Environmental Implications of Mixed Used Development

Environmental Implications of Mixed Use Development 2013
i

School Of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
Environmental
Implications of Mixed
Use Development
Thesis Report: Masters in Planning (Environmental Planning) 2013
Swati Talwar
4/26/2013


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DECLARATION
This is to declare that the Thesis report titled Environmental Implications of Mixed Use Development
has been undertaken by the author in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of Masters in Planningwith specialization in Environmental Planning. The research work undertaken is
has not been published for award of any other degree or diploma.

Swati Talwar
SPA/NS/EP/257
Date:


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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Thesis Report titled Environmental Implications of Mixed Use
Development has been submitted by Swati Talwar to the School of Planning and Architecture, New
Delhi; in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Masters Degree in Planning with
specialization in Environmental Planning.

Guided By: Accepted

Mr.B.K Jain Dr. Mahavir
Head,
Dept. of Environmental Planning

May 2013


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This terminal project would not have been possible without the support and effort of many people
involved directly or indirectly in the process. I would like to take this opportunity to express my
gratitude towards their contribution.
I am indebted to my guide Mr B.K Jain for his constant motivation, support and guidance towards the
research; his constant push to work and his regularly used words think more has helped me develop a
refined thinking on the subject. Like a true guide he has helped me move on the track.
I am equally grateful to my co guide and head of department Dr Mahavir for not only showing the
direction throughout the study but also for suggesting me with the research topic and providing with
literature on the same.
I am extremely obliged towards the officials of various organizations for providing secondary data and
also towards the participants of the various surveys that were conducted for the research work.
As they say A friend in need is a friend indeed I would like to thank all my friends for their support and
special thanks to Kamran for being my friend in need for all possibilities ranging from field surveys to
technical help.
Last but not the least I would like to acknowledge the constant support and motivation provided by my
family throughout the course; specially my father for accompanying me to various departments and on
site visits.


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ABSTRACT
In simple terms mix (Land) use refers to co-existence of more than one land use on a common ground, be it a
floor, building or zone. Mix use has been a part of our cities, since historic times where retail, workshop etc.
all co- existed with the residence. Industrialization and associated adverse impacts lead to overtaking of mix
use concept by segregated land use planning through the concept of zoning; which although American in
notion but was widely accepted and implemented. The approach was also adopted in the 1962 MPD in form
of hierarchy based planning for commercial spaces and discontinuance of non-conforming uses such as
residential in commercial and vice versa. Two subsequent master plans later, mix use is permitted through
provisions in the MPD and is also being planned in cities across the globe; in order to attain sustainable
development and reduce travel demand among various other benefits. Thus making it very clear that mix use
is not only part of our culture but also a prominent part of future planning processes.
The MPD approach of increasing the ambit of permitting mix over the 3 master plans as against the strategy
of planed mix use development or redevelopment adopted in other global cities makes us question the likely
impacts of this liberal shift. Together with the fact that every land use is associated with environmental
impacts; thus a combination not only needs land suitability but compatibility among uses as well. Thus the
study aims at investigating the environmental implications of such mix use development in the city of Delhi;
in particular after the MPD 2021 notification.
A study of four case study areas brings out varied mix combinations which are established as factors of
location, accessibility, existing establishments and infrastructure. From the analysis it can be inferred that the
nature and magnitude of impact on a mixed use area is determined by the type of mix and its intensity; for
example in Lajpat nagar numerous retail establishment lead to vehicle related issues while in Naraina the
issues were infrastructure related due to type of activities. Whereas almost all the inferred implications were
negligible in case of planned mix use area i.e Dwarka hence proving the hypothesis.
The inferences along with a retrospect of master plan provisions lead to three fold strategy which
recommends planning for new upcoming mix used areas; developing an assessment methodology and
thereafter regulation techniques for notified streets and a control mechanism based on future requirements
and infrastructure demand supply status for future notifications.
Despite all advantages and measures to mitigate adverse impacts and recommending techniques to regulate
the mix; the challenge still prevails in regulating the quantum primarily due to democratic nature of our
policies where if one use is permitted in an area we cannot deny similar other use in that area; along with the
challenge in its enforcement and maintenance.

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Summary in Hindi


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Contents
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................................ii
CERTIFICATE...................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................................v
Summary in Hindi .............................................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... ix
1. MIXED USE .....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 HISTORY ..............................................................................................................................2
1.2 NEED FOR STUDY & AIM.......................................................................................................4
1.3 HYPOTHESIS........................................................................................................................5
1.4 METHODOLGY .....................................................................................................................8
2 CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Selection of case study areas ................................................................................................9
3 Assessment ...............................................................................................................................11
3.1 Characteristics of Mix Use ..................................................................................................11
3.2 Lajpat Nagar II ...................................................................................................................11
3.3 NARAINA ...........................................................................................................................15

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3.4 Indicators of assessment ....................................................................................................17
3.4.1 Noise .........................................................................................................................17
3.4.2 Air Pollution ...............................................................................................................19
3.4.3 Vehicles .....................................................................................................................21
3.4.4 Infrastructure .............................................................................................................22
3.5 New Sainik Vihar ( Uttam Nagar).........................................................................................26
3.6 Inferences .........................................................................................................................28
3.7 Dwarka..............................................................................................................................29
3.8 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................31
3.9 Existing Provisions under MPD 2021 ...................................................................................34
4 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................35
4.1 A planning guideline for new mixed use areas .....................................................................35
4.2 Techniques for further notifications and assessment of existing ...........................................39
4.2.1 Infrastructure Demand- Supply....................................................................................39
4.2.2 Commercial Space Requirement ..................................................................................42
4.2.3 Mix based on Peak hour of activities ............................................................................43
4.2.4 Inter-relationship based mixing ...................................................................................43
4.2.5 Others........................................................................................................................44
5 Further research possibilities .....................................................................................................45

ix
6 References .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7 Annexure- Survey Formats .........................................................................................................48
List of Tables
Table 1 Comparative of MPDs vision and Provision regarding Mix Use .................................................2
Table 2 Example of Different Approach based on Category of Colony ....................................................9
Table 3 Characteristics of selected study area.....................................................................................10
Table 4 Pollutant emissions from vehicle types...................................................................................19
Table 5 Pollutant emissions comparative in mix use area and residential area for Lajpat NAgar...........19
Table 6 Quantitative Solid Waste generation ......................................................................................22
Table 7 Water Demand in Naraina & Lajpat Nagar 2013 ......................................................................23
Table 8 Electricity Consumption Comparative ...................................................................................24
Table 9 INFRASTRUCTURE STRESS......................................................................................................25
Table 10 Solid Waste Demand- Supply Equation for Naraina ...............................................................39
Table 11 Commercial Space Assessment for NAraina ..........................................................................42
List of Figures
Figure 1 Horizontal & Vertical Mix Use In Same Building
Figure 2 Mix use at Site level ...............................................................................................................1
Figure 3 Land Use Plan of Chandni Chowk
Figure 4 Notified Commercial & Pedestrian Streets ............................................................................5

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Figure 5 Street in Old Delhi - Then & Now .........................................................................................5
Figure 6 Streets & Chowk In Old Delhi ..................................................................................................6
Figure 7 Location of Four study Areas ................................................................................................10
Figure 9 Floor Wise Use Premises 2002 ..............................................................................................11
Figure 8 Context for Lajpat Nagar Study area......................................................................................11
Figure 10 Floor Wise Use Premises 2013 ............................................................................................12
Figure 11 Use Premises 2002
Figure 12 Use Premises 2013 .............................................................................................................12
Figure 13 Comparative Use Premises 2002 & 2013 .............................................................................12
Figure 16 Floor wise use Premises; Comparative between 2002 & 2013...............................................14
Figure 17 Floor Wise Use Premises....................................................................................................15
Figure 18 Use Premises 2008
Figure 19 Use Premises 2013 .............................................................................................................15
Figure 21 Use Premise comparative for 2008 & 2013 ..........................................................................16
Figure 22 Noise Levels.......................................................................................................................17
Figure 23 Noise Levels Lajpat Nagar (Mix Use) .................................................................................18

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Figure 24 Noise Levels Mayur Vihar ( Residential Group Housing) .....................................................18
Figure 25 Noise Levels Commercial Area............................................................................................18
Figure 26 Pollutant Emissions at Lajpat Nagar based on Vehicle Count.................................................20
Figure 27 Veer Sarvarkar Marg : Lajpat Nagar- Weekday 12:00PM.......................................................21
Figure 28 : Qualitative Solid Waste Generation (by various commercial establishments).......................22
Figure 29 New Sainik Vihar ................................................................................................................26
Figure 30 Land Use Distribution
Figure 31 Distribution by Employment & Use Premises .......................................................................27
Figure 32 Activities in Sainik Vihar......................................................................................................27
Figure 33: Aashirwaad Chowk , Dwarka (Junction of Sector,12,11,5,6) .................................................29
Figure 34 Dwarka Aashirwaad Chowk ................................................................................................29
Figure 35 Use Premises Dwarka 2013.................................................................................................30
Figure 36 Floor Wise Use Premises (Dwarka) 2013..............................................................................30
Figure 37 Air & Noise Pollution mitigation measures through development control norms ...................36
Figure 38 Illustration for possible development control norms. ...........................................................38
Figure 39: Demand Supply Scenario for solid waste management- Naraina ..........................................40
Figure 40 Assessment for commercial space demand-Supply -Naraina.................................................42
Figure 41 Peak hour of activities ........................................................................................................43
Figure 42 Synergy between use premises ...........................................................................................43

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1. MIXED USE
As explained by David Rhind in his book LAND USE (Rhind)
(i) Land is fixed & finite in nature,
(ii) A piece of land can have more than one use and
(iii) Two or more uses can be incidental to each other; thus can have various combinations.
Thus comes in place the concept of co-existence of uses and the terminology of mixed land use.
Depending on the scale of land; different types of mixed use typologies can occur ranging from mix of
uses at buildinglevel to a cluster of buildings. The various typologies and mix possibilities lead to
numerous definitions for the concept of mixed use in the field of land use planning. According to
Bangalore master plan: Mixed Land Use areas are those where employment, shopping and residential
land uses will be integrated. Whereas NSWs Government of planning provides the following definition
Mixed use development is defined as a building or place containing two or more different land uses.
The definition provided by the Adelaide city council seems to cover almost all the possibilities of mixed
luse concept Development which comprises a mixture of two or more land uses, either comprised
within a single building (horizontally or vertically) or multiple buildings of different uses within a
distinct development site (Adelaide City Council, 2009)
Figure 1Horizontal & Vertical Mix Use In Same Building Figure 2 Mix use at Site level

Source:, (Healthy Spaces) retrieved Feb 2013
In case of Delhi; the MPD 2021 mix use is provided in the form of permitting use premise
of one zone in other use zone (say retail as a use premise under commercial zone is also permitted in
residential & industrial use zone). Details of further conditions regarding where & what can be
permitted are provided under the chapter of mix use regulations. The resultant can be in form of mix in
a single plot (horizontally or vertically) or combinations of plots.
Residential
Commercial
Retail
Car Park
Residential
Mix Use
Retail Parking

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1.1 HISTORY
Mixed use is not a new concept it has been the pattern of growth in historic cities of India and world
over; especially in the organically grown cities. The cities had a confined walk-able boundary and also
since automobiles were not in much use, thus all the activities co-existed within a smaller area.
Industrialization and increase in motorized vehicle use were the turning point in the field of land use
planning; the hazards posed by industries to residential areas along with existing poor living conditions
in the inner city areas lead to the concept of zoning. However zoning is now being looked at as one of
the causes for increased travel, longer commuting distances and other related issues and thus cities all
over are returning back to the concept of mixed use (For example Adelaide, San Diego, Florence etc) for
cutting down travel and thus pollutant emissions, for encouraging vibrant societies and for promoting
sustainable growth amongst other such benefits. (Adelaide City Council, 2009)& (Calofonia Climate
Action Network, 2009)
In case of Delhi the phenomena of mixed use existed since pre
independence times in old areas like shahjanabad. Later on in 1962 with the first master plan; the city
was introduced with the concept of zoning and thereby discontinuing mixed uses. With two subsequent
master plans, the policy has seen a shift from permitting existing mixed uses as an acceptance of need
for the society to planning mixed use as a part of proposed land use plan in the new areas. (Refer table
below)
Table 1 Comparative of MPDs vision and Provision regardingMix Use
1962 2001 2021
POPULATION 1961=2.6 million 1991 =9.42 millions 2011 =16.7 millions Increasing
Population,
Stagnant area
thus vertical
growth
necessary
2001 =13 million 2021 =23.0 millions
Area 1487 Sqkm 1487 Sqkm 1487 SqKm
Perspective
on mixed
land use
Defines present
conditions of mixed
use as undesirable
with examples like
residential and
shopping.
In the situation,
where in a number
of residential areas,
commercial activity
has already intruded
formulation of a
balanced policy of
mixed use
considering its
environmental
impact and socio-
economic need of
Acknowledges the need
for permitting mixed
land use and lays down
the conditions for
implementation.
In case of
industries; cites as a
source of nuisance
and is more
concerned with
living environment
The over-riding
principles for
permitting mixed use -
need to acknowledge
and make adequate
provision for meeting
From
considering it
as undesirable
to
acknowledging
as a need &

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of residential areas society is of utmost
public importance.
community needs,
mitigating
environmental impact
& providing for safe
and convenient
circulation & parking.
part of society
yet having
environmental
impact to
suggesting it as
a measure to
mitigate
environmental
impact
PROVISIONS
REGARDING
MIXED LAND
USE

Resettlement of
industries in
residential areas.
Removal of village
like activities (
Dairy, Pottery
etc).But permits
incidental uses like
nursery, clinincs
and other on special
permission
Declaration of MLU
streets after traffic
assessment &
demand assessment
on municipal services
Declaration after
assessment of existing
non residential activity
& demand on
amenities
DISCONTINUANCE
OF NON-
CONFORMING
USES. Residential
Non-Conforming
Uses.
Residential use in
Industrial areas.
Residential use in
commercial
areas.(Permitted in
upper floors)
Residential use in
public recreational
areas.
Commercial Non-
Conforming-Uses.
Commercial use in
Industrial area.
Commercial use in
residential area.
Commercial use in
public and semi-
public use areas
including
recreational areas.
(i) The commercial
activity allowed shall
be only on the
ground floor to the
extent of 25%or 50
sqm whichever less
is.
The establishment
shall be run only by
the resident of the
dwelling unit.
The following
activities shall not be
allowed: Retail
shops of building
material, firewood,
coal. Repair &
Repair shop and
nursing homes, guest
houses, storage,
godowns, junk shops,
fabrication and
welding.
Mixed use permissible,
in residential premises:
commercial, public-
semi public and
professional activity.
Retail shops shall be
permitted on plots
abutting streets
notified for mixed use
only on the ground
floor up to the
maximum permissible
ground floor coverage.
Nursing homes, guest
houses, banks are now
permitted to 100%of
FAR in certain areas.
ROW's 18m, 13.5m, 9m
& 6m in different
categories of colony.
The policy over
the 3 MPD's
has had many
additions in
the MLU
provisions thus
the need to
examine the
effect of
liberalization
in policy
provisions
Source; (MPD 2021) (MPD 2001) (MPD 1962)

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1.2 NEED FOR STUDY & AIM
Mixed land use was in practice since historic times, industrialization over took it by segregated land use
planning through the concept of zoning; today mixed land use is being encouraged, proposed and
planned at various scales ranging from streets, to neighborhood to city level across the globe.
The fact that population in cities is rapidly increasing whereas the area to support that population is
limited (refer table above for case of Delhi), has lead to shift in thought towards planning vertical growth
of cities & increasing density of low rise low density areas; to which the strategy of mixed land use
befits. Simultaneously the segregated uses has lead to increase in number of trips thus the vehicular
traffic leading to rise in pollution levels; therefore the concept of multiple use within walk-able distances
is being encouraged. Also we cannot overlook the fact that many of our cities (in this case Delhi) have
old areas functioning even today on mixed used pattern and mixed use serves the commercial
requirements in many of the unauthorized & urban village settlements, thereby making it an inherit part
of our society and culture.
It can now be said that mixed land use is not only a part of our system but is also seems to be emerging
as the need of the hour in planning our cities. But at the same time we must look at disasters like Bhopal
Gas tragedy and the process of Industrialization as the very reasons which lead to segregated planning
of land uses; that is to say that every land use is associated with certain environmental implications
which can cause adverse effect on other land uses, on health and on living conditions of the people
around it; therefore it can be said that all land uses are not compatible to each other. Thus there arises
the need to investigate the possible implications of mixing two or more land uses on the environment
before the concept gets implemented on a larger scale.
Looking at case of Delhi through provisions in the master plan regarding mixed land use,
we find that the 1962 MPD considers mixed land uses as undesirable and proposes for discontinuance
of such mixing, also comments on the existing situation of mixing as creating nuisance especially with
reference to industries in residential areas; whereas the MPD 2001 recognizes the fact that mixed use is
the part of the society and has crept in even with restrictions and thus proposes and permits mixed land
use in the form of commercial in/with residential keeping in view the traffic it would generate and its
environmental impact. The MPD 2021 witnesses a far more liberal approach in the mixed use
regulations, where certain activities like nursing home, Banks, guest houses etc that were not permitted
in earlier plans have now been permitted; ROW restriction also has wider catchment from 6m. 9m to
18m and is permissible in planned settlements as well as in urban villages. Thus there arises a need to

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assess the implications of the liberalization from an environmental perspective, the need to know
whether in order to provide for the socio-cultural need what consequences the environment is likely
to face. The time also seems apt in case of Delhi where the master plan is being relooked at currently.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
On one hand the concept of mixed use is being planned in developed countries to attain sustainable
development while on the other (in Delhi) it is being permitted based on the fact that is need and part
of society. An understanding of the concept in terms of its implementation in other countries leads to
the fact that all are being proposed for new development or have detailed guidelines for
redevelopment and present a very rosy picture while the imagery of mixed use in context of Delhi is far
from it. Thus through a brief glance at one of the oldest areas of Delhi from the perspective of mixed an
attempt has been made to understand the concept for the context of study.
Figure 3 Land Use Plan of Chandni Chowk Figure 4 Notified Commercial & Pedestrian Streets

Source : (Draft Redevelopment Plan for Special Area, 2012)
Figure 5 Street in Old Delhi Then Now

Source: retrieved from slideshare.com, Feb 2013 Source: (Draft Redevelopment Plan for Special Area, 2012)

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The major streets in Shahjanabad were planned to support mixed use in form of commercial on ground
floor and residential on upper floor, over the time those streets have become fully commercial (as seen
in land use map) and along with it the mixed use has penetrated further inside in dominantly residential
area; hinting the start of cyclic process. The increase in commercialization (16%commercial & 11%
Mixed use) has lead to encroachment and further congestion of the place. Over the time the catchment
of the commercial establishments has reached city limits and is being identified as City level commercial
area in the master plans further adding to traffic problems. The lack of or inadequacy of planning (the
fact that the draft redevelopment plan is put up for public opinion on 18
th
January 2013) has lead to
problems like inadequate parking, fire tender access, vehicle-pedestrian conflict, basic sanitation
services for customers & shopkeepers which has further lead to a Slum status to practically whole of the
walled city area under the slum act. (D, 1990)
Figure 6 Streets & Chowk In Old Delhi

Source: (Primary Survey, 2013)
Almost all streets connected to major streets have commercial establishments with warehouses and
workshops within the same premises or in surrounding areas.
Thus the Hypothesis: Despite the fact that mixed use has many advantages regarding optimum
utilization of resources and the potential of being a tool for sustainable development; yet if not
planned ; has the potential to cause environmental stress.

The hypothesis reinforces the need for study where it will Aim to investigate environmental
implications of mixed use development and thereafter suggest measures to mitigate the adversities.


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OBJECTIVES
In order to determine environmental implications one needs to examine the policy provisions and its
inherit implications and associated impacts on ground thus the objectives
- To assess the concept of Mixed Use in Delhi, in particular after MPD 2021 notification
- To assess environmental implications of proposed mixed use policy in MPD 2021
- To assess the impacts of policy translation on ground.
- To recommend environmental conscious measures to deal with issues at hand
EXPECTED OUTCOME
The drastic shift in policy and its further liberalization along with the hypothesis not only urges to
explore environmental implications but also demands an assessment to find the limit/extent to the in
terms of the quality, quantity & location. Thus one of the expected outcomes will be an attempt at
determining the environmental threshold of mixing land uses.
As it has been said earlier that many cities across the globe are implementing mixed land use as a part of
planning, they see many environmental advantages of the phenomena like reducing travel demand and
thereby reducing pollution by vehicles, saving resources like land and effective utilization of
infrastructure. Thus another outcome through assessment of implications would be
- Applicability of mixed land use as a resource effective planning tool
Another outcome is in the form of achieving the aim and thus arriving at recommendation towards
minimizing adverse environmental effects.
Scope &Limitations
1. The scope of mixed land use is restricted to mix of non residential activities permitted in residential
premises.
2. The study focuses on the physical urban environmental aspects and thus social, biotic and
economic implications are not part of the study.
3. The study will be limited to 4 stretches in Delhi due to time constrain and convenience.
4. Proposals will be in the form of recommendations only due to lack of extensive data required as
mix use has diverse possibilities.


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1.4 METHODOLGY
General Methodology
1. Literature review

Detailed Methodology

To
Understand
Need for study
Objectives
Detailed Methodology
1. LITERATURE REVIEW
& CASE STUDY
Mixed land use and related
provisions through
- Reports, Articles
- MPD 1962,2001,2021
- Focusing on MLU regulations
in MPD 2021
Environmental aspects of mixed
land use development, through
- Studies of MLU planning
implementation in other
cities

Environmental
implications of
the policy
Selection of
Environmental
Parameters for analysis
2. Data Collection
STAGE I
- Land Use
(floor wise)
- Rates
- Plot sizes
-
Land Traffic
Noise &
Air
Pollution
Residential
Environment
Infrastructure
Parking
Nos. of
Vehicles
Noise levels
Air
pollutants
Peoples
perception
Electricity
Solid waste
Quality
Water
Waste
Water

- Activities
happening
- Population
- Peoples
perception

3. Analysis of policy translation on
ground& implications
- Compatibility of
uses and
related impacts
- Comparative
with LSC/CSC in
terms of land
utilization

- Comparative
Traffic
generation from
land uses and
related
pollution and
congestion

- Impact on
environment due to
noise, visual
nuisance, activities,
infrastructure
demand generated
as a comparative.

- Infrastructure
utilization
- hazard
potential

STAGE II
STAGE III
3.2. Inferences
4. Recommendations
STAGE IV

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2 CASE STUDY
2.1 Selection of case study areas
Delhis Settlements can be classified on various basis like on the basis of infrastructure provisions done
for house tax calculations (Category A,B,CG) or the basis of its origin say resettlement, rehabilitation
colony or planned colony, or its status say unauthorized or unauthorized-regularized etc.
Thus the master plan of Delhi 2021 adopts a differentiated approach in permitting mix use in these
various existing typologies. One example of the approach is seen in variation according to colony type
(A,B,C,DG) which is predominantly determined by the ROW; as in lower category colonies the ROW is
less in comparison to higher category colonies
Table 2 Example of Different Approach based on Category of Colony

Source: (Kumar, 2012)
Other differentiation is observed is according to settlement type which covers unauthorized
colonies, regular plotted developments, and urban extensions.
The Mix use regulations in MPD 2021 permits certain commercial, public & semi public &

10
professional offices in residential use zone under the ambit of mix use. Whereas under the
chapter for industries certain household industries are permitted in residential zone/ area subject
to condition of number of employees & power consumption.

Thus the study attempts to take 4 different areas in different location, with difference in
settlement type as well as difference in the nature of mix to fulfill the aim of investigating the
environmental implications of mixed use in various existing scenarios in the city of Delhi.
Table 3Characteristics of selected study area.
S.No Study Area Colony Settlement Type Mix Use ROW(m) MIX of
1 Lajpat Nagar C Rehabilitation Permitted 9,15,24 Resi+ Comm+
Prof Office
2 Naraina D Planned -Plotted Permitted 40 Resi + PSP
+Comm +Prof
offices
3 Sainik Vihar
(Uttam Nagar)
G Unauthorized Permitted 9,12,15 Resi +Comm+
HH Industry
4 Dwarka D Urban Extension Planned 45 Comm +PSP
Source: (Author 2013) & www.mcd.gov.in
Figure 7 Location of Four study Areas

Source: (www.googlemaps.com)

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3 Assessment
3.1 Characteristics of Mix Use
3.2 Lajpat Nagar II

The Study area which was once planned as residential was declared mix use in the MPD 2001 while the
2006 notification declared it as commercial which is a direct indication of growth of non residential
activity in the residential area. The major characteristic of the site is its location and proximity to non
hierarchical city level market which needs to considered while looking at environmental implication.
The original plot sizes planned were 167.2 Sqm & 250.8 Sqm which have now undergone subdivision
and commercialization
Figure 9 Floor Wise Use Premises 2002
Source: (Paul, 2002)
Lajpat nagar II is a planned rehabilitation colony located
on the eastern side of Ring Road and now within the
accessibility of violet metro line. The site is located on the
north of Veer Sarvarkar Marg which abuts the Central
Market.
The Presence of central market & its growing reach has
had its influence on the surrounding areas as well.
Figure 8 Context for Lajpat Nagar
Study area
Source:www.googleearth.com,Retrieved Feb2013

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Source: Primary Survey 2013
Figure 11 Use Premises 2002 Figure 12 Use Premises 2013

Figure 13 Comparative Use Premises 2002 & 2013

Use Premises 2002
Residential
Retail
Clinic/Lab
Godown
Bank
Service
Office
Vacant/uc
Use Premises 2013
Residential
Retail
Clinic/Lab
Godown
Bank
Service
Office
Vacant/uc
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2002
2013

13
It is observed that residential still dominates the percentage share due to increase in FAR norms and
subdivision of plots, whereas in the non residential aspect retail has the highest share and has seen
maximum growth also, followed by the service (predominantly in the nature of parlors and tailors). The
activity of concern here is the increase in number of godowns or storage and ancillary premises like
bottled water manufacturing, as they are not permitted in residential zones as well as in mixed use
streets.
Thus it can be said that one of the implications of growth of unplanned, unchecked mix use is the
growth of support activities which can be of illegal nature. The other implication is the number of
similar premises namely retail of garments and accessories; more the number more is the variety to the
customer and thus the increase in catchment from local level to zonal and in this case the reach is at
sub city level. The location in this case also plays a critical role in increase of intensity; as it can be seen
that the central market had influence on its adjoining street thus the location is a parameter of utmost
concern while declaring a street as mixed use or commercial.
In terms of spatial growth it can be said that on the main road the activitieshave gown on upper floors
while the side lanes have been further penetrated. Also the activities catering to local traffic shifts
inside as the property rates on main street start increasing. Interestingly the covered elevated drain on
the western side limits the growth of bigger catchment enterprises. Thus inducing a cyclic process
where the smaller shops catering to local needs shift in interior, with increase in number and market
forces it converts to mix use and then to commercial thereby losing the mix; it therefore becomes
necessary to find a mechanism to regulate the whole cyclic process.
It is evident from the figure below that retail prefers to grow on ground floor or on basements while
services etc can and do take position on the upper floors. While smaller retail shops limit to ground
floor the retails shops associated with brand names tend to occupy bigger space and thus move
vertically up in the same premises (examples observed are PUMA and UCB) thus restricting retail to
ground floor level as a policy measure in MPD is clearly violated. As bigger brands are associated with
more variety they need more consolidated space thus chances of violation.
This leads to exploring other options for restricting spread of non residential activity besides just floor
restrictions. Either we restrict in terms of floor area like small shops are permitted on any street up to
20Sqm or there is floor area regulation on nursing homes in the mixed use policy under MPD 2021.


14

Source: (Paul, 2002)

Figure 16 Floor wise use Premises; Comparative between 2002 & 2013

Source: (Paul, 2002)& Primary Survey 2013
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
basement
gf
ff
sf
tf
F
L
O
O
R
Residential
Retail
Clinic/Lab
Godown
bank
Service
prof office
office
uc/vacant
Restraunt
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
basement
gf
ff
sf
tf
F
L
O
O
R
Floor wise Use Premises 2013
Residential
Retail
Clinic/Lab
Godown
bank
Service
prof office
office
uc/vacant
Manufacturing
Restraunt
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
b
a
s
e
m
e
n
t
g
f
f
f
s
f
t
f
b
a
s
e
m
e
n
t
g
f
f
f
s
f
t
f
2013 2002
Residential
Retail
Clinic/Lab
Godown
bank
Service
prof office
office

15
3.3 NARAINA
In Lajpat nagar study area retail dominated the non residential activity and the growth was more visible
on ground floor & basements, one of the reasons identified is its accessibility due to its location and
presence of central market as a pulling factor. The retail & other activities catering to local needs have
shifted inside, more towards residential area although the typology it exists in is still mixed use.
In contrast Naraina Vihar a post independence planned plotted development situated at the junction
of two railway lines (Delhi-Rewari & Ring Railways), portrays a different picture of mix use both in
terms of quantum and type of activities.
The selected street i.e. Ch Girdarilal Goswami Marg ROW 40m is the main road connecting ring road
and the patel road, the said street act as a outer road to residential areas with total 72 plots varying in
sizes from 1000Sq yards to 200Sq yrds.
Figure 17 Floor Wise Use Premises

Figure 18 Use Premises 2008 Figure 19 Use Premises 2013

Source :MCD Survey 2008 & Primary Survey 2013
Building Use 2008
Residential
Retail
clinic/Nursing
Home/Lab
Guest House
Bank/ATM
Services
Prof Office
Office
Vacant/ Under
Construction
Building Use 2013
Residential
Retail
clinic/Nursing
Home/Lab
Guest House
Bank/ATM
Services
Prof Office
Office
Vacant/ Under
Construction
Restraunt

16
It can be seen from the figures above that the in non residential activity there is no clear dominance,
while activities such as banks & guest houses have seen the maximum increase over the time.

Survey: Primary Survey 2013 (Author)
The non residential activity dominates on basement & ground level, still retail prefers ground. A huge
share is taken by under-construction or vacant premises indicating likely increase in the non residential
activity. The reason for limited growth of retail & other services is primarily due to existing CSC/LSC/CC
which caters to daily need of the residents.
Figure 21 Use Premise comparative for 2008 & 2013

Source: MCD Survey 2008 & Primary Survey 2013
After a brief of the two areas (Lajpat nagar & Naraina) it can be said that location & grouping of similar
activities influences growth of non residential activity and also leads to increase in its catchment area.
Retail prefers to grow on ground & basement levels. Not necessarily the mix use caters to daily need
within the neighborhood or zone.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Basement
Ground
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Floor Wise use Premises2013
Residential
Retail
clinic/Nursing Home/Lab
Guest House
Bank/ATM
Services
Restraunt
Prof Office
Office
Vacant/Under Construction
Parking
0%
20%
40%
60%
USE PREMISE COMPARITIVE 2008 &2013
2008
2013

17
3.4 Indicators of assessment
3.4.1 Noise
Figure 22 Noise Levels

Source: (CPCB, 2006)& Primary Survey 2013
The noise levels in all the study areas are higher than the day & night time standards except in case of
Dwarka , the likely reason for low levels in Dwarka can be attributed to low level of activity on that
stretch. A comparative of other areas in Delhi is also done; which shows that noise levels are relatively
higher than standards in commercial as well as residential areas, the place where noise levels are found
almost comparable with standards is CP and the reason as cited by the study is that at the time of
monitoring the inner circle was closed for traffic. This along with various survey and reports by CPCB
has sited vehicles to be one of the major sources of noise pollution.
Looking at the pattern for study areas one can say that number of vehicles are more in Lajpat nagar
thus more noise levels. Noise although subjective in perception but has implications on the human
health and in this case levels reach beyond residential permissible limits in residential areas indicating
negative health implication in residential environment.
Lajpat
Nagar
Naraina Dwarka Saink Vihar
Kailash
Colony
Karol Bagh
CP (inner
circle
closed)
DAY MAX 98.0 72 75 58.7 95.6 97.6 65.8
DAY MIN 58.5 49 48 49.1 60.1 45.2 53.5
NIGHT MAX 85.1 60 70 82.9 82.2 61
NIGHT MIN 57.2 47.5 37 52.1 39.9 52.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
N
O
I
S
E

L
E
V
E
L
S

I
N

D
b
NOISE LEVELS
Residential Night Standard
Commercial Day time Standard
Residential Day, Commercial Night Standard

18
Figure 23 Noise Levels Lajpat Nagar (Mix Use)
Source: (CPCB, 2006)
Figure 24 Noise Levels Mayur Vihar ( Residential Group Housing)
Figure 25 Noise Levels Commercial Area
The figures above depict noise levels in three different localities throughout the day, in a group housing
residential area the noise levels are almost touching the standards all through except during morning &
night hours, owing to maximum vehicular movement in those hours whereas noise levels in a
commercial area pick during day and remain so till night and drops down with drop in activity whereas
in an mixed use area we can see the combine effect of noise throughout day thereby indicating that
there will be prolonged exposure to high noise levels for comparati vely longer hours which is
dangerous for human ear as compared to short durations of high noise levels.

19
3.4.2 Air Pollution
Air pollution is also one of the causes for respiratory diseases in humans and is also known to have ill
effects on flora and fauna. CPCBs study on air pollution & source allocation for the city of Delhi has
accounted vehicles to be one of the major sources along with industries for polluting the air.
Since vehicles are the major source of pollution the study here tries to relate number of vehicles and
pollutants emitted in case of mix use development i.e Lajpat Nagar in a comparison with a hypothetical
scenario assuming if that area was residential with no commercial activity.
Table 4Pollutant emissions from vehicle types(Standard)

CAR 2 W Auto
CO (g/Km) 4.53 0.72 0.69
HC 0.66 0.52 2.06
NOx 0.75 0.15 0.19
CO
2
106.96 45.6 57.71
PM 0.008 0.013 0.118
Table 5Pollutant emissions comparative in mix use area and residential area for Lajpat Nagar (calculated based on
standard emission values)
POLLUTANT
MIX USE RESIDENTIAL
CAR 2W CAR 2W
CO (g/Km) 44344 4190.4 546.14 181.5
HC 6460.7 3026.4 79.57 131.08
NOx 7341.8 873 90.42 37.812
PM 78.312 75.66 0.9645 3.277
CO
2
1E+06 265392 12895 11495
TOTAL
POLLUTANT MIX USE RESIDENTIAL DIFFERNCE
CO (g/Km) 48534.57 727.63 47806.9356
HC 9487.14 210.65 9276.4888
NOx 8214.75 128.23 8086.518
PM 153.972 4.24 149.73048
CO
2
1312423.44 24389.95 1288033.49

20

Figure 26 Pollutant Emissions at Lajpat Nagar based on Vehicle Count
A considerable difference can be seen in the amount of pollutants emitted in case of mix use as
compared to a fully residential scenario. Due to incompatibility of converting emissions in g/Km to ppm;
it cannot be compared with permissible standards. Even though it is quite evident that mix use activity
witnesses high air pollutants primarily due to more vehicles. The interventions could be at technology
level in fuel change or planning high vehicle intensive activities according to location to reduce trips by
private vehicles and also in terms of reducing grouping of similar activities by restricting their number.

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
CAR
2W
CAR
2W
M
I
X

U
S
E
R
E
S
I
D
E
N
T
I
A
L
Quantity of Pollutants in g/Km
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
PM NOx HC CO (g/Km) CO
2


21
3.4.3 Vehicles
Figure 27 Veer Sarvarkar Marg: Lajpat Nagar- Weekday 12:00PM

Source: Primary Survey, Feb 2013
As seen in above two environmental indicators vehicles are one of the major cause of air and noise
pollution; thus looking at other aspects associated with vehicles.
Firstly more the number of vehicles more is the demand for parking i.e land resource. A parking survey
revealed that the parking index on weekdays is 1.5 whereas on weekends it is 2 indicating shortage of
parking space. Due to shortage of parking space in the commercial area the vehicles park in the nearby
residential neighbourhoods not only causing inadequacy for them but also causing nuisance.
Secondly the parking demand gives way for turning open spaces like parks in the residential area into
parking which is indeed a loss to residential environment. Third aspect Is the congestion that the
vehicles cause due to which there is time delay in movement; that can cause inaccessibility for
emergency services like ambulance and fire brigade, thus again creating conditions for potential
disasters. Location of such activities, connectivity with public transport and parking strategy can be the
area of interventions.


22
3.4.4 Infrastructure
In order to assess the infrastructure stress (on residential services) a comparative has been done
between a mix use area and if that area was residential.
3.4.4.1 Solid waste
Table 6: Quantitative Solid Waste generation(In Mixed Use Scenario)

NARAINA 2008 & 2013 LAJPAT 2002 2013
Use Premises Waste Generation Factor Waste generated (Kg per day)
Residential
0.6 kg/percapita/day 432 402 748 786
Retail
0.2 kg/shop/day 53 54 123 169
Clinic/Nursing Home/Lab
2 kg/per bed/day 107 206.6 180 144
Guest House
1.4 kg/100m2/day 840 1680
Bank
0.5 kg/100m2/day 700 900 150 150
Services 0.5 kg/100m2/day 600 600 450 700
Restaurants
0.9 kg/100m2/day 180 180 76.5 306
Office
0.5 kg/100m2/da 228 325 140 455
TOTAL 3139 4348 1867 2710

Source: (http://www.trisanita.org) (urbanindia.nic.in) (www.randwick.nsw.gov.au)
Figure 28 : Qualitative Solid Waste Generation (by various commercial establishments)

Source: (CPHEE0 Manual on Water Supply) (Vatavaran Report, 2006)
0% 50% 100%
Restraunts &
Residential
Markets
Hospital &
%Recyclable
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%
Residential
Restraunts & hotels
Markets
%Biodegradable

23
It is evident from the table above that solid waste generated per day depends on the nature of activity,
for example a restraint with similar area as that of a bank will generate more waste than a bank owing
to its functioning. Thus the quantity of waste generated will be a problem iff all the non residential
activities are high waste generating ones. In mixed use areas besides quantity the other issue related to
waste is the quality; it has been proven by various researches that the waste generated by commercial
establishments like markets, hospitals etc is less recyclable and less bio-degradable in nature as
compared to residential areas thereby having potential to create stress on the environment and its
resources.
3.4.4.2 Water & waste Water
Table 7 Water Demand in Naraina & Lajpat Nagar 2013
Water demand
Use Premises Water requirement standards
NARAINA LAJPAT NAGAR
Residential 150 L/capita/Day 108000 196425
Retail
70 L Per employee per day
5460 63210
Nursing Home
135/bed/day 13500
Guest House 180 L/bed/day 14400
Bank 45 L/head/day 6075 1350
Services 70 L Per employee per day 4200 11760
Restaurants 70 L/Seat/Day 3500 11200
Office 45 L/head/day 1575 2925
TOTAL 156710 286870
(CPHEE0 Manual on Water Supply)

Similar to the case of waste generation, water demand and waste water generated are also dependent
on the type of activity. A guest house will consume more water than a residence of similar area but a
bank of similar area will generate less due to the nature of activities


24
3.4.4.3 Electricity
Table 8Electricity Consumption Comparative

Nos. of hours
Apliances kw/hr RESIDENTIAL BANK
Hours Units Demand KwH Hours Units Demand KwH
AC 1.2 6 4 7.2 10 8 96
CFL 0.025 8 44 8.8 10 100 25
Fan 0.2 15 7 21
Computer 0.09 16 4 5.76 9 15 12.15
TV 0.3 6 2 3.6 0
Coffee maker 0.2 0 3 1 0.6
Refrigrator 6.1 24 1 146.4
Total 192.8 12.75
Source: (Residential consumption of electricity in India (Draft Report))
Since the infrastructure components are dependent on the type of activities and thus cannot be
generalized therefore we would visualize the scenario in our two case study areas namely Naraina and
Lajpat Nagar. Situation one depicts the scenario as it is, that is with mixed land use and situation 2
imagines the same study area to be fully residential and then compares the waste generated, water
demand and waste water generated to visualize the kind and magnitude of impact on infrastructure
services and thereby the natural resources.
It s evident from the table below that in case of Naraina the mix use activities as of now are demanding
more infrastructure provisions than it would in a residential scenario; predominantly owing to the type
of non commercial typologies existing there like guest houses and nursing homes. Whereas in Lajpat
Nagar the infrastructure demand is comparatively less in case of mixed use activities; again due to type
of activities that is retail is less infrastructure intensive. But as explained earlier quality is an issue if
quantity is not. Now it becomes essential to look into the carrying capacity of each infrastructure to
support the demand generated at present and for future as well.
The drawback here is the multiplicity of units for each infrastructure which makes cumulative
infrastructure stress calculation difficult and also the lack of standard factors for each infrastructure
are not in similar units for one type of infrastructure.


25
Table 9 INFRASTRUCTURE STRESS
INFRASTRUCTURE SCENARIO
LAJPAT
NAGAR
NARAINA
Impact on
existing
infrastructure
ISSUES
SOLID WASTE
Scenario 1
Waste generated with
Mix Use (Kg/day) 2710 4549
More in MU Nature of waste is
of concern as %of
biodegradable &
recyclable waste is
less in retail &
medical.
Scenario 2
Waste Generated if
fully Residential 1234 661.5
%Increase (MU)
54% 85%
WATER
Scenario 1
Mix Use (L/day) 286870 156710
Less in MU in
LN but more
in Naraina
Exploitation of
Ground Water is a
concern and
differential supply
hours.
Scenario 2
Fully Residential
308475 145125
%Increase (MU)
-8% 7%
WASTE WATER
(@80%of consumed)

ENERGY-
ELECTRICITY
Mixed Use

Commercial
establishments
have more number
of operational
hours, thus
increasing demand
& creating load on
existing supply
Total Residential

High Impact Moderate Impact Least impact
Figure 29 Infrastructure (solid waste & Water) Demand A comparative between mix use & residential area.

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
LAJPAT NAGAR NARAINA
W
a
s
t
e

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d

(
i
n

K
g

p
e
r

D
a
y
)
SOLID WASTE
MIXED USE RESIDENTIAL
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
LAJPAT NAGAR NARAINA
w
a
t
e
r

D
e
m
a
n
d

(
i
n

L
/
D
a
y
)WATER DEMAND
MIXED USE RESIDENTIAL

26
Lajpat Nagar &Naraina were two planned typologies with different composition of mix. In lajpat nagar
one saw problems associated mostly with vehicles while in Naraina infrastructure aspect was of
concern. The source of problem in Lajpat Nagar being quantity of retail while in Naraina it was the
nature of activity that had the potential to cause stress on existing infrastructure. Yet both were similar
in a way that they had mix of commercial, public semi public & professional activity in residential zone ;
a permission under the chapter of mix use regulation. Other type of mix use that prevails in the city is
residential with House hold Industries. The MPD 2021 permits certain HH industries with a limit of
maximum 5 workers and 5 Kw power thus the next study will try to investigate the scenario of this
particular mix.
3.5 New Sainik Vihar ( Uttam Nagar)
Figure 30 New Sainik Vihar

New Sainik vihar is an unauthorized colony located amongst other unauthorized colonies in Uttam
nagar in West Delhis Nazafgarh zone. Kumargram is a small pocket in that colony with around 1000

27
dweling units and where 85%people are engaged in pottery as a source of livelihood. Commercial
activities are serving the daily needs of the people while some automobile repair shops have come up
as a support or allied activity to the pottery.
Figure 31 Land Use Distribution Figure 32 Distribution by Employment & Use Premises

Source: Primary Survey, South Asia Foundation
Pottery as an economic activity requires raw material such as sand, saw dust with infrastructure facilities
such as water, electricity, Bhatti & small other instruments.
Pottery as an activity is permitted but without bhatti in urban villages but due to the need of the
industry all houses engaged in pottery have Kilns in their house. Smoke from the klin is a major source of
air pollution in the area. Besides air pollution the household industries encourages various allied
activities like raw material supply and finish good transportation and demands space for storage along
with the necessary infrastructure. Transportation of raw material and finished goods leads to increase in
vehicular traffic in already narrow lanes and the water demand beyond household demand in an area
where there is no water supply leads to exploitation of ground water resources.
Figure 33 Activities in Sainik Vihar

Source: Primary Survey Feb 2013
Residences with
HH Industry
(Pottery)
Other Residences
Commercial
Potters
Mud Suppliers
Saw Dust
Suppliers
Shopkeepers
Others
Retail
Eateries
Service
Banned

28
3.6 Inferences
Lajpat Nagar Naraina Sainik Vihar
Mix Characteristics Retail Dominates No clear domination,
banks, guest houses
more in number
HH Industry in form of
pottery
Growth Pattern Retail On ground
On main roads goes to
upper floors & then side
roads. (ROW influenced)
Natural features like an
elevated covered drain
restricts high catchment
activity.
Daily needs/
Neighoubourhood level
shops move inwards ;
Although in mix use
typology
Growth in guest houses,
banks etc.
Daily need activities are
catered at CSC/LSC/CC
which existed before
MU notification
Commercial activity
caters to daily needs at
neighbouhood level.
Activities like
automobile repair etc
have come up due to
transportation needs of
industry
Problem Vehicles are major source of
Air & Noise Pollution
- Congestion, Nuisance
-Delay
-Implication on land
resource through parking
demand.
Potential to
infrastructural stress
Internal residential
roads being used as
thoroughfare
Air pollution due to
working
Increase in support
activities like
transportation, repair
Inadequate Storage &
infrastructure support

Likely Cause Central market (Location)
Accessibility
Grouping of similar activities
(Quantity)
Due to high waste
generating, water &
electricity consuming
activities.(Nature of
Activity)
Working & associated
requirements &
unauthorized nature.


29
3.7 Dwarka
Figure 34: Aashirwaad Chowk , Dwarka (Junction of Sector,12,11,5,6)

Source: Primary Survey Feb 2013
Dwarkas Ashirwad chowk ( at junction of sector 5,6,11 & 12) is a planned linear stretch of mix use as
against the case of permitted mix use as observed in the other three areas before

The mix use parcel of land is linear in form
catering to the growth pattern of retail while
personalized services, banks, bigger
restaurants take position on first floor &
above. Offices work from first floor and
above as they do not need frontage to attract
customers.
The vehicular traffic is also not causing
nuisance currently majorly due to adequate
parking (planned) and wide service lanes to
provide for extra parking & also
Figure 35Dwarka Aashirwaad Chowk

0 45 270 M
Source: (Zonal Development Plan;Planning Zone KII)

30
The catchment area served is well transverse on cycle rickshaws; which in turn reduces pollution due to
vehicles. The concept does not pose potential to harm the residential environment instead it caters to
all their needs within convenient locations.
Figure 36 Use Premises Dwarka 2013

Source Primary Survey, Feb 2013
Figure 37 Floor Wise Use Premises (Dwarka) 2013

Source Primary Survey, Feb 2013
RESIDENTIAL
RETAIL
NURSING HOME/CLINIC
STORAGE
BANK
SERVICES
OFFICE
GUEST HOUSE
RESTRAUNT
Vacant
Coaching
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
GF
FF
SF
TF
FLOOR WISE USE PREMISES2013
RETAIL NURSING HOME/CLINIC STORAGE
BANK SERVICES OFFICE
GUEST HOUSE MANUFACTURING RESTRAUNT
Vacant COACHING

31
3.8 Conclusions
POTENTIAL TO GENERATE
Use premises/
activities
Vehicula
r traffic Noise
Air
Pollution Waste
High water
demand
Electricity
Demand hazard
Support
Activities
RETAIL
Grocery
Ration
Clothes
Shoes
Accessories
furniture
Automobile
Wine & Beer
Personalized
Services
Parlour

Tailor
Dry Cleaner

atta chakki
Food Related
Meat & Polutary
Restraunts
Baker
Small sweet
shops
Service & Repair
automobiles
electronics
Medical
Chemist
Lab
Clinic
Nursing Home

Banks
ATMs
Guest Houses
Junk Shop
Proff. Offices
HH Industry
Pottery
Packaging
Wire Making
Filter (Vehicles)
Embroidery-
Machine
Book Binding

High
Potential
Moderate
Potential
Low
Potential

32
From the site specific inferences we have drawn some generalized conclusions with respect to different
use premises and their likely impact and classified into high to low in terms of their potential for that
impact.
In order to have global solutions that can be applied to any site; more such generalized conclusions
have been drawn, which are presented below.
Intensity & type of Mix Use is dependent on location, context, accessibility, existing activities,
presence of planned commercial space, natural barriers etc; thus cannot be generalized and is
site specific. Therefore a Site Specific Approach is required for planning of mix uses or for
notification and for providing facilities for mix use areas.

Difference in mix type has different type and magnitude of impact. E.g Naraina has higher
impact on infrastructure while in Lajpat Nagar major impact is due to vehicles and in Sainik vihar
its due to working needs of the activity. Thus we need to have an assessment methodology for
the existing areas with mix use to determine the nature of problem, its cause and magnitude so
that a solution for that particular area and problem is sought.

Commercial or say non residential activities permitted under the mixed use regulations of MPD
2021; has further sub division and growth pattern. E.g. offices and services can work and are
working from upper floors, thereby indicating that restricting non residential activities on
ground floor will not be effective as an measure to control intensity of commercialization
therefore a need based approach combined with freedom of choice of location is required along
with a more effective control mechanism.
Vehicular traffic is one common cause for problems like air & noise pollution, negative impact
on residential environment in terms of causing delay in emergency service & day to day
activities by causing congestion, in terms of causing loss to open spaces both quantitatively (by
conversion into parking lots) and qualitatively (by commercial premises using it for various
purposes) and also leads to increase in thoroughfare traffic in internal residential areas. . it can
be said that Vehicles are a factor of catchments which in turn is a factor of grouping of similar
activities (use premises), branding, accessibility, context. Therefore we need to restrict all the
factors that directly or indirectly lead to increase in vehicles; for which we need a mechanism to

33
restrict use premises along with it we need a detailed classification of use premises and
associated vehicular trips expected. Since it is an area subjective concept thus involvement of
local stakeholders can also help in determining the mix of activities based on their needs.
Not permitting one premises (building material) due to likely spill over on ROW but allowing
other such uses premises (e.g. automobile showroom) defeats the purpose behind it. One
premises does not function individually, it invites related premises E.g warehouse with retail and
industry. Detailed Classification of use premises & their likely impact. Permitting based on inter-
relationships and impact.
In Areas with planned commercial spaces mix use adds to commercial space requirements and
invites premises that are not satisfying local or daily needs as intended in the mix use
regulations and also the number of certain premises like banks rise beyond control.
Although mix use has been permitted through notification at street level but the impacts are
experienced by the area as a whole (neighbourhood); also the services are provided on the basis
of population or neighbouhood level housing level or ward level thus it becomes difficult to
assess additional infrastructure requirement and its supply thereafter. The load at one street
increases immensely which could have been distributed in the area.
The concept of mix use to provide for local needs near residences to reduce travel works better
in lower income communities as diversity is high and catchments are local and provides for
household income/ livelihood.

As seen in the Dwarka case study; Planning rather than permitting based on existing scenario
works better as environmental implications are comparatively less.
It is quite evident that a control mechanism is needed to restrict the activities from causing nuisance
thus Before making proposals according to the conclusions and suggestions above; we will first look at
the existing control mechanism provided in the policy framework of mix use regulations under the
Master plan of Delhi 2021.


34
3.9 Existing Provisions under MPD 2021
EXISTING CONTROLS in (MPD
2021)
ISSUE REMARK
Permits commercial
activity in form of retail.
[15.6.1. (i) Retail shops
and Offices only on
ground floor & basement.
Floor &
type

When % of mix increases, its
difficult to restrict to only ground
floor and offices etc can work from
upper floors unlike retail. Only
Retail; restaurants, services etc not
included
Cannot restrict only to
GF. Need provisions for
related activities like
storage, restaurants etc

Upto 20 Sqm shops for
various local needs
Permitted. (On any
Street)
Area
and
Type
Number of small shops together -->
50% non-residential activity --->
eligible MU----> bigger shops &
associated issues-->smaller shops
move to other internal streets.
Cyclic process
Mechanism to restrict
needed
Small shops & 'PSP'
(primary school, guest
house, bank, nursing
home, clinic etc) &
professional activity
permitted on any street
subject to ROW condition
Type,
ROW &
Colony
Type
Mix use exists beyond notified
streets And thus impact is beyond
street. Lesser ROW in lower
category colony due to existing
scenario; but e.g. nursing home on
9m ROW will cause more
inconvenience.
Area based approach
Need based (according to
Population standards).
Assessment of facilities
(PSP) and allocating sites
accordingly.(special
provisions for less ROW)
Differentiated approach
based on category of
colony & ROW
ROW &
Colony
Type
A&B type has more safeguards- E.g.
new banks not allowed , Building
material store permitted in E,F
where already lesser ROW ;more
likely to spill on road.
Permission to be based
on holding potential
rather than 'what is
where is principle'
Banks Area,
Plot
Size &
FAR )
FAR restriction to maintain the Mix;
but no limit to number.

List of not permitted
Establishments.
Type E, F; while automobile showroom
also cause spill on road & are not
serving local daily needs.
Detailed classification &
permissions basis.
RWA consultation Public Participation
Source: (MPD 2021)
There are certain other Provisions and powers with in MPD 2021 that can be utilized
Under Section 15.9 of MPD 2021 the Mix use property owner has to
Register and pay one time charges

35
Pay annual charges
Obtain permission for modifying building
Pay parking charges
The fund can be utilized to augment lacking infrastructure according to area wise assessment.
Permission can be granted with certain conditions. (E.g. rainwater harvesting to reduce water load or
use of non-renewable energy source for 10%power load)
Power to cancel or deny permission under the MPD can be used to sanction permissions based
on various techniques discussed later in the report under suggestions.
4 RECOMMENDATIONS
It is quite evident now that one needs
- A methodology to assess the problem its cause and magnitude for each area and provide
accordingly and to restrict the number or type; that can be applied to any area,
- A policy framework to implement the assessment methodology for further notifications and up
gradation of existing mix use areas and
- A planning guideline for new mixed use areas.
Thus the above is proposed as a three part strategy to deal with mixed use in its three forms i.e existing
(those which are permitted), new (that are going to be notified) and new (that are going to be
planned).
4.1 A planning guideline for new mixed use areas
Following demonstrates the possible aspects that should be undertaken in such guidelines to help
reducing negative environmental implications and enhance its benefits.
1. Location
Location should be governed by various parameters like connectivity, walkable or cyclable distance, land
uses in its surrounding (context), population to serve etc. With its prime aim to maintain the catchment
within non motorized vehicle limit.Example : Options to establish mixed use development incorporating

36
disturbance producing uses should be considered in locations where existing background noise levels
are high, such as near major transport routes.
2. Development control norms or Bye- Laws
Bye Laws covering height, setbacks, plot widths, Ground coverage, minimum mix standards, and density
can be effective in controlling and maintaining a mix character. For example in Dwarka commercial use
is restricted to one plot depth only which helps in controlling the infiltration. Also the controls can help
in mitigating air pollution spread and noise levels in residential areas.
Figure 38Air & Noise Pollution mitigation measures through development control norms

Figure : Variation in building facades in height reassess the dispersion of air pollutants and reduces
the effects of canyoning while set back in upper stories helps in shielding and reducing noise levels
in residential premises above.
Source: (NSW Department of Planning , 2008)
3. Mix
A detailed classification of permitted and not permitted premises would be formulated under
this aspect. The basis for such formulation could be like
- Number of peak hour vehicular trips generated (as provided in TOD policy for Delhi) which could
be worked out in a transport impact assessment.
- Peak hour of activities and a mix ensuring round the clock activity without overlap of peak hours
to reduce traffic and related issues.
- Mix based on compatibility of two uses.
- Controls like no single establishment to occupy more than one floor
- Any trade or activity involving any kind of obnoxious, hazardous, inflammable, non compatible
and polluting substance or process shall not be permitted.
- Any use that has high parking requirement that cannot be unbundled to an off-site location.
Podium acts as
a noise shield

37
4. Transportation
Since vehicles are source for causing numerous environmental problems thus the guidelines
should look into detail not only for parking requirement in terms of standards and ideal location
but also at policy level interventions like high charges, segregated short term and long term
parking in terms of location and payments. Also there should be conditions for need of transport
impact assessment to know the number of vehicles the proposed mix would generate.
5. Infrastructure
Guidelines should lay down not only standards for infrastructure provisions but should also
make it mandatory to have on site/ decentralized systems for provisions like waste water
treatment and reuse within premises, water management to reduce water demand , reuse of
organic waste, rainwater harvesting. The guidelines could set target like for example 10%water
requirement has to me met through recycling or 10%power supply should be met through non-
conventional resources. Or dual flush systems are mandatory etc.
6. Landscaping
Landscaping should be incorporated not only for aesthetic purpose but also to mitigate noise
and air pollution. Such Species should be listed and should be advised to incorporate.
7. Environment
Although indirectly environment has been covered in various other aspects like bye-Laws (For
example Non-residential uses at ground level, such as commercial or retail at the front of the
site, with residential floors set back, will increase the separation distance and shield the upper
floors from the noise source), landscaping, infrastructure yet certain environment friendly
measures should be made mandatory like rain water harvesting, storm water management,
pervious outdoor material. Also certain standards should be set for noise levels, air pollution
levels, percentage of green space. The choice of material can also be restricted with
environmental point of view.
8. Urban Design
Frontage design, Street design, vending zones and public open spaces would be an integral part
of urban design aspect to increase the aesthetic value of area and develop imagery.
9. Built form Design
Provide separate entrances, pedestrian and lift access and designated car parking for the
commercial portion of the development. Control of visual pollution Eg.Plant and machinery used
by non-residential activities are integrated within the building or are suitably screened.

38
Control Noise & vibration By Locating courtyards or balconies away from the noise and emissions
source

Source: (NSW Department of Planning , 2008)
10. Management
Timing of service delivery, regular update etc .The figure below tries o illustrate the above
mentioned aspects.
Figure 39 Illustration for possible development control norms.
Source:Author
Locating noise sensitive rooms such as living rooms and
bedrooms away from the facade exposed to the noise
source (e.g. on the opposite side of the dwelling) can lower
the level of noise treatment needed for these rooms

39
4.2 Techniques for further notifications and assessment of existing
4.2.1 Infrastructure Demand- Supply
The infrastructure supply of any area in which mix used is ought to be proposed can be obtained
thorough secondary sources and demand could be assessed from the type and quantum on use
premises in the area; thus a demand-supply variation would be known and according one can permit
the mix use or in case of existing mix use one can determine which services need augmentation.
For example in case of solid waste one can assess the supply by number of dhalaos and their capacity;
the demand can be generated by multiplying the number of use premises with their per day waste
generation standards. The total demand can be compared with supply; a time series data for demand
can help in determine that if commercialization happens at same pace with same typologies then when
will demand overshoot supply and hence provisions can be planned in advance. Whereas in case of
new notifications one can determine how much an area can take and if we permit certain activites
what how the demand-supply equation will change.
Infrastructure demand supply should be a cumulative assessment made for an area for water, waste
water, solid waste, electricity and parking.
Following is an example of demand supply equation for solid waste determined for the case study area
of Naraina.
Table 10 Solid Waste Demand- Supply Equation for Naraina
Population
Nos. of Dhalaos Capacity (in L) 2007 2011 2021
2 13200 59,003 68,779 86,836

Residential waste (kg/capita/day)
Non residential
(kg/capita/day)
Total (kg/capita/day
2007 2011 2021 2007 2011 2021 2007 2011 2021*
35401 41267 52101 3140 4549 5823 38542 45816 57924
Source: Agro Enviro Infra lmtd, Local Area plan


40
Table 11 Solid Waste management- Demand Supply Equation

Nos. of Dhalaos
Capacity of 1 (Kg Total Capacity
(SUPPLY) (Kg)
Required as per standards 6
13200
79200

Existing
3 13200 39600
2021 Requirement 9 13200 118800
Population Total (kg/day)-DEMAND Shotage/Excess
2007 2011 2021* 2007 2011 2021* 2007 2011 2021
59,003 68,779 86,836 38542 45816 57924 40659 13187 10854
%of Supply (standard) 49% 58% 73% 42% 27%
%of Supply (Existing) 97.3% 116% 146% -16% -46%
Demand w/o guest houses
37702 44136 55774
Source: Agro Enviro Infra ltd, Local Area plan, Author
Figure 40: Demand Supply Scenario for solid waste management- Naraina

Compiled & calculated based on data from local area plan for ward 152, Agro Enviro Infra Ltd,www. urbanindia.nic.in
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2007 2011 2021*
W
a
s
t
e

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d

(
i
n

K
g
)
Total (kg/day)-DEMAND Residential (kg/capita/day) Existing
Existing Supply 2011
Supply Required as per Standards

41
In case of Naraina the current supply was adequate for current demand including that of mix use in
year 2007 but that same supply is proving to be inadequate for the year 2011 an if the
commercialization goes at same pace then there will be acute shortage but of the supply is according
population standards in that area then the demand will be met as supply would be on higher side.
The method also needs to incorporate various other parameters like available land as a resource to
increase supply of dhalos or available transportation system to increase the waste disposal, the
availability of manpower, the hazard potential of the waste, increase in non-biodegradable waste etc.
Thus a total of assimilative and supportive carrying capacities need to be determined in order to plan
either we need to work on supply management or demand side control.
The drawback of the method in this particular case is that the infrastructure provisions are according to
population standards and have network at ward level or neighbouhood level while mix use is permitted
at street level and also there is a lack in terms of standards for each all use premises.


42
4.2.2 Commercial Space Requirement
It was observed that mix use provides for commercial space in areas without planned commercial
spaces while in areas with planned commercial spaces it adds to the requirements but as population
will increase the existing commercial spaces will be inadequate and then mix use can provide as a
support to overcome shortage. Thus an approach based on commercial space need by an area.
The following is an example of the above mentioned method for the case study area Naraina
Table 12 Commercial Space Assessment for Naraina

Area
(Sqm)
Required Existing
Additional
Requirement
2013
Add Required in
2021
Facility Standard Nos. Area Nos. Area Nos. Area Nos. Area
C.S.C 1 For
5000 2000 12 24000 5 10000 7 14000 12 24734
L.S.C
1 for
10000 3000 6 18000 2 6000 4 12000 7 20050
C.C
1 for
1Lakh
40,0
00 1 40000 2 80000

TOTAL 82000 96000
Add
Space
Required 26000 44785

Additional Space Available 14000 Space
through
M.U
20864
Additional
requirement
30785

Space through
local need
establishments
13491

Figure 41 Assessment for commercial space demand-Supply -Naraina

0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
2011 2021
A
r
e
a

i
n

M
e
t
r
e

S
q
u
a
r
e
Commercial Space
Required
Available
Mix
total
It can be seen that at present commercial
space available without including mix use
is less than the required but if we include
the mix use space then it exceeds the
required amount. But the issue is that the
commercial component provided by mix
use is not fulfilling the daily or local needs
of the people (eg. Guest houses) thus
along with space requirement one has to
check the type of premises that should be
permitted.
Existingcommercial space

43
4.2.3 Mix based on Peak hour of activities
Figure 42 Peak hour of activities
Morning Day Evening Night

Retail

Restaurant

Bank

Nursing Home

Ofices

Residential
Mix can be based on peak hour of activity to avoid clash and thus traffic and other negative impacts. For
example residential and office have inverse peak hours and thus can work together while retail and
residential will clash in late evening hours. Also the peak hour based mixing can be clubbed with the
below mentioned inter-relationship based mixing which is based on the fact that certain activities need
other activities to support its existence for example retail will invite storage or restaurants while
restaurants have inter-relation with offices as well.
4.2.4 Inter-relationship based mixing
Figure 43 Synergy between use premises
Inter-relationship

Office Residential Retail
Entertainment
(hotel) Cultural
Education
/Medical Industry Storage
Office

Residential

Retail

Entertainmen
t /Hotel

Cultural/
Recreation

Education
/Medical

Industry

High
Compatibility `

Moderate
Compatibility

Least
Compatibility


44
4.2.5 Others
There are few other possible methodologies that can be adopted for assessing as well for permitting
mix use areas.
4.2.5.1 Diversity Index, Mix Use Index
The mixed index as defined by Pols et al. (2009) and Ritsema van Eck et al. (2009).

When MI(h) =0.5, the balance between living and working is perfect.
Let H(h) denote the number of households in a neighbourhood of house (h) and E (gh) the number of
employees in sector (g) .

More the diversity less will be the same type of activity and thus will likely attract less number of
people from outside the neighbouhood on the reason of less variety.
4.2.5.2 Traffic impact assessment (vehicular trips & parking demand)
TIA is a method in which one determines the traffic generated by a particular activity, its modal split,
parking duration and requirements, environmental implications due to vehicles and also peak hour
traffic and its characteristics. Thus based on such assessments one can determine which activities will
generate high vehicular traffic and therefore can be included in the list of not permitted.

45
4.2.5.3 Quality of Life
There are various indicators for quality of life, few selected indicators are mentioned below; these are
the ones that are applicable in case of assessing impact of mix use on residential environment and are
quantifiable as well.
- Air Quality Index
- Water Quality Index
- Frequency of environmental accidents
- Urban sprawl
- Green area
- Average waste disposal
- Electricity consumption
- Water consumption
- House price-to-income ratio.
- Inadequate housing
- Crime rate

5 Further research possibilities
Social Aspect and implications although important and integral part of mix use has not been
considered in the scope of the study but has the potential for research
Certain aspects came up during the study which can be probed further
- Factors that affects catchment and its magnitude
- Carrying capacity management of mix use areas.
- Guideline formulation for mixed use development with environmental perspective (for both
new and existing areas).


46
6 References
Adelaide City Council. (2009). Guide to MIx Use Development. Adelaide.
Calofonia Climate Action Network. (2009). Land Use & Community Design Nine Case. Institute for
Local Government.
CPCB. (2006). Status of Ambient Noise Level in Delhi .
Ministry of Urban Dvelopment, (1990)CPHEE0 Manual on Water Supply.
D, Martyn.Sep-Oct (1990). Inner City Areas. Architecture+Design .
DDA. (2010). Zonal Development Plan;Planning Zone KII.
Delhi Development Authority. MPD 1962. Delhi: DDA.
Delhi Development Authority. MPD 2001. Delhi.
Delhi Devlopment Authority. Master Plan for Delhi 2021.
Delhi Devlopment Authority. (2007). MPD 2021. Delhi: D.D.A.
Kumar, Amit. (2012). Typology and Characteristics of Mixed Use Activities and its Implications for
Planned Development.Unpublished Thesis, Department of Physical Planning, SPA,Delhi.
Paul, Devarupa. (2002). Evaluation of Mixed land uses in Residential area: case studies Lajpat nagar and
South extension.. Unpublished Thesis, Department of Physical Planning, SPA,Delhi.
Pols, L., Van Amsterdam, H., Harbers, A., Kronberger, P. and Buitelaar, E. (2009). Mixing of Living and
Working. The Hague / Bilthoven: PBL.
Ritsema van Eck, J., Van Amsterdam, H. and Van der Schuit, J. (2009).Spatial Developments in Urban
Area. Dynamic Urban Environments 2000-2006. The Hague / Bilthoven: Planning for Environment.

47
Reference Material. (2012). National Workshop on Status and Provisions of Mixed LandUse. Centre for
Urban Studies,IIPA,TCPO.
Residential Consumption of Electricity in India (Draft Report) (2010). MoEF.
Rhind, D.(1980)Land Use. New York: Mc Graw Hill .
Rudrabhishek Enterprises, New Delhi. (2012). Draft Redevelopment Plan for Special Area. Delhi.
Vatavaran (2006).Delhi: A Vatavaran NGO Report.
Mittal, Shilpi. (2007) Impact of Mixed Landuses on Residential Areas. UnpublishedThesis, Department
of Housing, SPA,Delhi.
Nijhara, V Dev, (2008) Policy Implication and Responses: A Case Study of Mixed Land Use Policy,
Delhi master Plan 2021. Unpublished Thesis, Department of Physical Planning, SPA,Delhi.
Government of South Australia, Department of Planning Transport & Infrastructure, (2012)
Reducing Noise and Air Impacts from Road, Rail and Mixed Land Use, Adelaide
Local Area Plan ward 152 (2011), Municipal Co-operation of Delhi, Unpublished
Delhi Development Authority, (2012) Transit Oriented Development-Policy, Norms, Guidelines,
Delhi, UTTIPEC,


48
7 Annexure- Survey Formats
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE: New Delhi
?????f ??U? ? ?o??? ?: ?_O???
Department of Environmental Planning
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRIMARY SURVEY: CUSTOMER
Thesis: Environmental Implications of Mixed Use Planning, February 2013
1. Use premises being visited __________
2. Mode of travel
a) Car/ Taxi b) 2 Wheeler c) Public Transport d) Walk/ Rickshaw
3. Distance from residence ________________
4. Activity/ premises visited & Frequency. (List Activity)
a) Daily _________ b) Once week ________
b) c) Once in 2-3 Weeks _______ d)Once a Month ___________
c)
5. Problems Perceived in the area
Problem NOISE POLLUTION TRAFFIC
CONGESTION
PARKING
(inadequacy)
MOVEME
NT
VISUAL PUBLIC
FACILITIE
S
GARBAGE/
CLEANINESS
Yes/ No
SEVERITY
(High,
Medium,
Low)

Sources
(Please tick)

Vehicles

Working
Loading/
unloading

other
Vehicles

Working

Equipments

other
Nos of
vehicles
Less road
width
Inadequate
parking
other
Nos of
vehicles

Parking

other
Encroach
ment

Parked
vehicles
Hawkers
Other

Encroach
ment

Machine
(A.C)
Display
Other
Eateries
Habits
Shops/Est
ablishmen
ts
Lack of
Maintena
nce
Problem/
Impact
(Please Tick)
disturbanc
e

Irritation

Other
Diseases

Other
Delay

Health

Other

ANY OTHER (Please specify)_________________________
6. Advantages (of mixed use) or benefit of that activity in this particular location.
_____________________________________________________________________
NO.: ____

49
?????f ??U? ? ?o??? ?: ?_O???
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRIMARY SURVEY: RESIDENTS
1. Location of residence
a) On mixed used Street b) same neighborhood/Locality
Distance ________________mts.
2. IF on mixed used streets then reason for selection & if given choice would they relocate
(why)_______________________________________________________________________
3. Where do you go for
a) Grocery__________ b) Service (Pharmacy, dry cleaner, saloon, Banks) ______
c) Eating Out _______ d) Clothes, shoes, jewelry _________ e) Other retail _____-
f) Monthly Ration ______ g) Repair works _______ h) Medical Facilities ______
i. Study area (mention name) ii. Other mixed use area/ Comm Market iv) CSC/LSC
4. Problems due to mixed use
Problem NOISE POLLUTION CONGESTION PARKING
(inadequacy
)
MOVEME
NT
VISUAL LOSS OF
PRIVACY
GARBAGE/
CLEANINESS
ILLUMNATIO
N/ GLARE
Yes/ No
SEVERITY
(High,
Medium,
Low)

Sources
(Please tick)

Vehicles

Working
Loading/
unloading

other
Vehicles

Working

Equipments

other
Nos of vehicles
Less road width
Inadequate
parking
Other

Nos of
vehicles

Parking

other
Encroach
ment

Parked
vehicles
Hawkers
Other

Encroach
ment

Machine
(A.C)
Display
Other
Too
many
people

Eateries
Habits
Shops/Esta
blishments
Lack of
Maintenanc
e
Vehicles
Hoardings
Problem/
Impact
(Please Tick)
disturban
ce
(Sleep)

Studying
Irritation
Other
Diseases
Health

Other
Delay

Health

Nuisance

Other
Vehicle

Pedestr
ian
conflict

Threat

Aesthetics
Odour
Unhygienic
conditions-
diseases

Disturbanc
e
Nuisance
Problems
related to
eyes.
5. Advantages of mixed use _______________________

NO.: ____

50
?????f ??U? ? ?o??? ?: ?_O???
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRIMARY SURVEY: ESTABLISHMENT OWNERS
Thesis: Environmental Implications of Mixed Use Planning, February 2013
1. Use Premises (activity & Floor) _________________________________________
2. Year of establishment _____________
3. Ownership status
a) Owned b) Rented c) Other (specify)___________
4. Nos. of employee __________
5. Mode of travel (nos.)
i) Car____ ii) 2 Wheeler____ iii) Public Transport______ iv) Walk/ rickshaw___
6. Where do you park your (& employee) vehicles? _____________
7. Residence Location a) Same Premises b) Same Ward/colony c) Other
8. Reason for choosing this location
______________________________________________________________
9. Customers are majorly from which area a) From the locality b) outside the locality
10. Loading/ Unloading Time ______ vehicle type_____
11. Do you associate your establishment with any of these problems?
a) Noise b) Air Pollution c) Traffic Congestion
d) Parking inadequacy e) Water Supply shortage f) Public Conveniences
g) Electricity h) Other ____________
12. Advantages of Mixed Use streets/ the present location
NO.: ____

51
THESIS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIXED USE PLANNING; PARKING SURVEY: FEB 2013
STREET
NAME
Day &
Date
Length
(in M)

9:00-
10:00
10:00-
11:00
11:00-
12:00
12:00
-1:00
1:00-
2:00
2:00-
3:00
3:00-
4:00
4:00-
5:00
5:00-
6:00
6:00-
7:00
7:-
8:
TO
TAL


52

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