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Module 2:
IT Architecture and Infrastructure
M2.
IT Infrastructure
and Architecture
M3.
IT-enabled
Innovations
M1.
IT Organizational
Systems
M5.
Information Systems Delivery & Evolution
Course Outline
M4.
IT Governance &
Policy
M6.
Comparison of
IS
Production
Methods
SB 637 Module 2 MSB 2008
M2.
IT Architecture &
Infrastructure
Architecture
Concepts
IT
Infrastructure
Hardware
Software
Communications
Databases
Mainframe
Client-based
Distributed
Application
Architecture
3
Module Outline
Module Objectives
4
Distinguish between IT infrastructure and architecture (O2-1)
Discuss infrastructural components: (O2-2)
Identify and describe the major components of computer
hardware (O2-2-1)
Distinguish among the different types of computers (O2-2-2)
Understand how to rate a computers performance (O2-2-3)
Differentiate between the major types of software (O2-2-4)
Explain the evolution of programming languages (O2-2-5)
Become familiar with communications terminology (O2-2-6)
Understand the basic elements of communications (O2-2-7)
Module Objectives (cont)
5
Describe how different types of telecommunications messages are
transmitted over different communications media (O2-2-8)
Understand database management systems, how they are different
from traditional file systems, and their pros and cons (O2-2-8)
Understand application architecture: (O2-3)
centralized
client based
distributed
Explain how the work that an information system does is
accommodated in the various architectures (O2-4)
Describe features of a client/server architecture (O2-5)
IT Architecture & Infrastructure
6
Business
Strategy
IT Infrastructure IT Architecture
Architecture
Concepts
IT Architecture - Definitions
A blueprint that explains how all the
information technology and management
elements work together as a whole.
Provides explicit description of the current
and desired relationships among
business and management processes
and Information Technology.
A high-level map or plan of the
information assets in an organization,
which guides current operations and is a
blueprint for future directions.
IT architecture provides a blueprint for
translating business strategy into a plan for
IS.
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Architecture
Concepts
IT Architecture
8
Some
are designed
Some
just happen
Architecture
Concepts
Does Your IT Architecture Look Like
(needed a) blueprint to bring order to spaghetti layer of applications,
boxes and wires Toby Redshaw VP of Strategy & Architecture Motorola
A Good IT Architecture
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Directly addresses the needs of the enterprise
Reacts to change at the rate dictated by the enterprises markets
Is understood and supported by senior management
Clearly defines the relationships among the components
Provides a roadmap for future purchases/developments
Reduces the number and complexity of the interfaces between
components, improving the ease of:
Application portability
Component upgrade
Component exchange
Component development and maintenance
Architecture
Concepts
IT Architecture - Components
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IT Architecture
Components
Business Process
Information Flows and
Relationships
Applications
Data Descriptions
Technology
Infrastructure
Architecture
Concepts
IT Infrastructure- Definitions
12
Foundation of a firms IS portfolio
IT components (e.g. servers, printers, routers, operating systems,
DBMSs, groupware, etc.)
Shared IT services (e.g. channel mgmt, security, data management,
etc.)
Shared standard applications (ERP, CRM, i.e. stable applications used
across the enterprise)
Human IT Infrastructure (the knowledge, skills and experience of the
folks that make the infrastructure work)
Common Facilities
The physical facilities, IT components, IT services, and IT
management that support an entire organization.
IT components are the computer hardware, software and
communications technologies that are used by IT personnel to
produce IT services
An IT infrastructure consists of physical components, chosen and
assembled in a manner that best suits the IT architecture plan
Architecture
Concepts
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Basic Model of a Computer System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Infrastructure-
Hardware
Classification of Computers
14
Embedded Computers
Personal Computers (PDAs, Laptops, Desktops,
Workstations, Tablets)
Midrange Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Servers
Infrastructure-
Hardware
Measuring Performance
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Execution Speed (MIPS, mega/giga-flops)
Quantity of data (kilo, mega, giga, tera-byte)
Time (milli, micro, nano, pico-Seconds)
Clock speed/Frequency (kilo, mega, giga-hertz)
Data Transfer rate (kilo, mega, giga-bits/ sec)
Infrastructure-
Hardware
Software - Building on Hardware
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Infrastructure
- Software
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Types of Software Systems
Infrastructure
- Software
Type Example
Business Applications Billing , Inventory, Payroll
End-user Software S/sheet, WP, Graphics
System Development Software Compiler, DBMS, CASE
System Software Operating Systems, Utility
Software
System Software Operating System
Functions:
Memory Management
Process Management
Configure Devices
Monitor Performance
Infrastructure
- Software
Evolution of Programming Languages
1. Machine 2. Assembly
3. High-level
4. Non-procedural
5. Natural Language
Infrastructure
- Software
Selected Telecommunications
Terminology
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Connectivity
Network
Node
Channel
Signal
Bandwidth
Modulation & Digitization
(Packet) Switching
Protocol (e.g. TCP/IP)
Infrastructure -
Communications
4. The Message
Elements of Communications
1
2 3
(a) Signals
(b) Types of data
(c) Types of media
1
Infrastructure -
Communications
Analog and Digital Signals
Continuous waves
Usually images, sound,
video
Associated with world
of communications
Discrete on off pulses
Usually numbers and
text
Associated with world
of computing
Infrastructure -
Communications
Three Types of Wire Media
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Infrastructure -
Communications
Wireless Transmission
Satellite
Cellular
Cordless
Phone
Microwave
Infrastructure -
Communications
Information
System
File File
Information
System
Information
System
Database
(consolidated &
integrated data
from files)
File
File
Information
System
Information
System
Data Manipulation
Conventional Files
Databases
Infrastructure
Data Manipulation
Data Representation
Conventional File layout
Database views of one employee
Infrastructure
Data Manipulation
Database -- Pros & Cons
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+ Ability to share the same data
across multiple applications
+ Less data redundancy
+ Increase data integrity
+ Data independence
+ The database scope can be
extended without impacting
existing programs that use it.
- Database technology more
complex
- DBMS slower than file
technology
- Requires a significant
investment
- Adhere to design
principles
- Increased vulnerability
with shared data
Data Manipulation
Application Architectures
Centralized Computing
Personal Computing
Distributed Computing
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Application Architecture
Application Architecture
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The work done by any application program can be divided
into four general functions:
Data storage
Data access/manipulation logic
Application logic
Presentation logic (e.g. edit inputs, formatting outputs)
Application Architecture
Centralized Architecture
30 Application Architecture
Client-Based Architecture
31
Application Architecture
Client-Server Architecture
32
Application Architecture
Other Client-Server Issues
33
Middleware
provides transparency in communication
integrates different technologies
Thin/Fat Clients
The degree of application logic on the client
Application Architecture