Anybody who believes that the way to a mans heart is through his stomach flunked geography.

Robert Byrne
Coordinate Systems
Thetermcoordinatesystemasdefinedingeometryisasysteminwhichapositionofapointoranobjectcan
bedeterminedbymeansofnumericalvalueswhichmaybeasinglenumberoragroupofnumbers.In
GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)ausershouldbefamiliarwiththetypeofcoordinatesystemusedina
map.Beingknowledgeablewiththecoordinatesystem,theuserwillbeabletomeasureaccuratelydistances
ofobjectsonthemap.
TwotypesofcoordinatesystemsinGIS
TherearetwotypesofcoordinatesystemsthataGISusermustconsider.Thesecoordinatesystemsarethe
GeographicCoordinateSystem(GCS)andtheProjectedGeographicSystem(PCS).Choiceofthecoordinate
systemswilldependonthepurposeandobjective.
GeographicCoordinateSystem(GCS)definesthelocationofanobjectonaspherical(orspheroidal)modelof
theearth.Figure21showstheGCS.

Figure 2-1
GCSrepresentslocationontheearthsurfacebysetsofnumbersand/orletters.Oneofthenumbers
representstheverticalposition,andtheotherwillbethehorizontalposition.Commonly,thesearelatitude,
longitude,andelevation.Latitudeistheanglebetweentheequatorialplaneandahorizontallinethattraverse
throughaspecifiedobject.Equatorisanimaginarylinethatdividesthenorthernhemispherefromthe
southernhemisphere.Imagineavertexofananglelocatedattheverycoreoftheglobeandoneofitsraysis
attheequatorandastheotherraymovestowardtheNorthPole,theangleofthevertexalsoincreasesuntilit
reaches90
0
.ThisisalsowhathappenedwiththerayasitmovestowardtheSouthPole.Thus,theequatorhas
thelatitudeof0
0
,theNorthPole90
0
N,andtheSouthPole90
0
S.
Longitudeontheotherhandistheeastwestlocationofanobjectonthesphericalmodel.Thedivision
betweentherightandtheleftsideoftheglobeiscalledthemeridian.Animaginaryreferencelineisactually
establishedin1851bySirGeorgeAiryanditiscalledthePrimeMeridian.Thisisalinethatpassesthrough
Greenwich,UKandtheinternationalzerolongitudereferenceline.Movingeastward,thePrimeMeridianis
from0
0
to+180
0
(0
0
to180
0
E).Goingwestward,itisfrom0
0
to180
0
(0
0
to180
0
W).Asingledegreeintervalfor
eitherthelatitudeorlongitudeisapproximatelyequalto111kilometers.ExamplesofcoordinatesgiveninGCS
are10
0
5122.3N125
0
3215.6EorN10
0
5122.3E125
0
3215.6.
ProjectedCoordinateSystem(PCS)representsthelocationofanobjectonaflatmodeloftheearth(map).An
exampleofaPCSisshowninFigure22.

Figure 2-2
PCSisasystematicwayoftransformingthesphericalglobeintoaflatplane.Sincetherearedifferentmethods
applied,PCSvaries.Figure23showsdifferentprojectionsofSouthAmerica.

Figure 2-3

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ProjectionsonaProgrammaticLevel
Eachdifferentprojectionisamathematicalfunctionthattakesthepairedcoordinatesasinputs[(x,y)],and
generatestheoutputpairofcoordinatesas[f(x,y)](considerTable21).
Input Output
Angles Cartesian
coordinates
State Plane UTM
Miller Cylindrical Lambert
Azimuthal
Table 2-1
AnexampleofhowacertainprojectionchangesasetofcoordinatesisshowninTable22.
Projection, Zone, Datum (units) X Y
geographic, NAD27 (decimal degrees) -122.35
0
47.62
0

UTM, Zone 10, NAD25 (meters) 548843.5049 5274052.0957
State Plane, WA-N, NAD83 (feet) 1266092.5471 229783.3093
Table 2-2
Geographiccoordinatesareconvertedfromangularunits(degrees)todistanceunitsonamap(feetor
meters).
ShapeoftheEarth
IfyouthinkthatEarthisaperfectsphere,thenyouaresurelyatalostthatisbecausetheearthasmost
peoplethoughtassmoothlysphericalisactuallyjagged.Ifyouremoveallbodiesofwaterfromthesurfaceof
theearth,thetrueshapeoftheearthwillberevealedtoyou(seeFigure27).

Figure 2-7
Theearthisspheroidalorellipsoid,itisnotperfectlysymmetrical.InFigure28,thesemimajor(bluelines)
andthesemiminor(redlines)axisgeographicallywillnotcoincide.

Figure 2-8
Ithasbeenrevealedthroughsatellitedataandobservationsoftheexistenceofseveralellipticaldeviations.
OneexampleisthefactthattheSouthPoleismuchclosertotheequatorthantheNorthPole.Anotherfactis
thattheearthsspheroiddeviatesslightlyfordifferentregionsoftheearth.Toaddressthesedeviations,
differentspheroidsareusedthroughouttheworld.But,allowingdeviationstobeignoredandusingthesame
spheroidforanylocationsontheearthcouldleadtoerrorsofseveralmeters,orevenhundredofmeters
whenappliedonaregionalscale.
Clarke1866spheroidwasthemostcommonlyusedspheroidforNorthAmericainmostgeographicdatabases,
butitwasreplacedtodaywithGRS80spheroid(seeFigure29aandFigure210bforcomparison).

Figure 2-9a (GRS80) Figure 2-9b (Clarke 1866)

GRS80wasactuallycreatedusingsatelliteinformation,anditisnowbeginningtoreplacethetraditional
groundmeasuredspheroids,suchasClarke1866.(Note:Bothspheroidsmeasurementsareroundedtothe
nearestmeter).

Datum
Geoidistheapproximationfortheshapeoftheearthatsealevel.InFigure210,observehowthe
ellipsoid/spheroidfitsonthemodel.Knowingwhatspheroidisused;applyingadatumwilldefinethefitfora
particularspheroid.Theellipsoid/spheroidmusthaveazeropointsomewhereandthemeansealevelmustbe
establishedfromthegeoid.

Figure 2-10
Anobjectscoordinatevaluesvarywiththespheroidandthedatum.OnFigure211,theredcoloredaxisis
thelocaldatumcoordinatesystemwhichisagoodfitforlocaldata.Ontheotherhand,thebluecoloredaxis
istheearthcentereddatumcoordinatesystemwhichisagoodfitforaglobalscaledata.

Figure 2-11

GISLaboratoryExercise#2CoordinateSystems
Objectives:
Inthisexercise,youwillbeabletolearnhowto:
FindtheinformationofthecoordinatesystemusingArcCatalogandArcMap.
Viewandexplorerealtimeprojection.
Modifythecoordinatesystemofadataframe.
Examinethecoordinatesystemofafeatureclass
StartArcMap
IftheGettingStartedwindowwillappearjustcloseitorclicktheCancelbutton.Anemptymapisdisplayed.
ClickontheCustomizemenuandthentheArcMapOptions

SelecttheMetadatatab.UndertheMetadataStylegroupbox,clickthedropdownlistandselectISO
19139MetadataImplementationSpecification.BesuretochecktheAutomaticallyupdatewhen
metadataisviewedcheckbox.ClickOKtoclosetheArcMapOptionswindow.

Savetheemptymapinyour\myGISOutputsfolderasmyCoordinateSystems.

IntheCatalogwindow,rightclickFolderConnectionsandlocatetheLearnGIS2folder.Highlight
LearnGIS2andclickOK.

IntheCatalogwindow,expand...\LearnGIS2(clickthe+signbesidetheLearnGIS2folder).Expand
CoordinateSystemsfolderandthenexpandWorldgeodatabase.

RightclickontheCountriesfeatureclassandclickItemDescription.

ClickthePreviewtab.

Observethatthegeographyisstretchedfromeasttowest.Canada,forexample,iswiderandmore
compressedfromnorthtosouththanyouusuallyseeit.Antarctica,ontheotherhand,seemslargerthan
Russia.
OntheItemDescriptionwindow,clicktheIdentifytool.

ClicktheeasternborderofRussia.

ResizetheItemDescriptionwindowandmoveitsoyoucanseeboththeIdentifyResultswindowand
themap.

Note:ThevaluesintheLocationfieldarearrangedaslongitudelatitudeformat.Example:123.45678
12.34567,hasalongitudeof123.45678andalatitudeof12.34567.
1. WhatisthevalueoflongitudespecifiedintheIdentifyResultswindow?

_______________________

ClickthewesternmostborderofNorthAmerica(Alaska).

2. WhatisthevalueofthelongitudespecifiedintheIdentifyResultswindow?

_______________________

ClickthenorthernborderofGreenland.

3. WhatisthevalueofthelatitudespecifiedintheIdentifyResultswindow?

_______________________

ClickonthesouthernmostareaofAntarctica.

4. WhatisthevalueofthelatitudespecifiedintheIdentifyResultswindow?

_______________________
Withintheextentofthedata,thevaluesrangefrom90to90inthenorthsouthdirectionand180to180in
theeastwestdirection.
ClosetheIdentifyResultswindow.

IntheItemDescriptionwindow,clicktheDescriptiontabandresizetheItemDescriptionwindowto
enlargeit.

ExpandArcGISMetadataandthenexpandESRISpatialInformationandviewtheextentinformation.

Thecoordinatevaluesareindecimaldegrees.ThevaluesthatwerespecifiedinIdentifytoolshouldbe
approximatelyclosetothesevalues.Note:thesearelatitudelongitudevaluesexpressedindecimalform
ratherthanindegrees,minutes,andseconds.
Ifneeded,scrolldowntothecoordinatereference.

5. Whatisthetypeandthegeographiccoordinatereferenceappliedonthismap?

_______________________________________________________________________

ClosetheItemDescriptionCountrieswindow.
Examinethecoordinatesystemofanotherfeatureclass
UsingtheCatalog,previewtheContinentsfeatureclass.(Hint:RightclickContinentsandclickItem
Description.)

Thegeographylooksdifferent.Asyoucansee,thefeaturesarestretchedfromnorthtosouth,andarebentor
shearedattheeastandwestedgesofthemap.
UsingtheIdentifytool,clickonalocationinthesouthernmostareaofAntarctica.

6. WhatarethevaluesofthelatitudeandlongitudespecifiedintheIdentifyResultswindow?

__________________________________________________________

IdentifyalocationintheeasternmostareaofAsia.

7. WhatarethevaluesofthelatitudeandlongitudespecifiedintheIdentifyResultswindow?

__________________________________________________________

IntheItemDescription,clicktheDescriptiontabandexpandArcGISMetadata.

ExpandESRISpatialInformation.

8. Whatisthetypeandthegeographiccoordinatereferenceappliedonthismap?Isthereadditional
informationaddedtotheCoordinateReference?Whatisthisadditionalinformation?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

ClosetheItemDescriptionwindowandIdentifyResults.ClosetheIdentifywindowifnecessary.

IntheCatalogwindow,rightclicktheCanadaProvincesfeatureclassandclickProperties.

InFeatureClassProperties,clicktheXYCoordinateSystemtabandviewthecoordinatesystem
properties.

9. Fillupthenecessaryinformation:

a. Projection:_______________

b. GeographicCoordinateSystem:_______________________________

c. Datum:______________________________

d. Spheroid:_________________________
Youvedoneexploringthecoordinatesystempropertiesofthreefeatureclasses.Nowletsexplorethedata
insideArcMap.

ExaminecoordinatesystemsinArcMap
DragdroptheCountriesfeatureclassintothedataframe.

Fromthetableofcontents,opentheCountrieslayerproperties(Hint:RightclickontheCountrieslayer
andclickProperties).ClicktheSourcetab.
ThecoordinatesysteminformationofthelayerisdisplayedintheDataSourcearea.
ClickCancelontheLayerPropertiesdialogbox.

RightclickontheLayersinthetableofcontentstoopenthedataframesproperties.

ClicktheCoordinateSystemtab.
Thedataframealsohasacoordinatesystem,independentofitslayers.Itisshownatthetopofthedialogand
alsointhecontentsofthe<custom>folder.Inthiscase,thecoordinatesystemisthesameastheCountries
layer.Thedataframeautomaticallyadaptsthecoordinatesystemofthefirstlayerthatisaddedtoit(as
shownbelow).

ClickCancelontheDataFramePropertiesdialogbox.

FromtheCatalog,dragdroptothedataframetheContinentsfeatureclass.
ObservethattheContinentsalignperfectlywiththeCountrieslayer.Whyisthisso?Recallthatthelasttime
youpreviewedthisfeatureclassusingCatalog,themaplooksdifferently.
Again,openthedataframeproperties(Hint:RightclickonLayersandclickProperties).

Ifnecessary,clicktheCoordinateSystemtab.

InthelowerportionofthewindowjustbelowSelectacoordinatesystem:isatreeview,expandthe
Layersfolder.ExpandtheContinentsfolderandtheCountriesfolder.

10. Whatisthecoordinatesystemfor:

a. Continents_______________________

b. Countries_______________________
IntheLayersfolder,youseethenativecoordinatesystemofeachlayerinthedataframe.Althoughthe
Continentslayerisinaprojectedcoordinatesystem,italignswiththenonprojectedCountrieslayer.The
Countrieslayerhasbeennonprojectedonthefly.
ClickCancelontheDataFramePropertiesdialogbox.

FromtheInsertmenu,chooseDataFrame.
Anew,emptydataframe(calledNewDataFrame)isaddedtothemapandhasautomaticallybeenactivated.
CopyandpastetheContinentslayerfromtheLayersdataframeintothenewdataframe(Hint:Right
clickthelayerinthetableofcontents,chooseCopy,thenrightclickonthenewdataframeandclick
PasteLayer(s)).
Youcanseethatinthenewdataframe,thedatalooksthewayitdidintheCatalog.
OpenthepropertiesofthenewdataframeandclickontheCoordinateSystemtab.
ThisdataframeassumedtheprojectedcoordinatesystemoftheContinentslayer,whichisbasedonthe
EckertVIprojection.
ClickCancelontheDataFramePropertiesdialogbox.

CopyandpastetheCountrieslayerfromtheLayersdataframetothenewdataframe.
ThistimetheCountrieslayernowalignitselftotheEckertVIcoordinatesystem.TheCountrieslayerhasbeen
nonprojectedonthefly.
FromtheWorldgeodatabase,dragdropMajorCitiesandWorldBackgroundtothenewdataframe.

Clickinsidesomewhitespaceinthetableofcontentstodeselectthelayersyoujustadded.

ArrangethesequenceofthelayersunderNewDataFrameinthefollowingtoptobottomorder.Be
surethatyourtableofcontentsisinListByDrawingOrdermode.
o MajorCities
o Countries
o Continents
o WorldBackground

Youmaysymbolizeyourmapaccordingtoyourpreferences.

11. WhatisthenativeprojectedcoordinatesystemoftheMajorCitieslayer?

________________________________________________________

12. WhatisthenativegeographiccoordinatesystemoftheMajorCitieslayer?

________________________________________________________

Ifthereareopeneddialogboxes,youmaycloseitnow.JustretaintheArcMapwindow.
Changethecoordinatesystemofthedataframe
OpenthepropertiesoftheNewDataFrame.Ifnecessary,clicktheCoordinateSystemtab.

IntheSelectacoordinatesystem:area,expand(clickthe+signbeside)thePredefinedfolderand
thentheProjectedCoordinateSystemsfolder.
InArcInfo10,coordinatesystemsareorganizedgeographicallyforthemostpart.Tofindanappropriate
coordinatesystemforworlddata,youlookintheWorldfolder;tofindoneforacontinent,youlookinthe
Continentalfolder;andsoon.
ExpandtheWorldfolderandscrollthroughthelistofprojectedcoordinatesystems.

MovetheDataFramePropertiesdialogboxtoacornerofthescreensoitdoesnotblockthemap
display.

ClickonanyofthecoordinatesystemlistedintheWorldfolderandclickApply.
Themapredrawsinthenewcoordinatesystem.Alllayersinthedataframehavebeenprojected(or
reprojected)onthefly.ThenameoftheselectedcoordinatesystemappearsintheCurrentcoordinate
system:areaoftheDataFramePropertiesdialogbox.
IntheDataFramePropertiesdialogbox,locateandselecttheRobinson(world)coordinatesystem
andclickApply.

ClickCancelontheDataFrameProperties.
Inthissection,youwillobservewhatwillhappenifyouaddalayerthathasadifferentgeographiccoordinate
systemfromthedataframe.

For the following action, do not drag the CanadaProvinces to your map.

OntheStandardtoolbar,clicktheAddDatabutton ,thenaddCanadaProvincesfrom
..\LearnGIS2\CoordinateSystems\Worldgeodatabase.
AsyouaddtheCanadaProvincesfeatureclasstoyourdataframe,awarningdialogboxappears(asshown
below).

Thiswarningwillappearwheneveryouaregoingtomixdifferentgeographiccoordinatesystemstoadata
frame.Theprocessoftheontheflyprojectiondoesnotautomaticallyfixthedifferencesofgeographic
coordinatesystemsofindividualfeatureclass.Inordertofixthisdilemma,anoperationcalledgeographic
transformationhastobedone.
ClickClose.
ObservethattheCanadaProvinceslayerseemstofitinonourNewDataFrame.Howimportantisgeographic
transformation?Atsmallscales,thedifferencesbetweentwoormoregeographiccoordinatesystemsmaynot
benoticeable.Consideringacertainpointonthedataframe,thedifferencesarejustwithinafewmeters,or
perhapstensofmeters.Whetherthatwouldbesignificantwilldependonyourpurpose.
Savethemap.
Workingwithanunknowncoordinatesystem
Everyspatialdatasethasacoordinatesystem.ArcMapisabletoaligndatasetsthathavedifferentcoordinate
systemsbyprojectingonesystemontheflytomatchtheother.Occasionally,ArcMapcannotidentifythe
coordinatesystemofadataset.Itisabletoaddsuchunknowndatatoamapdocumentbutcannotprojectit
ontheflytoalignitwithotherdata.
FromtheArcMapFilemenu,openCanada.mxdfrom..\LearnGIS2\CoordinateSystemsfolder.

Savechangestoyourmap.

13. Writedownthecoordinatesystemofthedataframe(boththegeographicalandprojectedsystems)
anditslinearunitofmeasurement.

______________________________________________________________________

Closethedataframeproperties.

Saveyourmapon\myGISOutputsfolderasmyCanadaCoordSys.

OntheStandardtoolbar,clicktheAddDatabutton andnavigateto
\LearnGIS2\CoordinateSystemsfolder.AddthefeatureclasscalledCanadaMountains.shp.

ClickOKontheUnknownSpatialReferencewarning,ifnecessary.

Inthetableofcontents,rightclicktheCanadaMountainslayerandclickZoomToLayer.

Measuretheeastwestdistanceofthemountainfeaturesinmeters.Hint:OntheToolstoolbar,click
theMeasuretool .Toendyourmeasurements,justpressEsc.

14. Whatisthedistance?___________________________________

ClosetheMeasuretool.
Obviously,itisimpossibleforsomanymountainstobecloselylocated.
Inthescalebox,replacethecurrentvaluewith15,000,000(refertothefollowingimage).

Ifnecessary,adjustthescaletogetaresultsimilartothefollowingimage.

OntheToolstoolbar,clickGoToXYtool .

OntheGotoXYdialogbox,clicktheUnitsbutton andchooseMeters.

Type0astheXand0astheYvalue.

The0,0pointwillshowyoutheoriginofthedataframescoordinatesystemthepointrelativetowhichall
coordinatevaluesaremeasured.
OntheGoToXYdialogbox,clicktheAddLabeledPointbutton .

Changethemapscaleto5,000.
BesurethatyouwillseetheoriginandthepointsofeveryCanadaMountainsfeatures.
ClosetheGoToXYdialogbox.

ClicktheEditmenuandchooseSelectAllElements.

PressDelete.(Thiswilldeletethecoordinatesystemorigin.)

ZoomtotheCanadabookmark(Hint:ClickBookmarksmenuandthenCanada).

ClicktheGeoprocessingmenuthenclickGeoprocessingOptions.UndertheGeneralgroupboxmake
surethattheOverwritetheoutputsofgeoprocessingoperationsischecked.UndertheBackground
ProcessinguncheckEnable,thenclickOKtoclosethedialogbox.
BesurethattheSearchdockablewindowcanbeseenattherightsideoftheArcMapwindowasshown
below.Ifincaseitisnotvisible,justclickWindowsandthenSearch.

ClickSearch.

IntheSearchwindow,clicktheToolstextlinkthentypeonthesearchboxDefineProjection.

ClickontheDefineProjection(DataManagement)textlinktoopenthetool.Refertothefollowing
imageforconfirmation.

ClicktheShowHelpbuttonifnecessary.

15. Whatistheuseofthistool?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

ClicktheInputDatasetorFeatureClassdropdownarrowandselectCanadaMountains.

ClicktheSpatialReferencePropertiesbutton nexttotheCoordinateSystemboxtoopenthe
SpatialReferencePropertiesdialogbox.

ClickSelect.

IntheBrowseforCoordinateSystemdialogbox,doubleclicktheGeographicCoordinateSystems
folder,andthendoubleclickontheNorthAmericafolder.

ScrolltotherightuntilyoucanlocateNorthAmericaDatum1983.prj.Clickittoselectitandthen
clickAdd.

ClickOKontheSpatialReferencePropertiesdialogboxtoconfirmyoursettingsandcloseit.

ClickOKontheDefineProjectiontool.

WhentheprocessisCompletedyoumayclosetheprogresswindow.

ChangetheSymbologyoftheCanadaMountainslayertothemountainsymbol.Hint:Clickthesymbol
representingtheCanadaMountainslayerinthetableofcontents.SelectTriangle2andchangeitssize
to8points.

Saveyourwork.
DefiningCoordinateSystemtoMyPhilippinesMapLayout
FromyourExercise#1,thelastsectionthatyouveperformedistocreateaprintablemap.Thelastquestion
thatwasaskedwastoexplainthereasonwhytheScaleBarandtheScaleTextwasnotabletoexpressany
accuracy.Forthissection,wearegoingtoretrievethatexerciseandspecifyitscoordinatesystemsothatyour
printablemapwillshowtheScaleBarandtheScaleTextcontentsproperly.
OpenyourMyPhilippinesMapLayout.mxd.BesurethatyouareatLayoutView.Beforedoinganything
else,makesurethatyourdataframeisnotatfixedscale(Hint:OpenthepropertiesofLayerdata
frameandclicktheDataFrametab,underExtentselectAutomaticandclickOK).

ClicktheInsertmenuandthenclickScaleBar.IftherearealreadyexistingScaleBarandScaleText,
removeit.

OntheScaleBarSelectordialogbox,chooseAlternatingScaleBar1andthenclickOK.JustclickOKon
theCreatingscalebarmessagedialogbox.

Doingthesameprocedure,inserttheScaleTextbyselectingAbsoluteScale.

UsingtheLayoutZoomIn,selecttheaddedmapcomponents.

16. DescribewhatyouhaveobservedontheScaleBarandtheScaleTextofyourmap.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

FromtheStandardtoolbar,clicktheSelectElementstoolanddoubleclickontheScaleBar.

ClickontheNumbersandMarkstabintheAlternatingScaleBarPropertiesdialogboxifnecessary.
SettheNumbers>Frequencytoends(andzero),andthenclickOK.
ObservetheappearanceoftheUnknownunitsontheScaleBar.Leaveitasit.
SetyourmapscoordinatesystemtoGCS_Luzon_1911.
o Hint:
RightclickontheLayersdataframeandselectProperties.
SelectthecoordinatesysteminPredefined>GeographicCoordinateSystems>Asia
>Luzon1911.

17. Describewhathappenedtothescalebarandscaletext.

___________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

CurrentlyyouareatLayoutView,nowswitchtoDataView.

Measurethedistancesofsomeofthefeatures.

18. Describewhatyouhaveobservedwiththedistances.Doyouthinkthevaluesareaccurate?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

CloseMeasuretoolwindow,andfromtheStandardtoolbar,selectSelectElementstool.
Thecoordinatesystemthatweassumetouseforthemapofphillayerisnotthecorrectone;thereforewe
havetochangeitintoamuchsuitablecoordinatesystem.
ThistimewehavetosetthecoordinatesystemofourdataframetoWGS_1984_UTM_Zone_51N,
whichisthesuitableprojectionforthePhilippines.Hint:SetthepropertyoftheLayersCoordinate
SystemandfromSelectacoordinatesystemexpandUTM,WGS1984,NorthernHemisphereand
selectWGS1984UTMZone51N.

Onceagain,measurethedistancesofsomeofthefeatures.

ZoomthemaptoFullExtent .

DoubleclickontheLayersandclickontheGeneraltab(ifnecessary).InsidetheUnitsgroupbox,set
theDisplaytoKilometers.

SwitchbacktoLayoutView.

DoubleclickontheScaleBarandclicktheScaleandUnitstab(ifnecessary).InsideUnitsgroupbox,
settheDivisionUnitstoKilometersandtheclickOK.

Setthescaleto10,000,000andontheLayouttoolbar,clicktheZoomWholePagebutton .

RelocatetheScaleBarandScaleTexttoitssuitableareaonthemap.

ClicktheFilemenuandclickonExportMap.

OntheExportMapdialogbox,locateyour...\myGISOutputsfolderintheSaveindropdownbox.Inthe
Saveastypedropdownbox,selectPDFandnameyourfileasmyPhilippinesMap.
LocateyourmyPhilippinesMap.pdffiletoconfirmandopenthefile.

SaveyourmapandcloseArcMap.
Preparedby:
Engr.JaniceB.Jamora,MEngandEngr.NoelNavasca,CompE
November2012

References:

1. ArcGISdesktopII:ToolsandFunctionalitybyGEODATA,ESRI
2. GettingStartedwithGISbySocialScienceandDataSoftware,LelandStandfordJuniorUniversity.
3. MappingyourCommunitywithGIS.
4. ProjectionandCoordinateSystemsIntroductiontoGISinForestResources(ESRM250),Universityof
Washington.