URBAN TREND & ISSUES:

TERMS:
Urbanisation: the process which had led to an increasing proportion of a
countrys population living within urban areas.
Suburbanisation : process that includes decentralization of people industries
and services from the central and inner areas of cities towards edges of built
up areas which results in development of suburbs and extension of built up
areas to take in land that was previously rural.
Counter urbanisation : increase in number of people living in rural areas.
(people who moved out of urban areas either into rural-urban fringe or further
away into countryside)
Reurbanisation : process whereby people and sometimes businesses, are
attracted back into inner urban areas that had been suffering from
deterioration and decline. E.g. Gentrification: old houses and building are
modernised and converted into homes that are attractive to the wealthier.
ndustrialisation : the growth of manufacturing industry.
Centrali!ation : the increasing concentration of economic and other activities
in one place.
"eindustriali!ation : the decline in numbers employed in manufacturing
industry and particularly in old or heavy industries such as textiles and steel.
UR#$%S$&'% % ()"CS $%" *)"CS
UR#$%S$&'%: the process whereby the proportion of a country+s population that
is classified as urban increases.
rban populations grow in two ways:
,. (igration
-. %atural increase. (when birth rate is greater than death rate)
rban growth:
n ()"Cs there is slow growth that is ,./ for %ew 0or12 *ondon and (oscow.
n *)"Cs many cities such as *agos2 Sao 3aulo2 (e4ico city have grown faster than
,55/ e4cept &o1yo and *os $ngeles still have high growth i.e. over .5/.
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$. URBANISATION IN LEDCS .
C$US) '6 UR#$%S$&'% % *)"CS
,. %$&UR$* %CR)$S)
-. RUR$* UR#$% (7R$&'% 8push and pull factors.
C'%S)9U)%C)S '6 %CR)$S%7 UR#$%S$&'% % "):)*'3%7
C'U%&R)S:
,. 'vercrowding 8the resources available (include land) cannot meet demand.
).g. (any cities in the developing world during the last four decades showed a
rapid increase in population with cities such as $mman2 Curibita2 "ar es Salaam2
"ha1a2 ;hartoum2 *agos and %airobi reaching to , million inhabitants.
-. 3oor living conditions.
- t is estimated <55 million people around the world live in inade=uate conditions.
-poorest urban inhabitants live in shanty towns which are over-crowded2 housing
deficiencies2 inade=uate water supply or non-e4istent waste and sewage services.
>5-.5/ of poorest urban inhabitants have no access to water2 sewage and health
services.

>. 'thers: unemployment2 poverty ? violence.
@. )ffects of rural urban migration:
(i) Shortage of housing 8development shanty towns i.e. 6avelas in 3uerto Rico
(ii) Urban over-population- cities lac1 resources to meet growing population for
e4ample )gpyt import food to replace crop lost by growth of cairo across farmland
area.
(iii) "ecline rural area-lost of wor1 force as young people move to urban area thus
loss of agricultural productivity
(iv) Aigh rate of natural increase
(v) Crime and other problems.
B C$S) S&U")S:
,. S=uatter settlement (Rio de Caneiro2 #ra!il)
(problems ? ways to improve)
Ref: 7eography $n ntegrated $pproach2 Daugh2".2 p: @@>
-. Rural urban migration -U;
( where from2 why 8push and pull factors and problems of rural depopulation)
B Students are to read their te4tboo1 or find from internet sources the case studies
for %o., ? - above.
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B. URBANISATION IN MEDCS
3R'C)SS '6 UR#$%S$&'% % ()"CS:
,. Counterurbanisation
-process of population decentralisation whereby larger settlements lose people
while smaller settlements in rural areas and on the city margin increase in
population.
-. Re-urbanisation
>. Urban renewal
@. 7entrification
DhatE &he process whereby predominantly wor1ing class areas of cities
colonised by middle class residents.
Aigher-income groups move bac1 into city. DhyE
,. Continuing e4isting of high income employment in the central city.
-. %ew patterns of household structure with increasing number of single-person
and non-children households.
>. %ew patterns of consumption ? new housing preferences amoung younger2
affluent households2 i.e. available of childcare centre for wor1ing parents.
)4ample of 7entrification in *ondon (ref: )ssential $s 7eography by Ross2 S.
and et al2 p: -F5)
(Read ? produce a simple notes using mind mapping on gentrification)
<. Competition for land
.. Changing accessibility and lifestyles
G. 3rovision of infrastructure
Urban !one in ()"Cs
B Students to read the case studies and produce simple notes on urban !one in
()"Cs including where it is located2 what is it li1e (characteristics)2 facilities found
and ways to improve them)
,.C#"
Dhat: Centre of commercial land uses (shops2 offices and entertainments) and
administration in a city.
Ref: 7eography $n integrated $pproach2 Daugh2 ". @-.-@>.)
-.nner !ones 8urban renewal
-*ondon "oc1land ()ssential $s 7eography2 Ross2 S. p: >5<->5G)
(Ref: 7eography $n ntegrated $pproach2 Daugh2 ". @@5)
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>.Suburbs
DhatE *ow-density residential area located in outer urban areas.
"ormintory areas in character (people sleep but don+t wor1 there)2 people commute
to wor1 place2 varying degree dependence on the city for occupation2 shopping and
recreational facilities.
Suburbanisation: the growth of these areas due to migration-largely from inner urban
areas.
Reasons for suburbanisation:
(a) Social 8car ownership2 flight of middle classes from social problems on inner city
? rise of consumer society where need more space needed.
(b) 3lanning- willingness of local authorities to provide facilities2 road building
programmes and suburban council estates
(c) )conomics-increase Hob opportunities2 personal affluence and rise of building
societies offering mortgages
(d) Commercial- decentralisation of offices and industry and retailing
@. Rural urban fringes
DhatE $ !one of transition where urban land uses are e4tending into rural areas.
Conflicts associated with rural urban fringe:
Case study: South Aertfordshire ? '4ford 7reen #elt (Ref: geography success at $
level2Spencer2 ;. p:,5,)
Controlling the spread of urban areas in ()"Cs:
,. 3roblems caused by urban growth:
-urban sprawl2 commuting ? congestion and pollution
(ref: 7eography for $s2 Aart2C.2 p: ,FG--55)
-. 3lanning for response to urban problems
Ref: 7eography for $s2 Aart2 C. p: -5@--5G)
BStudents are to prepared mind map for the above. (%o. -)
Case studies:
,. %%)R C&0. (*ondon)
-when ? why city grow up2 types of land use2 characteristics2 decline
()ssential $s 7eography by Ross2 S. and et al2 p: >5<->5G)
-. &R$66C ($%$7)()%& % ()"CS
-3R'#*)(S S'*U&'% i.e. traffic Ham2 pollution87lasgowICambridge.
()ssential $s 7eography by Ross2 S. and et al2 p: >5,->5@)
>. 'U& '6 &'D% SA'33%7 C)%&R)S
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@. UR#$% RUR$* (7R$&'%:
Causes: rapid urbanisation during ndustrial revolution2 push and pull factors)
Conse=uences: gentrification2 second home2 dormitory settlements)
B6ind case studies from te4tboo1Iinternet source and draw concept map
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