TITLE: - MEASUREMENT OF A, B, C, D CONSTANT FOR A MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

AND PLOTTING OF ITS CIRCLE DIAGRAM TO EVALUATE PERFORMANCE.

AIM:-To find A, B, C, D parameter for a given equivalent model of a transmission line.
APPARATUS: -

1) Static model of a transmission line.- Rating

2) Voltmeter AC - Rating
3) Ammeter AC - Rating
4) Dimmer stat - Rating
5) Wattmeter - Rating

THEORY: - The transmission lines have four parameters.

1) Resistance

2) Inductance

3) Capacitor

4) Conductance

Resistance and inductance made the series impedance and line capacitor and conductance made
shunt admittance of the line. Shunt conductance are usually neglected in short power transmission line
when calculating voltage and current .Classification of transmission line according to the length depends
up on what approximation are justified in treating the parameter of line.
TRANSMISSION LINE IS CLASSIFIED AS
1) Short T.L.:-These are usually 80Km long and line voltage is below 25KV for short lines the total
capacitive susceptance is so small that it may be neglected.
2) Medium T.L.:-They are roughly between 80- 240Km in length operating voltage is 25 KV
-110KV.Equavalent circuit of the line consists of series impedance and shunt admittance.
3) Long T.L.:-The length of the line is greater than 240Km with operating voltage greater than 110KV,
the series impedance and shunt admittance are uniformly distributed over the entire length of line.
A, B, C, AND D PARAMETER OF T.L.:THE SENDING END QUANTITIES:Sending end voltage Vs sending end current Is can be represented in terms of the receiving end
quantities i.e. receiving end voltage VR and receiving end current = IR.

Vs = AVR + BIR
Is = CVR + DIR
A, B, C, D are called the line parameter are constant, there value depends on magnitude of circuit
elements.
If symmetrical circuit A=D
If reciprocating circuit AD-BC=1
A, B, C, D constant for various T.L. can be determine from there equivalent circuit. They areas follows
1. Short T.L.:A=D=1

B=Z

and

C=D

2. Medium Transmission Line. :A = D = 1+ yz/2

B = Z [1+ yz/4]
C=Y
Nominal method
A = D = 1+ yz/2
B=Z
C = Y [1+yz/4]
Where,Z =Total series impedance
Y=Total shunt admittance of the line
3.Long T.L.:-

Equivalent circuit
A = D = 1+YZ/2

B=Z

C = Y[1+YZ/4]
Y/2= 1/Zc ( (cosh rl-1)/sinh rl)

Z= Z (sinh rl/rl)
Y/2= Y/2((tan rl/2)/(rl/2))

PROCEDURE:1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram, measure Vs , Is and Ws with receiving end open
circuited apply Vs=230V.
2. Short circuit receiving end, increase Vs gradually such that the current in the circuit does not
exceed the rated current. Measure Vs, Is and Ws .
3. Open circuit the sending end and apply voltage at receiving end. Measure VR, IR, WR with
VR=230V.
4. Short circuit the sending end and increase VR gradually such that IR does not exceed the rated
value 50of current (1Amp). Measure VR, IR, WR.
5. Find angle of impedance from wattmeter readings.
6. Find A, B, C, D parameter plot circle diagram and locate load points for given diagram.
7. For drawing circle diagram of R.E. of medium T.L. connect rheostat load on T.L. apply 230Vat
S.E. of T.L. Adjust the load for rated current i.e.1A.Measure VR, IR, WR and Vs, Is,
Ws.
OBSERVATOIN TABLE:Sr. No.
1
2
3
4

Condition
R.E.O.C.
R.E.S.C.
S.E.O.C.
S.E.S.C.

Voltage

Current

Impedance
Zso=
Zss=
Zro=
Zrs=

For circle diagram:Voltage(Vs)

Current(Is)

Wattmeter(Wr)

Current(Ir)

Voltage(Vr)

CALCULATIONS:1) A= (Zso/Zro-Zrs) = D
B=Zrs (Zso/Zro-Zrs)
C=1/ Zso(Zro-Zrs)
Theoretically, Nominal T method,
A=D=1+ (YZ/2)

B=Z (1+yz/4)

and

C=Y

Nominal method,
A=D=1+(YZ/2)
B=Z
C=Y (1+yz/4)
Draw the circle diagram from above readings
CONCLUSION: From the above result it seen that ABCD constant by experiment and by calculation are same.
Also maximum power (Pmax) by circle diagram and by calculation is approximately same.

Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the use of ABCD constant for long TL.
2. How do you determine the long TL as symmetrical & reciprocating system?
3. What is the characteristic constant and propagation constant.
4. What are generalized values of ABCD constant?
5. Explain the concept of Nominal ckt. and equivalent ckt. in ref. to LTL.