Alexandre Dumas

1
Alexandre Dumas
This article is about the writer. For his son, see Alexandre Dumas, fils. For other uses, see Alexandre Dumas
(disambiguation).
Alexandre Dumas
Dumas in 1855.
Born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie
24 July 1802
Villers-Cotterts, Aisne, France
Died 5 December 1870 (aged68)
Puys (near Dieppe), Seine-Maritime, France
Occupation playwright and novelist
Nationality French
Period 18291869
Literary movement Romanticism and Historical fiction
Notable work(s) The Count of Monte Cristo
The Three Musketeers
Relative(s) Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (father)
Alexandre Dumas, fils (son)
Signature
Alexandre Dumas
2
French literature
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[1]
Alexandre Dumas (French:[a.lk.sd dy.ma], born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, [dy.ma da.vi d la pa.j.ti]; 24
July 1802 5 December 1870),
[2]
also known as Alexandre Dumas, pre, was a French writer. His works have been
translated into nearly 100 languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical
novels of high adventure, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The
Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later were originally published as serials. His novels have been adapted since the
early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, unfinished at his
death, was completed by a scholar and published in 2005, becoming a bestseller. It was published in English in 2008
as The Last Cavalier.
Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from the first.
He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books; his published works totaled 100,000 pages. In the
1840s, Dumas founded the Thtre Historique in Paris.
Dumas' father (general Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie) was born in Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) to
a French nobleman and an enslaved African woman. His father's aristocratic rank helped young Alexandre acquire
work with Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orlans.
In the election of Louis-Napolon Bonaparte in 1851, Dumas fell from favor, and left France for Belgium, where he
stayed for several years. Upon leaving Belgium, Dumas moved to Russia for a few years, before going to Italy. In
1861 he founded and published the newspaper, L' Indipendente, which supported the Italian unification effort. In
1864 he returned to Paris.
Alexandre Dumas
3
Though married, in the tradition of Frenchmen of higher social class, Dumas also had numerous affairs (allegedly as
many as forty). He was known to have at least four illegitimate or "natural" children, including a boy named
Alexandre Dumas after him. This son became a successful novelist and playwright, and was known as Alexandre
Dumas, fils (son), while the elder Dumas became conventionally known in French as Alexandre Dumas, pre
(father). Among his affairs, in 1866 Dumas had one with Adah Isaacs Menken, an American actress then at the
height of her career and less than half his age. Twentieth-century scholars have found that Dumas fathered another
three "natural" children.
The English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as, "the most generous,
large-hearted being in the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of
the earth. His tongue was like a windmill once set in motion, you never knew when he would stop, especially if the
theme was himself."
[3]
Early life
General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, father of
Alexandre Dumas.
Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas)
was born in Villers-Cotterts in the department of Aisne, in
Picardy, France. He had an older sister, Marie-Alexandrine (b.
before 1798).
[4]
Their parents were Marie-Louise lisabeth
Labouret, the daughter of an innkeeper, and Thomas-Alexandre
Dumas. Thomas-Alexandre had been born in the French colony of
Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), the mixed-race son of the marquis
Alexandre-Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, a French nobleman and
gnral commissaire in the artillery of the colony, and
Marie-Cessette Dumas, a slave who was of Afro-Caribbean
ancestry. It is not known whether she was born in Saint-Domingue
or in Africa (although the fact that she had a French surname
probably means that she was Creole), nor is it known from which
African people her ancestors came.
[5][6]
Brought back to France by his father, Thomas-Alexandre was educated in a
military school and joined the army as a young man. Thomas-Alexandre used his mother's name, Dumas, after a
break with his father. Thomas-Alexandre was promoted to general by the age of 31, the first of Afro-Antilles origin
to reach that rank in the French army.
[7]
He served with distinction in the French Revolutionary Wars. Although a
general under Bonaparte in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, Thomas-Alexandre had fallen out of favor by 1800
and requested leave to return to France. On his return, his ship had to put in at Taranto, in the Kingdom of Naples,
where he and others were held as prisoners of war. During his two-year imprisonment, his health was ruined. At the
time of Alexandre's birth, his father was impoverished.
The father died of cancer in 1806 when Alexandre was four. His widowed mother could not provide her son with
much of an education, and had to reject an offer from the elite Mao school because they could not afford the fees.
Undaunted, Dumas read everything he could and taught himself Spanish. His mother's stories of his father's bravery
during the campaigns of the Revolutionary Wars inspired the boy's vivid imagination. Although poor, the family had
their father's distinguished reputation and aristocratic rank. In 1822, after the restoration of the monarchy, the
20-year-old Alexandre moved to Paris. He acquired a position at the Palais Royal in the office of Louis-Philippe,
Duke of Orlans.
Alexandre Dumas
4
Career
Alexandre Dumas by Achille Devria (1829).
While working for Louis-Philippe, Dumas began writing articles for
magazines and plays for the theatre. As an adult, he used his slave
grandmother's surname of Dumas, as his father had as an adult. His
first play, Henry III and His Courts, produced in 1829 when he was 27
years old, met with acclaim. The next year his second play Christine
was equally popular. These successes gave him sufficient income to
write full-time.
In 1830 Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X
and replaced him on the throne with the Duke of Orlans. Dumas'
former employer, he ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King. Until
the mid-1830s, life in France remained unsettled, with sporadic riots by
disgruntled Republicans and impoverished urban workers seeking
change. As life slowly returned to normal, the nation began to
industrialize. An improving economycombined with the end of press
censorshipmade the times rewarding for Alexandre Dumas' literary
skills.
After writing additional successful plays, Dumas switched to writing novels. Although attracted to an extravagant
lifestyle and always spending more than he earned, Dumas proved to be an astute marketer. As newspapers were
publishing many serial novels, in 1838 Dumas rewrote one of his plays as his first serial novel, Le Capitaine Paul.
He founded a production studio, staffed with writers who turned out hundreds of stories, all subject to his personal
direction, editing and additions.
From 1839 to 1841, Dumas, with the assistance of several friends, compiled Celebrated Crimes, an eight-volume
collection of essays on famous criminals and crimes from European history. He featured Beatrice Cenci, Martin
Guerre, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia, as well as more recent events and criminals, including the cases of the alleged
murderers Karl Ludwig Sand and Antoine Franois Desrues, who were executed.
Dumas collaborated with Augustin Grisier, his fencing master, in his 1840 novel, The Fencing Master. The story is
written as Grisier's account of how he came to witness the events of the Decembrist revolt in Russia. The novel was
eventually banned in Russia by Czar Nicholas I, and Dumas was prohibited from visiting the country until after the
Czar's death. Dumas refers to Grisier with great respect in The Count of Monte Cristo, The Corsican Brothers, and in
his memoirs.
Dumas depended on numerous assistants and collaborators, of whom Auguste Maquet was the best known. It was
not until the late twentieth century that his role was fully understood. Maquet is known to have outlined the plot of
The Count of Monte Cristo, and made substantial contributions to The Three Musketeers and its sequels, as well as to
several of Dumas' other novels. Their method of working together was for Maquet to propose plots and write drafts.
Dumas added the details, dialogues, and the final chapters. Maquet took Dumas to court to try to get authorial
recognition and a higher rate of payment for his work. He was successful in getting more money, but not a byline.
[8]
Alexandre Dumas
5
Chteau de Monte-Cristo.
Dumas' novels were so popular that they were soon translated into
English and other languages. His writing earned him a great deal of
money, but he was frequently insolvent, as he spent lavishly on women
and sumptuous living. (He has been found to have had a total of 40
mistresses.) In 1846 he had built a country house outside Paris at Le
Port-Marly, the large Chteau de Monte-Cristo, with an additional
building for his writing studio. It was often filled with strangers and
acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits and took advantage of his
generosity. Two years later, faced with financial difficulties, he sold
the entire property.
Dumas wrote in a wide variety of genres and published a total of
100,000 pages in his lifetime. He made use of experience, writing
travel books after taking journeys, including those motivated by
reasons other than pleasure. After King Louis-Philippe was ousted in a
revolt, Louis-Napolon Bonaparte was elected as president. As
Bonaparte disapproved of the author, in 1851 Dumas fled to Brussels,
Belgium, which was also an effort to escape his creditors. He moved
on to Russia about 1859, where French was the second language of the elite, and his writings were enormously
popular. Dumas spent two years in Russia, before leaving to seek different adventure. He published travel books
about Russia.
In March 1861 the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. Dumas traveled there and,
for the next three years, participated in the movement for Italian unification. He founded and led a newspaper,
Indipendente. Returning to Paris in 1864, he published travel books about Italy.
Despite Dumas' aristocratic background and personal success, the writer had to deal with discrimination related to
his mixed-race ancestry. In 1843 he wrote a short novel, Georges, that addressed some of the issues of race and the
effects of colonialism. His response to a man who insulted him about his African ancestry has become famous.
Dumas said:
My father was a mulatto, my grandfather was a Negro, and my great-grandfather a monkey. You see,
Sir, my family starts where yours ends.
Personal life
On 1 February 1840, Dumas married the actress Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Josphine Ferrand) (18111859).
[9]
He
had numerous liaisons with other women and was known to have fathered at least four children by them:
Alexandre Dumas, fils (18241895), son of Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (17941868), a dressmaker. He
became a successful novelist and playwright.
Marie-Alexandrine Dumas (5 March 1831 1878), the daughter of Belle Krelsamer (18031875).
Micalla-Cllie-Josepha-lisabeth Cordier (born 1860), the daughter of Emlie Cordier.
Henry Bauer, the son of a woman whose surname was Bauer.
About 1866, Dumas had an affair with Adah Isaacs Menken, a well-known American actress. She had performed her
sensational role in Mazeppa in London. In Paris she had a sold-out run of Les Pirates de la Savanne and was at the
peak of her success.
[10]
These women were among Dumas' nearly 40 mistresses found by the scholar Claude Schopp, in addition to three
more children. He has been researching Dumas for decades, primarily his writings.
Alexandre Dumas
6
Death and legacy
Dumas later in his career.
At his death in December 1870, Dumas was originally buried at his
birthplace of Villers-Cotterts in the department of Aisne. His death
was overshadowed by the Franco-Prussian War and later, changing
fashions decreased his popularity. In the late twentieth century,
scholars such as Reginald Hamel and Claude Schopp have caused a
critical reappraisal and new appreciation of his art, as well as finding
lost works. These contributed to the ceremony in 2002 to reinter
Dumas in the Panthon de Paris, an honor reserved for the great in
French culture.
In 1970, the Alexandre Dumas Paris Mtro station was named in his
honour. His country home outside Paris, the Chteau de Monte-Cristo,
has been restored and is open to the public as a museum.
[citation needed]
Researchers have continued to find Dumas works in archives,
including the five-act play, The Gold Thieves, found in 2002 by the
scholar Reginald Hamel in the Bibliothque Nationale de France. It
was published in France in 2004 by Honor-Champion.
[]
In 2002 for the bicentennial of Dumas' birth, the French President, Jacques Chirac, had a ceremony honoring the
author by having his ashes reinterred at the mausoleum of the Panthon of Paris, where many French luminaries
were buried. The proceedings were televised: the new coffin was draped in a blue velvet cloth and carried on a
caisson flanked by four mounted Republican Guards costumed as the four Musketeers. It was transported through
Paris to the Panthon. In his speech, President Chirac said:
"With you, we were D'Artagnan, Monte Cristo, or Balsamo, riding along the roads of France, touring
battlefields, visiting palaces and castleswith you, we dream."
Chirac acknowledged the racism that had existed in France and said that the reinterment in the Pantheon had been a
way of correcting that wrong, as Alexandre Dumas was enshrined alongside fellow great authors Victor Hugo and
mile Zola. Chirac noted that, although France has produced many great writers, none has been so widely read as
Dumas. His novels have been translated into nearly 100 languages. In addition, they have inspired more than 200
motion pictures.
Tomb of Alexandre Dumas at the Panthon in
Paris.
In 2005, Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, was
published in France in June of that year. Featuring the Battle of
Trafalgar, Dumas described a fictional character killing Lord Nelson.
(In fact, he was killed by an unknown sniper.) Writing and publishing
the novel serially in 1869, Dumas had nearly finished it before his
death. It was the third part of the Sainte-Hermine trilogy. Claude
Schopp, a Dumas scholar, noticed a letter in an archive in 1990 that led
him to discover the unfinished work. It took him years to research it,
edit the completed portions, and decide how to treat the unfinished
part. Schopp finally wrote the final two-and-a half chapters, based on
the author's notes, to complete the story. Published by Editions Phbus,
it sold 60,000 copies, making it a bestseller. Translated into English, it
was released in 2006 as The Last Cavalier, and has been translated into other languages.
Schopp has since found additional material related to the Saints-Hermine saga. Schopp combined them to publish the
sequel Le Salut de l'Empire in 2008.
Alexandre Dumas
7
Works
Fiction
Alexandre Dumas wrote numerous stories and historical chronicles of high adventure. They included the following:
Othon larcher
Captain Pamphile (Le Capitaine Pamphile, 1839)
The Fencing Master (Le Matre d'armes, 1840)
Castle Eppstein; The Specter Mother (Chateau d'Eppstein; Albine, 1843)
Georges (1843): The protagonist of this novel is a man of mixed race, a rare allusion to Dumas' own African
ancestry.
The Conspirators (Le chevalier d'Harmental, 1843) later adapted by Paul Ferrier into an opera
Ascanio (1843?); Written in collaboration with Paul Meurice (18201905): France History Francis I,
15151547 Fiction.
Louis XIV and His Century (Louis XIV et son sicle, 1844)
The Nutcracker (Histoire d'un casse-noisette, 1844): a revision of Hoffmann's story The Nutcracker and the
Mouse King, later set by composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to music for a ballet
the D'Artagnan Romances:
The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844)
Twenty Years After (Vingt ans aprs, 1845)
The Vicomte de Bragelonne, sometimes called "Ten Years Later", (Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, ou Dix ans plus
tard, 1847): When published in English, it was usually split into three parts: The Vicomte de Bragelonne,
Louise de la Valliere, and The Man in the Iron Mask, of which the last part is the best known. (A third sequel,
The Son of Porthos, 1883 (a.k.a. The Death of Aramis) was published under the name of Alexandre Dumas;
however, the real author was Paul Mahalin.)
The Corsican Brothers (Les Frres Corses, 1844)
The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo, 18451846)
The Regent's Daughter (Une Fille du rgent, 1845)
The Two Dianas (Les Deux Diane, 1846)
the Valois romances:
The horoscope : a romance of the reign of Franois II (1897?)
La Reine Margot (1845)
La Dame de Monsoreau (1846) (a.k.a. Chicot the Jester)
The Forty-Five Guardsmen (1847) (Les Quarante-cinq)
the Marie Antoinette romances:
Joseph Balsamo (Mmoires d'un mdecin: Joseph Balsamo, 18461848) (a.k.a. Memoirs of a Physician,
Cagliostro, Madame Dubarry, The Countess Dubarry, or The Elixir of Life)(Joseph Balsamo is about 1000
pages long, and is usually published in two volumes in English translations: Vol 1. Joseph Balsamo and Vol 2.
Memoirs of a Physician.)
The Queen's Necklace (Le Collier de la Reine, 18491850)
Ange Pitou (1853) (a.k.a. Storming the Bastille or Six Years Later)
The Countess de Charny (La Comtesse de Charny, 18531855) (a.k.a. Andre de Taverney, or The Mesmerist's
Victim)
Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (1845) (a.k.a. The Knight of the Red House, or The Knight of Maison-Rouge)
The Black Tulip (La Tulipe noire, 1850)
The New Troy (Montevideo, ou une nouvelle Troie, 1850), inspired by the Great Siege of Montevideo
Olympe de Cleves (Olympe de Cleves, 1851-2)
Alexandre Dumas
8
The Page of the Duke of Savoy (Catherine Blum, 1853-4)
The Mohicans of Paris (Les Mohicans de Paris, 1854)
The Wolf-Leader (Le Meneur de loups, 1857)
the Sainte-Hermine trilogy:
The Companions of Jehu (Les Compagnons de Jehu, 1857)
The Whites and the Blues (Les Blancs et les Bleus, 1867)
The Knight of Sainte-Hermine (Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine, 1869): This nearly completed novel was his
last major work; it was being published serially. It was lost until a rediscovery in 1990 by the Dumas scholar
Claude Schopp. He edited it and wrote two-and a half chapters to complete it, based on the notes of Dumas.
Published in 2005 in France, it quickly became a bestseller.
Pietro Monaco sua moglie Maria Oliverio e i loro complici, 1864)
Robin Hood (Robin Hood le proscrit, 1863)
The Count of Moret; The Red Sphinx; or, Richelieu and his rivals (Le Comte de Moret; Le Sphinx Rouge,
18651866)
The Women's War (La Guerre des Femmes): follows Baron des Canolles, a naive Gascon soldier who falls in
love with two women.
Drama
Although best known now as a novelist, Dumas first earned fame as a dramatist. His Henri III et sa cour (1829) was
the first of the great Romantic historical dramas produced on the Paris stage, preceding Victor Hugo's more famous
Hernani (1830). Produced at the Comdie-Franaise and starring the famous Mademoiselle Mars, Dumas' play was
an enormous success and launched him on his career. It had fifty performances over the next year, extraordinary at
the time.
Other hits followed. Antony (1831)a drama with a contemporary Byronic herois considered the first
non-historical Romantic drama. It starred Mars' great rival Marie Dorval.
Charles VII at the Homes of His Great Vassals (Charles VII chez ses grands vassaux, 1831). This drama was
adapted by the Russian composer Csar Cui for his opera The Saracen.
La Tour de Nesle (1832), an historical melodrama
Kean (1836), based on the life of the notable late English actor Edmund Kean. The great French actor Frdrick
Lematre played him in the production.
The Gold Thieves (after 1857): an unpublished five-act play. It was discovered in 2002 by the Canadian scholar
Reginald Hamel, who was researching in the Bibliothque Nationale de France. The play was published in France
in 2004 by Honor-Champion. Hamel said that Dumas was inspired by a novel written in 1857 by his mistress
Clste de Mogador.
Dumas wrote many plays and adapted several of his novels as dramas. He founded the Thtre Historique in the
1840s, located on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris. The building was used after 1851 by the Opra National
(established by Adolphe Adam in 1847). It was renamed the Thtre Lyrique in 1851.
Non-fiction
Dumas was a prolific writer of non-fiction. He wrote journal articles on politics and culture, and books on French
history.
His lengthy Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine (Great Dictionary of Cuisine) was published posthumously in 1873. A
combination of encyclopedia and cookbook, it reflects Dumas' interests as both a gourmet and an expert cook. An
abridged version (the Petit Dictionnaire de cuisine, or Small Dictionary of Cuisine) was published in 1882.
He was also known for his travel writing. These books included:
Alexandre Dumas
9
Impressions de voyage: En Suisse (Travel Impressions: In Switzerland, 1834)
Une Anne Florence (A Year in Florence, 1841)
De Paris Cadix (From Paris to Cadiz, 1847)
Le Journal de Madame Giovanni (The Journal of Madame Giovanni, 1856)
Travel Impressions in the Kingdom of Napoli/Naples Trilogy:
Impressions of Travel in Sicily (Le Speronare (Sicily 1835), 1842
Captain Arena (Le Capitaine Arena (Italy Aeolian Islands and Calabria 1835), 1842
Impressions of Travel in Naples (Le Corricolo (Rome Naples 1835), 1843
Travel Impressions in Russia Le Caucase Original edition: Paris 1859
Adventures in Czarist Russia, or From Paris to Astrakhan (Impressions de voyage: En Russie; De Paris
Astrakan: Nouvelles impressions de voyage (1858), 18591862
Voyage to the Caucasus (Le Caucase : Impressions de voyage; suite de En Russie (1859), 18581859
Personal images
Alexandre Dumas about 1832 Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas in his
library, par Maurice
Leloir
Alexandre Dumas in 1860
Alexandre Dumas, clich by
Charles Reutlinger
Alexandre Dumas by
Gill
Alexandre Dumas
10
Notes
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:French_literature_sidebar& action=edit
[2] Alexandre Dumas (http:/ / encarta.msn.com/ encyclopedia_761563124/ Alexandre_Dumas. html) on Encarta. Archived (http:/ / www.
webcitation.org/ 5kwDgz6ji) 31 October 2009.
[3] Watts Phillips: Artist and Playwright by Emma Watts Phillips. 1891 (https:/ / archive. org/ details/ wattsphillipsar01philgoog) pg 63
[4] John G. Gallaher, General Alexandre Dumas: Soldier of the French Revolution (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zZ-ALXkowCEC&
pg=PA98& source=gbs_toc_r& cad=4#v=onepage& q& f=false), Southern Illinois University, 1997, p. 98
[5] Claude Schopp (http:/ / www.dumaspere.com/ pages/ vie/ biographie. html), Socit des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas 1998-2008
[6] "Le mtissage rentre au Panthon" (http:/ / marianne2.fr/ -Le-metissage-rentre-au-Pantheon-_a40493. html).
[7] "L'association des Amis du Gnral Alexandre Dumas" (http:/ / www. general-dumas. com/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article&
id=47& Itemid=57), Website, accessed 11 August 2012
[8] See Andrew Lang's essay, "Alexandre Dumas", in his Essays in Little (1891), for a full description of these collaborations.
[9] British Library biography (http:/ / www.bl. uk/ onlinegallery/ features/ blackeuro/ pdf/ dumas. pdf)
[10] Dorsey Kleitz, "Adah Isaacs Menken" (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=IKped0j8PXwC& pg=PA294& dq=menken&
f=false#v=onepage& q=menken& f=false), in Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century, ed. by Eric L. Haralson, pp.
294-296 (1998) (ISBN 978-1-57958-008-7)
References
Gorman, Herbert (1929). The Incredible Marquis, Alexandre Dumas. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC
1370481 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1370481).
Hemmings, F.W.J. (1979). Alexandre Dumas, the King of Romance. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
ISBN0-684-16391-8.
Lucas-Dubreton, Jean (1928). The Fourth Musketeer (http:/ / cadytech. com/ dumas/ related/ fourth_musketeer.
php). trans. by Maida Castelhun Darnton. New York: Coward-McCann. OCLC 230139 (http:/ / www. worldcat.
org/ oclc/ 230139).
Maurois, Andr (1957). The Titans, a Three-Generation Biography of the Dumas. trans. by Gerard Hopkins. New
York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. OCLC 260126 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 260126).
Phillips, Emma Watts (1891). Watts Phillips: Artist and Playwright. London: Cassell & Company.
Reed, F. W. (Frank Wild) (1933). A Bibliography of Alexandre Dumas, pre. Pinner Hill, Middlesex: J.A.
Neuhuys. OCLC 1420223 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1420223).
Ross, Michael (1981). Alexandre Dumas. Newton Abbot, London, North Pomfret (Vt): David & Charles.
ISBN0-7153-7758-2.
Schopp, Claude (1988). Alexandre Dumas, Genius of Life. trans. by A. J. Koch. New York, Toronto: Franklin
Watts. ISBN0-531-15093-3.
Spurr, Harry A. (October 1902). The Life and Writings of Alexandre Dumas. New York: Frederick A. Stokes,
Company. OCLC 2999945 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 2999945).
External links
Works by Alexandre Dumas, pre (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Alexandre_Dumas_pre) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by Alexandre Dumas (https:/ / archive. org/ search. php?query=creator:Dumas Alexandre
-contributor:gutenberg AND mediatype:texts) at Internet Archive
Works by or about Alexandre Dumas (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-42162) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
Herald Sun: Lost Dumas play discovered (http:/ / www. heraldsun. news. com. au/ common/ story_page/
0,5478,10904968%5E1702,00. html)
Lost Dumas novel hits bookshelves (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 4609819. stm)
Dumas' Works (http:/ / www. intratext. com/ Catalogo/ Autori/ AUT139. HTM): text, concordances and
frequency lists
Alexandre Dumas
11
The Alexandre Dumas pre website (http:/ / www. cadytech. com/ dumas/ ), with a complete bibliography and
notes about many of the works
Rafferty, Terrence. "All for One" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 08/ 20/ books/ review/ 20pevear.
html?ex=1313726400& en=dd1eb4e9bdbf3499& ei=5088& partner=rssnyt& emc=rss), The New York Times
(http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ ), August20, 2006 (a review of the new translation of The Three Musketeers, ISBN
0-670-03779-6)
1866 Caricature of Alexandre Dumas by Andr Gill (http:/ / greatcaricatures. com/ articles_galleries/ gill/
galleries/ html/ 1866_1202_dumas. html)
Alexandre Dumas et compagnie (http:/ / www. alexandredumasetcompagnie. com) : Freely downloadable works
of Alexandre Dumas in PDF format (text mode)
Alexandre Dumas Collection (http:/ / research. hrc. utexas. edu:8080/ hrcxtf/ view?docId=ead/ 00239. xml&
query=dumas, alexandre& query-join=and) at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Alejandro Dumas Vida y Obras (http:/ / www. alexdumas. 110mb. com/ / ) First Spanish Website about
Alexandre Dumas and his works.
Alexandre Dumas (pere) (http:/ / www. iblist. com/ author98. htm) at the Internet Book List
Works by Alexandre Dumas on Open Library at the Internet Archive
Article Sources and Contributors
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Article Sources and Contributors
Alexandre Dumas Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=606823824 Contributors: -- April, A More Perfect Onion, AEMoreira042281, AMRDeuce, AOL account, Ablebakerus,
Access Denied, Adambiswanger1, Adrian, Aitias, Alansohn, Alexmrb, AlmanacManiac, Amillar, Andrewpmk, Andyjsmith, AngelOfSadness, Animum, Anna Roy, Anne97432, Anonymous from
the 21st century, Anthroproffs, Antonin1706, Ardric47, Arthur Holland, Asdofj, Astarael, AtStart, Atethnekos, Attilios, Auntof6, Austin Hair, Averaver, AxelBoldt, BPK2, Babygravy96,
Barbatus, Bashereyre, Bbb23, Bearcat, Bender235, Benjaminsvejgaard, Betacommand, Beyond My Ken, Bill Thayer, Bissinger, Blanche of King's Lynn, Blaue Max, Bluquail, Bob247,
Bongwarrior, Bookandcoffee, Bridghid, Brion VIBBER, CWenger, Caltas, Calvin 1998, CanadianLinuxUser, Capricorn42, Captain Courageous, Carlon, Catgut, Cbuckner7, Ccady, Ceaseless,
Charles Gaudette, Charlesroth, Chewings72, Chick Bowen, Chinneeb, Chrisazarian, Circeus, CiudadanoGlobal, Clarityfiend, Clestur, Clockery, Closedmouth, Coderzombie, Colonies Chris,
Connormah, Contributor777, CsDix, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DH85868993, Dabomb87, DadaNeem, Dagko, Dale Arnett, Dannycas, Danrok, DatKy, Deathsin366, DerHexer, Dferg47,
Dhruvhemmady, DigitalAttorney, Dimadick, Discospinster, Dlkwiki, DocWatson42, Dogg123459876, Dohn joe, Dolphindas, Dothatsexystuff, Doughmuffins, Download, Dr31, Dragnmastr2134,
Dreamafter, Drekai, Dryazan, DubaiTerminator, Dunk the Lunk, ESkog, EamonnPKeane, Eclecticology, Edivorce, Eldamorie, EoGuy, Eostrom, Epbr123, Epinoia, Escape Orbit, Ewulp,
ExistentialBliss, Fadesga, Falcon8765, Favonian, Fixer88, Franck Holland, FrankFlanagan, Franois, Funnyhat, Furyo Mori, Fvw, G.-M. Cupertino, Gaff, Galoubet, General Wesc, Ghirlandajo,
Giftlite, Gilliam, GlamRock, Glenn, Goingin, Goustien, GraemeL, Greatpatton, Greedo1977, Grenavitar, Guenael, Gyrofrog, HOT L Baltimore, Hafspajen, HamYoyo, Harro, Henry Merrivale,
HenryLi, Hephaestos, Hobartimus, Hobojobo911, Holothurion, Hvn0413, IGeMiNix, INeverCry, Inglok, Iridescent, Isis, Italia2006, JK Cromwell, JMLofficier, Jaanoun, JackofOz, Jacottier,
Jadseanderson, Jafeluv, Jajhill, JakeTheImpaler, JanCeuleers, Jauhienij, Jayen466, Jbarta, Jeanenawhitney, Jeffq, Jennyinthesky, Jguard18, JillandJack, Jim1138, Jimregan, JoanneB, John, John of
Lancaster, Johnsgreat, Jon Harald Sby, Jonpro, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jroyler, Justlettersandnumbers, Kaizeler, Kake00, Karen Johnson, Katalaveno, Kbi911, Keith D, Kelson, Kgrad,
Kikadue, Kintetsubuffalo, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knyazhna, Koavf, Kokulan3, Kostisl, Kpalion, Kwamikagami, La Parka Your Car, Leszek Jaczuk, Libroman, Lightmouse, Lijil, Limit-theorem,
Lord Bodak, LorenzoB, Lproven, Luccas, Lumos3, M7, MER-C, Ma'ame Michu, Mad Hatter, Magnoliasouth, Malcolm Farmer, Mandarax, Manytexts, Mareino, Martynas Patasius, Matthew
Woodcraft, McSly, Mcewan, Meclee, Mehmet Karatay, Mfsmew2, Micks, Mike 7, Millahnna, Min.neel, Mjs, Mllefifi, Modeha, Modernist, Mona, Monacat, Monegasque, Montrealais,
Mpgviolist, MrAmazingAwesomeness, Mrt3366, Musketeer1640, NYArtsnWords, Naniwako, Nataev, Nels7251, NewEnglandYankee, Newmanbe, Nihil novi, Niteowlneils, Novakalberta, Now
registered, Numbo3, Nxd374, Nysalor, Nyttend, Oclupak, Offaking 2, OgasawaraSachiko, Ohconfucius, Oligop, Olivier, Omicronpersei8, Omnipaedista, Ornil, Orpheus Machina, Osprey39,
OttawaAC, Paris 16, Parkwells, Paul A, Paul Barlow, Pearjones, Perey, Peripatetic, Petrb, Phgao, Philg88, Piercetheorganist, Pinky sl, Politicaljunkie23, Porthos42, Postdlf, Prashanthns,
Prestonmcconkie, Prosfilaes, Pseudomonas, Quadell, Queenbee07, Quill, Qutezuce, RA0808, RJHall, Radarm, RadiantRay, Raghith, Raviliousj, Rdsmith4, ReconditeRodent, RedCoat10,
RedHillian, Rehan.kularatne, RevRagnarok, Rich Farmbrough, Rightnowiamatschool, Rjwilmsi, Robert.Allen, Robertgreer, RosieN, Rotational, Rothorpe, Roundelais, Rowany, Royharmon,
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Shirtwaist, SidP, SimonP, Sky Blu 2, Slurpy121, Snowgrouse, Solar-Wind, Some jerk on the Internet, Someguy1221, Someone else, Somethinghere, Sowsnek, Splintercellguy, Stbalbach, Steel,
Stephen Burnett, Stephenb, Steve Farrell, Stolengood, Straw Cat, Student7, Sucatraps, Swerdnaneb, Sylent, Symposiarch, T@nn, TBrandley, Tad Lincoln, Tarquin, TaylorHill, Tazmaniacs, The
Fifth Horseman, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheOtherJesse, Thelad101, Tiglet, TobyDZ, Tommy2010, Tony1, TonyTheTiger, Tpbradbury, Tregoweth, Truelight234, Turtleheart, Tuttiverdi,
TwoTwoHello, Twthmoses, UDScott, UtherSRG, Vald, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, Varlaam, Vega2, Venu62, Vicoduomo, WJBscribe, Wahabijaz, Wavelength, Wedineinheck, Weldun,
Wesley, Whale plane, WhisperToMe, Widr, Wik, Wiki p SUCKS, Wiki13, Wikievil666, WikiyEdit, William Avery, Wmahan, Woohookitty, Xeltran, Xp54321, Yllosubmarine, Yunshui, Zaheen,
Ze miguel, Zoe, Zoney, Zoso Jade, Zujine, , , 755 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Nadar - Alexander Dumas pre (1802-1870) - Google Art Project 2.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nadar_-_Alexander_Dumas_pre_(1802-1870)_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Coyau, Julia W, Paris 16
File:Alexandre Dumas Signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_Signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: user:Connormah
File:Alexandre Dumas (1762-1806).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_(1762-1806).JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Olivier Pichat
(peinture), Bruno Arrigoni (photo)
File:Alexandre Dumas par Achille Devria (1829).png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Devria_(1829).png License: Public Domain
Contributors: Ccady, Deerstop, Kilom691, Mu
File:Maison Dumas Chteau de Monte-Cristo 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maison_Dumas_Chteau_de_Monte-Cristo_01.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: JPGO
File:Dumas pere print .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dumas_pere_print_.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mu, OttawaAC, W. C. Minor
File:Pantheon Grablege Dumas Zola Hugo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pantheon_Grablege_Dumas_Zola_Hugo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
selbst erstellt
File:Alexandre Dumas 8.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_8.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cecil, Deerstop, Kelson, Kilom691
File:Alexandre Dumas 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cecil, Kelson
File:Alexandre Dumas 7.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_7.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Cecil, Flominator,
Kelson, Kilom691
File:Alexandre Dumas 4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandre_Dumas_4.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sign par Gustave Le Gray - Dessin tir
d'une photographie de Gustave Le Gray
File:DUMAS PERE.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DUMAS_PERE.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Kelson, Kevyn, Olivier, Shizhao,
(Searobin)
File:Gill - Dumas Pre.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gill_-_Dumas_Pre.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cecil, Infrogmation, Lobo
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/