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Ajay Agarwal Vs. Union of India and others
LegalCrystal Citation : legalcrystal.com/651385
Court : Supreme
Decided n : 1993-05-05
!e"orted in : AIR1992SC163! 1993"2#A$%"Cr&#396! '199()9CompCas1"SC#! 1993Cr&$*2516!
1993"2#Cr&mes3(2"SC#! *%1993"3#SC203! 1993"2#SCA$+5! "1993#3SCC609! '1993)3SCR5(3
#udge : ,. Ramas-amy a./! R.0. Sa1a&2 **.
Acts : Co/e o3 Cr&m&.al 4roce/ure "Cr4C# - Sect&o.s 22 1 to 1862 1882 218 to 223 a./ 239! I./&a.
4e.al Co/e "I4C# - Sect&.os 32 (2 12052 302 (092 (202 (662 (62 (682 (1 a./ (! %1e3t Act2 1968 -
Sect&o.s 21
A""eal $o. : Cr&m&.al Appeal 6o. (00 o3 1993 "ar&s&.g out o3 S.$.4. "Cr&.# 6o. 25(1 o3 1992#
A""ellant : A7ay Agar-al
!es"ondent : 8.&o. o3 I./&a a./ ot1ers
%oo&s referred : 9als:ury;s $a- o3 +.gla./2 t1&r/ e/&t&o.2 <ol.10
#udgement :
=R>+R
,. Ramas-amy2 *.
1. Spec&al lea?e gra.te/.
22 %1e appella.t2 accuse/ 6o. 2 &. 4.C1. "C5I# 6o. (0/22 /ate/ @e:ruary 182 19852 @.I.R. 6o. RC 6o. 2 to
(/1983 /ate/ 0arc1 (2 1983 a./ 4.S. S4+/C5I/C%8"+# I/6e- >el1&2 >&st. >el1& a./ 3our ot1er .amely2
<.4. A.a./2 5al/e? Ra7 S1arma2 5a.s& $al a./ Ra.7&t ,umar 0ar-a1 are accuse/ &. t1e sa&/ case. It &s
t1e prosecut&o. case t1at t1e accuse/ 1atc1e/ a co.sp&racy at C1a./&gar1 to c1eat 4u.7a: 6at&o.al 5a.A
3or s1ort ;465;. .I. 3urt1era.ce t1ereo3 <.4. A.a./ 3loate/ t1ree 6e- $&.A +.terpr&ses a./ 0/ s.
0oo.l&g1t I./ustr&es &. t1e .ame o3 5al/e? Ra7 S1arma2 1&s employee a./ 0/ s. Buru 6a.aA I./ustr&es
&. t1e .ame o3 5a.s& $al2 yet a.ot1er employee. 9e ope.e/ curre.t accou.ts &. t1e&r respect&?e .ames &.
t1e 4.6.5. at C1a./&gar1. I. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy a./ &. co.3a:ulat&o. -&t1 <.4. A.a./2 t1e
appella.t2 A7ay Aggar-al2 a .o.-res&/e.t I./&a. at >u:a& -1o &s ru..&.g 0/s. Sales I.ter.at&o.al2 >u:a&2
agree/ to a./ got cre/&t 3ac&l&ty :y -ay o3 @ore&g. $etters o3 Cre/&t 6os.(069-p2 (00-p a./ (08(-p2
&ssue/ pro3orma &.?o&ces o3 t1e sa&/ co.cer. a./ a//resses to 465 t1roug1 Buru 6a.aA I./ustr&es a./
6e- l&.A +.terpr&ses. Ra.7&t 0ar-a12 t1e 5t1 accuse/2 0a.ager o3 4.6.5.2 &.-c1arge o3 3ore&g. eCc1a.ge
/epartme.t co.3a:ulate/ -&t1 t1e accuse/2 &ssue/ @ore&g. $etter o3 Cre/&t &. ?&olat&o. o3 &mport pol&cy.
%1e 5&lls o3 $a/&.g -ere a//resse/ to 465 at C1a./&gar1. %1e ca:le co.3&rmat&o. o3 4.6.5. -as se.t to
0/s. Sales I.ter.at&o.al :y 4.6.5.2 C1a./&gar1 3or co.3&rmat&o. o3 /&screpe.cy. %1e appella.t 1a/
co.3&rme/ correct.ess t1ereo3 &. t1e .ame o3 <.4. A.a./. 4lac&.g rel&a.ce t1ereo. aut1or&ty letter -as
&ssue/ :y 4.6.5.2 C1a./&gar1 a./ ca:les -ere se.t su:seDue.t t1ereto to rem&t t1e amou.ts to +m&rates
6at&o.al 5a.A $t/. t1roug1 Ir?&.g %rust Compa.y. <.4. A.a./ -as prese.t o. Septem:er 162 1981 at
>u:a& a./ at 1&s &.sta.ce t1e +m&rates 6at&o.al 5a.A2 >u:a& &.3orme/ t1e 4.6.5.2 C1a./&gar1 t1at t1e
/&screpa.cy &. t1e /ocume.t a/apta:le to <.4. A.a./ a./ cla&me/ to 1a?e &.specte/ t1e goo/s o. :oar/ &.
?essel2 0.<. Ate3e1. =. rece&pt o3 t1e &.3ormat&o. 3rom t1e Sales I.ter.at&o.al2 >u:a&2 3ull amou.t &. 8S
>ollars (239.200 -as cre/&te/ aga&.st all t1e t1ree $etters o3 Cre/&t o. /&scou.t :as&s. >ur&.g
&.?est&gat&o. &t -as 3ou./ t1at <essel 0.<. Ate3e1 -as a .o.-eC&ste.t o.e a./ t1ree @ore&g. $etters o3
Cre/&t -ere 3a:r&cate/ o. t1e :as&s o3 3alse a./ 3orge/ s1&pp&.g /ocume.ts su:m&tte/ :y t1e appella.t2
A7ay Agar-ala to t1e +m&rates 6at&o.al 5a.A2 >u:a&. %1us t1e 4.6.5. -as c1eate/ o3 a. amou.t o3 Rs.
(02302329/-. Accor/&.gly c1arge s1eet -as la&/ aga&.st t1e appella.t a./ ot1ers 3or o33e.ces pu.&s1a:le
u./er Sect&o.s 1205 rea/ -&t1 Sect&o.s (20 "C1eat&.g#2 (68 "@orgery# a./ (1 us&.g as ge.u&.e "3orge/
/ocume.ts#2 I.4.C. %1e C1&e3 *u/&c&al 0ag&strate2 C1a./&gar1 :y 1&s or/er /ate/ *a.uary 112 1990
/&sc1arge/ all t1e accuse/ o3 t1e o33e.ces o. t1e grou./ t1at co.sp&racy a./ t1e acts /o.e &. 3urt1era.ce
t1ereo3 1a/ taAe. place outs&/e I./&a a./2 t1ere3ore t1e sa.ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 188 Cr&m&.al 4roce/ure
Co/e2 193 3or s1ort t1e ;Co/e; &s ma./atory. S&.ce .o suc1 sa.ct&o. -as pro/uce/ t1e prosecut&o. &s .ot
ma&.ta&.a:le. =. re?&s&o.2 t1e 9&g1 Court o3 4u.7a: a./ 9arya.a &. Cr&m&.al Re?&s&o. 6o. ((3 o3 1990
:y or/er /ate/ *u.e 32 1992 1el/2 t1at t1e co.sp&racy 1a/ taAe. place at C1a./&gar1. %1e o?ert acts
comm&tte/ &. pursua.ce o3 t1at co.sp&racy at >u:a& co.st&tute/ o33e.ce u./er Sect&o.s (202 (6 a./ (12
I.4.C.2 are all tr&a:le at C1a./&gar1 -&t1out pre?&ous sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?t. %1e or/er o3 /&sc1arge2
t1ere3ore2 set as&/e a./ t1e appella.t a./ ot1er accuse/ -ere /&recte/ to :e prese.t t1roug1 t1e&r cou.sel
&. perso. &. t1e %r&al Court o. *uly 12 1992 to e.a:le t1e court to taAe 3urt1er procee/&.gs &. accor/a.ce
-&t1 la-. %1&s appeal 1as :ee. 3&le/ :y t1e appella.t alo.e u./er Art&cle 136 o3 t1e Co.st&tut&o..
3. Sr& C1&/am:aram2 lear.e/ Se.&or cou.sel co.te./e/ t1at t1e appella.t -as .ot a pr&?y to t1e
co.sp&racy. 9e -as a. 6.I.R. :us&.essma. at >u:a&. 9e .e?er ?&s&te/ C1a./&gar1. +?e. assum&.g 3or t1e
saAe o3 argume.t t1at co.sp&racy 1a/ taAe. place a./ all acts comm&tte/ &. 3urt1era.ce t1ereo3 -ere also
at >u:a&. %1e tra.sact&o. t1roug1 :a.A &s o.ly :a.A to :a.A tra.sact&o.. +?e. assum&.g t1at some o3 t1e
o33e.ces -ere comm&tte/ &. I./&a s&.ce as per t1e prosecut&o. case &tsel3 t1at part o3 t1e co.sp&racy a./
relate/ o33e.ces -ere comm&tte/ at >u:a&2 :y operat&o. o3 Sect&o. 188 rea/ -&t1 t1e pro?&so t1ereto -&t1
a .o. o:st&.ate clause2 a:se.ce o3 sa.ct&o. :y t1e Ce.tral Bo?t. A.ocAs o3 t1e :ottom o3 t1e 7ur&s/&ct&o.
o3 t1e courts &. I./&a to taAe cog.&Ea.ce o3 or to e.Du&re &.to or try t1e accuse/. 9e place/ stro.g rel&a.ce
o. %. @aA1rulla ,1a. a./ =rs. ?. +mperor AIR 1935 0a/. 3262 I. re 0.$ <erg1ese AIR 19( 0A>. 3522
,a&las1 S1arma ?. State a./ ,. Sat-a.t S&.g1 ?. State o3 4u.7a: : '1960)2SCR89 . Sr& Bos-am&2 t1e
lear.e/ se.&or cou.sel 3or t1e respo./e.ts co.te./e/ t1at t1e co.sp&racy to c1eat 465 -as 1atc1e/ at
C1a./&gar1. All t1e accuse/ comm&tte/ o?ert acts &. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy at2 C1a./&gar1 a./2
t1ere3ore2 t1e sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?t. &s .ot .ecessary. %1e 9&g1 Court 1a/ r&g1tly recor/e/ t1ose
3&./&.gs. %1ere &s .o .ee/ to o:ta&. sa.ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Co/e.
(. %1e /&?erse co.te.t&o.s g&?e r&se to t1e pr&mary Duest&o. -1et1er t1e sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?t. as
reDu&re/ u./er pro?&so to Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Co/e &s .ecessary. Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Co/e rea/s t1us:
=33e.ce comm&tte/ outs&/e I./&a - F1e. a. o33e.ce &s comm&tte/ outs&/e I./&a-
"a# :y a c&t&Ee. o3 I./&a2 -1et1er o. t1e 1&g1 seas or else-1ere!or
":# :y a perso.2 .ot :e&.g suc1 c&t&Ee.2 o. a.y s1&p or a&rcra3t reg&stere/ &. I./&a2 1e may :e /ealt -&t1 &.
respect o3 suc1 o33e.ce as &3 &t 1a/ :ee. comm&tte/ at a.y place -&t1&. I./&a at -1&c1 1e may :e
3ou./:4ro?&/e/ t1at2 .ot-&t1sta./&.g a.yt1&.g &. a.y o3 t1e precee/&.g sect&o.s o3 t1&s C1apter2 .o suc1
o33e.ce s1all :e &.Du&re/ &.to or tr&e/ &. I./&a eCcept -&t1 t1e pre?&ous sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral
Bo?er.me.t.
5. Sect&o. 32 I4C prescr&:es pu.&s1me.t o3 o33e.ces comm&tte/ :eyo./2 :ut -1&c1 :y la- may :e tr&e/
-&t1&.2 I./&a. It pro?&/e/ t1at a.y perso. l&a:le2 :y a.y I./&a. la-2 to :e tr&e/ 3or a. o33e.ce comm&tte/
:eyo./ I./&a s1all :e /ealt -&t1 accor/&.g to t1e pro?&s&o.s o3 t1&s Co/e 3or a.y act comm&tte/ :eyo./
I./&a &. t1e same ma..er as &3 suc1 act 1a/ :ee. comm&tte/ -&t1&. I./&a. Sect&o. ( eCte./s &ts terr&tor&al
operat&o. postulat&.g t1at I4C s1all apply to a.y o33e.ce comm&tte/ :y-
"1# a.y c&t&Ee. o3 I./&a &. a.y place -&t1out a./ :eyo./ I./&a!
"2# a.y perso. o. a.y s1&p or a&rcra3t reg&stere/ &. I./&a -1ere?er &t may :e.
+Cpla.at&o. - I. t1&s sect&o. t1e -or/ ;o33e.ce; &.clu/es e?ery act comm&tte/ outs&/e I./&a -1&c12 &3
comm&tte/ &. I./&a2 -oul/ :e pu.&s1a:le u./er t1&s Co/e.
Illustrat&o. - A2 -1o &s a c&t&Ee. o3 I./&a2 comm&ts a mur/er &. 8ga./a. 9e ca. :e tr&e/ a./ co.?&cte/ o3
mur/er &. a.y place &. I./&a &. -1&c1 1e may :e 3ou./.
6. %1e Cr4C eCte./s to -1ole o3 I./&a eCcept t1e State o3 *ammu G ,as1m&r a./ eCcept c1apter 82 10
a./ 112 t1e ot1er pro?&s&o.s o3 t1e Co/e s1all .ot apply to t1e State o3 6agala./ a./ to t1e tr&:al area.
9o-e?er2 t1e State Bo?t. 1as :ee. empo-ere/2 :y a .ot&3&cat&o.2 to apply all ot1er pro?&s&o.s o3 t1e Co/e
or a.y o3 t1em to t1e -1ole or part o3 t1e State o3 6agala. a./ suc1 ot1er tr&:al areas2 -&t1 suppleme.tal2
&.c&/e.tal or co.seDue.t&al mo/&3&cat&o.s2 as may :e spec&3&e/ &. t1e .ot&3&cat&o.. %1ere3ore2 t1e Co/e
also 1as terr&tor&al operat&o.. %1e Co/e &s to co.sol&/ate a./ ame./ t1e la- relat&.g to cr&m&.al
proce/ure. Sect&o. 188 -as su&ta:ly ame./e/ pursua.t to t1e recomme./at&o. ma/e :y t1e $a-
Comm&ss&o.. C1apter <III /eals -&t1 7ur&s/&ct&o. o3 t1e courts &. &.Du&r&es a./ tr&als. Sect&o. 1
postulates t1at e?ery o33e.ce s1all or/&.ar&ly :e &.Du&re/ &.to a./ tr&e/ :y a Court -&t1&. -1ose local
7ur&s/&ct&o. &t -as comm&tte/ :ut eCcept&o.s 1a?e :ee. e.gra3te/ &. su:seDue.t sect&o.s &. t1e C1apter
Sect&o. 19 pro?&/es ?e.ue 3or tr&al or e.Du&ry at t1e place -1ere t1e act2 &s /o.e or co.seDue.ces
e.sue/. So &.Du&ry or tr&al may :e 1a/ :y a Court -&t1&. -1ose local 7ur&s/&ct&o. suc1 t1&.g 1as :ee.
/o.e or suc1 co.seDue.ce 1as e.sue/. Sect&o. 188 :y 3&ct&o. /ealt o33e.ces comm&tte/ :y a c&t&Ee. o3
I./&a or a 3ore&g.er outs&/e I./&a or o. 1&g1 seas or else-1ere or o. a.y s1&p or a&rcra3t reg&stere/ &.
I./&a. Suc1 perso. -as /&recte/ to :e /ealt -&t12 &. respect o3 suc1 o33e.ces2 as &3 1e 1a/ comm&tte/ at
a.y place -&t1&. I./&a at -1&c1 1e may :e 3ou./. 5ut t1e pro?&so t1ereto puts a. em:argo t1at
.ot-&t1sta./&.g a.yt1&.g &. a.y o3 t1e prece/&.g sect&o.s o3 t1&s C1apter 1a?e :ee. /o.e suc1 o33e.ces
s1all .ot :e &.Du&re/ &.to or tr&e/ &. I./&a eCcept -&t1 t1e pre?&ous sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?t.
. *u/&c&al po-er o3 a State eCte./s to t1e pu.&s1me.t o3 all o33e.ces aga&.st t1e mu.&c&pal la-s o3 t1e
State :y -1omsoe?er comm&tte/ -&t1&. t1e terr&tory. It also 1as t1e po-er to pu.&s1 all suc1 o33e.ces
-1ere?er comm&tte/ :y &ts c&t&Ee.. %1e ge.eral pr&.c&ple o3 &.ter.at&o.al Sa- &s t1at e?ery perso. :e &t a
c&t&Ee. or 3ore&g.er -1o &s 3ou./ -&t1&. a 3ore&g. State &s su:7ecte/ to2 a./ &s pu.&s1a:le :y2 &ts la-.
=t1er-&se t1e Cr&m&.al la- coul/ .ot :e a/m&.&stere/ accor/&.g to a.y c&?&l&se/ system o3; 7ur&spru/e.ce.
Sect&o.s 1 to 186 /eal -&t1 t1e ?e.ue or t1e place o3 t1e e.Du&ry or tr&al o3 cr&mes. Sect&o. 1
re&terates t1e -ell-esta:l&s1e/ commo. la- rule t1at t1e proper a./ or/&.ary s&tus 3or t1e tr&al o3 a cr&me
&s t1e area o3 7ur&s/&ct&o. &. -1&c1 t1e acts occurre/ a./ are allege/ to co.st&tute t1e cr&me2 5ut t1&s rule &s
su:7ect to se?eral -ell-recog.&se/ eCcept&o.s a./ some o3 t1ose eCcept&o.s 1a?e :ee. e.gra3te/ &.
su:seDue.t sect&o.s &. t1e c1apter o3 t1e Co/e. %1ere3ore2 t1e pro?&s&o.s &. C1apter <III are elast&c a./
.ot peremptory. I. co.seDue.ce t1ere--&t1 Sect&o.s 218 to 223 o3 t1e Co/e -oul/ also /eal -&t1
eCcept&o.s e.gra3te/ &. t1e Co/e. %1ere3ore2 t1ey /o perm&t e.Du&ry or tr&al o3 a part&cular o33e.ce alo.g
-&t1 ot1er o33e.ces at a commo. tr&al &. o.e court so t1at t1e court 1a?&.g 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try a. o33e.ce
gets 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try ot1er o33e.ce comm&tte/ or co.seDue.ces t1ereo3 1as e.sue/. %1e proce/ure &s
1a./ ma&/ to su:sta.t&?e 7ust&ce2 .amely2 to :r&.g t1e o33e./ers to 7ust&ce to meet out pu.&s1me.t u./er
I4C or spec&al la- as t1e case may :e2 &. accor/a.ce -&t1 t1e proce/ure prescr&:e/ u./er t1e Co/e or
spec&al proce/ure u./er t1at Act co.st&tut&.g t1e o33e.ce.
8. %1e Duest&o. &s -1et1er pr&or sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?t. &s .ecessary 3or t1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy
u./er pro?&so to Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Co/e to taAe cog.&Ea.ce o3 a. o33e.ce pu.&s1a:le u./er Sect&o.
120-5 etc. I.4.C. or to procee/ -&t1 tr&al I. C1apter <A2 co.sp&racy -as :roug1t o. statute :y t1e
Ame./me.t Act2 1913 "8 o3 1913#. Sect&o. 120-A o3 t1e I.4.C. /e3&.es ;co.sp&racy; to mea. t1at -1e. t-o
or more perso.s agree to /o2 or cause to :e /o.e a. &llegal act2 or a. act -1&c1 &s .ot &llegal :y &llegal
mea.s2 suc1 a. agreeme.t &s /es&g.ate/ as ;cr&m&.al co.sp&racy. 6o agreeme.t eCcept a. agreeme.t to
comm&t a. o33e.ce s1all amou.t to a cr&m&.al co.sp&racy2 u.less some act :es&/es t1e agreeme.t &s /o.e
:y o.e or more part&es to suc1 agreeme.t &. 3urt1era.ce t1ereo3. Sect&o. 120-5 o3 t1e I.4.C. prescr&:es
pu.&s1me.t 3or cr&m&.al co.sp&racy. It &s .ot .ecessary t1at eac1 co.sp&rator must A.o- all t1e /eta&ls o3
t1e sc1eme .or :e a part&c&pa.t at e?ery stage. It &s .ecessary t1at t1ey s1oul/ agree 3or /es&g. or o:7ect
o3 t1e co.sp&racy. Co.sp&racy &s co.ce&?e/ as 1a?&.g t1ree eleme.ts: "1# agreeme.t "2# :et-ee. t-o or
more perso.s :y -1om t1e agreeme.t &s e33ecte/! a./ "3# a cr&m&.al o:7ect2 -1&c1 may :e e&t1er t1e
ult&mate a&m o3 t1e agreeme.t2 or may co.st&tute t1e mea.s2 or o.e o3 t1e mea.s :y -1&c1 t1at a&m &s to
:e accompl&s1e/. It &s &mmater&al -1et1er t1&s &s 3ou./ &. t1e ult&mate o:7ects. %1e commo. la-
/e3&.&t&o. o3 ;cr&m&.al co.sp&racy; -as state/ 3&rst :y $or/ >e.ma. &. *o.es; case "1832 5 G A> 3(5# t1at
a. &./&ctme.t 3or co.sp&racy must ;c1arge a co.sp&racy to /o a. u.la-3ul act :y u.la-3ul mea.s; a./ -as
ela:orate/ :y F&ll&es2 *. o. :e1al3 o3 t1e *u/ges -1&le re3err&.g t1e Duest&o. to t1e 9ouse o3 $or/s &.
0ulca1y ?. Reg "1868# $.R. 3 9.$. 306 a./ t1e 9ouse o3 $or/s &. u.a.&mous /ec&s&o. re&terate/ &.
Hu&.. ?. $eat1em 1901 AC (95 as u./er:
A co.sp&racy co.s&sts .ot merely &. t1e &.te.t&o. o3 t-o or more2 :ut &. t1e agreeme.t o3 t-o or more to
/o a. u.la-3ul act2 or to /o a la-3ul act :y u.la-3ul mea.s. So lo.g as suc1 a /es&g. rests &. &.te.t&o.
o.ly &t &s .ot &./&cta:le. F1e. t-o agree to carry &t &.to e33ect2 t1e ?ery plot &s a. act &. &tsel32 a./ t1e act
o3 eac1 o3 t1e part&es2 prom&se aga&.st prom&se2 actus co.tra actum2 capa:le o3 :e&.g e.3orce/2 &3 la-3ul2
pu.&s1a:le o3 3or a cr&m&.al o:7ect or 3or t1e use o3 cr&m&.al mea.s. "emp1as&s suppl&e/#
9. t1&s Court &. 5.B..5arsay ?. %1e State o3 5om:ay "1962# 2 SCR 1el/:
%1e g&st o3 t1e o33e.ce &s a. agreeme.t to :reaA t1e la-. %1e part&es to suc1 a. agreeme.t -&ll :e gu&lty o3
cr&m&.al co.sp&racy2 t1oug1 t1e &llegal act agree/ to :e /o.e 1as .ot :ee. /o.e. So too2 &t &s a. &.gre/&e.t
o3 t1e o33e.ce t1at all t1e part&es s1oul/ agree to /o a s&.gle &llegal act. It may compr&se t1e comm&ss&o.
o3 a .um:er o3 acts. 8./er Sect&o. (3 o3 t1e I./&a. 4e.al Co/e2 a. act -oul/ :e &llegal &3 &t &s a. o33e.ce
or &3 &t &s pro1&:&te/ :y la-
I. Ias1pal ?. State o3 4u.7a: 19 SCR 2(33 t1e rule -as la&/ as 3ollo-s: ;%1e ?ery agreeme.t2 co.cert
or league &s t1e &.gre/&e.t o3 t1e o33e.ce. It &s .ot .ecessary t1at all t1e co.sp&rators must A.o- eac1 a./
e?ery /eta&l o3 t1e co.sp&racy as lo.g as t1ey are co-part&c&pators &. t1e ma&. o:7ect o3 t1e co.sp&racy.
%1ere may :e so ma.y /e?&ces a. tec1.&Dues a/opte/ to ac1&e?e t1e commo. goal o3 t1e co.sp&racy a./
t1ere may :e /&?&s&o. o3 per3orma.ces &. t1e c1a&. o3 act&o.s -&t1 o.e o:7ect to ac1&e?e t1e real e./ o3
-1&c1 e?ery colla:orator must :e a-are a./ &. -1&c1 eac1 o.e o3 t1em must :e &.tereste/. %1ere must :e
u.&ty o3 o:7ect or purpose :ut t1ere may :e plural&ty o3 mea.s somet&mes e?e. u.A.o-. to o.e a.ot1er2
amo.gst t1e co.sp&rat=rs. I. ac1&e?&.g t1e goal se?eral o33e.ces may :e comm&tte/ :y some o3 t1e
co.sp&rators e?e. u.A.o-. to t1e ot1ers. %1e o.ly rele?a.t 3actor &s t1at all mea.s a/opte/ a./ &llegal
acts /o.e must :e a./ purporte/ to :e &. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e o:7ect o3 t1e co.sp&racy e?e. t1oug1 t1ere
may :e somet&mes m&s3&re or o?er-s1oot&.g :y some o3 t1e co.sp&rat=rs.
10. I. 0o1amma/ 8sma.2 0o1amma/ 9ussa&. a./ A.r. ?. State o3 0a1aras1tra : 1981Cr&$*588 2 &t -as
1el/ t1at 3or a. o33e.ce u./er Sect&o. 120-5 I4C2 t1e prosecut&o. .ee/ .ot .ecessar&ly pro?e t1at t1e
co.sp&rators eCpressly agree/ to /o or cause to :e /o.e t1e &llegal act2 t1e agreeme.t may :e pro?e/ :y
.ecessary &mpl&cat&o.. I. 6oor 0o1amma/ Iusu3 0om&. ?. State o3 0a1aras1tra : 191Cr&$*93 2 &t -as
1el/ t1at Sect&o. 120-5 I4C maAes t1e cr&m&.al co.sp&racy as a su:sta.t&?e o33e.ce -1&c1 o33e.ce
postulates a. agreeme.t :et-ee. t-o or more perso.s to /o or cause to :e /o.e a. act :y &llegal mea.s. I3
t1e o33e.ce &tsel3 &s to comm&t a. o33e.ce2 .o 3urt1er steps are .ee/e/ to :e pro?e/ to carry t1e agreeme.t
&.to e33ect. I. R.,.>alm&a a./ A.r. ?. %1e >el1& A/m&.&strat&o. : '1963)1SCR253 2 &t -as 3urt1er 1el/
t1at &t &s .ot .ecessary t1at eac1 mem:er o3 a co.sp&racy must A.o- a&l t1e /eta&ls o3 t1e co.sp&racy. I.
S1&?a.araya. laCm&.araya. a./ =rs. ?. State o3 0a1aras1tra a./ =rs. : 1980Cr&$*388 2 t1&s Court
emp1as&Ee/ t1at a co.sp&racy &s al-ays 1atc1e/ &. secrecy a./ &t &s &mposs&:le to a//uce /&rect e?&/e.ce
o3 t1e same. %1e o33e.ce ca. :e o.ly pro?e/ largely 3rom t1e &.3ere.ces /ra-. 3rom acts or &llegal
om&ss&o. comm&tte/ :y t1e co.sp&rators &. pursua.ce o3 a commo. /es&g..
11. %1e Duest&o. t1e. &s -1et1er co.sp&racy &s a co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce. Co.sp&racy to comm&t a cr&me &tsel3
&s pu.&s1a:le as a su:sta.t&?e o33e.ce a./ e?ery &./&?&/ual o33e.ce comm&tte/ pursua.t to t1e co.sp&racy
&s separate a./ /&st&.ct o33e.ce to -1&c1 &./&?&/ual o33e./ers are l&a:le to pu.&s1me.t2 &./epe./e.t o3 t1e
co.sp&racy. Iet2 &. our co.s&/ere/ ?&e-2 t1e agreeme.t /oes .ot come to a. e./ -&t1 &ts maA&.g2 :ut
-oul/ e./ure t&ll &t &s accompl&s1e/ or a:a./o.e/ or pro?e/ a:ort&?e. 5e&.g a co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce2 &3 a.y
acts or om&ss&o.s -1&c1 co.st&tutes a. o33e.ce are /o.e &. I./&a or outs&/e &ts terr&tory t1e co.sp&rators
co.t&.u&.g to :e part&es to t1e co.sp&racy a./ s&.ce part o3 t1e acts -ere /o.e &. I./&a2 t1ey -oul/
o:?&ate t1e .ee/ to o:ta&. sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?t. All o3 t1em .ee/ .ot. :e prese.t &. I./&a .or
co.t&.ue to rema&. &. I./&a. I. $e..art Sc1ussler a./ A.r. ?. >&rector o3 +.3orceme.t a./ A.r. :
190Cr&$*0 2 a Co.st&tut&o. 5e.c1 o3 t1&s Court -as to co.s&/er t1e Duest&o. o3 co.sp&racy &. t1e
sett&.g o3 t1e 3acts2 state/ t1us:
A.2 -as t1e 0a.ag&.g >&rector o3 t1e Rayala Corporat&o. $t/. -1&c1 ma.u3actures 9al/a %ype-r&ters.
A.1 -as a. +Cport 0a.ager o3 ASSA5. A.1 a./ A.2 co.sp&re/ t1at A.2 -oul/ purc1ase mater&al o.
:e1al3 o3 1&s Compa.y 3rom ASSA5 &.stea/ o3 0/s. At?&/a:ergs2 -1&c1 pro?&/es ra- mater&al. A.2 -as
to o?er-&.?o&ce t1e ?alue o3 t1e goo/s :y (0 per ce.t o3 t1e true ?alue a./ t1at 1e s1oul/ :e pa&/ t1e
/&33ere.ce o3 (0 per ce.t o. accou.t o3 t1e a3oresa&/ o?er-&.?o&c&.g :y cre/&t&.g &t to A.2;s perso.al
accou.t at StocA1olm &. S-e/&s1 5a.A a./ reDueste/ A.1 to 1elp 1&m &. ope.&.g t1e accou.t &. S-e.sAa
9a./les 5a.Ae.2 S-e/e. a./ to 1a?e 3urt1er /epos&ts to 1&s perso.al accou.t 3rom ASSA5. A.1 agree/ to
act as reDueste/ :y A.2 a./ A.2 ma/e arra.geme.ts -&t1 ASSA5 to &.t&mate to A.1 t1e ?ar&ous amou.ts
cre/&te/ to A.2;s accou.t a./ asAe/ A.1 to Aeep a -atc1 o?er t1e correct.ess o3 t1e accou.t a./ to 3urt1er
&.t&mate to 1&m t1e accou.t pos&t&o. 3rom t&me to t&me t1roug1 u.o33&c&al c1a..els a./ -1e.e?er A.1
come to I./&a. A.1 agree/ to comply -&t1 t1&s reDuest. %1&s agreeme.t -as e.tere/ &.to :et-ee. t1e
part&es &. t1e year 1963 at StocA1olm a./ aga&. &. 0a/ras &. t1e year 1965. %1e Duest&o. -as -1et1er
Sect&o. 120-5 o3 t1e I./&a. 4e.al Co/e -as attracte/ to t1ese 3acts.
12. 4er ma7or&ty2 *aga.mo1a. Re//y2 *. 1el/ t1at t1e g&st o3 t1e o33e.ce /e3&.e/ &. Sect&o. 120-A I4C2
-1&c1 &s &tsel3 pu.&s1a:le as a su:sta.t&?e o33e.ce &s t1e ?ery agreeme.t :et-ee. t-o or more perso.s to
/o or cause to :e /o.e a. &llegal act or legal act :y &llegal mea.s2 su:7ect2 1o-e?er2 to t1e pro?&so t1at
-1ere t1e agreeme.t &s .ot a. agreeme.t to comm&t a. o33e.ce2 t1e agreeme.t /oes .ot amou.t to
co.sp&racy u.less &t &s 3ollo-e/ up :y a. o?ert act /o.e :y o.e or more perso.s &. pursua.ce o3 suc1 a.
agreeme.t. %1ere must :e a meet&.g o3 m&./s &. t1e /o&.g o3 t1e &llegal act or t1e /o&.g o3 a legal act :y
&llegal mea.s. I32 &. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy2 certa&. perso.s are &./uce/ to /o a. u.la-3ul act
-&t1out t1e A.o-le/ge o3 t1e co.sp&racy or t1e plot t1ey ca..ot :e 1el/ to :e co.sp&rators2 t1oug1 t1ey
may :e gu&lty o3 a. o33e.ce perta&.&.g to t1e spec&3&c u.la-3ul act. %1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy &s complete
-1e. t-o or more co.sp&rators 1a?e agree/ to /o or cause to :e /o.e a. act -1&c1 &s &tsel3 a. o33e.ce2 &.
-1&c1 case .o o?ert act .ee/ :e esta:l&s1e/. It -as co.te./e/ &. t1at regar/ t1at se?eral acts -1&c1
co.st&tute to maAe a. o33e.ce u./er Sect&o. 120-5 may :e spl&t up &. parts a./ t1e cr&m&.al l&a:&l&ty o3
A.1 must o.ly :e 7u/ge/ -&t1 regar/ to t1e part playe/ :y 1&m. 9e merely agree/ to 1elp A.2 to ope. a.
accou.t &. t1e S-e/&s1 5a.A2 1a?&.g t1e amou.ts ly&.g to t1e cre/&t o3 A.2 -&t1 At?&/a:erg to t1at
accou.t a./ to 1elp A.2 :y Aeep&.g a -atc1 o?er t1e accou.t. %1ere3ore2 &t /oes .ot amou.t to a cr&m&.al
co.sp&racy. F1&le .egat&.g t1e argume.t2 t1&s Court 1el/ t1as!
It appears to us t1at t1&s &s .ot a 7ust&3&a:le co.te.t&o.2 :ecause -1at 1as to :e see. &s -1et1er t1e
agreeme.t :et-ee. A.1 a./ A.2 &s a co.sp&racy to /o or co.t&.ue to /o somet1&.g -1&c1 &s &llegal a./2 &3
&t &s2 &t &s &mmater&al -1et1er t1e agreeme.t to /o a.y o3 t1e acts &. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e comm&ss&o. o3 t1e
o33e.ce /o .ot str&ctly amou.t to a. o33e.ce. %1e e.t&re agreeme.t must :e ?&e-e/ as a -1ole a./ &t 1as
to :e ascerta&.e/ as to -1at &. 3act t1e co.sp&rators &.te./e/ to /o or t1e o:7ect t1ey -a.te/ to ac1&e?e
13. %1us2 t1&s Court2 t1oug1 .ot &. t1e co.teCt o3 7ur&s/&ct&o.al &ssue2 1el/ t1at t1e agreeme.t .ot &llegal at
&ts &.cept&o. -oul/ :ecome &llegal :y su:seDue.t co./uct a./ a. agreeme.t to /o a. &llegal act or to /o a
legal act :y &llegal mea.s2 must :e ?&e-e/ as; a -1ole a./ .ot &. &solat&o.. It -as also &mpl&e/ t1at t1e
agreeme.t s1all co.t&.u&.g t&ll t1e o:7ect &s ac1&e?e/. %1e agreeme.t /oes .ot get term&.ate/ :y merely
e.ter&.g &.to a. agreeme.t :ut &t co.t&.ues to su:s&st t&ll t1e o:7ect &s e&t1er ac1&e?e/ or term&.ate/ or
a:a./o.e/.
1(. I. A:/ul ,a/er ?. State : AIR196(5om133 2 a co.sp&racy -as 3orme/ &. Sout1 A3r&ca :y appella.ts to
c1eat perso.s :y /&s1o.estly &./uc&.g t1em to /el&?er mo.ey &. t1e I./&a. curre.cy :y us&.g 3orge/
/ocume.ts a./ t1e acts o3 c1eat&.g -ere comm&tte/ &. I./&a. F1e. t1e accuse/ -ere c1arge/ -&t1 t1e
o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy2 &t -as co.te./e/ t1at t1e co.sp&racy -as e.tere/ &.to a./ -as complete/ &. Sout1
A3r&ca a./2 t1ere3ore2 t1e I./&a. Courts 1a/ .o 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e accuse/ 3or t1e o33e.ce o3
co.sp&racy. %1e >&?&s&o. 5e.c1 1el/ t1at t1oug1 t1e co.sp&racy -as e.tere/ &. a 3ore&g. cou.try a./ -as
complete/ as soo. as t1e agreeme.t -as ma/e2 yet &t -as treate/ to :e a co.t&.uous o33e.ce a./ t1e
perso.s co.t&.ue/ to :e part&es to t1e co.sp&racy -1e. t1ey comm&tte/ acts &. I./&a. Accor/&.gly2 &t -as
1el/ t1at t1e I./&a. Courts 1a/ 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy. I. 8.S. ?. ,&ssal 218 8S 6012
9olmes2 *. 1el/ t1at co.sp&racy &s a co.t&.uous o33e.ce a./ state/ - ;&s a per?ers&o. o3 .atural t1oug1t a./
o3 .atural la.guage to call suc1 co.t&.uous co-operat&o. o3 a c&.ematograp1&c ser&es o3 /&st&.ct
co.sp&rac&es rat1er t1a. to call &t a s&.gle o.e- a co.sp&racy &s a part.ers1&p &. cr&m&.al purposes. %1at as
suc1 &t may 1a?e co.t&.uat&o. &. t&me &s s1o-. :y t1e rule t1at o?ert act :y o.e part.er may :e t1e act o3
all -&t1out a.y .e- agreeme.t spec&3&cally /&recte/ to t1at act;. I. @or/ ?. 8.S. 23 8S 593 at 620 to 6222
%u3t2 C*2 1el/ t1at co.sp&racy &s a co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce.
15. I. >&rector o3 4u:l&c 4rosecut&o.s ?. >oot a./ =rs. 193 A C 80 2 t1e 3&?e respo./e.ts 1atc1e/ a
pla. a:roa/2 &.e. 5elg&um a./ 0orocco a./ -orAe/ out t1e /eta&ls to &mport ca..a:&s &.to t1e 8.&te/
States ?&a +.gla./. I. pursua.ce t1ereo3 t-o ?a.s -&t1 ca..a:&s co.ceale/ &. t1em -ere s1&ppe/ 3rom
0orocco to Sout1ampto.! t1e ot1er ?a. -as trace/ at $&?erpool2 3rom -1ere t1e ?a.s -ere to 1a?e :ee.
s1&ppe/ to Amer&ca a./ t1e ca..a:&s &. &t -as 3ou./. %1ey -ere c1arge/ amo.g ot1er o33e.ces -&t1
co.sp&racy to &mport /a.gerous /rugs. At t1e tr&al2 t1e respo./e.ts co.te./e/ t1at t1e Courts &. +.gla./
1a/ .o 7ur&s/&ct&o. o3 try t1em o. t1e cou.t o3 co.sp&racy s&.ce t1e co.sp&racy 1a/ :ee. e.tere/ &.to
a:roa/. F1&le re7ect&.g t1e co.te.t&o.2 $or/ F&l:er3orce 1el/ "at page 81#:
%1e prese.t case &.?ol?es &.ter.at&o.al eleme.ts t1e accuse/ are al&e.s a./ t1e co.sp&racy -as &.&t&ate/
a:roa/ :ut t1ere ca. :e .o Duest&o. 1ere o3 a.y :reac1 o3 a.y rules o3 &.ter.at&o.al la- &3 t1ey are
prosecute/ &. t1&s cou.try. 8./er t1e o:7ect&?e terr&tor&al pr&.c&ple "I use t1e term&.ology o3 t1e 9ar-ar/
Researc1 &. I.ter.at&o.al $a-# or t1e pr&.c&ple o3 8.&?ers&ty "3or t1e pre?e.t&o. o3 t1e tra/e &. .arcot&cs
3alls -&t1&. t1&s /escr&pt&o.# or :ot12 t1e courts o3 t1&s cou.try 1a?e a clear r&g1t2 &3 .ot a /uty2 to
prosecute &. accor/a.ce -&t1 our mu.&c&pal la-. %1e pos&t&o. as &t &s u./er t1e &.ter.at&o.al la- &t .ot2
1o-e?er2 /eterm&.at&?e o3 t1e Duest&o. -1et1er2 u./er our mu.&c&pal la-2 t1e acts comm&tte/ amou.t to a
cr&me. %1at 1as to :e /ec&/e/ o. /&33ere.t pr&.c&ples. I3 co.sp&racy to &mport /rugs -ere a statutory
o33e.ce2 t1e Duest&o. -1et1er 3ore&g. co.sp&rac&es -ere &.clu/e/ -oul/ :e /ec&/e/ upo. t1e terms o3 t1e
statute. S&.ce &t &s "&3 at all# a commo. la- o33e.ce2 t1&s Duest&o. must :e /ec&/e/ upo. pr&.c&ple a./
aut1or&ty - I. my op&.&o.2 t1e Aey to a /ec&s&o. 3or or aga&.st t1e o33e.ce c1arge/ ca. :e 3ou./ &. a.
a.s-er to t1e Duest&o. -1y t1e commo. la- treats certa&. act&o.s as cr&mes. A./ o.e a.s-er must
certa&.ly :e :ecause t1e act&o.s &. Duest&o. are a t1reat to t1e Huee.;s peace or as -e -oul/ .o- per1aps
say2 to soc&ety. *u/ge/ :y t1&s test2 t1ere &s e?ery reaso. 3or2 a./ .o.e t1at I ca. see aga&.st2 t1e
prosecut&o.. Co.sp&rac&es are &.te./e/ to :e carr&e/ &.to e33ect2 a./ o.e reaso. -1y2 &. a//&t&o. to
&./&?&/ual prosecut&o. o3 eac1 part&c&pa.t2 co.sp&racy c1arges are :roug1t &s :ecause cr&m&.al act&o.
orga.&se/ a./ eCecute/2 &. co.cert &s more /a.gerous t1a. a. &./&?&/ual :reac1 o3 la-. F1y2 t1e.2
restra&. 3rom prosecut&o. -1ere t1e rele?a.t co.cert -as2 &.&t&ally2 3orme/ outs&/e t1e 8.&te/ ,&.g/omJ-
%1e trut1 &s t1at2 &. t1e .ormal case o3 a co.sp&racy carr&e/ out2 or partly carr&e/ out2 &. t1&s cou.try2 t1e
locat&o. o3 t1e 3ormat&o. o3 t1e agreeme.t &s &rrele?a.t! t1e attacA upo. t1e la-s o3 t1&s cou.try &s
&/e.t&cal -1ere?er t1e co.sp&rators 1appe.e/ to comm&t! t1e ;co.sp&racy; &s a compleC 3orme/ &./ee/2 :ut
.ot separately complete/2 at t1e 3&rst meet&.g o3 t1e plotters.
<&scou.t >&l1or.e at page 823 la&/ t1e rule t1at:
a co.sp&racy /oes .ot e./ -&t1 t1e maA&.g o3 t1e agreeme.t. It -&ll co.t&.ue so lo.g as t1ere are t-o or
more part&es to &t &.te./&.g to carry out t1e /es&g.. It -oul/ :e 1&g1ly u.real to say t1at t1e co.sp&racy to
carry out t1e Bu. po-er plot -as complete/ -1e. t1e co.sp&rators met a./ agree/ to t1e plot at Cates:y.
At page 8255 &t -as co.clu/e/ t1us:
%1e co.clus&o. to -1&c1 I 1a?e come a3ter co.s&/erat&o. o3 t1ese aut1or&t&es a./ o3 ma.y ot1ers to -1&c1
t1e 9ouse -as re3erre/ :ut to -1&c1 I /o .ot t1&.A &t &s .ecessary to re3er &s t1at t1oug1 t1e o33e.ce o3
co.sp&racy &s complete -1e. t1e agreeme.t to /o u.la-3ul act &s ma/e a./ &t &s .ot .ecessary 3or t1e
prosecut&o. to /o more t1a. pro?e t1e maA&.g o3 suc1 a. agreeme.t a co.sp&racy /oes .ot e./ -&t1 t1e
maA&.g o3 t1e agreeme.t. It co.t&.ues so lo.g as t1e part&es to t1e agreeme.t &.te./e/ to carry &t out-
$or/ 4earso. at page 82 1el/ t1at:
a co.sp&racy &.?ol?e/ a. agreeme.t eCpress or &mpl&e/2 A co.sp&rator&al agreeme.t &s .ot a co.tract2 .ot
legally :&./&.g :ecause &t &s u.la-3ul. 5ut as a. agreeme.t &t 1as &ts t1ree stages2 .amely2 "&# maA&.g or
3ormat&o.! "2# per3orma.ce or &mpleme.tat&o.! "3# /&sc1arge or term&.at&o.. F1e. t1e co.sp&rator&al
agreeme.t 1as :ee. ma/e2 t1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy &s complete2 &t 1as :ee. comm&tte/2 a./ t1e
co.sp&rator ca. :e prosecute/ e?e. t1oug1 .o per3orma.ce 1a/ taAe. place. 5ut t1e 3act t1at o3 t1e
o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy &s complete at t1at stage /oes .ot mea. t1at t1e co.sp&rator&al agreeme.t &s 3&.&s1e/
-&t1. It &s .ot /ea/. I3 &t &s :e&.g per3orme/2 &t &s ?ery muc1 al&?e. So lo.g as t1e per3orma.ce co.t&.ues2 &t
&s operat&.g2 &t &s :e&.g carr&e/ out :y t1e co.sp&rators2 a./ &t &s go?er.&.g or at a.y rate &.3lue.c&.g t1e&r
co./uct. %1e co.sp&rator&al agreeme.t co.t&.ues &. operat&o. a./ t1ere3ore &. eC&ste.ce u.t&l &t &s
/&sc1arge/ "term&.ate/# :y complet&o. o3 &ts per3orma.ce or :y a:a./o.me.t or 3rustrat&o. or2 1o-e?er2
&t may :e.
$or/ Salmo. at page 833 o:ser?e/:
I3 a co.sp&racy &s e.tere/ &.to a:roa/ to comm&t a cr&me &. +.gla./2 eCactly t1e same pu:l&c m&sc1&e3 &s
pro/uce/ :y &t as &3 &t 1a/ :ee. e.tere/ &.to 1ere. It &s u..ecessary 3or me to co.s&/er -1at t1e pos&t&o.
m&g1t :e &3 t1e co.sp&rators came to +.gla./ 3or a. e.t&rely &..oce.t purpose u.co..ecte/ -&t1 t1e
co.sp&racy. I3 1o-e?er2 t1e co.sp&rators come 1ere a./ /o acts &. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy2 3or
eCample2 :y prepar&.g to comm&t t1e pla..e/ cr&me2 &t ca..ot2 &. my ?&e-2 :e co.s&/ere/ co.trary to t1e
rules o3 &.ter.at&o.al com&ty 3or t1e 3orces o3 la- a./ or/er &. +.gla./ to protect t1e Huee.;s peace :y
arrest&.g t1em a./ putt&.g t1em &. tr&al 3or co.sp&racy -1et1er t1ey are 5r&t&s1 su:7ects or 3ore&g.ers a./
-1et1er or .ot co.sp&racy &s a cr&me u./er t1e la- o3 t1e cou.try &. -1&c1 t1e co.sp&racy -as :or..
16. At page 835 &t -as 1el/ t1at t1e respo./e.ts co.sp&re/ toget1er &. +.gla./ .ot-&t1sta./&.g t1e 3act
t1at t1ey -ere a:roa/ -1e. t1ey e.tere/ &.to t1e agreeme.t -1&c1 -as t1e esse.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy.
%1at agreeme.t -as a./ rema&.e/ a co.t&.u&.g agreeme.t a./ t1ey co.t&.ue/ to co.sp&re u.t&l t1e
o33e.ce t1ey -ere co.sp&r&.g to comm&t -as &. 3act comm&tte/. Accor/&.gly2 &t -as 1el/ t1at t1e
co.sp&racy2 t1oug1 e.tere/ &.to a:roa/2 -as comm&tte/ &. +.gla./ a./ t1e courts &. +.gla./ 1a/
7ur&s/&ct&o.. %1e rat&o emp1as&Ees t1at acts /o.e &. 3urt1era.ce o3 co.t&.u&.g co.sp&racy co.st&tute part o3
t1e cause o3 act&o. a./ per3orma.ce o3 &t g&?es 7ur&s/&ct&o. 3or +.gl&s1 courts to try t1e accuse/.
1. I. %reacy ?. >&rector o3 4u:l&c 4rosecut&o.s 191 A C 53 2 t1e 3acts o3 t1e case -ere t1at t1e
appella.t t1ere&. poste/ &. t1e Isle o3 Fr&g1t a letter -r&tte. :y 1&m a./ a//resse/ to 0rs. K &. Fest
Berma.y /ema./&.g mo.ey -&t1 me.aces. %1e letter -as rece&?e/ :y 0rs. K &. Fest Berma.y. %1e
appella.t -as c1arge/ -&t1 :lacA ma&l &./&cta:le :y Sect&o. 21 o3 t1e %1e3t Act2 19682 F1&le /e.y&.g t1e
o33e.ce2 &t -as co.te./e/ t1at t1e courts &. +.gla./ -ere /e?o&/ o3 7ur&s/&ct&o.. =?er-rul&.g t1e sa&/
o:7ect&o.2 $or/ >&ploA at page 562 o:ser?e/:
%1e State &s u./er a correlat&?e /uty to t1ose -1o o-e o:e/&e.ce to &ts la-s to protect t1e&r &.terests a./
o.e o3 t1e purposes o3 cr&m&.al la- &s to a33or/ suc1 protect&o. :y /eterr&.g :y t1reat o3 pu.&s1me.t
co./ucte/ :y ot1er perso.s -1&c1 &s calculate/ to 1a./ to t1ose &.terests. Com&ty g&?es .o r&g1t to a State
to &.s&st t1at a.y perso. may -&t1 &mmu.&ty /o p1ys&cal acts &. &ts o-. terr&tory -1&c1 1a?e 1arm3ul
co.seDue.ces to perso.s -&t1&. t1e terr&tory o3 a.ot1er State. It may :e u./er .o o:l&gat&o. &. com&ty to
pu.&s1 t1ose acts &tsel32 :ut &t 1as .o grou./ 3rom compla&.t &. &.ter.at&o.al la- &3 t1e State &. -1&c1 t1e
1arm3ul co.seDue.ces 1a/ t1e&r e33ect pu.&s1es2 -1e. t1ey /o e.ter &ts terr&tor&es2 perso.s -1o /&/ suc1
acts.
18. 4ro3. F&ll&ams2 Bla.?&l&e &. 1&s art&cle ;<e.ue a./ t1e Am:&t o3 Cr&m&.al $a- "1965# $.H.R. 518
state/ t1us:
Somet&mes t1e pro:lem o3 /eterm&.&.g t1e place o3 t1e cr&me &s ass&ste/ :y t1e /octr&.e o3 t1e co.t&.u&.g
cr&me. Some cr&mes are regar/e/ as :e&.g o3 a co.t&.u&.g .ature2 a./ t1ey may accor/&.gly :e prosecute/
&. a.y 7ur&s/&ct&o. &. -1&c1 t1ey are partly comm&tte/ t1e part&al comm&ss&o. :e&.g2 &. t1e eye o3 t1e la-2
a total comm&ss&o..
19. I. t1e co.teCt o3 co.sp&racy u./er t1e capt&o. ;&.c1oate cr&mes; &t -as state/ : ;%1e ge.eral pr&.c&ple
seems to :e t1at 7ur&s/&ct&o. o?er a. &.c1oate cr&me apperta&.s to t1e State t1at -oul/ 1a?e 1a/
7ur&s/&ct&o. 1a/ t1e cr&me :ee. co.summate/;. Comme.t&.g upo. t1e rat&o la&/ /o-. &. 5oar/ o3 %ra/e ?.
=-e. "195# A C 6022 1e state/ at page 53( t1us:
It seems to 3ollo- o-. as log&cal corollary t1at our courts -&ll assume 7ur&s/&ct&o. 10 pu.&s1 a co.sp&racy
e.tere/ &.to a:roa/ to comm&t a cr&me 1ere. Alt1oug1 t1e ge.eral pr&.c&ple &s t1at cr&me comm&tte/
a:roa/ /o .ot :ecome pu.&s1a:le 1ere merely :ecause t1e&r e?&l e33ects occur 1ere2 t1ere may :e a.
eCcept&o. 3or &.c1oate cr&mes a&me/ aga&.st perso.s &. t1&s cou.try. S&.ce co.sp&racy &s t1e -&/est a./
?aguest o3 t1e &.c1oate cr&mes2 &t seems clearly t1at t1e rule 3or co.sp&racy must apply to more l&m&te/
cr&mes o3 &.c&teme.t a./ attempt also.
20. At page 535 1e 3urt1er state/ t1at ;t1e rule2 o3 &.c1oate cr&mes &s t1ere3ore a. eCcept&o. 3rom t1e
ge.eral pr&.c&ple o3 terr&tor&al 7ur&s/&ct&o.. %1e cr&me &s -1olly comm&tte/ &. t1e State A2 yet &s 7ust&c&a:le
also &. State 5;. At page 535 1e eluc&/ate/ t1at ;certa&. eCcept&o. are recog.&se/ or suggeste/;. $or/
%ucAer &. =-e.;s case "supra# &llustrate/ t1at a co.sp&racy &. +.gla./ to ?&olate t1e la-s o3 a 3ore&g.
cou.try m&g1t :e 7ust&3&a:le 1ere &3 t1e per3orma.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy c1arge/ -oul/ pro/uce a pu:l&c
m&sc1&e3 -&t1&. t1e State or &.7ure a perso. 1ere :y caus&.g 1&m /amage a:roa/;. At page 536 state/ t1at
;as a.ot1er eCcept&o. 3rom t1e rule &. 5oar/ o3 %ra/e ?. =-e. "supra# &t seems t1at t1e earl&er /ec&s&o.
t1at a co.sp&racy e.tere/ &.to 1ere -&ll :e pu.&s1a:le &3 t1e co.sp&rators co.templates t1at t1e &llegal&ty
may :e per3orme/ e&t1er -&t1&. 5r&t&s1 7ur&s/&ct&o. or a:roa/ e?e. t1oug12 &. t1e e?e.t2 t1e &llegal&ty &s
per3orme/ a:roa/;. 9&s stateme.t o3 la- .o- rece&?es accepta.ce :y 9ouse o3 $or/s &. >oot;s case.
21. I. 9als:ury;s $a- o3 +.gla./2 t1&r/ e/&t&o.2 <ol.102 page 322 para 6022 -1&le /eal&.g -&t1
co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce &t -as state/ as u./er:
A cr&m&.al e.terpr&se may co.s&st o3 a co.t&.u&.g act -1&c1 &s /o.e &. more places t1a. o.e or o3 a ser&es
o3 acts -1&c1 are /o.e &. se?eral places. I. suc1 cases2 t1oug1 t1ere &s o.e cr&m&.al e.terpr&se2 t1ere may
:e se?eral cr&mes2 a./ a cr&me &s comm&tte/ &. eac1 place -1ere a complete cr&m&.al act &s per3orme/
alt1oug1 t1e act may :e o.ly a part o3 t1e e.terpr&se.
It -as 3urt1er eluc&/ate/ &. para 603 t1at:
F1at co.st&tutes a complete cr&m&.al act &s /eterm&.e/ :y t1e .ature o3 t1e cr&me. %1us2 as regar/s
co.t&.u&.g acts2 &. t1e case o3 se./&.g :y post or ot1er-&se a l&:elous or t1reate.&.g letter2 or a letter to
pro?oAe a :reac1 o3 t1e peace2 a cr&me &s comm&tte/2 :ot1 -1ere t1e letter &s poste/ or ot1er-&se se.t2 a./
also -1ere &t. &s rece&?e/2 a./ t1e ?e.ue may :e la&/ &. e&t1er place.
22. Arc1:ol/ &. Cr&m&.al 4lea/&.gs2 +?&/e.ce a./ 4ract&ce2 (2./ e/&t&o. "1985# C1apter 232 &. para 28-32
at p. 22812 Fr&g1t o. co.sp&rac&es a./ Agreeme.ts at pages 3-(2 Sm&t1 o. Cr&mes at page 239 a./
Russel o. Cr&me2 12t1 e/&t&o.2 page 613 state/ t1at co.sp&racy &s a co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce a./ l&a:le to
prosecut&o. at t1e place o3 maA&.g t1e agreeme.t a./ also &. t1e cou.try -1ere t1e acts are comm&tte/.
23. %1us2 a. agreeme.t :et-ee. t-o or more perso.s to /o a. &llegal act or legal acts :y &llegal mea.s &s
cr&m&.al co.sp&racy. I3 t1e agreeme.t2 &s .ot a. agreeme.t to comm&t a. o33e.ce2 &t /oes .ot amou.t to
co.sp&racy u.less &t &s 3ollo-e/ up :y a. o?ert act /o.e :y o.e or more perso.s &. 3urt1era.ce o3 t1e
agreeme.t. %1e o33e.ce &s complete as soo. as t1ere &s meet&.g o3 m&./s a./ u.&ty o3 purpose :et-ee.
t1e co.sp&rators to /o t1at &llegal act or legal act :y &llegal mea.s. Co.sp&racy &tsel3 &s a su:sta.t&?e
o33e.ce a./ &s /&st&.ct 3rom t1e o33e.ce to comm&t -1&c1 t1e co.sp&racy &s e.tere/ &.to. It &s u./ou:te/
t1at t1e ge.eral co.sp&racy &s /&st&.ct 3rom .um:er o3 separate o33e.ce comm&tte/ -1&le eCecut&.g t1e
o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy. +ac1 act co.st&tutes separate o33e.ce pu.&s1a:le2 &./epe./e.t o3 t1e co.sp&racy.
%1e la- 1a/ /e?elope/ se?eral or /&33ere.t mo/els or tec1.&Dues to :reac1 t1e scope o3 co.sp&racy. =.e
suc1 mo/el &s t1at o3 a c1a&.2 -1ere eac1 party per3orms e?e. -&t1out A.o-le/ge o3 ot1er a role t1at a&/s
succee/&.g part&es &. accompl&s1&.g t1e cr&m&.al o:7ect&?es o3 t1e co.sp&racy. A. &llustrat&o. o3 a s&.gle
co.sp&racy2 &ts parts :ou./ toget1er as l&.As &. a c1a&.2 &s t1e process o3 procur&.g a./ /&str&:ut&.g
.arcot&cs or a. &llegal 3ore&g. /rug 3or sale &. /&33ere.t parts o3 t1e glo:e. I. suc1 a case2 smugglers2
m&//leme. a./ reta&lers a./ pr&?&es to a s&.gle co.sp&racy to smuggle a./ /&str&:ute .arcot&cs. %1e
smugglers A.e- t1at t1e m&//leme. must sell to reta&lers! a./ t1e reta&lers A.e- t1at s1e m&//leme. must
:uy o3 &mporters o3 someo.e or a.ot1er. %1us t1e co.sp&rators at o.e e./ o3 t1e c1a&. A.e- t1at t1e
u.la-3ul :us&.ess -oul/ .ot2 a./ coul/ .ot2 stop -&t1 t1e&r :uyers! a./ t1ose at t1e ot1er e./ A.e- t1at &t
1a/ .ot :egu. -&t1 t1e&r settlers. %1e accuse/ em:arAe/ upo. a ?e.ture &. all parts o3 -1&c1 eac1 -as a
part&c&pa.t a./ a. a:ettor &. t1e se.se t1at2 t1e success o3 t1e part -&t1 -1&c1 1e -as &mme/&ately
co.cer.e/2 -as /epe./e.t upo. t1e success o3 t1e -1ole. It s1oul/ also :e co.s&/ere/ as a spoAe &. t1e
1u:. %1ere &s a r&m to :&./ all t1e spoAes toget1er &. a s&.gle co.sp&racy. It &s .ot mater&al t1at a r&m &s
3ou./ o.ly -1e. t1ere &s proo3 t1at eac1 spoAe -as a-are o3 o.e a.ot1er;s eC&ste.ce :ut t1at all promote/
&. 3urt1era.ce o3 some s&.gle &llegal o:7ect&?e. %1e tra/&t&o.al co.cept o3 s&.gle agreeme.t ca. also
accommo/ate t1e s&tuat&o. -1ere a -ell-/e3&.e/ group co.sp&res to comm&t mult&ple cr&mes! so lo.g as
all t1ese cr&mes are t1e o:7ects o3 t1e same agreeme.t or co.t&.uous co.sp&rator&al relat&o.s1&p2 a./ t1e
co.sp&racy co.t&.ues to su:s&st t1oug1 &t -as e.tere/ &. t1e 3&rst &.sta.ce. %aAe 3or &.sta.ce t1at t1ere
perso.s 1atc1e/ a co.sp&racy &. cou.try ;A; to A&ll ;>; &. cou.try ;5; -&t1 eCplos&?e su:sta.ce. As 3ar as
co.sp&racy &s co.cer.e/2 &t &s complete &. cou.try ;A;. =.e o3 t1em pursua.t t1ereto carr&e/ t1e eCplos&?e
su:sta.ce a./ 1a./s &t o?er to t1&r/ o.e &. t1e cou.try ;5; -1o &mpla.ts at a place -1ere ;>; 3reDue.ts a./
got eCplo/e/ -&t1 remote co.trol. ;>; may :e A&lle/ or escape or may /&33use/. %1e co.sp&racy co.t&.ues
t&ll &t &s eCecute/ &. cou.try ;5; or 3rustrate/. %1ere3ore2 &t &s a co.t&.u&.g act a./ alL area l&a:le 3or
co.sp&racy &. cou.try ;5; t1oug1 3&rst t-o are l&a:le to mur/er -&t1 a&/ o3 Sect&o. 120-5 a./ t1e last o.e
&s l&a:le u./er s-302 or 30 I4C2 as t1e case may :e. Co.sp&racy may :e co.s&/ere/ to :e a marc1 u./er a
:a..er a./ a perso. may 7o&. or /rop out &. t1e marc1 -&t1out t1e .ecess&ty o3 t1e c1a.ge &. t1e teCt o.
t1e :a..er. I. t1e com&ty o3 I.ter.at&o.al $a-2 &. t1ese /ays2 comm&tt&.g o33e.ces o. &.ter.at&o.al scale &s
a commo. 3eature. %1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy -oul/ :e a use3ul -eapo. a./ t1ere -oul/ eC&st .o co.3l&ct
&. mu.&c&pal la-s a./ t1e /octr&.e o3 autre3o&s co.?&ct or acDu&t -oul/ eCte./ to suc1 o33e.ces. %1e
com&ty o3 .at&o.s are /uty :ou./ to appre1e./ t1e co.sp&rators as soo. as t1ey set t1e&r 3eet o. t1e
cou.try terr&tor&al l&m&ts a./ .&p t1e o33e.ce &. t1e :u/.
2(. A co.sp&racy t1us2 &s a co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce a./ co.t&.ues to su:s&st a./ comm&tte/ -1ere?er o.e o3 t1e
co.sp&rators /oes a. act or ser&es o3 acts. So lo.g as &ts per3orma.ce co.t&.ues2 &t &s a co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce
t&ll &t &s eCecute/ or resc&./e/ or 3rustrate/ :y c1o&ce or .ecess&ty. A cr&me &s complete as soo. as t1e
agreeme.t &s ma/e2 :ut &t &s .ot a t1&.g o3 t1e mome.t. It /oes .ot e./ -&t1 t1e maA&.g o3 t1e
agreeme.t.lt -&ll co.t&.ue so lo.g as t1ere are t-o or more part&es to &t &.te./&.g to carry &.to e33ect t1e
/es&g.. Its co.t&.ua.ce &s a t1reat to t1e soc&ety aga&.st -1&c1 &t -as a&me/ at a./ -oul/ :e /ealt -&t1 as
soo. as t1at 7ur&s/&ct&o. ca. properly cla&m t1e po-er to /o so. %1e co.sp&racy /es&g.e/ or agree/ a:roa/
-&ll 1a?e t1e same e33ect as &. I./&a2 -1e. part o3 t1e acts2 pursua.t to t1e agreeme.t are agree/ to :e
3&.al&se/ or /o.e2 attempte/ or e?e. 3rustrate/ a./ ?&ce ?ersa.
25. I. ,. Sat-a.t S&.g1 ?. %1e State o3 4u.7a: : '1960)2SCR89 2 a Co.st&tut&o. :e.c1 o3 t1&s Court -as
to co.s&/er as to -1e. Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Co/e -oul/ :e appl&ca:le to a case. %1e 3acts t1ere&. -as t1at
t1e appella.t 1a/ c1eate/ t1e Bo?t. o3 5urma -1ose o33&ce -as at S&mla pu.&s1a:le u./er Sect&o. (20
I4C. %1e accuse/ co.te./e/ t1at t1e part o3 t1e act -as /o.e at ,o1lapur -1ere payme.t -as to :e ma/e
a./ o. t1at :as&s t1e court at S&mla 1a/ .o 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e o33e.ce -&t1out pr&or sa.ct&o. o3 t1e
pol&t&cal age.t. Co.s&/er&.g t1at Duest&o. t1&s Court 1el/ t1at &3 t1e o33e.ce o3 c1eat&.g -as comm&tte/
outs&/e 5r&t&s1 I./&a2 t1e sa.ct&o. -oul/ :e .ecessary :ut o. 3acts &t -as 1el/ t1at:
It seems to us2 o. t1e 3acts esta:l&s1e/ &. t1&s case2 t1at .o part o3 t1e o33e.ce o3 c1eat&.g -as comm&tte/
:y t1e appella.t outs&/e 5r&t&s1 I./&a. 9&s 3alse represe.tat&o. to t1e Bo?t. o3 5urma t1at mo.ey -as /ue
to 1&m -as at a place &. 5r&t&s1 I./&a -1&c1 &./uce/ t1at Bo?t. to or/er payme.t o3 1&s cla&ms. I. 3act2 1e
-as pa&/ at $a1ore at 1&s o-. reDuest :y mea.s o3 c1eDues o. t1e 5ra.c1 o3 t1e Imper&al 5a.A o3 I./&a at
$a1ore. %1e /el&?ery o3 t1e property o3 t1e Bo?t. o3 5urma2 .amely2 t1e mo.ey2 -as ma/e at $a1ore2 a
place &. 5r&t&s1 I./&a2 a./ -e ca..ot regar/2 &. t1e c&rcumsta.ces o3 t1e prese.t case2 t1e post&.g o3 t1e
c1eDues at ,o1lapur e&t1er as /el&?ery o3 property to t1e appella.t at ,o1lapur or payme.t o3 1&s cla&ms
at ,o1lapur. %1e e.t&re argume.t 3ou./e/ o. t1e pro?&s&o.s o3 Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Co/e2 t1ere3ore2 3a&ls.
@ar 3rom 1elp&.g t1e appella.t t1e rat&o esta:l&s1es t1at &3 a. o33e.ce -as comm&tte/ &. I./&a t1e .ee/ to
o:ta&. sa.ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 188 &s o:?&ate/. I. 4urs1ottam/as >alm&a ?. State o3 Fest 5e.gal :
1961Cr&$*28 2 t1&s Court2 -1e. t1e appella.t -as c1arge/ -&t1 o33e.ces pu.&s1a:le u./er Sect&o.
120-52 (66 a./ (2 t1e appella.t co.te./e/ t1at o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy -as e.tere/ &.to at Calcutta t1e
o33e.ces o3 us&.g t1e 3orge/ /ocume.ts -as comm&tte/ at 0a/ras. %1ere3ore2 t1e court at Calcutta 1a/ .o
7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e o33e.ce u./er Sect&o. (1 rea/ -&t1 Sect&o. (662 I4C2 e?e. t1oug1 comm&tte/ &.
pursua.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy a./ &. course o3 t1e same tra.sact&o.. t1&s Court 1el/ t1at t1e /es&ra:&l&ty o3
try&.g t1e o33e.ces o3 all t1e o?ert acts comm&tte/ &. pursua.ce o3 a co.sp&racy toget1er &s o:?&ous a./
Sect&o.s 1 a./ 239 o3 t1e Co/e lea?e .o ma..er o3 /ou:t t1at t1e court -1&c1 1as t1e 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try
t1e o33e.ce o3 cr&m&.al co.sp&racy 1as also t1e 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try all t1e o?ert acts comm&tte/ &. pursua.ce
o3 &t e?e. t1oug1 outs&/e &ts terr&tor&al 7ur&s/&ct&o.. I. $.6. 0uA1er7ee ?. %1e State o3 0a/ras :
1961Cr&$*36 2 &t -as 3urt1er 1el/ t1at t1e court 1a?&.g 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e o33e.ces comm&tte/ &.
pursua.ce o3 t1e co.sp&racy2 1as also t1e 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e o33e.ce o3 cr&m&.al co.sp&racy2 e?e.
t1oug1 &t -as comm&tte/ outs&/e &ts terr&tor&al 7ur&s/&ct&o.. %1&s ?&e- -as 3urt1er re&terate/ &. R.,.>alm&a
?. >el1& A/m&.&strat&o. : '1963)1SCR253 a./ 5a.-ar& $al *1u.71u.-ala a./ =rs. ?. 8.&o. o3 I./&a a./
A.r. 1963 supp. "2# SCR 338. %1ere&. &t -as 1el/ t1at t1e court try&.g a. accuse/ 3or o33e.ce o3
co.sp&racy &s compete.t to try 1&m 3or o33e.ces comm&tte/ &. pursua.ce o3 t1at co.sp&racy &rrespect&?e o3
t1e 3act -1et1er or .ot o?ert acts- 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/ -&t1&. &ts terr&tor&al 7ur&s/&ct&o.. %1e c1arges
3rame/ t1ere&. u./er Sect&o. (09 rea/ -&t1 Sect&o.s 12052 (202 I4C a./ Sect&o. 5"1#"># rea/ -&t1
Sect&o. 5"2# o3 t1e 4re?e.t&o. o3 Corrupt&o. Act -ere up1el/.
26. %1us -e 1ol/ t1at sa.ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 188 &s .ot a co./&t&o. prece/e.t to taAe cog.&Ea.ce o3 t1e
o33e.ce. I3 .ee/ :e &t coul/ :e o:ta&.e/ :e3ore tr&al :eg&.s. Co.sp&racy -as &.&t&ally 1atc1e/ at
C1a./&gar1 a./ t1oug1 &tsel3 &s a complete/ o33e.ce2 :e&.g co.t&.u&.g o33e.ce2 e?e. accept&.g appella.t;s
case t1at 1e -as at >u:a& a./ part o3 co.sp&racy a./ o?ert acts &. 3urt1era.ce t1ereo3 1a/ taAe. place at
>u:a& a./ partly at C1a./&gar1! a./ &. co.seDue.ce t1ere ot1er o33e.ces 1a/ :ee. e.sue/. S&.ce t1e
o33e.ces 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/ /ur&.g t1e co.t&.u&.g course o3 tra.sact&o. culm&.ate/ &. c1eat&.g 4.6.5.
at C1a./&gar12 t1e .ee/ to o:ta&. sa.ct&o. 3or ?ar&ous o33&cer u./er pro?&so to s2188 &s o:?&ate/.
%1ere3ore2 t1ere &s .o .ee/ to o:ta&. sa.ct&o. 3rom Ce.tral Bo?t. %1e case may :e /&33ere.t &3 t1e
o33e.ces -ere comm&tte/ out s&/e I./&a a./ are complete/ &. t1emsel?es -&t1out co.sp&racy. 4er1aps t1at
Duest&o. may :e /&33ere.t 3or -1&c1 -e eCpress .o op&.&o. o. t1e 3acts o3 t1&s case. %1e rat&o &. @aA1rulla
,1a. 1as .o appl&cat&o. to t1e 3acts &. t1&s case. %1ere&. t1e accuse/ -ere c1arge/ 3or o33e.ces u./er
Sect&o. (202 (192 (6 a./ (68 a./ t1e o33e.ces -ere comm&tte/ &. .at&?e State2 0ysore. As a result t1e
courts &. 5r&t&s1 I./&a &.e. 0a/ras pro?&.ce 1a/ .o 7ur&s/&ct&o. to try t1e o33e.ce -&t1out pr&or sa.ct&o..
+Dually &. <erg1ese;s case t1e o33e.ces c1arge/ u./er Sect&o. (092 I4C 1a/ also :ee. taAe. place outs&/e
5r&t&s1 I./&a. %1ere3ore2 &t -as 1el/ t1at t1e sa.ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 188 -as .ecessary. %1e rat&o &.
,a&las1 S1arma;s case &s .ot goo/ at la-. %1e appeal &s accor/&.gly /&sm&sse/.
R.0. Sa1a&2 *.
2. F1&le agree&.g -&t1 5rot1er Ramas-amy2 *.2 I propose to a// a 3e- -or/s. 4rosecut&o. o3 t1e
appella.t u./er Sect&o. 1205 rea/ -&t1 Sect&o. (20 a./ (1 o3 t1e I./&a. 4e.al Co/e "&. :r&e3 ;I4C;# -as
assa&le/ 3or a:se.ce o3 sa.ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Cr&m&.al 4roce/ure Co/e "&. :r&e3 ;Cr.4.C.;#.
%-o su:m&ss&o.s -ere a/?a.ce/2 o.e - t1at e?e. t1oug1 cr&m&.al co.sp&racy -as &tsel3 a. o33e.ce :ut &3
a.ot1er o33e.ce -as comm&tte/ &. pursua.ce o3 &t outs&/e I./&a t1e. sa.ct&o. -as .ecessary! seco./ - a.
o33e.ce &s co.st&tute/ o3 a .um:er o3 &.gre/&e.ts a./ e?e. &3 o.e o3 t1em -as comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e
cou.try Sect&o. 188 o3 t1e Cr. 4.C. -as attracte/.
28. $a.guage o3 t1e sect&o. &s pla&. a./ s&mple. It operates -1ere a. o33e.ce &s comm&tte/ :y a c&t&Ee. o3
I./&a outs&/e t1e cou.try. ReDu&reme.ts are2 t1ere3ore2 o.e - comm&ss&o. o3 a. o33e.ce! seco./ - :y a.
I./&a. c&t&Ee.! a./ t1&r/ - t1at &t s1oul/ 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e cou.try. =ut o3 t1e t1ree t1ere &s
.o /&spute t1at t1e appella.t &s a. I./&a. c&t&Ee.. 5ut so 3ar t1e ot1er t-o are t1at t1e co.sp&racy to 3orge
a./ c1eat t1e :a.A -as 1atc1e/ :y t1e appella.t a./ ot1ers &. I./&a. F1et1er &t -as so or .ot2 ca..ot :e
go.e &.to at t1&s stage.
29. F1at &s t1e cla&m t1e.J %-o 3ol/ o.e t1e appella.t -as &. >u:a& at t1e rele?a.t t&me -1e. t1e o33e.ce
&s allege/ to 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/. Seco./2 s&.ce t1e :&lls o3 la/&.g a./ eCc1a.ge -ere prepare/ a./ -ere
su:m&tte/ to t1e +m&rates 6at&o.al 5a.A at >u:a& a./ t1e payme.t too -as rece&?e/ at em&rates 6at&o.al
5a.A &. >u:aa&2 t1e allege/ o33e.ce o3 3orgery a./ c1eat&.g -ere comm&tte/ outs&/e I./&a. Is t1at soJ
Ca. t1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy or c1eat&.g or 3orgery o. t1ese allegat&o.s :e sa&/ to 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/
outs&/e t1e cou.tryJ Su:sta.t&?e la- o3 eCtra-terr&tory &. respect o3 cr&m&.al o33e.ces &s pro?&/e/ 3or :y
Sect&o. ( o3 t1e I4C a./ t1e proce/ure to &.Du&re a./ try &t &s co.ta&.e/ &. Sect&o. 188 Cr.4.C. +33ect o3
t1ese sect&o.s &s t1at a. o33e.ce comm&tte/ :y a. I./&a. c&t&Ee. outs&/e t1e cou.try &s /eeme/ to 1a?e
:ee. comm&tte/ &. I./&a. 4ro?&so to Sect&o. 188 Cr.42C. 1o-e?er pro?&/es t1e sa3eguar/ 3or t1e 6RI to
guar/ aga&.st a.y u.-arra.te/ 1arassme.t :y /&rect&.g2 ;t1at2 .ot-&t1sta./&.g a.yt1&.g &. a.y o3 t1e
prece/&.g sect&o.s o3 t1&s C1apter2 .o suc1 o33e.ce s1all :e &.Du&re/ &.to or tr&e/ &. I./&a eCcept -&t1 t1e
pre?&ous sa.ct&o. o3 t1e Ce.tral Bo?er.me.t;.
S&.ce t1e pro?&so :eg&.s -&t1 a .o.-o:sta.te clause &ts o:ser?a.ce &s ma./atory. 5ut &t -oul/ come &.to
play o.ly &3 t1e pr&.c&pal clause &s appl&ca:le2 .amely2 &t &s esta:l&s1e/ t1at a. o33e.ce as /e3&.e/ &. clause
;.; o3 Sect&o. 2 o3 t1e Cr.4.C. 1as :ee. comm&tte/ a./ &t 1as :ee. comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e cou.try.
30. F1at 1as to :e eCam&.e/ at t1&s stage &s &3 t1e cla&m o3 t1e appella.t t1at t1e o33e.ce u./er Sect&o.
1205 rea/ -&t1 Sect&o. (20 a./ Sect&o. (1 o3 t1e I4C -ere comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e cou.try. A. o33e.ce
&s /e3&.e/ &. t1e Cr.4.C. to mea. a. act or om&ss&o. ma/e pu.&s1a:le :y a.y la- 3or t1e t&me :e&.g &.
3orce. 6o.e o3 t1e o33e.ces 3or -1&c1 t1e appella.t 1as :ee. c1arge/ 1as res&/e.ce as o.e o3 &ts
&.gre/&e.ts. %1e 7ur&s/&ct&o. to &.Du&re or try ?ests u./er Sect&o. 1 &. t1e Court &. -1ose local
7ur&s/&ct&o. t1e o33e.ce &s comm&tte/. It &s t1us t1e comm&ss&o. o3 o33e.ce a./ .ot t1e res&/e.ce o3 t1e
accuse/ -1&c1 &s /ec&s&?e o3 7ur&s/&ct&o.. F1e. t-o or more perso.s agree to /o or cause to :e /o.e a.
&llegal act or a. act -1&c1 &s &llegal :y &llegal mea.s suc1 agreeme.t &s /es&g.ate/ a cr&m&.al co.sp&racy
u./er Sect&o. 120A o3 t1e I4C. %1e &.gre/&e.ts o3 t1e o33e.ce &s agreeme.t a./ .ot t1e res&/e.ce.
0eet&.g o3 m&./s o3 more t1a. t-o perso.s &s t1e pr&mary reDu&reme.t. +?e. &3 &t &s assume/ t1at t1e
appella.t -as at >u:a& a./ 1e e.tere/ &.to a. agreeme.t -&t1 1&s cou.terpart s&tt&.g &. I./&a to /o a.
&llegal act &. I./&a t1e o33e.ce o3 co.sp&racy came &.to :e&.g -1e. agreeme.t -as reac1e/ :et-ee. t1e
t-o. %1e t-o m&./s met -1e. talAs oral or &. -r&t&.g tooA place &. I./&a. %1ere3ore2 t1e o33e.ce o3
co.sp&racy ca..ot :e sa&/ to 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e cou.try. I. 0o:ar&A Al& A1me/ ?. %1e
State o3 5om:ay 00(3/195 : 195Cr&$*13(6 t1&s Court -1&le /eal&.g -&t1 t1e Duest&o. o3 7ur&s/&ct&o. o3
t1e Courts to try a. o33e.ce o3 c1eat&.g comm&tte/ :y a 3ore&g. .at&o.al 1el/ t1at t1e o33e.ce o3 c1eat&.g
tooA place o.ly -1e. represe.tat&o. -as ma/e :y t1e accuse/ s&tt&.g &. ,arac1& to t1e compla&.a.t s&tt&.g
&. 5om:ay. %1e argume.t 3ou./e/ o. corporeal prese.ce -as re7ecte/ a./ &t -as o:ser?e/:
F1at &s2 t1ere3ore2 to :e see. &t -1et1er t1ere &s a.y reaso. to t1&.A t1at a 3ore&g.er .ot corporeally
prese.t at t1e t&me o3 t1e comm&ss&o. o3 t1e o33e.ce /oes .ot 3all -&t1&. t1e ra.ge o3 perso.s pu.&s1a:le
t1ere3or u./er t1e Co/e. It appears to us t1at t1e a.s-er must :e &. t1e .egat&?e u.less t1ere &s a.y
recog.&se/ legal pr&.c&ple o. -1&c1 suc1 eCclus&o. ca. :e 3ou./e/ or t1e la.guage o3 t1e Co/e compels
suc1 a co.struct&o..
I3 a 3ore&g. .at&o.al &s ame.a:le to 7ur&s/&ct&o. u./er Sect&o. 19 o3 t1e Cr. 4.C. a 6RI ca..ot cla&m t1at
t1e o33e.ce s1all :e /eeme/ to 1a?e :ee. comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e cou.try merely :ecause 1e -as .ot
p1ys&cally prese.t.
31. 4reparat&o. o3 :&ll o3 la/&.g at >u:a& or payme.t at >u:a& -ere .ot &solate/ acts. %1ey -ere part o3
c1a&. act&?&t&es :et-ee. t1e appella.t a./ 1&s assoc&ates -&t1 -1om 1e e.tere/ &.to agreeme.t to c1eat
t1e :a.A at C1a./&gar1. A.y &solate/ act or om&ss&o. comm&tte/ at >u:a& -as &.su33&c&e.t to co.st&tute a.
o33e.ce. %1e &llegal act o3 /&s1o.estly &./uc&.g t1e :a.A at C1a./&gar1 -as comm&tte/ .ot :y preparat&o.
o3 :&ll at >u:a& :ut &ts prese.tat&o. &. pursua.ce o3 agreeme.t to c1eat. %1e su:m&ss&o. t1us 3ou./e/ -as
o. res&/e.ce or o. preparat&o. o3 :&lls o3 la/&.g or e.cas1me.t at >u:a& are o3 .o co.seDue.ce.
32. 6or &s t1ere a.y mer&t &. t1e su:m&ss&o. t1at e?e. part o3 t1e o33e.ce -oul/ attract Sect&o. 188 as t1e
sect&o. operates -1e. o33e.ce &s comm&tte/ outs&/e I./&a. A. o33e.ce &s comm&tte/ -1e. all t1e
&.gre/&e.ts are sat&s3&e/. %1e sect&o. 1a?&.g use/ t1e -or/ o33e.ce &t ca..ot :e u./erstoo/ as part o3 t1e
o33e.ce. Sect&o. 19 Cr. 4.C. empo-ers a court to try a. o33e.ce e&t1er at a place -1ere t1e o33e.ce &s
comm&tte/ or t1e co.seDue.ces e.sue. =. t1e allegat&o.s &. t1e compla&.t t1e act or om&ss&o.s -ere
comm&tte/ &. I./&a. I. a.y case t1e co.seDue.ce o3 co.sp&racy2 c1eat&.g a./ 3org&.g 1a?&.g taAe. place at
C1a./&gar1 t1e o33e.ce -as .ot comm&tte/ outs&/e t1e cou.try t1ere3ore t1e pro?&s&o.s o3 Sect&o. 188 Cr.
4.C. -ere .ot attracte/.
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