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INTRODUCTION
Power electronics is an enabling technology,
providing the needed interface between the
electrical source, and the electrical load, Fig. 1.

Controller
Power Electronic interface
Converter
Source
Load
Fig. 1 Power electronic interface between the source and the
load
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INTRODUCTION
The task of Power Electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric power by supplying
voltage s and currents in a form that is optimally
suited for user loads.
To convert electrical energy from one form to
another, i.e. from the source to load with:
highest efficiency,
highest availability
highest reliability
lowest cost,
smallest size
least weight.

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INTRODUCTION
Fig. 2: Block diagram of a power electronic system
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INTRODUCTION
Fig. 3: Interdisciplinary nature of power electronics
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Applications of Power Electronics
Industrial applications
Drives
Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and fans,
Machine tools, Elevators, Cranes, Conveyors,
Hoists.
Approx. 2/3 of the generated electric energy in
industrial countries is consumed by the various
drives.
A large portion of these drives is ac drive.
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INTRODUCTION
The basic parts of the drives are the power
supplies and the electromechanical power
converter (electrical machine.) A functional block
diagram of an ac electric drive is seen in the
Figure below.
Figure 4. Block diagram of an ac motor drive
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INTRODUCTION
Electric heat generation
Arc furnace, Resistive heating , Induction heating
(high frequency current in a coil)
HV transmission
The technical and economical reason for
application is that there are certain areas where
high voltage transmission is needed between two
systems with different frequencies (e.g.: Japan,
where a 50Hz system is connected to a 60Hz
system) or the HV transmission is more
economical as it has higher efficiency.
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INTRODUCTION
Used for transmitting high electric power to large
distances, through DC line (parallel losses). The
system consists of an AC/DC and a DC/AC
converter as shown in the figure below.
Power level of such a system is 200-600MW.
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INTRODUCTION
Power Supplies
Important parameters:
Power density [W/in3,W/cm3]
present limits are around 30-50W/in3.
Tolerance
Ripple - input reflected ripple (current)
- output ripple (voltage), EMC/EMI -
noise levels [dB]
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INTRODUCTION
UPS Systems (Uninterruptable Power Supply) are
used where high availability, and/or reliability of the
power supply is required.
Application:
Computers: process control, banks, servers
Energy transmission and distribution
Communication
Hospitals
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INTRODUCTION
Robots where motors, actuators are needed
Induction Heating melting, annealing, heat treatment
Electric Arc Welding Power Sources
Residential applications
Alarms
Refrigeration: temperature control (bang-bang
control, on-off control)
Space heating
Air conditioning
Washing machines drives, control- program
storage, electric heating

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INTRODUCTION
Cooking: microwave ovens, induction heating
Lighting
Electronics (PCs, Home Entertainment)
Electric Door Openers
Hand Power Tools
Commercial Applications
Heating,
Ventilating, Air Conditioning (Fan drives)
Central Air Conditioning
Computers and Office equipment
UPS
Elevators
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INTRODUCTION
Lighting electric discharge tubes
CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp with integrated PE
device)
Transportation
Traction Control
Battery Chargers (onboard chargers)
Electric Locomotives (Super Conducting material,
Magnetic Levitation vehicle : 500 km/h)
Trams, Trolley Buses
Subways
Automotive electronics including engine control
Electric cars (onboard chargers, regenerative braking)
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INTRODUCTION
Utility systems
High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)
Static var generation (to compensate reactive power
in the system to reduce power loss)
Nuclear reactor control rod
Supplemental energy storage systems (magnetic
energy storage with super conducting coil)
Remote control by audio frequency signals
Generator exciters
Induced-draft fans and pumps
Active filters, for filtering higher harmonic components
time domain control
frequency domain control
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INTRODUCTION
Aerospace
Space shuttle power supply system
Satellite power systems, solar power supplies
Aircraft power supplies: they are using 400Hz
network system. Airports are also using 400Hz
networks.
Telecommunications
Battery chargers
Power Supplies (DC and UPS)
HF inverter radio transmitter for AM service
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INTRODUCTION
Military
Gun elevation
Tracking systems
High power density power supplies
Computers
Power Supplies (SMPS, e.g. 3.3V, 500A)
Floppy and hard disc drives
Driving circuits for printer heads
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INTRODUCTION
Medical
Artificial internal organs
Artificial heart systems
HV power supplies for X-ray machines
Power supplies for diagnostic equipment (magnetic
resonance, computer tomography, ultrasonic
diagnostics, ECG)
HF heating (Short wave)
Pace makers
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INTRODUCTION
Static applications Example
involves non-rotating or moving mechanical
components.
Examples:
DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power
supply, Power generation and transmission
(HVDC), Electroplating, Welding, Heating,
Cooling, Electronic ballast

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Drive applications Example
intimately contains moving or rotating
components such as motors.
Examples:
Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air
conditioning System, Pumps, Compressor,
Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).
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Power Conversion concept
Supply from TNB: 50Hz, 240V RMS, (340V peak).
Customer need DC voltage for welding purpose,
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INTRODUCTION
We can use simple half-wave rectifier. A fixed DC
voltage is now obtained. This is a simple PE
system.




Average output voltage :

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How if customer wants variable DC voltage? More
complex circuit using SCR is required.







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Average output voltage :



By controlling the firing angle ,the output DC
voltage (after conversion) can be varied.
Obviously this needs a complicated electronic
system to set the firing current pulses for the SCR

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General Types Power Electronics Converters

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Power Electronics Converters

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INTRODUCTION
Power Electronics Converters

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Power Electronics Converters

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More detailed types of Converter Systems
1. AC voltage controllers: Fixed voltage AC to variable
voltage AC
2. Rectifiers: (uncontrolled) Fixed voltage AC to fixed
voltage DC
3. Rectifiers: (controlled) Fixed voltage AC to variable
voltage DC
4. DC/DC converters Fixed voltage DC to variable DC
(Choppers):
Reduction: Buck Converter
Increase: Boost Converter
Reduce/inc.: Buck-Boost Converter

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More detailed types of Converter Systems
5. Inverters (uncontrolled.): Fixed DC to fixed AC
voltage
6. Inverters (controlled): Fixed DC to variable AC
voltage (Square/trapezoidal/sine wave output)
7. Cycloconverters: Fixed frequency and voltage AC to
variable frequency (and voltage)AC output
(frequency reduction)
8. Matrix Converters Fixed frequency and voltage AC
to variable frequency (and voltage) AC output
(frequency increase/reduction, changing the number
of phases)
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Applications of Power Converters
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