i

N NE EW WC CA AS ST TL LE E F FS SA A S SU UB BS ST TA AT TI IO ON N
A AC CC CE ES SS S R RO OA AD DS S
A AN ND D D DR RA AI IN NA AG GE E

R RE EF FU UR RB BI IS SH HM ME EN NT T



ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


Prepared by: Sifiso N. Ntombela
Based on Eskom: Eastern Region Generic EMP





August 2012, Revision 0

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Objectives of the EMP ....................................................................................... 6
1.2 Background ....................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Management Objectives.................................................................................... 7
1.4 Management Principles ..................................................................................... 7
2. LIST OF APPLICABLE LEGISLATION & GUIDELINES ...................................... 8
3. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITY .................................. 9
3.1 EMP Compliance .............................................................................................. 9
3.2 Environmental Management Team ................................................................. 10
3.3 Inspection and Monitoring ............................................................................... 11
4. DOCUMENT GUIDELINE.................................................................................... 11
4.1 Education ........................................................................................................ 12
4.2 Access Road(s) Refurbishment Material Requirements .................................. 12
4.3 Sanitation ........................................................................................................ 12
4.4 Fire Hazard ..................................................................................................... 12
4.5 Storage and Spillage of Hazardous Substances ............................................. 12
4.6 Waste .............................................................................................................. 13
4.7 Environmental Incidents .................................................................................. 13
4.8 Erosion/Drainage ............................................................................................ 13
4.9 Courtesy and Worker Conduct ........................................................................ 13
4.10 Damage ....................................................................................................... 14
4.11 Liaison with Land Owners ............................................................................ 14
4.12 Theft and Poaching ..................................................................................... 15
4.13 Dust and Noise ............................................................................................ 15
4.14 Access ......................................................................................................... 15
5. SITE REHABILITATION SPECIFICATION ......................................................... 15
5.1 Site Camp ....................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Land Rehabilitation ......................................................................................... 16
5.3 Materials and Infrastructure ............................................................................. 16
6. OPERATINAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASES .................................................. 16
6.1 Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 16
6.2 Cutting and Treatment of Alien and Declared Invasive Vegetation .................. 17
6.3 Seed Mix ......................................................................................................... 17
6.4 Maintenance Period ........................................................................................ 18
6.5 Social Aspects ................................................................................................ 18










3
SECTION A - GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DOCUMENT GUIDELINE

1. Introduction
An Environmental Impact Assessment was not carried out as the project does not
fall within the listed activities of the environmental regulations. However, an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was compiled to ensure that possible
environmental impacts are prevented during the refurbishment processes.

This Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which is a dynamic document
subject to revision and amendment, specifically ensures that environmental
concerns are integrated into the construction, operation and maintenance
phases of the project.

Summary of the Project
The NWC substation access roads refurbishment project was identified by Plant in
an initiative to carry out remedial work based on the present conditions of the
identified access roads. Presently, no maintenance plan exists for all access roads
in the Region.

The purpose of this project is to normalize the substations access road to allow all
types of vehicles to easily and safely access the substations. At present, the
access roads are in a bad condition, restricting access for low bed vehicles to the
substations.

The present state of the access roads presents a challenge with access to the
substation for maintenance and/or operations such as:

The roads are inaccessible when it rains because of poor drainage system,
The poor type of material used on these roads
Steep vertical grades on the road alignment

The substations access roads identified under this project, for refurbishment are:
Ruston SS
Weenen SS
Graigside SS
4
Vergenoeg SS

RUSTON
Background
Ruston substation is situated within a coal mine area and the road which is used to
access the different sections in the coal mine is in need of repair. The land or
servitude right issue has been investigated and found that Eskom has only
temporarily registered the road servitude. Upon arrival we considered the access
road leading towards the substation which was 1153m long and 5m wide from the
old temporary access road to the substation. This Access road is in bad condition
in some areas and the drainage system is not good.

Scope of work
Cut and spoil the 150mm of underlying layer 253m long including
approximately 300m2 of deformed section.
Scarify the underlying layer at the deformed section and Re-compact to
93% MOD AASHTO
Import 150mm G4 material for the base course layer for 253m access road
and deformed area of the road leading to the Substation at approximately
600m from the substation and compact to 95% MOD AASHTO
Clear and clean the existing drainage on the access road.
Establish the cut off drain from Ch. 400m to Ch. 600m from the substation
at the upper side with the low point at Ch. 500m.
Establish the concrete drift (3m wide x 7m long) at Ch. 500m from the
substation site
Patch about 300m2 of the deformed section of road with asphalt from
Ch.450 to Ch.550.

WEENEN
Background
Weenen access road joins up with a provincial road R74 and the substation is
situated in close proximity with the Weenen game reserve. The condition of the
existing access road presents a challenge for vehicles such as low bed to access
5
the substation therefore it requires an upgrade/refurbishment. The road is 217m
long and 4m wide sections of the road are affected by typical defects such as
pothole, ruts and erosion.

Scope of work
Cut and spoil 150mm of underlying layer
Scarify and compact the existing roadbed to 93% MOD AASHTO.
Import 150mm G4 material for the base/wearing course layer.
Establish grass lined v-drain on the left side of the road and pipe crossing
the road

CRAIG SIDE
Background
Craig side substation access road is 510m long 5m wide and is in need of an
upgrade. Site inspection that took place on the 14thOctober the following defects
on the access was a common occurrence; ruts, ravelling and erosion. During
investigation the alignment of the road was wrong. Eskom has the rights for the
servitude for this access road.

Scope of work
Clear the dumping area where the road should be aligned.
Cut and spoil 150mm of existing layer
Change the horizontal alignment
Import 150mm G4 material for the base/wearing course layer.
Establish grass lined v-drain on the side of the road.

VERGENOEG
Background
The access road to the substation is considerably flat it is 100m long and joins a
main provincial road. According to the site investigation loss of surface material
and lack of drainage system is the main issue resulting in the eroded road.

Scope of work
Cut and spoil the 150mm underlying layer for the entire access road
6
Re-grade the 30m steep section by the entrance of the substation.
Scarify and re-compacted to 93% MOD AASHTO for the entire road
Import 150mm G4 material for the base/wearing course layer.
Establish Concrete drifts at the beginning of the road
Establish grass lined v-drain on the side of the road

1.1 Objectives of the EMP
The primary objectives of the EMP are as follows:

To describe action plans for achieving the mitigation measures described in
the screening document (DESD).
To indicate responsibilities, schedules and staff resources regarding the
implementation of these action plans.

This EMP shall be deemed to have contractual standing on the basis that its
contents are a detailed expansion of the DESD provided to the Contractor and the
Project Manager.
1.2 Background
This EMP will be a practical document that precisely sets out both the goals and
actions required in mitigation.

Though the term Mitigation can be broad in definition, it means in this context to
allay, moderate, palliate, temper or intensify. Mitigation of a negative impact
means that its significance is reduced.

It generally should include consideration of the following:

Avoiding impacts by not undertaking certain actions if practically possible;
Minimising impacts by limiting aspects of an action;
Rectifying impacts by rehabilitation or restoration of the affected
environment;
Compensating for impacts by providing substitute resources or
environments;
7
Minimising impacts by optimising industrial processes, structural elements
and other design features.

Some impacts may need on-going monitoring or management. These
requirements should be outlined, along with appropriate feedback procedures.
1.3 Management Objectives
The following objectives provide the framework for the environmental principles for
environmental management of the project:

As a minimum requirement, comply with all relevant municipal, provincial
and national legislations,
Manage and use land, raw materials and resources responsibly in order to
minimize the disturbance of the prevailing ecology,
Minimize the potential for deterioration of air quality during all projects
phases,
Minimize the use of water and avoid water wastage,
Prevent the contamination of surface and ground water as a results of the
construction or maintenance activities,
Practice the reduction of waste materials,
Local communities will be afforded temporary jobs opportunities during the
labour intensive phases of the project
Maintain transparent relations with the interested and affected parties,
1.4 Management Principles
These principles and management objectives will form the basis for environmental
management on site. Should these principles require modification or additions
during the project this should be done at the discretion of the responsible person,
who will ensure that any modifications are communicated, explained to and
discussed with all affected parties (i.e. the authorities, Eskom, the contractors and
service providers, the proponent and any affected party who requests this
information). These must be communicated with the Eskom Environmental Officer.




8
2. LIST OF APPLICABLE LEGISLATION & GUIDELINES

Environmental Conservation Act 73 of 1989
The objective of this Act is to provide for the conservation of natural resources by
maintaining the production potential of land, combating and prevent erosion,
preventing the weakening or destruction of water resources, protecting natural
vegetation, and preventing and/or combating invader plants and weeds. The
planning and implementation processes of the proposed project therefore need to
take cognisance of relevant provisions of this Act.

Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993
The specific requirements under this Act that are relevant to the project are the
regulations on Major Hazardous Installations (MHI) and their potential health and
safety impacts. Section 9 of the MHI regulation, which came into force in 1999,
requires that where practicable the developer (which in this case is Eskom) shall
prevent any development adjacent to an installation that has been declared a
major hazardous installation.

This Act also bears relevance to the national Environmental Management Act,
which requires proponents of development to ensure a risk averse approach
where there is adequate information that a given development is associated with
potential for health and safety risks to beneficiary and neighbouring communities.
Where a given development affects settlements, the requirements of this Act need
to be carefully and adequately integrated in the planning process.

National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998
The National Environmental Management Act is the legislative instrument that
gives effect to the Environmental Conservation Act. The principles embodied in
Section 2 and Subsection 7 of Section 24 bind Eskom to adhere to all
environmental requirements and particularly the precautionary principle in its
developments.
Especially pertinent is Section 28 of the National Environmental Management Act,
(Act No. 107 of 1998) which states that:

Duty of care and remediation of environmental damage
(1) Every person who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution
or degradation of the environment must take reasonable measures to prevent such
9
pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring, or, in so far as
such harm to the environment is authorised by law or cannot reasonably be
avoided or stopped, to minimise and rectify such pollution or degradation of the
environment.

Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995
The Development Facilitation Act was established to facilitate the speedy delivery
of services and facilities to previously disadvantaged groups. However, enshrined
in this Act is the provision that developers are to ensure that adequate provision is
made for the assessment of the potential impacts that the development project is
likely to have on the receiving environment, and provision made for the
management of these impacts.

Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983
The objective of this Act is to provide for the conservation of natural resources by
maintaining the production potential of land, combating and preventing erosion,
preventing the weakening or destruction of water resources, protecting natural
vegetation, and preventing and/or combating invader plants and weeds. The
planning and implementation processes of the proposed project therefore need to
take cognisance of relevant provisions of this Act.

National Water Act 36 of 1998
Current regulations regarding discharge of surface water requires that surface
water is handled with care both in terms of quality and quantity before being
discharged into any natural water course, so that the quality and flow rate of
natural systems are not significantly disrupted.

The Biodiversity Conservation Bill of 2004
The Biodiversity Conservation Bill, which has just been passed, requires that
development takes into consideration the protection of the countrys biological
diversity.

3. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITY

3.1 EMP Compliance
An Eskom Environmental & Quality Officer / Environmental Control Officer
(Contractor) must ensure environmental compliance with the EMP for the duration
10
of the project. Thereafter the ECO duty reverts to Eskom Technical Services
Centre (TSC) for the duration of operation and maintenance of the facility.

The EMP will be made binding on all contractors and Eskom staff operating on the
site and will be included within the Contractual Clauses. Non-compliance with, or
any deviation from, the conditions set out in the document constitutes a failure in
compliance with environmental legislations and screening document for this
project. Failure in compliance will be dealt with in terms of Sections 29, 30, and 31
of the Environment Conservation Act (Act No. 73 of 1989), as well as, any other
appropriate legal mechanisms.

It should be noted that in terms of the Environment Conservation Act, and the
National Environmental Management Act No 107 of 1998 (Section 28) those
responsible for Environmental Damage must pay the repair costs both to the
environment and human health and the preventative measures to reduce or
prevent further pollution and / or environmental damage. (The polluter pays
principle).
3.2 Environmental Management Team
This team is comprised of the Eskom Environmental & Quality Officer/
Environmental Control Officer (Contractor), Contractors Resident Site Manager
(RSM) and or MEW (Major Engineering Works).

The Project Manager bears the ultimate responsibility for the project and is thus
responsible for environmental performance. The project manager may be
represented by the Clerk of Works (COW) on site.

The RSM is responsible for, but not restricted to, the following:
site management and daily monitoring of site works;
documentation and record keeping;
regular inspections and tight control throughout the dismantling period;
instilling an awareness of environmental aspects and impacts in site
personnel;
education and training of all personnel about the EMP and its implementation;
11
participating in environmental monitoring and auditing programmes as
prescribed by the ECO;
responding in an appropriate manner to changes in the EMP as prescribed by
the ECO and carrying out their implementation; and
Minimizing social disruption by ensuring adequate and timeous
communication with potentially affected parties.
3.3 Inspection and Monitoring
A monthly site visit will be conducted by the EO and accompanied where
necessary by the RSM during the Construction phase. Subsequent to the site visit
a report (written) will be submitted for consideration by the PM at monthly project
meetings. This will allow for the integration of recommendations into the ongoing
project schedule.

A copy of the Audit report, including an update on any issues arising from the
inspections, will be submitted to the ECO / to the Project Manager. Reporting can
be via telephonically if the matter arises during the proposed activity or it is very
urgent and followed by a written notification for record keeping

Table 1: Environmental Management Plan responsibilities

EMP Activity Responsible person
EMP implementation Eskom Environmental Officer
(EO)
EMP monitoring and
implementation
EO
Clark Of Works (COW)
Refurbishment supervisor
EMP technical input & enquiries Project engineer
EMP progress EO
Project coordinator

4. DOCUMENT GUIDELINE

This document is divided into two sections. The first section lays out the general
introduction of the EMP, second section set out the conditions for the
refurbishment phase of the access road(s). It must be noted that these
specifications apply at all times.


12
SECTION B: REFURBISHMENT OF THE ACCESS ROAD(S)
4.1 Education
Staff working for the Eskom contractor and sub-contractors must be trained/
educated in the content of this document by the RSM or ECO. Eskom is
responsible for the training of its staff during the operation and maintenance
phases.
4.2 Access Road(s) Refurbishment Material Requirements
Prior arrangement is to be made with the relevant TSC and the Surrounding Land
Owner to use any material or property belonging to the TSC or the Surrounding
Land Owner and it is to be recorded in writing. Copies of these should be filed for
reference.
4.3 Sanitation
Mobile, chemical toilet facilities are to be made available if the existing built in is
not being used. A minimum of one toilet per 15 employees is required. The toilets
must be sited taking into account the possibility of the prevailing wind unfavourably
dispersing unpleasant odours. Toilet facilities may not be located within the 1:100
year floodplain of any water course. Potable toilets are to be serviced regularly.

The facilities shall comply with Eskom standards and shall have the approval of the
land owner (where applicable).
4.4 Fire Hazard
All staff to be educated in fire prevention and the contractor will be held responsible
to avoid the risk of fire. If activities that can cause a fire are carried out, fire
extinguishers shall be available on site.
No fires shall be lit on private property.
4.5 Storage and Spillage of Hazardous Substances
Hazardous substances available must be stored on an impermeable surface within
the Substations and all containers must be clearly labelled regarding contents.
Precautionary signs must be erected at such storage areas.

13
No diesel, petrol or noxious chemicals, cement, etc. to be spilt or left on the
ground. Where spilt occur, necessary clean-up and rehabilitation must be applied.
No concrete transport vehicles to be washed on site. Where concrete, cement,
chemicals or diesel is spilt, clean-up and rehabilitation must be executed. Soil
rehabilitation procedures are available from the ECO.
4.6 Waste
A sufficient number of waste receptacles must be available on site at all times for
general litter. All the receptacles will be removed from the site for disposal at a
commercial facility licensed for this purpose or Municipal Landfill Site. Used oils,
grease or hydraulic fluids shall be placed therein and removed once the activity is
complete and disposed of in an accepted recycling facility, or in an accepted
manner.

No waste is to be left on site whether it is biodegradable or not. No waste shall be
left on site after the project is complete. Burning of waste is prohibited on this site.
4.7 Environmental Incidents
Environmental incidents such as bird kills, animals killed during the activity must be
monitored and recorded on the Eskom incident form. This must be forwarded to the
Eskom Environmental Officer or ECO. For a significant Hazardous Substance
Spillage, the ECO will implement Section 30 of the National Environment
Management Act (Act 107 of 1998).
4.8 Erosion/Drainage
Activities that have a potential to cause erosion must be prevented. Where erosion
occurs as a result of inappropriate design, the project engineer must be consulted
and improvements effected. Existing drainages must not be tempered with, should
this happen due to the design of the work to be carried out, this must be repaired
as soon as the work is completed.
4.9 Courtesy and Worker Conduct
Eskom, Eskom contractors and their employees shall at all times be courteous
towards land owners, tenants and the local community.

14
Activities that may cause conflict with land owners, tenants, the local work force or
the local community shall be avoided. Should conflict arise it shall be immediately
reported to the Eskom project coordinator or ECO.

The construction team must be made aware of their specific responsibilities in
terms of the environmental impacts i.e. controlling noise levels, reducing dust, not
poaching.

The construction team must be made aware that no alcohol/drugs are allowed on
site and no workers under the influence of either are permitted on site.

The construction team must be made aware that firearms or traditional weapons
will not be allowed on site unless approved by Eskom.

The construction team shall not be permitted to use any stream, river, other open
water body or natural water source adjacent to or within the designated site for the
purpose of bathing, washing of clothing or for any Access Road Refurbishment or
related activities. Municipal water (or another source approved by the Engineer)
should instead be used for all activities such as washing of equipment, dust
suppression, concrete mixing, compacting etc.
4.10 Damage
Any damage to private property shall immediately be reported to Eskom and the
Surrounding Land Owner. The damage shall be rectified immediately if possible
and/or appropriate compensation shall be paid to the owner at the discretion of the
Eskom project manager/coordinator in consultation with the property owner. A
record of damages and rectifying action shall be kept. The owners satisfaction with
the outcome of rectifying action shall be obtained in writing.
4.11 Liaison with Land Owners
Negative comments from the Surrounding Land Owner must be reported back to
Environmental Management, and must be addressed accordingly. All additional
agreements concluded between the contractor and a landowner not relating to the
15
contract works must be in writing and a copy made available to the ECO within 48
hours of such agreement being concluded.
4.12 Theft and Poaching
Theft and poaching will not be tolerated, and must be reported to be dealt with by
the SA Police Services.
4.13 Dust and Noise
Dust and noise pollution during project activities must be monitored so as not to
cause a nuisance to the adjacent properties.
4.14 Access
Existing roads, tracks and access routes to the substation must be utilised at all
times. Undisturbed vegetation must not be disturbed. Access roads shall only be
constructed where the land owner as advised and with prior consultation of the
Environmental Officer of the project.


5. SITE REHABILITATION SPECIFICATION

Should the contractor not comply with this requirement either upon completion of
the work or within 14 days of a written request from Eskom to do so, Eskom shall
be entitled to employ other persons to carry out this work. All expenses
consequent thereon or incidental thereto shall be borne by the contractor and shall
be recoverable from him by Eskom, or may be deducted by Eskom from any
moneys due, or which may become due, to the contractor.
5.1 Site Camp
On completion all structures comprising the site offices/camp are to be removed
from the site. Cleared hardened surfaces within the site camp area must be ripped,
all imported materials must be removed, and the area should be top soiled and
regrassed unless it is to be hard topped for other purposes. Compacted soils must
be ripped and regressed to prevent air pollution and soil erosion. The contractor
must arrange for the cancellation of all temporary services and remove the
associated structures from the site.
16
5.2 Land Rehabilitation
All exposed oil contaminated surfaces, hardened/ compacted surfaces are to be
ripped and imported materials thereon removed .e.g. concrete. All rubble is to be
removed from site to a licensed Landfill Site. Burying of rubble on site is
prohibited. The site is to be cleared of all litter. Surfaces are to be checked for
waste products such as concreting, oil or fuel spills and to be cleared from the site
and disposed of at a licensed Landfill.

All embankments are to be trimmed, shaped and replanted to the satisfaction of
the Engineer or EO. The contractor in association with the EO is to check that all
watercourses associated with the construction sites are free from building rubble,
spoil materials and waste materials. Should these be present, the EO must be
consulted on the appropriate manner of removal from the water course and
disposal thereafter
5.3 Materials and Infrastructure
Fences, barriers and demarcations associated with the refurbishment activities are
to be removed from the site unless stipulated otherwise by the site engineer or
Project Manager. All residual stockpiles must be removed to spoil or be spread on
site as directed by the EO. The compacted soil beneath these stockpiles must be
ripped for rehabilitation. All left over construction materials must be removed from
the site.

6. OPERATINAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASES
6.1 Monitoring
Monitoring of the substation and access road(s) is done during the lifetime of the
infrastructure. Monitoring should also involve the

Monitoring of impacts may include, but not limited to:
Monitoring of selected environmental variables;
The duration for which monitoring must continue after the completion of
construction, or during which phases such monitoring must take place;
Details for monitoring actions;
Delegation of responsibility for undertaking monitoring;
Procedures to be followed if thresholds are exceeded or problems identified;
17
The indication of the responsible authority.
6.2 Cutting and Treatment of Alien and Declared Invasive Vegetation
All plants outside the construction footprint of the access road(s) and which would
not interfere with the operation of the substation should be left undisturbed.

The best form of glyphosate containing herbicide is currently being marketed by
NOMIX, being safe to handle. It is further insoluble, within an hour of application to
plants. Other products require the absence of rain for at least 4 hours to obtain
best results.

It must be remembered that problematic plants flourish in a disturbed environment
and therefore eradication must be commenced prior to maintenance commencing.
For the successful eradication of such species, specific herbicides and methods
are essential.

Application of herbicide to non-target areas will increase costs as a result of the
death of newly planted grass, soil sterilisation for many months and potential soil
erosion problems.

The above must be complied with and this information disseminated to those
directly involved with herbicide application, or the supervision of herbicide
contractors who are involved in the maintenance of the substation.

Do not interfere with stock, crops or activities on the adjacent properties. No
wandering around properties whatsoever.
6.3 Seed Mix
Areas denuded of vegetation during construction and between sods on banks must
be re-seeded with a mixture of the following (except where the landowner requests
an alternate mix):

Grass Species Application Rate (kg/ha)
Eragrostis teff 4
Paspalum notatum 2
Chloris gayana 10
Cynodon dactylon 2
Eragrostis curvula 10
18
Digitaria eriantha 2
Total 30

If construction transpires in winter (beginning of April to End August) the following
grass seed mix is required:








All seed supplied should be labelled in accordance with the Government Seed Act
No. 20 of 1961 and the contractor should be able to produce such certification.
6.4 Maintenance Period
Livestock Interference
It is necessary for the contractor to ensure, in co-operation with the landowner, that
livestock are kept off the newly planted vegetation for a period of six months to
allow vegetation to establish.
Initial Visit
Subsequent to initial planting being complete an initial site visit ensues.
6.5 Social Aspects
A list of the neighbouring properties, property owners names, addresses and
telephone numbers and land use should be drawn up where possible and kept. A
plan of action should be concluded with the neighbouring property owners and the
relevant authorities in the case of an emergency (veld fire, oil spill, water
contamination etc.) Eskom contact numbers must be clearly indicated on a board
placed that it is visible. Property owners and local residents must be treated with
respect and courtesy at all times.

The culture and lifestyle of the community living in close proximity to the site and
work site must be respected. Environmental clauses must be included in contract
documents for all contractors.






Grass Species Application Rate (kg/ha)
Lolium multiflorum 10
Eragrostis curvula 10
Chloris gayana 5
Paspalum notatum 2.5
Total 27.5
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References

1. Eskom Procedure, 2000. Environmental Management Programme (EMP)
Procedure
2. Carter, N G, 1996. Environmental Management Plans in Road
Construction: Some Lessons Learned in The Second Conference on
Environmental Management Technology and Development.
Environmental Engineering Division, South African Institution of Civil
Engineers.
3. Megahan, W F, 1988. Reducing Erosion Impacts of Roads in Hughes, G
R (ed.) 1988. Natal Parks Board: Technical Manual, 2nd Edition, P2.1-
2.27.
4. P Moabi/T Makhathini/TD Thabathi (ESKOM), 2012 Project proposal-
Newcastle FSA Substation Access Roads