pleased c )5 ,%%&G #6&'1sJ1
s/he cried c &%%s66I
s/he felt that way c :J1 -0 ,5&)1$%%#
s/he hated him/her/it c 6&-01#66$
s/he is proud; s/he is conceited; s/he is particular; s/he is picky c -0 ,5#)'1sJ1
s/he is worried about him/her/it; s/he has him/her/it on her
mind - )5 ,u%, &%%D((D
s/he laughed c 6, &%%-0%%r
s/he loved him/her/it c 6&-1IH$
s/he's angry c DH6$, 5&6$G#
s/he was afraid of it c H6 6#6&)'1IJ1,'
s/he was grateful; s/he was thankful; s/he was satisfied c -0 ,u%sH6 &)1,((
s/he was happy c )5 ,%%&G &%%#J1; )5 ,%%&G &-1*u%
sorrow; sadness c ,%%&G $J(#&; ,%%&G $u%#
strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve c ,%%&G '6,-(($
3.5 Communication
conversation, dialog; talk, discourse (between more than one
person) - :%% I6'6EH,#
email c #6-0u%# :%% I6,H$#
gossip, rumormonger c $1#-66,bf $((# -06,'JrD5f $((# -66,b M/N
he/she/it cried out c #6&)1s66I
his/her voice c )5 -6,G; )5 -J

in response, reply to him/her; answering him/her; following his/her train
of speech - )5 I6#%%#H
messenger; angel c #%%rJ$66
mute; person who cannot speak c ' :%% r(1-0,H$*1
news; gossip, rumor c $((#
s/he asked for it; s/he cried for it c 6&)R1sH6I
s/he asked him/her c 6I(1&6&u%-
s/he brought it onto him/her (esp. shame, blame, joy) c )5 #H, 6-05&6,J(
s/he called him/her on the phone c )5 4(()J I6&)1,66$
s/he called him/her on the phone c )5 4((, I6&)1,H$
s/he called out to him/her; s/he shouted to him/her c 66&6EJ(D
s/he gave him/her orders; s/he instructed him/her c H6 641#66&6r66
s/he gave him/her orders; s/he instructed him/her c H, 6#66&6E66r&
something) c )5 IJ1I &%%)66
s/he imitated him/her; s/he quoted him/her c 6I(1&6,((
s/he invited him/her c 66&6EJ(D
s/he lied c -0 r6&)'1:J'
s/he praised him/her; s/he approved it c 6#66&6-0JI
s/he said that; s/he confessed that; s/he acknowledged that c :J1 :66&6r66
s/he sent him/her on a mission c 6#66&6r66
s/he sent him/her there; s/he ordered him/her to go there; s/he gave it (in
accordance with clan relationship) c 66)J 6#66&6$H6
s/he spoke; s/he talked; s/he made a speech c I6&)1,66$
s/he spoke to him/her; s/he talked to him/her c )5 J(, I(1&6,H$
s/he summoned him/her; s/he called him/her c 66&6I%%I
s/he talked him/her out of it c 6 #HI 6#6&'1$b#
s/he talked; they spoke c :%% I(1&6,H$
s/he tells him/her that c :J1 6)66:6rH
s/he told about it; s/he reported about it; s/he witnessed it; s/he testified
about it - 6#66&6$((#
s/he told him/her that; s/he said that to him/her; s/he asked him/her to
do that - :%% 6:6&-1r66
speech, talk; language; word, phrase, sentence, or discourse c :%% I6,H$#
they conversed; they spoke; they talked c :%% M06N- I6&'1EH,

3.5.4 Verbal tradition
ceremony - $66 #H6$1
myth; legend; children's tale c ,'66*G
saying, proverb; event that is so common it has become a saying or
proverb c :6I 6, s&6#G
s/he told a story; s/he preached; s/he narrated c -0 #6&)'1$((#
s/he told people a legend c r%%$ 66&6,'H#&
s/he told the story of it; s/he talked into it c 6#6&'1$((#
story c -0#6'$((#
storyteller; preacher c r%%$ -0 #6'$((*b
3.5.5 Reading and writing
s/he read c &5)1,u%&
s/he read it c 66&6,u%&
s/he typed it c 6#6&'1)H'
s/he wrote c #6&41Db,
s/he wrote it; s/he drew it; s/he painted it; s/he photographed it; s/he took X-rays of
it c 6#6&-01Db,
3.6 Teach
according to his/her words, instructions c )5 I6:HI
s/he demonstrated it to him/her; s/he showed him/her how to do it; s/he performed it
for him/her c )5 &6r-01:((D :J1 6&-1$(1
s/he instructed him/her; s/he advised him/her c 6-05#66&64H6
s/he taught him/her c )5 J(D 6, &5'1,u%&
s/he taught it to him/her c )5 J(D 6&'1,u%&
3.6.2 School
math c &%%"0 :HI :66 )6,u%&"0
pack; backpack; pack sack c IJ(:
paper; book, magazine, newspaper; letter, mail c DGD

pencil; pen; brush c #%%DJ()66
school c 6, &5-#G )66#60b)1f -*u%$f HD r66 J( 6, )5',u%& :J
s/he investigated it; s/he researched it c 6#66&6,'66#&
student; learner c :66 6, $6-#&J1$1
student; pupil; scholar c -*u%$&66$
table c $6)H6#&
4.1 Relationships
his/her boyfriend c )5 :6)H#5
his/her girlfriend c )5 -066,#b
his/her sweetheart c )5 #6"0H&'1; )5 ,-(1:b
love (of people) c r5-6IH$
nation; moiety; clan; band of people c $66
neighbor c #1)66#H 66
neighbors c #1)66r&H6$1
s/he kissed me c 6I IJ1, :6&)R1EH6
s/he loved him/her/it c 6&-1IH$
s/he raised him/her/it; s/he grew it c 6&-1&H,
4.1.8 Show affection
honey! c 4H6
4.1.9 Related by kinship
ancestor(s) of his/her clan or nation; his/her background, heredity c )5 -06*u%$
and Brown Bear c P0%%#6$(1)b
principal crest is the Killer Whale c Q6r'6&(1)b
Deisheetaan, locally called "Beaver"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Beaver c Q(1-0((,66$
fatherless child; bastard c $(("0#6:H)1
crest is the Frog c l66$6I,(1)b

Grandmother!; Grandfather! c =J('#&K
her brother, cousin c )5 J(#
her fraternal niece, nephew, cousin c )5 #H6'#&
her husband c )5 IGI
her older sister, cousin c )5 -0H,I
her younger sister; his younger brother; cousin c )5 #J(#
his/her brother-in-law, sister-in-law c )5 #H6$1
his/her child c )5 :H)1
his/her children c )5 :H,D1
his/her clan brother c )5 D&H6:1
his/her clan brother or sister, distant relative, comrade c )5 ,66sb
his/her clan sister c )5 -0H6&5
his/her daughter, cousin c )5 -J(
his/her family line of descent, side c )5 :1$66$HI
his/her father c )5 J(-0
his/her father-in-law c )5 &u%
his/her grandchild c )5 )6"0IH$
his/her grandparent c )5 H6'1
his/her grandparent (term of respect) c )5 )66#6$u%D5
his/her husband's clan brother; his/her man, boyfriend, husband c )5 rH6&5
his/her kinsman, moiety mate c )5 (($ 66
his/her mate, his "old lady"; her "old man" c )5 IH$ 66
his/her maternal aunt c )5 ,'H6#&
his/her maternal uncle c )5 #H6#
his/her mother c )5 ,'H6
his/her mother-in-law c )5 "066$
his/her partner c )5 :6rH6&5
his/her paternal aunt c )5 66,
his/her paternal uncle, cousin c )5 -H$1
his/her relative, friend; his/her tribesman c )5 I%%$b
his/her son, cousin c )5 :J(,
his/her twin c )5 #1#:H)1
his older brother, cousin c )5 0G$I&
his old lady (wife) c )5 -066&H)1
his sister c )5 )'66#
his sororal niece, nephew c )5 #J1'#

his wife c )5 -0H,
in front of him/her; his/her geneology, history; his/her ancestors c )5 -05#H
crest is the Sockeye c m66"0EH)1
Kaagwaantaan, locally called "Wolf"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crest is the Wolf c F66*&66$,66$
Kiks.di, locally called "Frog"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal crest is
the Frog c F1#-EH)1
Kwaashk'i Kwan, locally called "Humpback Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety
whose principal crest is the Humpback Salmon c F&66-0#1 m&H6$
L'eeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Dog Salmon c =(($(1)b
L'ukaax.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Sockeye c =5#66IEH)1
crest is the Coho c =5#$6IEH)1
principal crest is the Thunderbird c B06$*5#(1)b
principal crest is the Dog Salmon c B5r,(($(1)b
T'akdeintaan, locally called "Seagull"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Seagull c /6r)(1$,66$
Teikweid, locally called "Brown Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crest is the Brown Bear c /(1r&(1)b
Killerwhale c /-66*&(1)b
Was'eeneid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crests are the Wolf and
Auklet c T6-(($(1)b
Yanyeid, locally known as "Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crest
is the Brown Bear c \6$:(1)b
4.2 Social activity
coming to see him/her c )5 #((#H$
feast, potlatch; party c r5EJ(D
in public; at a potlatch, feast c r66$#6#E((,D M/N
ceremony - $66 #H6$1
s/he invited him/her c 66&6EJ(D

sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of running quickly - ,bD&466
M!,N
sound of stamping, pounding fists, clapping; sound of running quickly - ,GD466
they crowded the place; they all went there c H, 06- :6&)10H6
they gathered together c &%%-0 #66$HI 06- &5)1E66,
they gathered together c &%%-0 I%%, 06- &5)1EH,
townspeople; crowd or large group of people c 66$,r(($b
4.2.3 Music
bell c *66&
drum c *66&
his/her song c )5 I6-0((:b
music, singing, song c 6, -0b
organ, piano c sbI466 ru%#
radio, phonograph, stereo, music box, ipod; any device that plays music c 6,
-0b ru%#
s/he composed a song; s/he called forth a response (from opposite clan by means of
a song) c -05#6&'1I%%I
s/he played it (musical instrument) c 6&'1EHI
s/he plays it (musical instrument) c 6'1EHI"0
s/he sang c 6, &%%-0((
s/he sang it c 66&6-0((
singer c 6, -0J(:1
singers, choir c 6, -0J(D1
song c -0b
4.2.4 Dance
button blanket c r66:5#6Eu%,1 Du%& M/N
dance c 6'(1I
headdress, dance hat c -06#((EH,
s/he danced c 66&6'(1I
s/he danced out c )66# 66&6'JI
s/he started dancing c s5$J1 66&6'JI

4.2.6 Entertainment, recreation
ball c #%%"0J1,66
checkers; games played using string in the hands c 6')66&H6
gambling; game of chance c 6'rH6
marble c #%%,H6D66
seesaw c #%%#b,-66
s/he gambled; s/he played cards c 6&)'1rH6
sled c DH,66
sled (for recreational sledding) c 6"0 #%%-0Ib'66 :(1,
tricks, sleight of hand; juggling c :6#&,(1:b
4.2.7 Play, fun
doll c -J(
it's his/her turn c )5 J(, r5&60H6
it was fun; it was enjoyable; it was appealing c r6&-1*u%
plaything c r5-E%%#
pretending; make-believe c r(1')60H6#5
s/he played c 6-0 #6&)'1:H,
s/he won it; s/he got it; s/he accomplished it; s/he defeated
him/her c 6:66&6)'66r
top (spinning toy) c ,%%'"0H$
4.3.4 Do good/evil to
against it, wrong (so as to foul up what s/he had done) c )5 41:6*J1I
evil, sin c ' 5-0#J
he/she/it bothered him/her; he/she/it is bothering him/her c 6#66&6Db'
he/she/it comforted him/her c )5 ,%%&G 6&'1,H6
he/she/it is helping me; s/he helped me c 6I J(, &5)1-0J(
murderer c r%%&646s1 66; r5E(($b
they attacked someone c r66 J(, 06- 41&)1EH,
thief c ,H6& -66,b
trouble; conflict c #6DJ('

4.3.9 Culture
armor made of tough hide or wooden rods c -6$#(1,
bentwood box c 'Hr,
black horn spoon c :J,- -0H'
blanket; robe c Du%&
button blanket c :6#6Eu%, Du%&
cairn; rock pile c ,J Du%&
ceremonial woven root hat with a stack of basket-like cylinders
on top c -06)6#u%I
Chilkat blanket c $66D(1$
copper shield c ,1$H6
dance regalia c '6I#(1,
dancing leggings; leggings for climbing c I5-#(1,
his/her inheritance; possessions of deceased given to him/her at a feast c )5 $J1D1
labret, lip plug c I(1$,H6D66
memorial pile of rocks c Du%&
rattle (of shaman) c -0(1-0u%I
s/he claimed it; s/he owns it c 66&60J1$
sheep or goat horn spoon c '(1$(1, -0H'
s/he performed rites; s/he made magic c 66&60J1I&66
totem pole c #%%,J(:66
wall crest; wall screen c IJ($
wool blanket (used as potlatch gift or for dancing) c 'J(
woven root hat c I66, -H6D&
4.5.1 Person in authority
boss c r66 -66,b
head of a clan house; master of the house c 0b, -66,b
his/her boss, master c )5 -66,b
leader c r66 -0H6)( 0H$1
leaders c r66 -0H6)( $HrD1

4.7 Law
law, words one lives by c 6 #H6 r5)5)R1,((:1 :%% Ij6,H$#
4.7.3 Break the law
s/he did something wrong; s/he broke the law c 6, *J1, &5)R1*b,
s/he stole it c 66&6,H&
4.7.7 Punish
correctional facility c H6 r5:6)54(( :J
jail c s6:J1- 0b,
4.8.3 Peace
it's calm; it's peaceful c #6&)5&6:J'
peace, calm c #6:J1'
s/he improved it; s/he made peace with him/her/it c 6&'1#J1
4.8.4 War
body armor, breastplate c $1:60H6,
body armor, breastplate c :1$660H6,
bullet c 6, #6,J
captive c s6'-0H6,6)1
club c DG-
double-ended dagger c -06#H,-
fighting; war, conflict c r5'6*66&
fort c $%%&
general; leader of war, battle c DH6$ #6$H6:1
gunpowder c 6, ,5*H$1
gun, rifle c u%$66
his/her enemy, adversary c )5 :66$66:b

s/he killed him/her/it; s/he let it go c 66&64Hr
war clothes (of moosehide) c DH6$ :1$66EH,
war party, attacking force of warriors or soldiers; army c IH6
war; trouble; rush, hurry c 6)6&u%,'
whip c IH,66
4.9 Religion
believer c H,# 60(($b
cross c #6$J1-,
Easter bread; communion bread c 'J1#&66
faith c H,# 60(($
fate; bad luck c 41$60H6
fighting spirit c 'J#&66
ghost c -1s((rH6&5
God c Q1#H6$rH6&5f Q1#J( 66$rH6&5
God, Lord c !6$rH6&5
his/her fate c )5 )66#6-0G
his/her follower, disciple c )5 b,I $6*%%)b
his/her followers, disciples c )5 b,I $6E66)b
his/her spirit c )5 :6#s&60J1:6*5
Holy Spirit c ' 5'1,%%*5 m66 \6#s&60J1:6*5
house of prayer; church c I6*H6D )66#60b)1
Indian doctor's spirit c :J1#
messenger; angel c #%%rJ$66
parable c 6, #%%#(1)b
possession(s); that which is owned (by them) c r66 6, u%&5
praise, glorification c #6-0J(I
prayer c I6*H6D
preacher c -0 #6'$((*b
priest c &H6)1-0*66
priest; pastor; minister c $6#&$J1,
recovery; salvation c s6$(1I
Satan c Q1:J( 66$rH6&5
shaman; medicine man c bI,
s/he baptized him/her c 0J($, 6:66&6,J(

s/he got lucky; s/he was blessed c &5'1IJ1,'
s/he prayed c -0 #H6 I6&)1*HD
satisfied c &%%$(1I
spirit c r66 :6#s&60J1:6*5
wish; prayer c %%'DJ1-
witch c $6#&-66,b
5 Home
banister; railing c 6 )66I :66 )5'-0(("0 H,
door c I60H6,
doorway c I6&%%'
electricity c #6-0u%#
fence c r6$H6IH$
floor c ,H6 #H
gardener c ,H6: #60J1I1
home c $(1'
house; building c 0b,
house post c *H6-
(in) his/her room, bedroom c )5 ((,b #H
platform cache; house cache; shed c "0H'
porch; patio c I6&%%' #6:H6-01
possession; that which is claimed c r66 6, %%0J1$1
rafter c I66$H-
rafters (large roof beams) c 0b, #6-H*5
rafters (modern) c 0b, #6*66)b
roof c 0b, #H
room c ((,
shingle(s) c 0b, #6,H6:1
shingles c ,66 :H,D1
smokehole c *66$f *66$ #H
smokehouse (with smoke piped in from outside) c -(1r )66#60b)1
steambath c I66:
tent c -b-66 0b,

upstairs; attic c 0b, -06$,G
wall c ,H6 :H
window c I66&66sJ1f I66&66sb
5.1.3 Furnishings
blanket sewn from scraps of hide c 6, DH-0)1 Du%&
flag c 66$ #&J1:1
freezer c 6 ,u% 6, )5',1DI1 H,
mat, doormat; rug c sH6"0
mattress; bedding c :((EH,
quilt; cotton blanket c #6-,H6, Du%&
stove c -,%%D
window curtain c I66&66sJ1 #6-b-6:1
5.1.3 Furniture
bed c #H6 I(ID5 :(1,
chair c #H6:6s14(1,
organ, piano c sbI466 ru%#
swing, hammock c s(1sH"0
table c $6)H6#&
5.1.4 Household tools
adze c IG,66
axe c -06$6I&H6:1f -05$6I&H6:1
babiche, string, leather thonging c )R66-
backpack; pack sack c :H6$6)1
baggage, luggage; things, stuff packed up for carrying c 6, '6EH,
bag; sack c *&J1'
balloon c #6)5E5DI5 H,
barrel c #H6-,
basket c rH#&
basket of woven red cedar bark c $J1'

basket or pan used to collect berries by knocking them off the bush c #6)H)R66
:(1,
basket with a rattle in the lid c ,5)6DH#&f ,5r)66)6DH#&
bentwood box c 'Hr,
berrying basket c #6',H-#
berrying basket or can hung around the neck, resting on the chest c -(1s6,H6$66
birch bark basket c 6, )66:b rH#&
blackboard, chalkboard c #6)5-0D1, ,66 :H
black horn spoon c :J,- -0H'
bottle; jug c ,%%"01$(1,f b$ D((-0H6
box c ru%#
bucket; pail c D((-0H6
calendar c )b- &%%IJ1:1
camera c 66$#6)5-0D1, H,
candle c ,%%& -(($H6
cane; walking stick; staff c &%%,-66sH6
canvas; tarp; tent c D&66-)H6
cast-iron skillet c ,J #6-G*&66 :(1, M/N
chain c I6#6#(1Ibf &u%-0$HI I6#6#J1I1
cheesecloth, loose-woven cloth; netting, screen c #6sH)66
clock c *66&
clothes brush c $66EH, #6Db,66
cloth; sailcloth c -b-66
container for it c )66#(1,
container for traveling provisions; lunch basket, lunch container c &u%& )66#(1,
cork, plug c 6 I6)J(D1
cotton; cotton blanket, quilt c #6-,H6,
cradleboard; papoose carrier c ,%%#
cup; can c *GD66
curved carving knife c :%% #6,6$ 'b,66
dagger; machete, long knife c *&H'66
dipper (for dipping water) c -0(($ I6:((
dipper, scoop, ladle; brailer bag c #6D&J$66
dish; plate c -bD
dish; platter c #J'66f #b'66
drill c ,G'66

envelope c DGD )66#6DGD5
file c DH)66
flagpole c 66$ #&J1:1 ,5*H6-1
flashlight c #6)5'su%# -(($H6f #6)5'sG#I -(($H6
platter c ,H6'
flywheel; wheelbarrow; wagon; hand truck c #64GD66
foam (on waves); sponge c ,((, I6"0H'I1
food container; pot or pan; dish, large bowl c I6:(1,
fork c H"0 6, )5-I6 H,
frying pan, skillet c #6I*H6$1 :(1,; #6-b*&66 :(1, M!N
glass (the substance) c b,"0
grindstone c sb'66
handkerchief c '5s&J1$66
handmade ladle c ,-(($(1)1 -0H'
hatchet c -06$6I&H6:1 :H)1
heating pad c #6-0J(#& *&J1'f #6-0u%# *&J1'
Hudson Bay blanket c #1$*5"0&H6$ Du%&5
iron (for ironing) c #6Ib'66
its antenna (of radio) c 6 *G*5
its covering; cover (over a large opening or something without an opening) c 6
#60H6)1
its handle (stick-like); its shaft (of spear, etc.) c 6 -H#&,1
its handle (stick-like); its shaft (of spear, etc.) c 6 -HD&)1
its lid, cover (of pot, etc.) c 6 :6$6EH6,6$1
kerosene; coal oil c 5I*6$0J($
key c #6,bI66
kitchen utensil c 6,IH 41-06*u%$
knife c 'b,66
knife with fold-in blade c IJ1 -06)6*5,I1 'b,66
lamp c -(($H6
large box for storing grease, oil c )6$(1,
large cannister c $66-6EH6
large rectangular tub for soaking skins while tanning them c r66#6$J1
large wooden spoon c -0J($
leather needle c '5#6,b-066
mallet, wooden hammer c '%%&G ,Hr'

mirror c ,u%$HI r66,(($
mortar for grinding c #6DH*&66 :(1,
mortar for pounding c #6,JI66 :(1,
needle c ,H6DH'
paper; book, magazine, newspaper; letter, mail c DGD
pencil; pen; brush c #%%DJ()66
pick, pickaxe c #J1,5
pillow c -06:(1,
pipe (for carrying water) c ,5$6I01$$6)66
pipe (for tobacco) c -(1r)66#(1,
pitcher; jug c r6,(1'
plastic c DJ$
plate c -bD rH6,'
pliers c 6, #6,HD66f #6#6,HD66
pocket knife c s6',5'b,66
pot, cooking pot c r&H,'
pounder (for meat or grease) c #6,JI66
rack for drying fish c I66$H- J1$66
radio, phonograph, stereo, music box, ipod; any device that plays music c
6, -0b ru%#
receptacle for it c 6 :((EH)1
roasting stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; the end is then bound) c
I&J1$66
rope c ,bD
round basket made of split red cedar branches c ,-6$J1
rubber c -J'
safety pin c IJ1*&H'
saw c DH-066
scissors c r66-06DH-066
scraper, as for scraping off bark from roots c J($66
scraper for hemlock bark c :((-
screwdriver c #6-J(, #6,bI66
scrubber c #6Db'66
sharpened stick (for digging up clams, roots, etc.); gardening fork c #H6,
sheep or goat horn spoon c '(1$(1, -0H'
shell; shell-like chip or flake; china; carapace c $u%D
shoe polish c ,J(' )66#(:J1-1 MPN

shovel c r5,'b)66
skin scraper c D&H466
sled c DH,66
small covered box c I6')66#(1,
smokehole cover c *66$ I60H6)1
spoon c -0H'
straw (for drinking) c 6 ,u%$HD #6)5-jbr-j H,
string c ,bD :H)1
swing; hammock c s((sH"0
tanning frame; frame for stretching skin c ,J(-0
tea kettle (originally with long curved spout) c ,66&Hr D((-0H6
thimble c ,'1r$66EH,
thread; sinew c ,H-
three-cornered needle for sewing skin or leather c #6,b-066
tongs c 'H,66
tool, tools c 41-06*u%$
toothpick c %%I #6,-Hs66
towel, hand towel c 41s&J1$66
umbrella c #J1 )6r1$41 -H6D&
wash basin c #H, :6)5E5-#5 H,
washboard c 6 #H6 )5'E5-#5 H,f #H, )5'E5-#5 H,
water dipper; ladle c 0J($ *GD66
wheelbarrow; hand truck, dolly c #%%4GD66 M/PNf #%%4GD&66 M!$N
whetstone c :6:J1$66
wire c #6DJ(-
woman's curved knife c &J1#-0
wooden bailer (for boat) c -0(($
wool blanket (used as potlatch gift or for dancing) c 'J(
wrench c #6-J(, #6*&H)'66
5.2 Food
at hand (for him/her to eat or drink) c )5 I6IH$
bread crumbs c -6#&$J1$ #6I(1',b
famine; starvation c '66D&
food, a meal c 6,IH

food, lunch, provisions taken along (on a trip, to work or school) c &u%&
food taken home from a feast or dinner to which one was invited c J($&5
for him/her to eat or drink c )5 I(1-
half-dried, compressed food, esp. berries or seaweed c #6,H#I1
he/she/it starved c 5&6'HD&
his/her food scraps, left-over food; crumbs of food left or scattered where s/he has
eaten c )5 I6E((,b
leftovers, food scraps c r66 I6E((,b
(loaf of) bread c -6#&$J1$ J(&5
pilot bread c sH6,'
restaurant; tavern c 6,IH )66#60b)1
5.2.1 Food preparation
fish cleaned and hung to dry c #6)G,'I1
flour; bread c -6#&$J1$
it's boiling; it boiled c &5)'1EG#
long, flat loosely woven basket for pressing out herring oil c #66,
long smokehouse pole(s) c 41#6rH6-
pepper c -1EH6D5 H,
pepper c ,5I&H$-1 $H6#&
pole(s) on which fish are hung for drying in smokehouse c -u%-
salt c J1'
saltwater brine c J1' #60J($1
s/he barbecued it c 6&'1,-b#
s/he boiled it c 6&'1EG#
s/he cooked c 6, &5-1EJ(
s/he cooked it c 6&-1EJ(
s/he dried it c 6&-1DG#
s/he fried it; s/he toasted it c 6#6&'1-G#
finished distributing things (at party) c :6$ 6#6&'1*H6
s/he steamed it; s/he boiled it c 6&-1,H6
s/he tanned it; s/he smoked it c HI 6#6&'1-(1r
s/he warmed it up c 6&-1,H6
smokehouse c 6,D66$ 0b)1

smokehouse shelf c :66-0 #H
spit, skewer, roasting stick, barbecue stick c ,-J(#
sticks woven through the fish lengthwise after it has been filleted for barbecuing c
,'J(#6,
sun-dried c s6*66$ #6-G#&I5
wide, flat stone (used for cooking) c ,J rH6,'
5.2.2 Eat
s/he ate c 6, 5&6IH6
s/he ate it c 66&6IH6
s/he ate it all up c :6I 6:6&-1IH6
s/he fed him/her/it; s/he gave him/her/it something to eat c )5 IJ1I 6, &%%,((
s/he fed it to him/her/it; s/he gave it to him/her/it to eat c )5 IJ1I 66&6,((
s/he liked the taste of it c )5 IJ &%%#J1
5.2.3.1 Food from plants
alpine blueberry c ,-J(#HI#&
apple; crabapple c DH6D
berry, berries c ,'J1r&
black currant c I660(1&G
black currants or swamp currants c #6$(1',-H#&f #6$(1',-b#& M!,N
blueberry; huckleberry c #6$6,H
blueberry juice; purple c #6$6,H #60J($1
bog cranberry; low bush cranberry c r(1-0#60H6*5
bunchberry c r(1#6DJ,'#
carrot c -b$
crabapple c '1$*b, DH6D1
currants c #6)%%0(1IE66
dulse (type of seaweed) c '66rH-#
elderberry c :J1'
fiddlehead fern (with edible rhizome) c #&H'I
gray currant, stink currant c -066I
high bush cranberry c #6D&J1I

huckleberry; blueberry c $66$:66 #6$6,66:b
lowbush cranberry, bog cranberry c )HD&
mossberry c DJ('1
mountain ash berry c #6'"06$(1, ,'J1s5
nagoonberry, lagoonberry, dwarf nagoonberry c $(1*u%$
potato c #G$,-
raspberry c ,'Jr& :H)1
red huckleberry c ,'(1#6,H$#
ribbon seaweed c rH6"0
rice; Kamchatka lily root c #u%D
rutabaga; turnip c 6$60%%
salmonberry c &6-D66$ ,'J1s5
serviceberry; saskatoonberry c *66&Hr
snowberry c )'(1, ,'J1s5
soapberry c DH#&'1
sourdock; wild rhubarb c ,'66r&H"0
strawberry c -0H#&
swamp blueberry c 'HI '%%&G
thimbleberry c "0((I
turnip c ,'66)J1$E66
watermelon berry, twisted stalk, wild cucumber c ,'(1r& #60b$,1
wild strawberry c '1$*b, -0H#&
yellow cloudberry c $JI&
young salmonberry bush shoots (edible) c #(1,
5.2.3.2 Food from animals
bacon c *1-0%% ,66:b
cracklings of rendered fat, grease unfit for consumption c )H#&,6-1
dry fish c 6, IJ(-01
egg (of bird) c #&H,
fat; blubber c ,66:
fish; salmon c IH6,
herring eggs c sH6D&
honey c *6$)66-664b 0H6,'1 M/N
hooligan oil c -66# ((Ib

its edible part (of clam) c 6 s(1:b
its flesh (of fish) c 6 IGI5
its raw (flesh or meat); rare (meat) c 6 -0b-r
meat, flesh c )'((:
oil, grease c ((If (1I MPN
roe, eggs (of fish) c #60H6#&
seaweed, kelp on which herring spawn c )66&
tallow, hard fat c ,%%&
5.2.3.4 Prepared food
aged fish head c #b$#
boiled fish c G,'I1
boiled food; broth c 6 ,J1I1
boiled food; broth c ,J1I
dish made with berries and salmon eggs c #6$J(*&H'
dried fish strips, dried necktie style c ,-6#H6&H-0
dried thing, esp. food c 6, #66&6DG#&
fish air-dried in cold weather and allowed to freeze c "0b' D%%#
fish heads cooked on ground around fire c *6$*5#sHI1
fish hung over the fire to cook c sbr-
fish roasted whole, strung up by its tail over the fire and twirled periodically c
sbr-66 M/N
fish smoked for a short time with the backbone taken out c #6)G#'1
fried food c 6 #6-G#I5
fry bread, bannock c ((I #H, -6#&$(1$
half-dried salmon (smoked) c $H6:6)1
it's cooked c :6$ 5&6EJ(
its dried flesh, strips (of fish) c 6 IJ(-01
mashed berries c #6sG,'I1
mush, oatmeal, porridge c &H-0
porridge c -6#&$J1$ #6,J1I1
s/he dried fish; s/he smoked fish c 6, 5&6IH$
soaked dried fish c ,J(:b
soup broth; soup c ,6I0J($1
soup, porridge c #6,J1I

steamed berries c #6$H'I1
steamed berries put up in soft grease c #6rH-0I1
5.2.3.6 Beverages
apple juice c DH6D #60J($1
berry juice c ,'J1r& #60J($1
coffee c #H6D&(1
coffee; hot water c :6,66:1 0J($
cow's milk c &6-u%- '66:b
Hudson Bay tea c -1#-06')J($
juice c 6, #60J($1
liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage c $H6&
s/he drank c 6, &5)1$H6
tea c "0H6:%%
5.2.3.7 Alcoholic beverages
beer c *J(&66
drunkenness; inebriation; giddiness c #6$6-0G
liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage c #6-1:66:1 0J($
5.2.4 Tobacco
marijuana c #6-1:J1:1 -(1r
(plug of) chewing tobacco c #6,J(D
s/he smoked c -0 I6&)1-(1r
tobacco c ,5&66#G
tobacco c sH$"0
tobacco pipe c -1r)66#(1,

5.3 Clothing
belt c -J(#
blindfold c &6r#6)u%D
boot(s) c D&H$
bow (ribbon tied into a bow) c '6s&H$
clothes, clothing; garment c $66EH,
coat, overcoat c #1$66EH,f #1$66#EH,
corset c #6-6$#6EH,
diaper c ,5r)66EH,
dress c '66#
hat c -H6D&
headscarf, kerchief covering the head c -06)66EH,
moccasins c 6, DH-0)1 ,J('
neck scarf; kerchief c -6)66,66:
necktie c -6#6EH,
pants, trousers c ,5r6,H6'
petticoat; slip c )%%$:66I'66#
rubber gloves c -J1' ,-H6D
shawl; cape; poncho c ,(1r
shirt c #%%)H-
shoe(s) c ,J('
slipper(s); house shoe(s) c $(1':((,J('1
snowshoe c 4H641
sock(s) c 'J( D&H$
sweater c #6#J1$ #%%)H-
undershirt c )%%$:66I #%%)H-
vest; sleeveless top c 'E5'4b$1
5.3.3 Traditional clothing
armor made of tough hide or wooden rods c -6$#(1,
blanket; robe c Du%&
body armor, breastplate c :1$660H6,
button blanket c :6#6Eu%, Du%&; :5#6Eu%, Du%&f r66:5#6Eu%,1
Du%& M/N

ceremonial woven root hat with a stack of basket-like cylinders on top c
-06)6#u%I
dance regalia c '6I#(1,
dancing leggings; leggings for climbing c I5-#(1,
neck cord worn for dance c #6-J1r&
sash (worn over shoulder) c #%%*J1$66
war clothes (of moosehide) c DH6$ :1$66EH,
woven root hat c I66, -H6D&
5.3.6 Parts of clothing
buckshot; moccasin lining c 6, ,5I&H$-1
button c :6#6Eu%,; :5#6Eu%,
button c r66:6#5Eu%,1 M!,N
hem of his/her coat, shirt, dress c )5 #u%$
its hem, bottom edge (of coat, dress, shirt); rim (of hat) c 6 #u%$
it's sleeve (of shirt, coat) c 6 4b$1
pocket c s6',G
shoelace(s) c ,J(' I6)R66-bf ,J(' I6*5)R66-bf ,J(' I6#6)R66Rb
5.3.7 Wear clothing
barefoot; shoeless c #6',J('r
s/he is dressed up c :6$ -0 &5)R1$J1
s/he is wearing it c #H, 6)6,J($
s/he put it on c #HI 6&)1,((
s/he put them on c I%%-)J 6&)1:br
s/he wore it; s/he put it on; s/he used it c :J1 66&6E%%
5.3.8 Naked
bare; naked c #6')66sH#&

5.4.1 Jewelry
bracelet c #J(-
earring c *5# #6466-0
earring c *5#EH,
earring; yarn dangling from the ears that sways during dancing c *5# ,'J1$I&
labret hole c r6$%%I ((,b
labret, lip plug c I(1$,H6D66
labret, small lip plug c r6$%%I
necklace c -(1,
nose ring c '5$H-
ring c ,'j1r#6#J(-
wristwatch c 41#6&H6"0
5.4.2 Cosmetics
crimson red; face paint c 'J1I&
face cream; cold cream c :6$(1-b M/N
face powder c :6&J1$66
lipstick c I6#6-Jr&66
5.4.3 Caring for hair
comb c DJ1)5
comb c r66 -06#-6:J1*5
hair pendant c r66 -06#-6:br-1
hair pin c -06IjJ( Dj&H'j
hair ribbon c -06"0J($
razor c 66$ :6)5D6- H,
ribbon c "0J($
5.5 Fire
around the fire c *6$)66
ash; ashes c #J',

ashes c *6$ ((,b
burnt or charred wood c D%%)Rb
coal c ,%%"0 ,J
cord (of wood) c 6, #66:b
dry inner part of firewood c *6$,5D%%*G
fire c I66$
fire drill, hand drill used to start fires by friction c I66$ #HI ,G'66
fireside; by the fire, facing the fire c *6$*%%#
firestone; iron pyrite c )H6)R1
firewood c *H$
flame c *6$:6'u%,
he/she/it burned him/her/it; s/he scalded him/her/it c 6&'1IJI
in the fire c *6$6',H6#
it exploded c #(1 &41,G#
it went out (light, fire) c :6#6&'1#b-
kindling c *H$ #6rH-,1
match c 5I*6$rH6-
match; stick c rH6-
opening of smokehole c *66$ &%%'b
punk wood, decayed dry wood c s5$6$66 ,(,'
s/he built a fire c -0u%, 6&)1EH#
s/he burned it up c #(1 6&-1*H$
s/he got burned c &5)1IJI
s/he lit it (fire); s/he turned it on (light) c H, 6#6&'1*H$
s/he put it out (fire); s/he turned it off (light) c 6:6#6&'1#b-
singed, burnt, or charred matter c Du%-0,
small pieces of firewood; kindling c *H$ :H,D1
smoke c -((r
smoke c -(1r
smoke spreaders (board suspended horizontally above smokehouse fire) c
*6$1*(1)b
soot c )G-
spark c :br)'66
wet firewood c *H$ ,'H6#
wood, piece of wood; wood chip c '(1&Gf '%%&G

5.6 Cleaning
broom; brush c Db,66
laundry c u%-1
s/he bathed c &5)1-0G"0
s/he swept c &5)1DJ(,
s/he swept the floor c ,66 #H 66&6DJ(,
s/he washed it c 66&6Eu%-
s/he washed it c 6#66&6Eu%-
s/he wiped it; s/he mopped it c 6&'1s%%
soap c G-66
5.6.1 Clean, dirty
black with dirt, filth, stain c ,-Hr'
dirt, dust c "0J1I&
dirt; scrap(s); rubbish, trash, clutter; lint c -((D
filth, mess; trash, rubbish, garbage c ,'((D
he/she/it is dirty c &5'1"0JI&
it got muddy c #6&-01rG,'
s/he got it dirty c 6&'1"0JI&
5.7 Sleep
he/she/it kept him/her awake c 6-0 &5-1IJr
s/he got up c -06&)1$G#
s/he overslept c 6 :H6$HI :66&6,H6
s/he slept c &%%,66
s/he woke him/her up c #(1 6&-1*b,
s/he woke up c #(1 &)R1*b,
sleep c ,H
they slept c 06- &%%IJ1D&

6.1 Work
in vain; for nothing; without success c "06 sJs66
s/he raised him/her/it; s/he grew it c 6&-1&H,
s/he used it for it; s/he made it into it c H,I 6&'1:JI
s/he worked; s/he did that c :J1 4((&6$(1
worker c :J1 41$J1:1
worker; crew c *6$6-&H6$
working with him/her; helping him/her work or do something c )5 41E(($
work, job c :J1 41$J
6.1.3 Difficult, impossible
it was difficult c &5'1)RJ(
6.2.1 Growing crops
gardener c ,H6: #60J1I1
planting stick c #6,-u%&66
scarecrow c :J1' #%%IJ,'66
s/he grew it; s/he turned it on (hose); s/he caused it to flow (water) c 6#6&-1E66
s/he planted it c 6#66&6066
6.4.1 Hunt
arrow c "0%%$(1,
arrowhead c 6, IJ1)1
blunt arrow for stunning c *G,'
bow c -Hr-
buckshot; moccasin lining c 6, ,5I&H$-1
close quarter bow and arrow c -0((D&f s0(1D&
gunpowder c 6, ,5*H$1
gun, rifle c u%$66
hunt c 6'u%$
hunter c 6'u%$1

its head (of spear) c 6 #H)1
sea otter hunting canoe with an angular prow for breaking the waves c "01:H6-0
sharp arrow for killing c ,'H6r
s/he hunted c 66&6'u%$
s/he hunted it c 66&6'u%$
s/he is shooting at it c 6EG$,
s/he killed him/her/it; s/he let it go c 66&64Hr
s/he shot it c 66&6EG$
s/he shot it (with bow and arrow); s/he chose it (in gambling with sticks) c
66&6,G#
spear for clubbing c 6, -06I1-0)1 )RH6-
spear for hunting c &%%-H6$1
spear which binds rope around seal c 6, -66$E6I& )RH6-
6.4.2 Trap
deadfall trap for large animals c :J1I
s/he snared it c 6&)'1)H-
snare c )H6-66
trap (esp. steel trap) c s66,H6
trapper c s66,H6 :J1 )66$J1:1
6.4.5 Fishing
dipnet (for eulachon) c )((*H6
fisherman (troller) c 6-,(1Ib
fish hook c ,(1If ,(1IH6 M/N
fishing rod c -06IG,66
fish net; seine net c s(1&G
fish pitchfork c IH6, sb466
fish spear; harpoon for spearing salmon c )'6*&H6
fish spear with a long pole and detachable gaff hook c #%%Db)66 M!,N
fish trap c -0H6'
gaff hook; grappling hook c #bI66
halibut fisherman c "0H6,' 6-,(1Ib

halibut hook (made of wood) c $HD&
herring rake c Db)'66
its prongs (of spear) c 6 I66$1
leadline (of net) c #u%I ,bD1
pole (for boating, for pushing skin toboggan) c ,-Hs66
rock pile fish trap c u%,
seine fisherman; seine boat c 6-s(1&G
s/he anchored c -06&)R1:66
s/he anchored the boat c 6-06&-1:66
s/he baited hooks c :6&)1$Hr&
him/her/it c 66&6-0H6,
s/he fished (with a hook); s/he trolled c 6&)R1,(1I
s/he hooked it in the head c 6-066&6#JI
s/he pulled it up (esp. line) c #(1 6&-1:br
s/he seined; s/he fished (with a net) c 6&)R1s(1&G
s/he sportfished; s/he casted c -06&)'1Iu%,
spear c ,-66sH'
spear (for devilfish) c ,H6$66
spear (for fish and seal) c H6)66
sport fisherman c 6-06'Iu%,1
troller c -05#6'I664b
6.5.1 Building
cannery c IH6, )66#60b)1
house; building c 0b,
jail c s6:J1- 0b,
platform cache; house cache; shed c "0H'
post office c DGD )66#60b)1
restaurant; tavern c 6,IH )66#60b)1
sawmill c -0 #6)6DH-0,1 0b,
s/he built it; s/he made it; s/he constructed it c 6&'1:JI
smokehouse c 6,D66$ 0b)1
smokehouse (with smoke piped in from outside) c -(1r )66#60b)1
steambath c I66:

store c 0%%$ )66#60b)1
tent c -b-66 0b,
6.5.2 Parts of a building
door c I60H6,
doorway c I6&%%'
house post c *H6-
its ceiling c 6 #6I:((
ladder; stairs c )R(1,
piling, foundation post; floor joist c 0b, ,6:((*H6-1
pit; hole dug in the ground; cellar c #u%r
platform; porch c #6:H6-0
rafter c I66$H-
rafters (large roof beams) c 0b, #6-H*5
rafters (modern) c 0b, #6*66)b
roof c 0b, #H
shingle(s) c 0b, #6,H6:1
shingles c ,66 :H,D1
smokehouse shelf c :66-0 #H
wall c ,H6 :H
window c I66&66sJ1f I66&66sb
6.5.3 Building materials
bark roofing material; tarpaper c 0b, #6DGD5
board c ,H6
house timbers c 0b, )6E1)(1)b
lumber c #6DH-,1
nail c -06:J($f ,50H6:1
6.6 Occupations
babysitter c 6,:H,D1 '6,b$1
blacksmith c s6:J1- '6:(1Ib

captain (in the navy) c #6##6#&J1: -66,b M!,N
captain (of a boat) c :66#& :6-6,H$1
captain; person in charge c #6#)6#&J1: -66,b
carpenter c 6, '6:(1I -66,b
dentist c r66 %%I '6:(1Ibf r66 %%I :(1 )66$J1:1
director, planner; commander c H, r5#6&5E66sG
doctor c r66 )66 :6-J1I1
farmer c 6#60J1I1
general; leader of war, battle c DH6$ #6$H6:1
guard, watchman c 6, #HI 6)J'1
healer; doctor; nurse c r5$H6*5
keeper of the key; jailer; night watchman c #6,bI66 -66,b
mayor c 66$ -66,b
merchant; seller c 0%%$ -66,b
night watchman c ,66, 66:b 6)J'1
policeman; policewoman c &H6"0&66$
preacher c -0 #6'$((*b
priest c &H6)1-0*66
priest; pastor; minister c $6#&$J1,
prostitute c -0 #6':J1:1
salesman; clerk; storekeeper c )60%%$b
secretary (stenographer) c r66 IJ1)HI #6-0D(()b
shepherd c &6$6)u% '6,b$1
shoemaker, cobbler c ,J(' '6:(1Ib
silversmith c )H6$66 ,J(I1
student; learner c :66 6, $6-#&J1$1
student; pupil; scholar c -*u%$&66$
surgeon c r66)66D66-0b
teacher c ru% 6, '6,u%&5 M/N
typist c #6')H6'1
writer; scribe; secretary c #6-0D(()b

6.6.1 Working with cloth
cloth; sailcloth c -b-66
hem of his/her coat, shirt, dress c )5 #u%$
its hem, bottom edge (of coat, dress, shirt); rim (of hat) c 6 #u%$
its lining c 6 ,(1$:66#6&%%&G M!,N
knitting, crocheting c #6-$J
needle c ,H6DH'
patch c ,J(:
safety pin c IJ(D&H'f IJ1*&H'
seam c rJ1"0H'
sewing c )6rJ1-
s/he embroidered it on it; s/he sewed beads on it c 6 #H6 6#66&6rH6
s/he knitted; s/he crocheted; s/he wove c #6&)R1$J1
s/he made it (by weaving, knitting, crocheting); s/he mended it (net) c 6#6&-1$(1
s/he sewed c &5)1rH6
s/he sewed it c 66&6rH6
s/he sewed it on it c 6 #H, 6#6&'1rH6
s/he tanned it; s/he smoked it c HI 6#6&'1-(1r
s/he untangled it; s/he trailed him/her/it; s/he undid it c 6#6&-1#(1
thimble c ,'1r$66EH,
thread; sinew c ,H-
yarn; wool c #6#J1$
6.6.2 Working with minerals
blacksmith c s6:J1- ,J1I1
silversmith c )H6$66 #6,J(I1
6.6.3 Working with wood
carver c 6, #6"0H6#5
sawmill c #6DH-,1 )66#60b)1
scraper for hemlock bark c :((-
s/he carved it c 6#66&6"0H#&

s/he chopped it (esp. tree, branch) c 66&6-G&
s/he whittled it c 6#66&6:JI
6.6.5 Art
bead c #6&u%,
button c :5#6Eu%,f r66:6#5Eu%,1 M!,N
dye c #6-JrI5
fine needle for stringing beads c #6&u%, #6Eb-066
handiwork, handmade crafts c r66 41E((,b
his/her handiwork, artifact c )5 41E((,b
it's dyed; it's stained c #6&)1-Jr&
leather needle c '5#6,b-066
light bluish-gray trade bead(s) c -((r #6&u%,
moccasin top c ,J(' 1r#(1)b
paint c $J(*&H'
root; especially spruce root c I66,
roots or vines used in basket decoration c 'J(,
s/he dyed it; s/he stained it c 6#6&'1-Jr&
s/he painted it c 66&6$J(*&H'
s/he pulled up spruce roots c I66, 6&'1-J'
soft brown wood for tanning dye c I%%$
stretcher, form for shaping c #6$H*66
three-cornered needle for sewing skin or leather c #6,b-066
timothy grass (used for basket decoration) c -0H6#
totem pole c #%%,J(:66
unfinished basket c D6#6-#J1$
wooden form for shaping/stretching moccasins c ,J(' ,5#6$H*66
yellow cedar bark (for weaving) c ,((: &%%)b
6.7 Tool
adze c IG,66
awl; chopping block c -G&66

axe c -06$6I&H6:1; -05$6I&H6:1
cable c s6:J1- ,bD
chain c I6#6#(1Ib f &u%-0$HI I6#6#J1I1
chainsaw c -0 )6D6-0 &6-0J($
chisel c ,b:66
chopper c #6-G&66
curved carving knife c :%% #6,6$ 'b,66
drill c ,G'66
drill bit c ,G'D5
file c DH)66
hammer c ,Hr'
hatchet c -06$6I&H6:1 :H)1
knife with fold-in blade c IJ1 -06)6*5,I1 'b,66
mallet, wooden hammer c '%%&G ,Hr'
marker; mark, sign c #&J1:
measuring stick c #66:
narrow saw used to cut corners off lumber; bevel saw c ,H6 -05DH-066
pack; backpack; pack sack c IJ(:
peavy c )'H*&66
plane for scraping wood c 66$#6:JI66f ,H6 #6:JI66
pliers c 6, #6,HD66
poles used to push aside ice (from a boat) c DH6,' #6',-Hs66
pry; stick or tool for prying; crowbar c #b,66
rip saw; double-handled saw for sawing lumber c #6DH-66
rope c ,bD
rounded carving chisel c #6"0H#&66
saw c DH-066
screw c #6-J(,
screwdriver c #6-J(, #6,bI66
sharpened stick (for digging up clams, roots, etc.); gardening fork c #H6,
shovel c r5,'b)66
sledgehammer c ,J -06$6I&H6:1
square c ,J(-0 #66:b
square (for marking boards) c ,H6 -05#66:b
stone adze c -%%& IG,66
stone axe c ,6:((-f :((-

string c ,bD :H)1
tongs c 'H,66
tool, tools c 41-06*u%$
wedge, shim c IJ(D&
wheelbarrow; hand truck, dolly c #%%4GD66 M/PN
wheelbarrow; hand truck, dolly c #%%4GD&66 M!$N
whetstone c :6:J1$66
wire c #6DJ(-
woman's curved knife c &J1#-0
wrench c #6-J(, #6sG#&66
6.7.7 Container
baggage, luggage; things, stuff packed up for carrying c 6, '6EH,
basket c rH#&
basket of woven red cedar bark c $J1'
basket or pan used to collect berries by knocking them off the bush c #6)H)R66
:(1,
basket with a rattle in the lid c ,5)6DH#&
basket with rattle in the lid c ,5r)66)6DH#&
bentwood box c 'Hr,
birch bark basket c 6, )66:b rH#&
box c ru%#
bucket; pail c D((-0H6
container for it c )66#(1,
container for traveling provisions; lunch basket, lunch container c &u%& )66#(1,
platter c ,H6'
its empty shell (of house); empty container c 6 DH#&,1
large box for storing grease, oil c )6$(1,
large cannister c $66-6EH6
long, flat loosely woven basket for pressing out herring oil c #66,
over it, covering it (a container or something with an opening) c 6 :6$H6
receptacle for it c 6 :((EH)1
round basket made of split red cedar branches c ,-6$J1
small covered box c I6')66#(1,

6.7.9 Machine
engine cylinder connecting rod c &6-0J($ #6,Hs6:1
engine, motor c &6-0J($
6.8 Finance
broke; penniless; without money c #6')H6$66r
dime c *G,
half dollar; fifty cents c )H6$66 -0%%&G
its price, value; the money from the sale of it c 6 :(1)b
it was expensive; it was precious c I6&'1,-(($
money, coin, dollar c )H6$66
poor man c r6$6-0*1)J1 rH6
rich man c )H6$66 -66,b
rich man; man of wealth; chief c 66$rH6&5
s/he contributed; s/he donated c #6&)1sJ(D
s/he contributed to it; s/he donated to it; s/he added to it c H, #6&)1sbD
s/he donated it; s/he loaded it (gun); s/he shot it (basketball) c 6#66&6sJ(D
s/he got rich; s/he got wealthy; it became profitable c &5'1$H6'I
wealth; prosperity; riches c '6$H6'I
6.8.4 Financial transactions
sale c 0%%$
s/he bought it c 66&6E%%
s/he bought it (round, spherical object) c 6#66&6E%%
s/he bought them (lots of something) c 66&6Eu%&
s/he gambled; s/he played cards c 6&)'1rH6
s/he paid him/her; s/he paid for it c 64((&6rJ1
s/he sold it c 66&60%%$
s/he went peddling it; s/he went selling it c 6&'10u%$
s/he went shopping c &5)'10%%$

6.8.5 Borrow
s/he borrowed it c 66&60J(-
s/he borrowed it (round, spherical object) c 6#66&60J(-
s/he lent it to him/her c )5 J(, 66&60b-
7.1.1 Stand
s/he is standing c 0H$
s/he remained standing c :6$ 5&60H$
s/he stood up c &5)1066$
they are standing c 06- $Hr
they kept standing; they stood c :6$ 06- 5&6$Hr
7.1.2 Sit
he/she/it squatted; he/she it sat down low; he/she/it landed (of waterfowl, plane) c
&541r66r
it's sitting there c H, ,H$
s/he has him/her seated there c H, 6-EH6
s/he sat down c &%%$%%#
s/he seated him/her c 6&-1$%%#
s/he sits; s/he is sitting c EH6
they are sitting c 06- rJ($
they sat down c 06- &%%r((
7.1.3 Lie down
it's lying there (textile-like object) c H, EHI
it's sitting there c H, -6,J($
s/he has it lying there c H, 6#6,J($f H, 6-,H$
s/he has them lying there (small, round or hoop-like objects) c H, 6#'6EH,
they are lying there (small, round or hoop-like objects) c H, #6'6EH,
they're lying there (things, unconscious creatures) c H, '6EH,

7.1.8 Bend down
it's bent c :u% #6,H$
s/he bent it c 6#66&6,66$
7.1.9 Move a part of the body
he/she/it bit him/her/it c 66&6:((r
s/he exerted his/her full strength on it; s/he concentrated on it; s/he strove for it c
66&6Db"0
s/he put his/her hand down c :6$ 41&-1,H$
s/he raised a hand c #(1 41&'1,-Hr
s/he raised his/her hand c #(1 41&-1,H$
s/he reached his/her hand through it c 6$6I :66&64J'
7.2.1 Manner of movement
he/she/it climbed the face of it c 6 :HI &5)'1,'J1,
he/she/it climbed up it c 6 )66I #(1 &)'1,'J,
he/she/it crawled there on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept there on his/her/its belly c
66)J &%%,'u%D
he/she/it disappeared from there c 66)HI #6&)1:66
he/she/it fell against it (of live creature) c H, &5)R1*b,
he/she/it fell (of live creature) c )66# &5)R1*b,
he/she/it fell there (of live creature) c 66)J &)R1*((,
his/her/its belly; he/she/it is creeping around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it crept
around on his/her/its belly; he/she/it is squirming around; he/she/it squirmed
around c H, &%%,'u%D
he/she/it is jumping around; he/she/it jumped around c H, &541#J1$
he/she/it is running around; he/she/it ran around c H, &541D((D
he/she/it is sliding around; he/she/it slid around c H, &5-01IJ('
he/she/it is stuck there; he/she/it is squeezed (in) there c HI #6&'1IJ(D
he/she/it leapt on it; s/he pounced on it c 6 #H, -0 &5)'1*H-
he/she/it slid there c H, &5-01Ib'
he/she/it started running c s5$J1 &41DbD
it dove into the water; it slapped its tail down into the water c 0J($)( 6&41,H#&

it fell into it (round, spherical object) c H, #66&6DbD
it fell on it (hard, solid object) c 6 #H, &541Ib$
it fell on it; it hit it (of bullet); it spread around (rumor, news) c H, 5&6DbD
it fell on it (of small, compact object) c 6 #H6 &%%D((D
it fell (small, compact object); it came out (sun, moon) c )66# 5&6DbD
it fell through it (round, spherical object) c 6$6I #66&6D((D
it is swimming around there; it swam around there c H, 41&-1#&66$
it rolled to it c H, #66&6*&H,'
it's falling around; it's wobbly c H, &%%D((D
it's running (of engine); it started (of engine); it's rolling (of wheel); it's spinning (of
wheel) c #66&64u%D
it swam ashore c :6$ 5&60b$
it swam underwater to it c H, 5&6DH#
out of control; blindly c 5I #(1
s/he crawled away (from the open) c )66r &5)1s&H,
s/he fell on his/her face; s/he fell asleep while sitting up c :6$ :66&6*H-
s/he fell over it; s/he tripped over it (of live creature) c 6$6I :(1 &)R1*b,
s/he is crawling around there; s/he crawled around there c H, &5)1s&H6,
s/he is driving along; s/he is going along (by boat, car) c :66 $6rGI
s/he is flying around; s/he flew around c H, &5)1r(($
s/he is walking along; s/he is going along c :66 $6*G,
s/he rowed; s/he paddled c 66&6IH6
s/he slipped; s/he slid c &5-01IJ('
s/he started driving; s/he started going c s5$J1 5&6rGI
s/he went (by motorized vehicle) c &%%r%%I
they are swimming around there; they swam around there c H, 06- &5-1#&66$
they flew there c H, #6&)'1:b"0
they jumped c #(1 06- #6&)5&6#J$
they ran c 06- '%%&6*%%r
they're flying around; they flew around c H, #6&)'1:(("0
they swam to it c H, :6&-1*u%
they walked c 06- &%%E66,
7.2.2 Move in a direction
aground, into shallow water c #5D

along; down c :66
ashore, onto ground; to rest c :6$t
back and forth; to and fro; up and down c :%%
coming to see him/her c )5 #((#H$
down; out of boat, vehicle c :(1
down to beach, shore c :((r
(following) him, her, it c )5 b,
from hiding into open c *H*1
he/she/it arrived there; he/she/it went there c H, 5&6*G,
he/she/it chased it into the open c )66# 6&'1#J'
he/she/it emerged c *H*1 5&6*G,
he/she/it followed it c 6 b,I &%%*%%,
he/she/it is walking around there; he/she/it walked around there c H, &%%*%%,
he/she/it left there c 66)HI &%%*%%,
he/she/it ran away c r5, &541D((D
he/she/it ran there c 66)J &41D((D
he/she/it ran to it c H, &541DbD
he/she/it waded ashore c :6$ 5&60u%
he/she/it walked along it c HI &%%*%%,
he/she/it walked into the open; c )66# 5&6*G,
he/she/it walked through it c 6$6I :66&6*G,
he/she/it went there; he/she/it walked there c 66)J &%%*%%,
hither, toward speaker c 066,t
inside, into the house, home c $(1't
into a boat, vehicle c :66I
out of the water onto the beach, shore c )H6s1
out to sea; out into the open; (falling) down c )66#
(returning) back c r5I
the group went there c 66)J M06N- #6&)1#J(,
the group went to it c H, 06- #6&)1#b,
s/he drove around it; s/he went around it; s/he circled it (by boat, car) c 6 )66I
:66&6rGI
s/he drove there; s/he went there (by boat, car) c 66)J &%%r%%I
s/he drove through it; s/he went through it (by boat, car) c 6 ,u%$HI :66&6rGI
s/he drove to it; s/he went to it (by boat, car) c H, 5&6rGI
s/he is driving around; s/he drove around c H, &%%r%%I

s/he led them c 06- 6-0%%&6E66,
s/he left it behind c 6 $Hr &%%*%%,
s/he migrated; s/he moved c #(1 &5-1)Hr
s/he moved over that way c 0J1)( :66&6*G,
s/he moved there c 66)J &'1*H6-R; H, &5'1*H-
s/he turned back c 6:6&)1rGI
s/he turned back; s/he went back; s/he walked back c 6:6&)1*G,
s/he untangled it; s/he trailed him/her/it; s/he undid it c 6#6&-1#(1
s/he went aboard c :66I &%%*%%,
s/he went ashore; s/he came to a stop c :6$ 5&6rGI
s/he went out to sea c )66# 5&6rGI
s/he went to get it c 66sH6 &%%*%%,
starting off taking off c :(,I
they are walking along there; they are going along there c HI :66 M06N- $6EH,
they are walking around c H, 06- &%%E66,
they emerged c *H*1 06- 5&6EH,
they flew away from it c 6$Hr #6&)'1:(("0
they moved over that way c 0J1)( 06- :66&6EH,
they ran after it c 6 b,I 06- '%%&6*%%r
they ran there c 66)J M06N- '%%&6*%%r
they ran to it c H, 06- '5&6*Gr
they turned back; they went back; they walked back c 06- 6:6&)1EH,
they walked down along it c HI 06- &%%E66,
they walked there; they arrived there; they went there c H, 06- 5&6EH,
they walked there; they went there c 66)J 06- &%%E66,
they walked through it; they went through it c 6$6I 06- :66&6EH,
they walked up there; they went up there c H6 #(1 M06N- 5&6EH,
they went to get it c 66sH6 06- &%%E66,
up c #(1
up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the water's edge,
inside) c )66r
7.2.6 Travel
s/he traveled there c 66)J r%%&6,(($
s/he traveled there c H, r5&6,b$

they are traveling around (of a group of cars or fleet of boats); they are swimming
around (of a school of sea mammals) c H, 06- :66&6*%%
they traveled through it c 6$6I 06- :66&6*u%
tourist c -0 ,5&H6 #6-:J1:1
7.3.1 Carry
he/she/it carried it on his/her/its back; he/she/it packed it on his/her/its back c
66&6:66
he/she/it carried things on his/her/its back; he/she/it packed things on his/her/its
back c 6, &%%:66
s/he carried him/her/it (live creature) c 6&-1$%%#
s/he carried it aboard; s/he took it aboard (container or hollow object) c :66I
66&6,66$
s/he carried it all there; s/he took it all there c 66)J 6#66&64(1'
s/he carried it inside; s/he took it inside (container full of liquid or small objects) c
$(1' 6&-1Eb$
s/he carried it inside; s/he took it inside (general, compact object) c $(1' 66&6,J(
s/he carried it; s/he took it (container or hollow object) c 66&6,66$
s/he carried it (solid, complex object) c 6&-1,((
s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (container full of liquid or small objects) c H,
6&-1Eb$
s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (container or hollow object) c H, 66&6,H$
s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (general, compact object) c 66)J 66&6,((
s/he carried it there; s/he took it there (solid, often complex object) c 66)J
6&-1,((
s/he carried stuff there; s/he took stuff there c 66)J 6, #66&64(1'
s/he carried them there; s/he took them there (esp. baggage or personal belongings)
c 66)J 6&'1E66,
s/he is carrying him/her/it around; s/he carried him/her/it around (live creature) c
H, 6&-1$%%#
s/he is carrying it around; s/he carried it around (container or hollow object) c H,
66&6,66$
s/he is carrying it around; s/he carried it aroundj (textile-like object) c H,
66&6E66I

7.3.2 Move something in a direction
he/she/it dragged it there; s/he pulled it there (esp. light object or solid, stiff object)
c 66)J 66&6Iu%,
he/she/it is dragging him/her/it around; he/she/it dragged him/her/it around c H,
66&6Iu%,
s/he brought it out; s/he picked it up (long, complex object) c #(1 6&-1,H$
s/he dragged it away; s/he pulled it away; s/he hauled it away; (heavy object or
limp object such as dead animal) c 66)HI 6&-1DH6,
s/he dragged it; s/he pulled it; s/he hauled it (esp. heavy object or limp object such
as dead animal) c 6&-1DH6,
s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it there; s/he hauled it there (by motor power) c
66)J 6&-1Iu%,
s/he dragged it there; s/he pulled it there; s/he hauled it there; (heavy object or limp
object such as dead animal) c 66)J 6&-1DH6,
s/he drove it c 6&-1r%%I
s/he drove it there c 66)J 6&-1r%%I
s/he drove it to it c H, 6&-1rGI
s/he filled it (with liquid) c 6-06&'1,'b,
s/he filled it (with solids or abstracts) c 6-06&'10b#
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (container full of liquid or small
objects) c )5 4((, 6&-1Eb$
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (container or hollow object)
c )5 4((, 66&6,H$
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (general, esp. abstract object)
- )5 4((, 66&6,J(
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (long, complex object)
- )5 4((, 6&-1,H$
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (round object)
c )5 4((, 6#66&6,J(
s/he gave it to him/her; s/he took it to him/her (textile-like object)
c )5 4((, 66&6EHI
s/he gave them to him/her; s/he took them to him/her c )5 4((, :J1 6&-1$(1
s/he gave them to him/her; s/he took them to him/her (esp. baggage or personal
belongings) c )5 4((, 6&'1EH,
s/he gave them to him/her; s/he took them to him/her (small, round or hoop-like
objects) c )5 4((, 6#6&'1EH,
s/he hauled it c 6:66&6IH6D&
s/he hung it there (esp. to dry) c HI 6-06:66&6,J(

s/he is transporting him/her/it around; s/he transported him/her/it around c
H, 6:66&6I66
s/he lifted him/her/it up c #(1 6&-1$G#
s/he moved it out of his/her way c )5 41#66)HI 6:66&6,H$
s/he packed it; s/he stacked it c 6#66&6"0H#
s/he poured it on there c 6 #66)J 6:6&-1D66
s/he poured it out there; s/he emptied it there c 66)J 6#6&-1D66
s/he poured it there; s/he emptied it there c H, 6#6&-1DH6
s/he pulled it in; s/he dragged it in (esp. light object or solid, stiff object) c
:6$ 66&6IG,
s/he pulled it out of there c 66I #(1 66&6:b-0
s/he pulled it up (esp. line) c #(1 6&-1:br
s/he pulled it up there c H, 6&-1:br
s/he pushed the boat out (with a pole) c :66#& )66# 6:6&'1,Hr
s/he put him/her/it down (live creature) c :6$ 6&-1$G#
object) - HI 66&6,((
s/he put them there; s/he left them there c H6 :J1 66&6E%%
s/he returned it c r5I 66&6,H$
s/he spread it out; s/he unfolded it c HI 6#66&6:66
s/he straightened it out c &%%"0 :HI 6&-1$(1
s/he's waving it (hand, etc.); it's wagging it (tail); s/he is twirling it around above
his/her head c 6-06#6&'1:J$
s/he threw it c #(1 6#66&6sbD
s/he threw it to it c H, 66&6'b,
s/he threw it to it c H, 6#66&6Ib"0
s/he towed it c 66&6I66"0
s/he transported him/her/it there c H, 6:66&6IH6
s/he turned the boat c #(1 6:6&'1EH,
s/he wheeled it there c 66)J 6#6&'14%%D
s/he wheeled it to it c H, 6#6&'14GD
7.3.4 Handle something
s/he brought it out; s/he picked it up (general, often compact object) - #(1 66&6,J(
s/he held it; s/he captured it c 6&'1-0H6,
s/he picked it up off of it (general, compact object) c 66I 66&6,J(

s/he picked them up off of it c 66I :J1 6&-1$(1
s/he spilled it c :6I 6#66&6Ib"0
s/he touched it; s/he picked it up; s/he took it c H, 5&6-0J(
s/he wrapped it up; s/he tied it in a bundle c 6)66&-1EHI&
7.3.5 Turn something
s/he screwed it on it c H, 6#6&'1,bI
s/he turned it over c H6 :6I 66&6,H$
turning over c H6 :6I
turning over endwise c -0u% :6I
7.3.6 Open/Shut
s/he held it open; s/he tore it away (from the hook) c 6I(1&6-J'
s/he locked it c IJ1, 6#6&'1,bI
7.3.7 Cover/Uncover
(draped) over it, covering it c 6 $H6
its covering; cover (over a large opening or something without an opening) c
6 #60H6)1
its lid, cover (of pot, etc.) c 6 :6$6EH6,6$1
over it, covering it (a container or something with an opening) c 6 :6$H6
s/he corked it up; s/he covered his/her mouth c 6I(1&6)bD
s/he covered it c 6 :6$H6I 6, &%%,66$
s/he pulled it over him/her/it; s/he covered him/her/it with it c 6 #HI 66&6:((-0
7.3.8 Transportation
anchor c -06:J1$66
bicycle c 6 #H, -0 #6)5',-(I, H,
boat, canoe c :66#&
cabin (of boat); pilot house c :66#& I5#60b)1
canoe made of cottonwood c )Gr

canoe of caribou skins c 466rGI
canoe under construction c )H6I
cruise ship; large ship c :6#&,'J$D
deck of a boat c :66#& I5#H
dug-out canoe designed to go through shallow waters c -((,
gas-powered boat c -(($H6 :66#&
its crosspiece (of boat, snowshoe); thwart (of boat) c :6I6#H6&
its cutwater; the curved part of a bow or stern (of boat) c 6 DJ(-1
its mast (of boat) c 6 #6E66-b
old, worn-out boat c 'H6r&
paddle c 6IH6
poles used to push aside ice (from a boat) c DH6,' #6',-Hs66
rowboat c 66$)66:66*G
sail c :66#& :1#-b-6:1
sailboat c -b-66 :66#&
s/he anchored c -06&)R1:66
shell of a boat c :6#& )66E1)(1)b
skiff; small boat; flat-bottom canoe c :6#&:H)1
ski pole(s) c ,H6 4H641 &%%,-66s6:b
ski(s) c ,H6 4H641
sled c DH,66
small canoe with high carved prow c :HD&"01 :66#&
steam engine, train c -0,J($ #H6
7.3.9 Keep/Leave something
s/he let him/her/it go; s/he released him/her/it; s/he left him/her/it; s/he delivered it
c 64((&6$Hr
s/he put it down; s/he left it (container full of liquid or small objects) c :6$
6&-1Eb$
s/he put it down; s/he left it (container or hollow object) c :6$ 66&6,H$
s/he put it down; s/he left it (general, compact object) c :6$ 66&6,J(
s/he put it down; s/he left it (long, complex object) c :6$ 6&-1,H$
s/he put it down; s/he left it (round, spherical object) c :6$ 6#66&6,J(
s/he put it down; s/he left it (small, stick-like object) c :6$ 6#6&-1,H$
s/he put it down; s/he left it (solid, complex object) c :6$ 6&-1,J(

s/he put them down; s/he left them (esp. baggage or personal belongings) c :6$
6&'1EH,
s/he put them down; s/he left them (round objects) c :6$ :J1 6#6&-1$J1
7.4.1 Gather
s/he gathered it c 6:6&-10H6
s/he picked berries c r%%&6#b,
s/he picked them c 66&6Eb$
7.4.2 Join, attach
it's connected there; it's tied there c 66)J #-1DH,
s/he connected it there c 66)J 6#6&-1DH,
s/he nailed it on it c H, 6#6&-1Du%
s/he pulled it tight c #1)J1$ 6#6&-1DH,
s/he sewed it on it c 6 #H, 6#6&'1rH6
s/he strung them together; s/he threaded it c 6#6&'1Eb-0
s/he stuck it to it c H, 6#6&'1-bD&
s/he tied it c 6#66&6)GD
s/he tied it up c :H$)( 66&6EHI&
7.5 Hide
he/she/it hid; s/he's hiding c 6&)'1-b$
s/he hid it; s/he's hiding it c 6&'1-b$
7.5.1 Search
s/he looked for it; s/he searched for it c 66sH6 r%%&6-0((
s/he searched there; s/he looked there c H, r5&6-0J(

7.5.2 Find
s/he found it c 66&6,(1
s/he found it (round, spherical object) c 6#66&6,(1
7.5.3 Lose, misplace
astray, getting lost c r5,
s/he got lost c r5, &5)R1*((,
s/he got lost (by boat, car) c r5, &%%r%%I
s/he got lost (on foot) c r5, &%%*%%,
s/he lost it c r5, 66&6sJ(D
s/he lost it (round, spherical object) c r5, 6#66&6sJ(D
s/he lost it; s/he misplaced it (container or hollow object) c r5, 66&6,66$
s/he lost them (of plural objects) c r5, 6#66&'1-u%-
they are lost; they got lost c r5, 06- #66&6-u%-
they got lost (on foot) c r5, 06- &%%E66,
7.6 Physical impact
it pierced it; it bit him/her/it c 66)J :6&)1s(("0
it pierced it; it bit him/her/it c H, :6&)1sb"0
s/he beat it; s/he rang it; s/he stabbed it c 66&6*&66'
s/he clubbed it; s/he hit it on the head c 6-066&6Ib"0
s/he hit him/her in the face; s/he punched him/her c 6:66&6*&H'
s/he kicked it; s/he stamped on it c 66&6,-JI
s/he kneaded it c 6#66&6"0GD
s/he mashed it; s/he squeezed it c 6#66&6sG,'
s/he poked it; s/he jabbed at it; s/he speared it c 66&6,Hr
s/he pounded it c 6#66&6,JI
s/he scraped it c 66&6DH-
s/he scraped it; s/he softened it c 6&'1D&H"0
s/he sharpened it c 6:66&6DH,f 6:66&6sb'
s/he shot it c 66&6EG$
s/he shot it (with bow and arrow); s/he chose it (in gambling with sticks) c
66&6,G#

s/he slapped him/her/it; s/he tagged him/her/it c 66&6,H"0
they peirced it c H, :6&)'1sb"0
7.6.1 Hit
s/he beat him/her up; s/he assaulted him/her; s/he violently attacked
him/her c 66&64H6r&
7.7 Divide into pieces
it broke (general, solid object) c &%%'J(D
it broke (long object) c &5'1'J(D
it's torn c #6&)1-J1'
s/he broke it (general, solid object) c 66&6'J(D
s/he broke it (long object) c 6&'1'J(D
s/he broke it (rope-like object) c 6&'1#%%,-
s/he chopped it (esp. tree, branch) c 66&6-G&
s/he chopped it up; s/he split it (wood) c 6#6&'1Iu%,
s/he chopped it (wood); s/he chipped it out (with adze) c 66&6IG,
s/he cut it off; s/he sawed it off c 66I 66&6DH-0
s/he cut it (rope-like object) c 6&'1D66-0
s/he cut it up; s/he carved it; s/he sliced it c 6#66&6D66-0
s/he cut it (with a knife); s/he sawed it c 66&6D66-0
s/he cut; s/he did some cutting c &5)1D66-0
s/he strained it; s/he filtered it; s/he drained it off c 6#6&'1"0H6
s/he tore it c 66&6-J1'
s/he tore it; s/he peeled it off; s/he ripped it off c 6#66&6-J1'
s/he whittled it c 6#66&6:JI
7.7.6 Dig
s/he dug it c 6#66&60H6
s/he dug it up c #(1 6#66&60H6
s/he gardened; s/he did some digging c 6#66&6066

s/he planted it c 6#66&6066
s/he pulled up spruce roots c I66, 6&'1-J'
8.1 Quantity
enough, acceptably c s66
he/she/it is full c -066&60b#
how many; some number (of) c D%%$ -H
it came to an end; it was used up c -05&6D((D
it's piled up; it's deep c :6$ #66&6)'H$
less than it; (reaching, falling) short of it; not (big or far) enough for it c 6 rb$
much, lots of, really c 66,'(1$
one that matches it; an amount that matches it; equivalent to it; one like it c 6
I%%$b
s/he ran out of it c )5 4((, -05&6DbD
there got to be many; there got to be plenty c -06:6&)1066
8.1.2 Number
one c ,'J1D
one (person) c ,'J1$HI
one at a time, one by one c ,'J#s66
one (person) at a time c ,'J#s66$HI
once, one time c ,'(1)60J($
once, one time c ,'(D)60J($
two c )J1I
two (people) c )HI$HI
two at a time, two by two c )HIs66
two (people) at a time c )HIs66$HI
twice, two times c )6I)60J($
both c "05 )J1I
three c $H-#
three (people) c $H-*1$HI
three at a time, three by three c $H-*1sH6
three times c $6-*1)60J($

four c )66D%%$
four (people) c )66D%%$b$HI
four times c )66D%%$)60J($
five c #(14b$
five (people) c #(14b$1$HI
six c ,'(1)%%-0G
six (people) c ,'(1)%%-0u%$HI
seven c )6I6)%%-0G
seven (people) c )6I6)%%-0u%$HI
eight c $6-*6)%%-0G
eight (people) c $6-*6)%%-0u%$HI
nine c *%%-0Gr
nine (people) c *%%-0Gs5$HI
ten c 41$#66,
ten (people) c 41$#66)1$HI
eleven c 41$#66, r6 ,'J1D
eleven (people) c 41$#66, r6 ,'J1$HI
twenty c ,'(1rH6
twenty (people) c ,'(1rH6$HI
twenty-one c ,'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1D
twenty-one (people) c ,'(1rH6 r6 ,'J1$HI
thirty c $H-# 41$#66,
thirty one c $H-# 41$#66, r6 ,'J1D
one hundred c ,'J1D 0H$)1,
they multiplied; they bred c 06- &5)R1I(1,

8.1.5 All/Some
all; every c ')6#H,
everyone, everybody c "06 ')6#H, rH6
everything c "06 ')6#H, H,
everything c ')6#H, H,
some of them c 6 I%% 66
which (one); some (certain one) c )66r&E66 -H

8.2 Measure
armspan; fathom c &66,
foot (measurement) c r66 I%%-
it became that far c :J1 #66&6'(1
it ended there c H6 :6$ -05#66&6,H$
it extends to it; it ends at it c H, -05#6,H$
it got heavy; it was weighty (of abstracts) c &%%)H'
measure; mile c #66:
measuring stick c #66:
pattern, model, template for it; measure of it; measurement for it c 6 #66:b
8.2.2 Long/Short
it became long (of stick-like object) c &%%:H6,
it became long (of time or physical objects) c &5'1:H,
it got that long (of stick-like object) c :J1 #66&6:H6,
it's that long (of general object) c :J1 #&'1:H6,
long c #5&H6,
short c *5&H6,'
they're long (of plural, general objects) c )'1:H,D
8.2.4 Size
big c ,'(1$
he/she/it is big, tall (live creature or building) c '1*J1
it became thick c &5-1#66#
it got that thick; it thickened c :J1 #6&-1#66#
it got this big; there were this many c :J1 #66&6*J1
it's big (round, spherical object) c #6:6*J1
it's narrow c :J1 #&'1-H6
it's that big around c :J1 #&)1,'H6
it's wide c :6&GI
it was big; there were many; there was plenty c &%%*J1
little; precious; [diminutive suffix] c c#

they're big c )1*J1Df #6)1*J1D
they're small c :J1 #&)R1*J1
they're that big c :J1 #&)1*J1
thick c #5-6#66#
thin (flat object) c rH6,'
8.2.5 Volume
it became deep c &%%)'66$
it got that deep c :J1 #66&6)'H6$
it holds more c '1:J#
8.3 Quality
black c ,%%"0
blueberry juice; purple c #6$6,H #60J($1
bright red or orange c -0(I&,H6D1
brown c -6*&H6,
crimson red; face paint c 'J1I&
dark blue c IJ1-0D&
dark yellow; eagle's beak c "0H6# '%%&G
different c s5$6:J1)(
differently c &%%-0 s5$6:H6)(f &%%-0 s5&6$:H6)(
differently from it c 6 s5$6:H6)(; 6 s5&6$:H6)( M!$N
different ones; variety c &%%-0 s5$6:H6)( 66
gold c *u%$
gray c '6&GI
gray; fog c r5*H6-
grayish; blond (hair) c 'H6I
green, light blue c -%%&
he/she/it is bruised; it's colored; it's discolored c #6&)1:J-
it dried; it's dry c 5&6DG#
it got sharp c :6&'1#H,-
its color c 6 #6-J1r5
it's dull; it's blunt c :66&)1sb'

it's dyed; it's stained c #6&)1-Jr&
it wore out c &%%-0H6-0
like it, in accordance with it, as much as it c 6 :HI
old c "0H6*5
old; from the past c ,'6*5
orange (in color) c -0J1I&
pale; pastel c ,'H6#
pink c 'u%'
red c I66$
sky blue c DH6,-
something sort of like it; something not measuring up to it; where one expects it
to be c 6 #6:66
water c 0J($
yellow c #(,''u%D5
yellow c -J1I&6$1
yellow c ,'H6,'
8.3.1 Shape
it looks like it; it resembles it c 6 :HI #66DH,
it's crooked; s/he is crooked, wicked c #6&)R1,bI
stout c #5,'H
8.3.2 Texture
dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish) c sH#&
it hardened c #66&6,bD
it's hard c #6-1,J(D
it's slippery c #6-01Ib'#
8.3.3 Light
it's bright; it's shining c #6&)1*H$
it's on (light); it's burning (fire) c H, 6#66&6*H$

it's shining on it c 6 #H, #6&)1*H$
it's sparkling; it's reflecting light c #6&)'1Eb,"0
shade, shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc. c "0JI1 MPN
8.3.4 Temperature
cold water c -1EH6,1 0J($
it's burning hot c &5-1,H6I
it's frozen; it froze; it solidified; it hardened c &5)'1,bD
it's hot c :66&6,H6
it's hot; it's warm c 5&6,H6
s/he chilled it c 6&-1EH,
s/he warmed it up c 6&-1,H6
8.3.5 Decay
it aged; it spoiled c &5'1-bD
it has a hole in it c :6&u%'
rotten wood c $66r&
rust c s6:J1- 0H6,'1
8.3.6 Type, kind
he/she/it was like it; he/she/it was similar to it c 6 :HI &%%,((
one kind, type; one way, direction c ,'(1:((#66)J
two different kinds, types; two different ways, directions c )6I:((#66)J
8.3.8 Good/Bad
accidentally, wrongly c rH6#&,t
accident; unfortunate mistake or mishap c r66rI&)66*6$J M!N
against it; wrongly, improperly c 6 *J1,t
the weather became good c r%%&6#(1
he/she/it was bad; he/she/it was evil c ,'J' &5-0#J

he/she/it was good; he/she/it got better; he/she/it was fine; he/she/it was
pretty - &%%#J1
it was scary; it was dangerous c #6&'1IJ1,'-0H$
s/he had an accident; s/he got hurt; something bad happened to
him/her - rH6#&, 5&6$J1
8.3.9 Appearance
he/she/it was fancy; he/she/it was conspicuous; he/she/it was prominent c #6&'1sJ1
it looked terrible; it looked awful; it was eerie; it was unattractive c #6&'14J(
it looks like it; it resembles it c %%&6:H6
it's spotted c #6)'1"0H"0I; #641#HDI
it's striped c #6)'1sH6-
she is pretty; it is cute c -06#'1sJ1
8.4 Time
after a while; later on c )R1:H6*1$
any time (in the future); whenever (in the future) c "06 *&H,*(($ -H
calendar c )b- &%%IJ1:1
the next one, the following one c 6 b, 66
Friday c #(14b$ :6*1:((
he/she/it got hung up; s/he got delayed; s/he got stuck c :6$6I &5-01#J(I
(in preparation) for winter c ,H6#& $1:b-
it's his/her turn c )5 J(, r5&60H6
it's time for it c H, r5&60H6
just now; a while ago, earlier c )R1:H6#
just now; just then; still; yet c :(1-G
late; after the appointed time c *66& b,D
now c :(()H,
now, this time c )J1
on time; in time c *66& :HI
s/he is delayed c :66&6-b#
start, begin c s5$J1
suddenly, immediately, right away c "06 :H#&; "06 :u%#
then, around, after, for c 66sH6

time c *66&
tomorrow c -(1sH$f -(1sH$1$
wristwatch c 41#6&H6"0
yesterday c ,6,*J
8.4.1 Period of time
day, afternoon c :6*(( M/N
day, afternoon c :6#:((
fall; autumn c :(1-
hour c *66& IH6#
long ago; back then; in the old days c "0H6#&; "0H#&
month c )b-
(sometime) during it (period of time) c 6 :(($
summer; early summer c ,66#&E((,b
the other day; a few days ago c ,'1:66,*J
winter; year c ,H6#&
8.4.2 Time of the day
dawn, daybreak c r((EHf r((IJ; r(1EH
dawn, daybreak c r(1IJ M!$N
day, afternoon c :6*1:((
during the night; in the middle of the night c ,66, :(($
dusk; twilight c D1EH6,
evening c DH6$66
last night c $1-)66,
midnight c ,66, -1,*6&-H6$1
morning c ,-%%,66,
night c ,66,
noon c -1,*6&-H6$

8.4.7 Take time
it was long (time) c :((:&%%:H6,
speaking c )5 I6:((
waiting for it c 6 :((sH6f 6 :1sH6
8.4.8 Speed
fast c ,'H6#&
he/she/it was fast c &%%-H,#
8.5 Location
anywhere, anyplace; wherever c "06 *%%,H -H
area across, on the other side (especially of body of water) c )1:H6$6IEH
at hand (for him/her to eat or drink) c )5 I6IH$
at the landing of a dock c )R(1, -05:((
before his/her eyes; where he/she can see (it) c )5 &6r-01:((
blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see) c )5 &6r#6-u%D
blocking his/her view; in his/her way (so that he/she can't see) c )5 &6r#H
downstream; south; lower 48 states, (locally: down south) c 1D#J(
enclosed within (the folds of) it, between the folds, covers, walls of it c 6 s(1
everywhere c "06 ')6#H, :J
everywhere c ')6#H, :J
farther over; way over c ,'1:66
the (horizontal) surface of it; on it; on top of it; in it ( a dish; a path) c 6 #H
in addition to it; along with it; to the side of it; besides that c 6 #b#$HI
in a fort, shelter, cove c $%%& s(1
in a town, on the streets of a town c 66$ I6:((
in his/her possession c )5 4((
in its way; blocking its way; acting as a shield for it c 6 :1$66
in its way; keeping it away; protecting, shielding, screening from it;
blocking it - 6 I6$66
in public; at a potlatch, feast c r66$#6#E((,D M/N
in secret (where nobody can see); away from people's view c )5 :6,J1$HI

in secret (where nobody can see); away from people's view c r66 :6,J1$HI
inside it c 6 ,G
inside it (a river, road, boat, or other shallow concave landform or object) c 6 :b#
in the boat c :66#& :b#
(in) the corner of it c 6 *5#-06,Gf 6 *5#-01,G M!$N
(in) the corner, (on or along) the edge, end of it c 6 -05,G
in the fire c *6$6',H6#
(in) the midst of it; among it c 6 I%%
(in the) river valley c 0J($ :b#
in the water; in the river c 0J($ ,H6#
it; that place, time, reason, fact c H
mountainside; around the mountain c -066 :6)66
mouth of river, stream c 0J($ &H,
on the path, trail, road; bed of the path, trail, road c )(1 :b#
on the ridge or elevated part of the point (of land) c D66 '5#H
on (top of) the water, river c 01$I5#H
on (top of) the water, river c 0J($ I6#H
outdoors; outside c *H6$
partway up it; halfway up it (the inside of a vessel or container) c 6 #6,u%,
room, space, place for it; time for it; chance, opportunity for it c 6 :6EH6#
under or inside his/her clothes; next to his/her skin c )5 )%%$:66
up in the woods; inland; back (away from the open, away from the water's edge,
inside); inland; interior c )6r#H
with it c 66$
8.5.1 Here, there
that (at hand) c &J
that (at hand) [focus] c H&J
that (at hand) [interrogative] c H#E&J
that (distant), yonder c :G
that (distant), yonder [focus] c H:G
that (distant), yonder [interrogative] c H#:G
this (right here) c :H
this (right here) [focus] c H:H
this/that (over here), the other c 0J

this/that (over here), the other [focus] c H0J
this/that (over here), the other [interrogative] c H#E0J
8.5.2 Direction
away, off (to someplace indefinite) c :u%,t
backwards c r5I )6#u%'(($
different directions c &%%-0)6#H)1$
downstream; south c J(D
(going, taking something) away from it c 6 $Hr
in the direction or general area of it; (headed) toward it c 6 $1:66)Jf 6 :1$66)J
meeting, encountering, intercepting it; (arriving) at the same place or time
as it - )5 #6*J
straight ahead; directly ahead c :66)6"0u%$
straight towards it; directly towards it c 6 )6"0u%$
upstream; north c $66#J(
8.5.3 Be at a place
he/she/it appeared before him/her; it was apparent to him/her c )5 &6r-01:((D
:J1 &%%,((
he/she/it became still c ,'(1:J1 :J1 &%%,((
it got stuck on the beach c :6I &%%)'H6I&
it's situated there c H, '6EH6
place; way c :J
s/he lived there c H6 r%%&6E%%
s/he stayed overnight; s/he camped out c 5&6IJ1
s/he was with him/her; s/he stayed with him/her; s/he lived with him/her c )5
IH$D :J1 &%%,((
the building was situated there (suddenly as if overnight) c H6 &)1$%%#
8.5.5 Spatial relations
above it c 6 #1$H6#
after it c 6 b,
alongside it; catching up with it c 6 #b#

around it; about it; concerning it c 6 )66
around it (bypassing it, avoiding it); around the end of it c 6 -05&6)66
(around) the bottom of it c 6 ,5r)66
around the fire c *6$)66
around the outside surface of it c 6 )66#H
around the top of it (object with rounded top) c 6 -06)66
at his/her back; right behind him/her c )5 )RG#
at the foot of it c 6 I5-:((
behind him/her; back of him/her; at his/her back c )5 ,H6#
behind his/her back, where s/he can't see c )5 :6,J1#
behind it c 6 ,J1#
behind it; back inland from it; on the landward side of it (something on the water) c
6 ,H6#
beside, alongside, next to him/her c )5 ,6r#H
beside, alongside, next to it c 6 ,6r#H
beside it, at its side c 6 ,66r
beside it, next to it c 6 ,5&H$
beside it; out past it; out away from it; (on) the outskirts of it (town) c 6 ,1#H
between them c 6 IH6#
the beach, shore below it (a town) c 6 ((s6:H6#
edge of it; (to the) side of it c 6 &H$
facing it c 6 )6:J($
fireside; by the fire, facing the fire c *6$*%%#
fireside; by the fire, facing the fire c I66$ *%%#
front of it; ahead of it c 6 -05#H
in front of him/her; his/her geneology, history; his/her ancestors c )5 -05#H
(in) place of it; place where it was; its imprint or aftermath c 6 ((,b
inside it (a building) c 6 :((
(in) the area of it or around it, (in) its vicinity c 6 )J1$
middle of it c 6 )6*1:*J
near him/her, by him/her c )5 IH$
near him/her, by him/her (at hand, for him/her to work with) c )5 41IH$
near the base of it; at the foot of it; the back, rear or it (house); behind it (house);
under the shelter of it (a standing object or structure) c 6 #1:((
next door to him/her/it c )5 #1)66#H
(on) the back of it (fish); on the crest, ridge, backbone of it (hill, ridge, point) c 6
'1,#H

on the edge, side of it (as a trail); on the shoulder of it c 6 &6$#H
the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake); down from the
crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock) c 6 -05&((
over his/her head; covering his/her head c )5 -06$H6
separate from it; on the edge, side of it; missing its mark c 6 &6$H6#
shelter of it (especially a tree) c 6 41-(1:b
through its mouth c 6 IJ1$HI
top of it (something with a rounded top, as a mountain); above it; (elevated) over it
c 6 -06#J(
under his/her feet c )5 I5-:((
underneath it; beneath it; below it c 6 ,6:((
8.6 Parts of things
the base or foot of it (a standing object) c 6 #b
corner c *G#-01
deck of a boat c :66#& I5#H
the rest of it c 6 )J1$)( 66
face, (vertical) side, (vertical) surface of it c 6 :H
its back end; stern (of boat) c 6 #u%'
its bowstay c 6 '5#6,bD1
its cutwater; the curved part of a bow or stern (of boat) c 6 DJ(-1
its lining c 6 ,(1$:66#6&%%&G M!,N
its mouth, opening c 6 IJ
its point (of a long thin pointed object) c 6 'G
its tip (of pointed object); top, tips of its branches (of tree, bush) c 6 D66$
its tip, point c 6 '5D66
its trim, trimming c 6 I6IJ()'1
its what it is (to be) made of; its parts, components, materials c 6 -06*u%$
mouth of it (a river, creek) c 6 &H,
the end of it c 6 -0G
the inside of it (clothing, bedding); lining it c 6 ,(1$:66
the inside surface of its bottom (of container, vessel) c 6 ,6#H
one of them (a pair) c 6 :66:b
the foot of it; below it (raised place); flat area at the end of it (lake); down from the
crest of it (slope); the end of it (dock) c 6 -05:((

the bottom of it (a cavity) c 6 ,H6#
pair c &%%-0 :66:b
part of it; half of it c 6 -0%%&G
9.1 General words
and c r6
anyone, anybody; whoever c "06 66 -H
anyone, anybody; whoever c "06 66)u% -H
anything; whatever c "06 )66 -H
any time (in the future); whenever (in the future) c "06 *&H,*(($ -H
anywhere, anyplace; wherever c "06 *%%,H -H
everyone, everybody c "06 ')6#H, rH6
everything c "06 ')6#H, H,
everywhere c "06 ')6#H, :J
it; that place, time, reason, fact c H
no, none, not c ,'J1'
thing c H,
9.1.1 Be
he/she/it was that way c :J1 &%%,((
it existed; s/he was born c r%%&)R1,((
it's hanging there c HI s66-0u%
s/he became a (noun) c M$%5$NcI &5-1,((
9.1.2 Do
s/he demonstrated it to him/her; s/he showed him/her how to do it; s/he performed it
for him/her c )5 &6r-01:((D :J1 6&-1$(1
s/he did it; s/he behaved that way c :J1 r%%&6$%%#
s/he does it; s/he is doing it; s/he works on it; s/he is working on it c :J1 6)66$J1
s/he finished it; s/he completed it c :6$ 6-06&'10b#
s/he finished it; s/he completed it c :6$ 6&-1$J1
s/he fixed it; s/he did that to it c :J1 6&-1$(1

s/he's in the habit of doing it c 6#&-01,H$
s/he worked; s/he did that c :J1 4((&6$(1
9.1.3 Thing
nothing c ,'J' )66 -H
9.2.1 Adjectives
big c ,'(1$
female (animal) c -0(("0
female (animal) c -01"0
future (noun), (noun) to be, for (noun) c -H#&
little; precious; [diminutive suffix] c c#
long c #5&H6,
old c "0H6*5
old; from the past c ,'6*5
short c *5&H6,'
stout c #5,'H
thick c #5-6#66#
thin (flat object) c rH6,'
9.2.2 Adverbs
accidentally, wrongly c rH6#&,t
against it; wrongly, improperly c 6 *J1,t
(at) first, originally c -05DH6$HI
(at) first; originally; in the beginning c -0u%*5$HI
away, off (to someplace indefinite) c :u%,t
beginning c s5$6:J1
broke; penniless; without money c #6')H6$66r
by mistake, wrongly c r&66rI )66r
different c s5$6:J1)(
different directions c &%%-0)6#H)1$

differently c &%%-0 s5$6:H6)(f &%%-0 s5&6$:H6)(
differently from it c 6 s5$6:H6)(
downstream; south c J(D
enough, acceptably c s66
enough; adequate c ,'6sH6
from hiding into open c *H*1
from the woods onto the beach, shore c J(s1
hand it here, bring it here c 066$)J
how c &H6 -H
however, any which way c "06 #%%*J1:1
in the direction or general area of it; (headed) toward it c 6 :1$66)J
into a boat, vehicle c :66I
into water c 0J($1f 0J($I
in vain; for nothing; without success c "06 sJs66
just now; a while ago, earlier c )R1:H6#
just now; just then; still; yet c :(1-G
lacking it; without it c 6 ((,J($HI
one kind, type; one way, direction c ,'(1:((#66)J
out of control; blindly c 5I #(1
out of the water onto the beach, shore c )H6s1
outside c :5I
sideways c ,'66)J1$
slowly c #6')66sJ1$HI
sometimes c &H6 :6,((:1 :J1D
sometimes, once in a while c &H6$s6$(($-
start, begin c s5$J1
then, around, after, for c 66sH6
through its mouth c 6 IJ1$HI
thus, specifically c :J1
to completion c :6I
too much c rG,I
(toward) downstream c bD)(
toward the inland, interior; up to the woods; back (away from the open) c )Hr)(
truly, really; in truth, for sure c DJ1s66
turning over c H6 :6I
turning over endwise c -0u% :6I

two different kinds, types; two different ways, directions c )6I:((#66)J
underground c :6$6I
very c rG$HI
well c #1)J1$
9.2.3 Pronouns
he, she [independent] c 0G
him, her c )5 ((t
him, her, it [object] c 6c
his/her [possessive] c )5
how many; some number (of) c D%%$ -H
I [independent] c IH,
I [subject] c I6c
its [possessive] c 6
me [object] c I6,
my [possessive] c 6I
one, one of [object] c 66
our [possessive] c 066
their [possessive] c 06- )5
them [object] c 06-
they [independent] c 0H-
they [subject] c 06-
together [object] c &%%"0f &%%-0
us [object] c 066
we [independent] c 50H6$
we [subject] c ,%%c
you (plural) [independent] c :((&0H6$
you (plural) [object] c :((
you (plural) [subject] c :((c
your (plural) [possessive] c :((
your (singular) [possessive] c 1
you (singular) [independent] c &6EJ
you (singular) [object] c 1c
you (singular) [subject] c 1c

9.2.4 Prepositions, postpositions
along, via; including the time of c c$HI
(along) with, by means of; as soon as c (($
(along) with, by means of; as soon as c ,(($
(along) with, by means of; as soon as c ,1$
at (the scene of); at (the time of) c cD
because of; by means of c c"0
beyond it, more than it; too much; excessively c 6 :H6$HI
(distributed) in the area of; (going) after, (waiting) for; about the time of c cs66
for him/her c )5 4((:b-
for it; to that end c 6 :b-
from, out of; since c c)HI
(going, taking something) away from it c 6 $Hr
(in prolonged contact) at; (repeatedly arriving) at; being, in the form of c cI
is/are at c c5
less than it; (reaching, falling) short of it; not (big or far) enough for it c 6 rb$
like it, in accordance with it, as much as it c 6 :HI
(resting) at; coming to, arriving at; moving about c c,
to, toward; until; in the manner of c c)JM1N t c)(M1N
with it c 66$
without it; lacking it c 6 su%,
9.2.6 Particles
[expression of mild surprise] c -0J
[expression of strong surprise] c *&H6
[focus + interrogative] c H*J
[interrogative - marks WH-questions] c -H
[interrogative marks yes-no questions] c *J
[puts focus on preceding phrase] c H
actually; in fact; contrary to what was thought c r6"0%%
again; still; some more c ,-5
already, (by) now c )(
also, too, as well c ,-G
although, even though, however, nonetheless, yet c "06 66$

always; [auxiliary] c $%%"0
always, all the time, constantly c "06 ,'H#&f ,'H#&
the same c "05 -0u%*5
as if; if only; even if c u%-0
at least, once in a while c "06 #1#H,
be sure not to c ,-J
different, other c "06 su%,
Eh?; I wonder c #&-0J
the very, just c "06
first c -J
forever c "05 ,'(1I
however c r5E66
I hope; would that c *5E66'
indeed, for sure c )H*H6
I thought c r6-0)(
just, simply; just then c ,'(
no c ,'J1#
now, this time c )J1
only, just c "06-
only then c ,-H
ordinary, usual c "06 :J1
perhaps c *&H'
perhaps; I guess, it would seem c *b
perhaps, probably c -0H#)J1
still, even c "05
suddenly, immediately, right away c "06 :H#&
suddenly, immediately, right away c "06 :u%#
that (at hand) [focus] c H&J
that (at hand) [interrogative] c H#E&J
that (distant), yonder [focus] c H:G
that (distant), yonder [interrogative] c H#:G
this (right here) [focus] c H:H
this (right here) [interrogative] c H#:H
this/that (over here), the other [focus] c H0J
this/that (over here), the other [interrogative] c H#E0J
thus, that's how c 6:HI

very c ,'6I
when, while c "05 ,'(1
yes c 6H6
you see c IH
9.2.7 Interjections
[exclamation toward someone who is putting on airs in order to impress
others] c A6EJK
Check it out!; Wow! c vK
Cool it!; Calm down! c P06 #((,H6$HIK
Cute! c %-#K
Don't!; Stop it! c C'bK
Good grief! c A6)'H6K
maybe; I'm not sure; [expression of uncertainly] c #&-0J1
Oh no!; Yikes! c !*6$H6K
Oops! c /'H2K
Ouch! c AGK
Poor baby! c A66 :H,D5 J(K
Poor thing! c d(-0H6$K
See how you are!; Look what you did! c Q%uK
Shame on you! [reprimand] c AG-0K
Shut up!; Be quiet! c B0 (('#H,'K
Stop it!; That's enough! c QJ1 H&JK
Thank you! c ]5$6'"0J(-0K
That's all!; All gone!; No more!; All done! c Au%"0K
Wait! c C'b -JK
Yikes!; Scary! c !,-#6$J(K
Yuck!; Eeeew! c v(K
Yum! c v1,-#K
9.3.4 Plurality
[plural marker for kinship terms] c 0H-
[pluralizer] c )6s6c

9.7 Name
and Brown Bear c P0%%#6$(1)b
principal crest is the Killer Whale c Q6r'6&(1)b
Deisheetaan, locally called "Beaver"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Beaver c Q(1-0((,66$
crest is the Frog c l66$6I,(1)b
his/her name; his/her namesake c )5 -66:b
his/her namesake c )5 ,'6*%%r&6$-66:b
crest is the Sockeye c m66"0EH)1
Kaagwaantaan, locally called "Wolf"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crest is the Wolf c F66*&66$,66$
Kiks.di, locally called "Frog"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal crest is
the Frog c F1#-EH)1
Kwaashk'i Kwan, locally called "Humpback Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety
whose principal crest is the Humpback Salmon c F&66-0#1 m&H6$
L'eeneid, locally called "Dog Salmon"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Dog Salmon c =(($(1)b
L'ukaax.di, locally called "Sockeye"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Sockeye c =5#66IEH)1
crest is the Coho c =5#$6IEH)1
name c -66
principal crest is the Thunderbird c B06$*5#(1)b
s/he called him/her/it that (name) c :J1 66&6-H6#&
s/he named him/her/it that; s/he nominated him/her c :J1 66&6-H6
principal crest is the Dog Salmon c B5r,(($(1)b
T'akdeintaan, locally called "Seagull"; a clan of the Raven moiety whose principal
crest is the Seagull c /6r)(1$,66$
Teikweid, locally called "Brown Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal
crest is the Brown Bear c /(1r&(1)b
Killerwhale c /-66*&(1)b

Was'eedeid; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crests are the Wolf and
Auklet c T6-(($(1)b
Yanyeid, locally known as "Bear"; a clan of the Eagle moiety whose principal crest
is the Brown Bear c \6$:(1)b
9.7.2 Name of a place
Alaska c !$H6-#1
Anchorage c }6$#1"0
Angoon c !6$*u%$
Atlin c }6 /'(1$
Auke Bay c }6#&
Haines c Q(1-0G
Hoonah c ]66&,6rE66$f o5$66
Juneau; Gold Creek (in Juneau) c QRH$,1#1 AJ($1
Kake c mJ(If mJ1I
Ketchikan c F1"0IH6$
Killisnoo c F($6-$%%&
Klawock c =6&H6#
Klukwan c /'H#& !6$
Kuiu Island people c F%%:6 m&H6$
Lituya Bay c =,5E66
people of Admiralty Island c o5)R1)66 m&H6$
people of Atlin c }6 /'(1$ m&H6$
people of Auke Bay, southern Lynn Canal, Juneau area, and northern Admiralty
Island c }6#& m&H6$
people of Cape Fox, Saxman c B6$:66 m&H6$
people of Dry Bay c l5$66I%% m&H6$
people of Kake c mJ(I m&H6$
people of Kaliakh River (Cape Yakataga to Controller Bay) c l6':HI m&H6$
people of Klawock c A1$:66 m&H6$
people of Sitka c B0(( !,1#H m&H6$
Petersburg c ]H$,1:66#& BJ()1
Russia c !$u%-01 66$b
Sitka c B0((,#H
Skagway c B0s6*&(1

Stikine River " #$%&'($)*+
Takhini hot springs (north of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory) " ,&-$)*+.
Taku " ,(&&/0
Teslin " 1*.23**+
Teslin Lake people " 1*.23**+ 456&+
Wrangell " 4&&7$-&+&86&9(5
Yakutat " :&&95;6&%

~
Appendix - 603

(::%#-39;
!"#$%&'$()&* ,'#$)-. /(# 0('$() 1"#2.

"#$%&'# ()*+ ,'')- .//.

lhe gioupu of ueiivniionnl uiiingu ouilineu heie peiinin io noiion
veibu. Any noiion veib cnn be pniieu wiih nny of iheue gioupu of
uiieciion woiuu nu long nu ihe conbinniion nnleu uenue. Ench
gioup of ueiivniionnl uiiingu below iu chnincieiizeu by belonging io
one of ihe foui conjugniion piefix gioupu: o-, nn-, gn-, oi n nnu by
hnving n unigue iepeiiiive inpeifeciive foin.

Foui veib uienu nie uueu ihioughoui ihiu uocuneni io illuuiinie ihe
veib uien pluu uiieciion woiu conbinniionu in ihe inpeiniive,
peifeciive, nnu iepeiiiive inpeifeciive foinu. lhe veibu uienu nie:
-gooi foi (uingulnij uubjeci io wnll, go on fooi`; -.nni foi (pluinlj
uubjeci io wnll, go on fooi`; -}oo, foi uubjeci io go by noioiizeu
vehicle`; nnu -innn foi uubjeci io cniiy, inle objeci (uuunlly
conininei oi hollow objecij`.

Noie how ihe veib uien lengih nnu ione chnngeu fion gioup io
gioup in ench of ihe given foinu foi n pniiiculni veib. Foi n noie
ihoiough ueuciipiion of noiion veibu, uee ihe ueciion iiileu VERL
lYIE5 in ihe iniiouuciion.

O- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu
Gioup I. Repeiiiive foinu hnve -ch uuffix.
Gioup II. Repeiiiive foinu uue ihe -, foin of ihe pouipouiiion nnu hnve long low veib uien.
Gioup III. Repeiiiive foinu hnve -, uuffix.
Gioup IV. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yoo pieveib + I foin of ihe clnuuifiei + -l uuffix.
Gioup V. Repeiiiive foinu hnve ynn pieveib + -ch uuffix.
Gioup VI. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yn-u- piefixeu nnu -, uuffix.
Nn- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu
Gioup VII. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yoo pieveib + I foin of ihe clnuuifiei + -l uuffix.
Gn- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu
Gioup VIII. Repeiiiive foinu hnve lei pieveib + -ch uuffix.
n- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu
Gioup IX. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yei pieveib + -ch uuffix.

604 - Appendix

O- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu

Gioup I. Repeiiiive foinu hnve -ch uuffix.
(noiion iowniu nn nienj

1. lei noving up
2. u, lei noving oui of coniiol, blinuly, nniuu
3. N ,ì lei cniching up wiih N
4. yei geiiing oui of n cnnoe, boni, vehicle
5n. yee} / yei} / ee} noving uown io bench, uhoie
5b. heni yee} noving uown inio ihe wniei
. unn} noving up fion bench, nwny fion open
. }wnn}, unn} uoing by niuinle, eiioneouuly
3. unnl noving oui io uen, inio open, onio fiie
9n. }u, / },uei ieiuining, going/coning bncl
9b. I-x` }u, ieiuining io I

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeiniive Ieifeciive Repeiiiive
Inpeifeciive
lei + -gooi

Kei g!
Go up!
lei uwngi
u/he weni up
lei gich
u/he goeu up
unn} + -.nni

Dnn} yi.n!
You nll go inlnnu!
unn} hnu
uwn.ni
ihey weni inlnnu
unn} hnu .nich
ihey go inlnnu
unnl + -}oo,

Dnnl },!
Go oui io uen!
unnl uwn},
u/he weni oui io
uen
unnl },ch
u/he goeu oui io
uen
}u, + -innn

]u, inn!
Liing ii bncl!
}u, nnwninn
u/he bioughi ii
bncl
}u, ninnch
u/he biingu ii bncl

Appendix - 605

Gioup II. Repeiiiive foinu uue ihe -, foin of ihe pouipouiiion nnu
hnve long low veib uien.
(noiion iowniu ieininuuj

1. I-i (--, --ueij niiiving ni I, coning io I
2n. ynn (-yn,-ynnueij noving nuhoie, coning io ieui, io n uiop
2b. I-x` ynn (-yn,-ynnueij coning io ieui, io n uiop ni I
3. I-nn, ynn (-yn,-ynnueij noving nciouu I, io ihe oihei uiue of I
4. lux (-lux,-lxueij noving niounu, inio uhnllow wniei
5n. neil (-neil,-neiluij noving inuiue, coning hone
5b. I-x` neil (-neil,-neiluij noving inuiue houue ni I
. hnni (-hnn,-hnn(njuij noving iowniu upenlei
. yoi (-yo,-youeij going nwny

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
I-i- + -gooi

Ai g!
Go iheie!
ni uwngi
u/he weni iheie
n, gooi
u/he goeu iheie
hnni- + -.nni

Hnni yi.n!
You nll cone heie!
hnni hnu
uwn.ni
ihey cnne heie
hnn, hnu .nni
ihey go inlnnu
ynn- + -}oo,

Ynn },!
Go nuhoie!
ynn uwn},
u/he weni nuhoie
yn, }oo,
u/he goeu nuhoie
I-i- + -innn

Du jeei inn!
Give ii io hin/hei!
uu jeei
nnwninn
u/he gnve ii io
hin/hei
uu jee, ninnn
u/he giveu ii io
hin/hei

606 - Appendix

Gioup III. Repeiiiive foinu hnve -, uuffix.
(noiion oiiginniing fion oi confineu io n locniionj

1. I-x` coning/henuing inio ihe nien of I
2. N ynn coning up io N
3. N unnynn uepniniing fion N
4. N jiuhnn(x`j geiiing nhenu of N
5. gngi eneiging, coning oui inio ihe open
. unni coning oui of ihe wniei
. heni going inio ihe wniei
3. unnyi/uni uiniiing off, beginning io V
9. I-, noving in plnce ni I
1u. I-x` yn, iuining ovei by I
11. nn yn, iuining ovei
12. uho yn, iuining ovei by ihe enu
13. yei,/yni,/yeun, uiniiing off, inling off

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
gngi + -gooi

Gngi g!
Eneige!
gngi uwngi
u/he eneigeu
gngi gi,
u/he eneigeu
gngi + -.nni

Gngi yi.n!
You nll eneige!
gngi hnu
uwn.ni
ihey eneigeu
gngi hnu .ni,
ihey eneige
uni + -}oo,

uni },!
Gei going!
uni uwn},
u/he goi going
uni },,
u/he goeu nuhoie
nn yn, + -innn An yn, innn!
luin ii ovei!
nn yn,
nnwninn
u/he iuineu ii
ovei
nn yn, ninn,
u/he iuinu ii ovei

Appendix - 607

Gioup IV. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yoo pieveib + I foin
of ihe clnuuifiei + -l uuffix. (oucillnioiy noiionj

1. yoo noving bncl nnu foiih; io nnu fio
2. ynn yoo noving up nnu uown (fion ieui, fion ihe giounuj

Noie:
lheue foinu weie uocunenieu in Leei (1991j howevei, upenleiu conuulieu
foi ihiu piojeci nie noi fnnilini wiih ihen. Foi exnnpleu, uee Leei (1991j.

608 - Appendix

Gioup V. Repeiiiive foinu hnve ynn pieveib + -ch uuffix.
All non-iepeiiiive foinu hnve yn-u- piefixeu on ihe veib. lhiu
ueiivniionnl uiiing iu nlwnyu pieceueu by n pouipouiiionnl phinue.
(noving obliguely, ciicuiiouulyj

1. I-, noving ciicuiiouuly, obliguely nlong I
2. N unn, ciicling niounu N
3. I-uei noving ciicuiiouuly, obliguely iowniu I
4. hnnnui noving ovei ihiu wny (iowniu upenleij
5. hiuei noving ovei ihni wny (nwny fion upenleij
. I-un, noving ciicuiiouuly, obliguely nwny fion I
. N jilnnun, geiiing oui of Nù wny
3. I-nn, noving ciicuiiouuly, obliguely ihiough N
9. I-x` noving ciicuiiouuly ni I; nnling ihe iounu of I
1u. N unui(x`j iinuing plnceu wiih N

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
hiue + -gooi

Hiue woog!
Move ovei!
hiue ynnwngi
u/he noveu ovei
hiue ynn gich
u/he noveu ovei
I-nn, + -.nni

Ann, yny.n!
You nll wnll
ihiough ii!
nnn, hnu
ynnwn.ni
ihey wnlleu
ihiough ii
nnn, ynn hnu
.nich
ihey wnll ihiough
ii
N unn, + -}oo,

A unn,
woo},!
Diive niounu ii!
n unn,
ynnwn},
u/he uiove niounu
ii
n unn, ynn
},ch
u/he uiiveu niounu
ii
N jilnnun, + -
innn
Du jilnnun,
wooinn!
Move ii oui of
hiu/hei wny!
uu jilnnun,
nynnwninn
u/he noveu ii oui
of hiu/hei wny
uu jilnnun, ynn
ninnch
u/he noveu ii oui
of hiu/hei wny

Appendix - 609

Gioup VI. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yn-u- piefixeu nnu -, uuffix.
All veib foinu uue ihe n-yn-u- piefixeu nnu D-conponeni of ihe
clnuuifiei.

n-yn-(u-j-D + veib uien iuining bncl

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
n-yn-u-u-gooi

Ayeeung!
luin bncl!
nynwuigi
u/he iuineu bncl
nwuungi,
u/he iuinu bncl
n-yn-u-u-.nni

Ayeeun.n!
You nll iuin bncl!
hnu nynwui.ni
ihey iuineu bncl
hnu nwuun.ni,
ihey iuin bncl
n-yn-u-u-}oo,

Ayiun},!
luin bncl!
nynwui},
u/he iuineu bncl
nwuun},,
u/he iuinu bncl

610 - Appendix

Nn- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu

Gioup VII. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yoo pieveib + I foin
of ihe clnuuifiei + -l uuffix.
(unbounueu noiion pioceeuing uiiecilyj

1. --- noving (nlongj
2. I-i noving nboui I (ofien no iepeiiiive foinj
3. I-, noving nlong I
4. I-uei noving iowniu I
5. I-un, noving nwny fion I
. I-nn, noving by wny of I
n. yu, noving oui of houue
b. I-x` yu, noving oui of houue ni I
3. I-nn} lenving I behinu
9. I-nn going io gei I

Noie: 5iiing (1j nbove inuicnieu no pouipouiiionnl phinue. Nn- conjugniion
noiion veibu wiih no pieceuing pouipouiiionnl phinue give ihe nenning
noving nlong.

Noie: Regniuing (2j I-i noving nboui I nbove, ihiu uiiing iu unigue in
ihni ii hnu no piogieuuive inpeifeciive foin nnu ihe peifeciive foin
conveyu n pieueni ienue nenning nu well nu n pnui ienue nenning.

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
I-un, + -gooi

Anun, nng!
Lenve iheie!
nnun, woogooi
u/he lefi iheie
nnun, yoo
yngil
u/he lenveu iheie
I-nn + -.nni

Annn nny.n!
You nll go gei ii!
nnnn (hnju
woo.nni
ihey weni io gei ii
nnnn yoo (hnju
yn.nil
ihey go gei ii
I-ue(ij + -}oo,

Anu nn}oo,!
Diive iheie!
nnu woo}oo,
u/he uiove iheie
nnu yoo
yn},l
u/he uiiveu niounu
ii
I-i + -innn Ai nninnn!
Cniiy ii niounu!
ni nnwninnn
u/he iu cniiying ii
niounu; u/he
cniiieu ii niounu
[uoeu noi occui]

Appendix - 611

Gn- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu

Gioup VIII. Repeiiiive foinu hnve lei pieveib + -ch uuffix.
Iieveib lei iu uueu in iepeiiiive, piogieuuive, nnu fuiuie foinu
(incepiive noiionj

1. --- inling off, uiniiing off, picling up
2. I-un, inling off fion I, uiniiing off fion I, picling up fion I
3. }ui going nuiiny, geiiing loui

Noie: 5iiing (1j nbove inuicnieu no pouipouiiionnl phinue. Gn-
conjugniion noiion veibu wiih no pieceuing pouipouiiionnl phinue
give ihe nenning inling off, uiniiing off, oi picling up uepenuing
on ihe veib.

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
}ui + -gooi

[uoeu noi
occui]
}ui woogooi
u/he goi loui
}ui lei gich
u/he geiu loui
}ui + -.nni

[uoeu noi
occui]
}ui hnu
woo.nni
ihey goi loui
}ui lei (hnju
.nich
ihey gei loui
}ui + -}oo,

[uoeu noi
occui]
}ui woo}oo,
u/he goi loui
}ui lei },ch
u/he geiu loui
--- + -innn Gninnn!
Cniiy ii!
nnwninnn
u/he cniiieu ii
lei ninnch
u/he cniiieu ii

612 - Appendix

n- conjugniion Deiivniionnl 5iiingu

Gioup IX. Repeiiiive foinu hnve yei pieveib + -ch uuffix.
Iieveib yei iu uueu in iepeiiiive, piogieuuive, nnu fuiuie foinu
(noiion uownwniuj

1. --- fnlling (only w/ noniinnuiiiveuj
2. ynn noving uown (no ynn befoie nupeci nnilei yeij
3. ynn, geiiing inio cnnoe, boni, oi oihei vehicle
4. ynnn, noving inio ihe eniih
5. I-, noving uown nlong I
. hen, noving inio ihe wniei
. I-nn, noving uown by wny of I, ihiough I

Noie: 5iiing (1j nbove inuicnieu no pouipouiiionnl phinue. n-
conjugniion noiion veibu wiih no pieceuing pouipouiiionnl phinue
give ihe nenning fnlling nnu only occui wiih non-iinnuiiive veibu.

Exnnpleu:

Diieciion woiu
+ veib uien
Inpeifeciive
ynn, + -gooi

Ynn, ng!
Go nboniu!
ynn, woogooi
u/he weni nboniu
ynn, yei gich
u/he goeu nboniu
I-, + -.nni

A, ny.n!
You nll wnll uown
nlong ii!
n, (hnju
woo.nni
ihey wnlleu uown
nlong ii
n, yei (hnju
.nich
ihey wnll uown
nlong ii
ynn, + -innn Ynn, ninnn!
Cniiy ii nboniu!
ynn, nnwninnn
u/he cniiieu ii
nboniu
ynn, yei ninnch
u/he cniiieu ii
nboniu

~

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