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Copyright 2003, Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2003 Offshore Technology Conference held in
Houston, Texas, U.S.A., 58 May 2003.

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presented.

Abstract
This paper presents asset management concept and process
and examples of sound reservoir management practice in
developing a new field, revitalizing a mature old field, and
developing a water flood project after primary depletion.
Useful information is included about reservoir performance
analysis and economic results for these example reservoirs at
various stages of the reservoir life cycle.

Introduction
A reservoirs life begins with exploration that leads to
discovery, which is followed by delineation of the reservoir,
development of the field, and production by primary,
secondary, and tertiary means, and finally to abandonment
(Figure 1).

This Paper Presents:
A brief review of asset management concepts and
process.
Examples of sound reservoir management practice
used to enhance economics in projects at various
stages of the reservoir life cycle:
o Development of a newly discovered
offshore oil field.
o Revitalization of a mature offshore oil field.
o Development of a water flood project.
Details of reservoir data, performance analysis techniques and
results can be found in the published references 1, 2,3,4,5.

Asset Management
The ultimate goal of asset management is to maximize
economic benefits from the companys upstream, midstream,
and downstream assets (Figures 2 and 3) by optimizing
recovery while minimizing capital investments and
operating costs.

A sound management practice in upstream operation consists
of setting goal, developing and implementing plan, monitoring
and evaluating performance, and revising necessary
unworkable plans (Figure 4). This can be achieved by
integration of multi-disciplinary professionals, technologies,
tools, and data. This is a dynamic process throughout the
reservoir life.

Example 1 - Development of a Newly Discovered
Offshore Oil Field.

This example presents how a team of geoscientists and
engineers developed an economically viable plan based upon
an integrated reservoir model, reservoir performance analysis,
and economic evaluation. Natural depletion or natural
depletion augmented by water injection, and well spacing
requiring the number of wells and platforms were considered.

Reservoir Data. Rank Wildcat Well No. 1 was the example
offshore oil field discovery well. The field is analogous to
Gulf Coast reservoirs. Wells 2, 3, 4 and 5, were drilled to
delineate the field (see Figure 5). A drill stem test was
performed at the discovery well and the results indicated two
productive zones at 4000 ft and 4500 ft depth. Initial
production rates from the sand zones were 875 STBOPD and
1,456 STBOPD, respectively. Well No. 4 was a dry hole
while Well No. 3 penetrated the oil-water contact.

Preliminary data indicated that the under saturated reservoirs
had good porosity, permeability, and contained light oil. This
field had as much as 55 MMSTB of original oil-in place in the
top layer and 102 MMSTB at the bottom layer. The field had a
significant amount of potential reserves.

Based upon permeability variation and to facilitate
performance analysis, the upper sand was subdivided into two
layers, while the lower sand was subdivided into three layers.

Development and Depletion Strategy. An integrated
geoscience and engineering team was charged to address the
following main questions in order to come up with an
economically viable development and depletion strategy:

Recovery scheme - natural depletion or natural
depletion augmented by fluid (water or gas) injection.

Well spacing - number of wells, platforms, reserves
and economics

To reach the goal, a full field reservoir simulation study was
necessary to realistically forecast oil production rates and

OTC 15082
Asset Management through the Reservoir Life Cycle
Abdus Satter
2 OTC 15082

reserves for various well spacing. The simulated production
performance results were then used to economically optimize
the number of wells and platforms.

Reservoir Modeling. Considering 40, 80, 120, and 160-acre
well spacings, a full-field reservoir simulation model was
constructed to predict depletion drive performance. The
model consisted of 30 columns, 23 rows and 3 layers in the
lower sands and 2 layers in the upper sands. An impermeable
layer separated the two sands. The reservoir layers were
considered continuous and homogeneous throughout the field.
In addition to the depletion runs, several runs were also made
to investigate the effects of aquifer drive.

An additional run was made using a 160-acre well spacing for
initiating primary depletion, which was followed by 80-acre,
5-spot infill water flooding after two years. Water injection
and production were initiated in the bottom sands, followed by
operations in upper sands.

Well production limitations included economic oil production
rate of 30 MSTBPD, flowing bottom hole pressure of 600
psia, gas-oil ratio of 20,000 SCF/STB, and water cut of 95%.

Production and Reserves Forecasts. The simulated primary
performance results show that the larger spacing requires
longer life with little effect on the ultimate primary recovery
(Figure 6).

The production performance for the water flood case is
compared to the primary performance (Figure 7). The
expected oil recovery from the water flood operation was
more than double the primary recovery with a longer life.

Facilities Planning. The simulated production performance
results were used to size platforms, production decks and
surface facilities, etc. Also, requirements for drilling, well
completions and production practices were established.
Subsequently, estimates of capital investments and operating
expenses were made for economic analyses.

Economic Optimization. Economic analyses of the primary
and water flood development plans were made, using
estimated production, capital, operating expenses, and other
financial data. Results are shown in Table 1, which provided
management several economic criteria to make their decision.
The teams recommendation was the initial 160-acre primary
development followed by 80-acre, 5-spot infill water flooding
after two years.

Example 2 - Revitalization of a Mature Offshore
Oil Field

This example presents how integrated teams evaluated a
mature offshore oil field performance and investigated various
scenarios to add more value to the asset. Recommendations
were made to add infill horizontal wells based upon oil
saturation distributions from the reservoir simulation studies.
The teams contribution to redevelopment plan resulted in
more than doubling the booked reserves.

The mature North Apoi/Funiwa Nigerian offshore Field was
operated by Texaco (now Chevron Texaco) Overseas
(Nigeria) Petroleum Company Unlimited (TOPCON).
Multiple reservoirs, including the Ewinti and the Ala series
have been producing for more than two decades.

Due to declining production and uncertainty in the recovery
efficiency, it was necessary to review performance of the
fields 6 largest reservoirs and recommend future direction.
Integrated teams of geoscientists and engineers from
TOPCON, Nigerian government organizations, and Texaco E
& P Technology Department (EPDT) were charged in 1995 to
make the studies in three phases. A different team made study
in each phase. Table 2 shows multi-disciplinary professionals
working on this project as an integrated team.

The first phase study involving Ewinti-5, and Ala-3 reservoirs
containing more than 50 % of the fields booked reserves was
initiated in March 1995 and completed in June 1995 in
Houston at EPTD facilities. Subsequently, the second phase
study, covering Ewinti-7 and Ala-5 reservoirs, and the third
phase study, covering Ewinti-6 and Ala-7 were also carried
out in Houston taking 3 months each.

These integrated studies exemplify the close alignment
between EPTD and TOPCON in the transfer and application
of leading edge technologies in support of TOPCONs
growth plan. The results of this mature field studies are
presented here.

Objectives. The objectives of the studies were to determine
ultimate primary recovery and optimum recovery with
additional vertical and horizontal wells and workovers,
including gas lift, and EOR potential.

Challenges, Approach, and Deliverables. Challenges faced
in the studies had to deal with mature reservoirs, declining
production, increasing operating costs, unrealistic recovery
factors and the need to enhance asset value.

The approach taken was to review geoscience and engineering
data, analyze past performance using classical material
balance, decline curve, and reservoir simulation techniques.

The expected deliverables included improved reservoir
description, updated original oil-in-place, reserves additions,
better reservoir management skills and strategies, and
technology transfer from EPTD to TOPCON, followed
by applications.

Results. The studies utilized integration of multidisciplinary
data, tools, and technologies, and professionals working
together as a team.

OTC 15082 3
Integrated geoscience and engineering models were developed
using revised maps based upon re-processed and re-interpreted
3-D seismic survey data of 1986. Well log and core analysis,
rock and fluid properties, well test and other engineering data,
and twenty years of field production history were also
incorporated into the reservoir description.

Decline Curve Analysis. Production Data Analysis module
of Integrated Petroleum WorkBench software of Scientific
Software Intercom (SSI), now owned by Baker Hughes
Company, was used to make decline curve analysis of
production data of wells, which had established declining
production. The results compared favorably with the
simulator-predicted results.

Classical Material Balance. Classical material balance
analysis was considered to be a pre-requisite to reservoir
simulation. The EPTD-developed OILWAT material balance
software was used for estimating original oil-in-place and
primary drive mechanisms. The material balance analysis
showed that the primary production mechanism of the
Ewinti-5, Ewinti-7 and Ala-5 sands is influenced by strong
water drive, with additional support from gas cap drive and
solution gas drive. The Ala-3 reservoir demonstrates weak
water drive plus gas cap and solution gas drive.

Figure 8 shows the original-oil-in place estimated by classical
material balance analysis and simulation techniques for the
three phase studies. As shown, the results from both the
material balance and simulation cases are comparable to each
other, but are substantially greater than the booked values
prior to this current study. The primary reason for the
discrepancy was contributed to improved seismic data,
defining larger reservoirs than previously mapped.

Reservoir Simulation. SSIs Black Oil Simulator was
utilized for full-field performance history match and forecasts.
The stepwise history matching procedure consisted of pressure
matching, followed by saturation matching. Reasonably
good history matches were achieved for most of the wells by
adjusting the usual reservoir parameters within their accepted
ranges of uncertainty. Some areas of poor seismic resolution
had to be re-interpreted to determine fluid contacts, leading to
successful history matches in all wells.

After the reservoir performance history matching, prediction
runs were made under various investment scenarios for
optimally draining the reservoirs, including additional take
points, horizontal wells, gas lift and water injection.

Performance forecasts for the remaining period of the contract
were made under different operating scenarios in order to
determine the optimum development plan as follows:

Case 1: Primary depletion with the current wells and
production limitations (Do Nothing Base Case)
Case 2: Base Case, Infill Wells and Workovers
Case 3: Case 2 and Gas lift
Case 4: Case 3 and Water Injection, applicable to Ala-3 Sand
Since the Ala-3 reservoir has weak natural water drive, the
studies showed that recovery could be improved with water
injection. The Ewinti-5, Ewinti-7 and Ala-5 reservoirs, on the
other hand, have strong water drives, and thus no water
injection case was attempted.

The reserves increases which were estimated from the
simulation studies are given in Figure 9. This figure shows
reserves increases in millions of stock tank barrels involving
the three phase studies under various production scenarios.
The new estimated reserves are substantially more than the
booked values. Each barrel represents several dollars per
barrel profit margin to the company.

Ten horizontal wells, 4 deviated wells, 1 replacement well and
4 workovers were recommended for the six reservoirs studied
in three phases. All infill and workover wells are located in
Finiwa field. The placement of the proposed horizontal wells
was determined by examining the simulator-calculated oil
saturation distributions initially and throughout the producing
life of the reservoirs. For example, Figure 10 shows the oil
saturation distributions for a selected layer in Ewinti-5. The
end-of-lease base case (year 2008) shows significant
remaining producible oil. Placing two horizontal wells at the
current time and running the simulator to end-of-lease
produced most of the recoverable oil.

This study resulted in significant cycle time reduction and set
an excellent example of integration and alliance. Within 9
months of the start of Phase 1 study, recommendation for two
horizontal wells were quickly approved, drilled and completed
in the Funiwa Ewinti-5 reservoir. The wells came on
production as predicted, validating the results of the study.
The first well initially produced 2,670 BPD of oil from a 700-
foot horizontal section. The second well with a 1600-foot
horizontal pay section produced 4,020 BOPD.

Example 3 - Development of a Water flood Project

This example presents how an integrated team developed an
economically viable water flood plan for a synthetic primary
depleted oil reservoir, considering peripheral and pattern
floods with varying well spacing.

A field, which was supposedly discovered many years ago, is
now depleted. It consists of a simple domal structure and five
of the nine wells drilled were producers (Figure 11). Primary
producing mechanisms were fluid and rock expansion
(reservoir pressure above the bubble point), solution gas drive
and limited natural water drive. Data available are limited;
even the gas, oil and water production data are unreliable.
Reservoir pressures were not monitored. This is typical when
dealing with old mature fields.

An integrated team of geoscientists and engineers was charged
by the management to review the past performance and



4 OTC 15082

investigate water flood potential of this field. The teams
approaches were to:

Build an integrated geoscience and engineering
model of the reservoir using available petrophysical
and production data and correlations.

Simulate full-field primary production performance
without history matching, since no historical pressure
data were available.

Forecast performance under peripheral and pattern
water flood.

Finally, an economic evaluation of the development
plan for each scenario to determine the
preferred plan.

Even though the field is not real, much can be learned about
how to engineer a water flood project even with
incomplete data.

Reservoir Data. An analysis of the logs from the nine wells
showed that the reservoir heterogeneity could be represented
by five producing horizons. Permeability was computed from
a correlation of porosity vs. permeability. Permeability in the
x and y directions were considered to be the same, i.e., no
directional permeability. The vertical to horizontal
permeability ratio was assumed to be 0.1.

This under-saturated reservoir having the initial pressure
several hundred psi above the 1855 psia bubble point, contains
33
o
API crude oil at 2332 psia original reservoir pressure and
123
o
F temperature. Fluid properties and gas-oil and water-oil
relative permeability data were obtained from correlations,

Production Performance. Using SSIs Black Oil Simulator
with 25x25x5 grids (3125 cells, with 1.02 acres each) a full-
field reservoir simulation model was constructed to predict
primary performance. The model used economic oil
production rate of 10 STB/day, maximum gas-oil ratio of 5000
SCF/STBO, maximum water cut of 95 %, minimum bottom
hole pressure of 150 psia, and top 3 layers being completed.

The original oil, gas and water-in-place were computed to be
26.2 MMSTB, 10.8 BSCF and 19.1 MMSTB, respectively.
Primary oil recovery was 4.1 MMSTB (15.7 % OOIP) after
8.3 years.

Peripheral and pattern water flood development cases are
shown in Figure 12. Performance forecasts for these cases
were made in order to determine the optimum development
plan. Figure 13 presents cumulative oil recovery due to
primary and water flood production vs. time. Figure 14 shows
water flood oil recovery vs. pore volume of injected water.

Project life being the same, significantly higher recoveries are
obtained in cases 2 and 5, which have more injectors and
producers than the others. Case 3 with only one producer
shows the least recovery. Or in other words, recoveries are
directly related to the number of production wells. Case 5
shows the least efficient recovery, considering water
injection requirement.

More oil recovery with more injection and production wells
may not provide the best economically viable scheme. That
can only be determined by economic analysis of the
cases considered.

Economic Evaluation. Making a sound business decision
requires that the project be economically viable so as to
generate profits satisfying the economic yardsticks of the
company.

The five water flood design cases were analyzed to determine
the most economically viable project. The results of the
economic analysis for these cases without considering federal
income taxes are presented in Table 3, which gives
management several economic criteria to make their decision.

The analysis shows that all the cases are very favorable for
water flooding. Case 3 gives the lowest amount of investment,
reserves, and development costs and yet very favorable
discounted cash flow return on investment, and the highest
profit-to-investment-ratio. Case 2 for peripheral flood and
Case 5 for pattern flood show the most promise. Case 5 shows
the highest present worth net profit; however, this requires
80% more capital than for the Case 2, which gives about the
same present worth net profit and better discounted cash flow
return on investment.

It should be realized that the recovery estimates for the Case 2
peripheral flood might be optimistic, because the reservoir
layers were considered to be homogeneous and continuous.
This may not represent the real situation. On the other hand,
Case 5 for the pattern flood is better suited to treat reservoir
heterogeneity and reservoir discontinuity.

Conclusions

Techniques presented in this work set good examples to
develop a newly discovered field, revitalize a mature field, and
develop an economically viable water flood project.

Sound management process, integration of professionals,
tools, technologies and data and multidisciplinary teamwork
are essential for successful reservoir operations.

References

1. Satter, A., Varnon, J. E., and Hoang, M. T. Integrated
Reservoir Management JPT (Dec. 1994).

2. Satter, A., and Thakur G. C.: Integrated Reservoir
Management: A Team Approach, Penn Well Books, Tulsa,
OK (1994).

OTC 15082 5
3. Akinlawon, Y., Nwosu, T., Satter, A. and Jespersen, R.:
Integrated Reservoir Management Doubles Nigerian Field
Reserves, Harts Petroleum Engineer International,
(Oct. 1996).

4. Thakur, G. C. and Satter, A. Integrated Water flood
Asset Management, Penn Well Books, Tulsa, OK
(1998).

5. Satter, A., Baldwin, J., and Jespersen, R. Computer-
Assisted Reservoir Management, PennWell Books,
Tulsa, OK (2000).



Table 1 Economic Evaluation Results of a New Field
Development Plans

Parameters Primary Development
Water
Flood
Patterns, Acres 40 80 120 160 80
Investment, $MM 325 222 202 162 220
Reserves, MMSTBO 40.3 40.2 38.7 38.0 81.3
Economic Life, Years 9 11 15 15 22
Payout Time, Years 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.9
Discounted Cash Flow
return on investment, %
29.0 38.8 35.8 40.4 42.7
Net Present Value, $MM 112 161 144 157 309
Present Worth Index 1.63 2.31 2.15 2.49 3.64
Development Costs, $ Per
STBO
5.95 3.91 3.62 2.87 2.18




Table 2 Integrated Reservoir Management Team

Organization


TOPCON
3 Engineers
1 Geologist
1 Geophysicist

Texaco EPTD Specialists
1 Geophysics
1 Computer Support
1 Geostatistics
2 Horizontal Wells
1 Petrophysics
1 Project Management
2 Reservoir Engineering


Nigerian Government
2 Engineers








Table 3 Economic Evaluation Results of a Waterflood
Project Development Plans

Parameters
Primary
Development
Water
Flood
Case 1 2 3 4 5
Investment, $MM 1.85 4.88 0.97 3.48 8.80
Reserves, MMSTBO 1.97 5.14 1.38 3.18 5.11
Project Life, Years 15 15 15 15 15
Payout Time, Years 2.58 1.78 2.44 2.74 2.28
Discounted Cash Flow
return on investment, %
69.6 131 80.1 87.8 105
Present Worth Net Profit,
$MM
9.45 34.7 7.01 18.7 35.2
Profit to Investment Ratio 16.9 16.4 23.3 13.9 8.74
Present Worth Index 5.66 7.78 8.02 5.90 4.35
Development Costs, $ Per
STBO
0.94 0.95 0.71 1.10 1.72

6 OTC 15082

Reservoir Life Cycle
Discovery
Exploration
Abandonment
Delineation
Tertiary
Production
Waterflood
Development
Reservoir
Management
Primary


Figure 1 Reservoir Life Cycle



Figure 2 Asset Management System


Figure 3 - Asset Management Goal




Figure 4 Reservoir Management Process


Figure 5 Top Structure Map of a New Field - 4000 Foot
Sand



Figure 6 - Effect of Well Spacing on Recovery


Asset Management System Asset Management System
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40 Acre 40 Acre
80 Acre 80 Acre
120 Acre 120 Acre
160 Acre 160 Acre
OTC 15082 7
W-9
W-8
W-3
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Case 1 Case 3
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Case 1 Peripheral 5 4
Case 2 Peripheral 9 8
Case 3 Pattern 1 4
Case 4 Pattern 4 9
Case 5 Pattern 12 13
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Figure 7- Depletion and Waterflood Cumulative Oil
Production Vs. Time


Figure 8- Original Oil In Place for Three Phase Studies
















Figure 9 - Reserves Additions Summary for Three Phase
Studies











Figure 10 Oil Saturation Disribution on a
Selected Layer















Figure 11 Top Structure Map of a Waterflood Prospect
Reservoir


Figure 12 Waterflood Development Cases










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Waterflood
Depletion
Time, Years
O i l S a t u r a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n
H O R I Z O N T A L W E L L S
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200
300
400
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Phase I Phase I Phase II Phase II
312 312
565 565
508 508
136 136
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8 OTC 15082

Cumulative Oil Recovery
Depletion
Case-1
Case-2
Case-3
Case-4
Case-5
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
TIME (Years)
C
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P
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(
M
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Depletion Case-1 Case-2
Case-3 Case-4 Case-5
Primary
Secondary


Figure 13 Cumulative Oil Recovery Vs. Time


Oil Recovery vs. Water Injected
Case-1
Case-2
Case-3
Case-4
Case-5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
PV Water Injected (fraction)
O
i
l

R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y

(
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
)
Case-1 Case-2 Case-3 Case-4 Case-5

Figure 14 Oil Recovery Vs. Water Injected

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