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l
r
2
B
2
w
Bh
2
dP
dz
qg
1
Energy equation:
a
r
B
Br
r
BT
Br
a
r
2
B
2
T
Bh
2
w
BT
Bz
2
By using the same dimensionless variable, as in Patankar and Prakash [1]
h T T
w
= Q
t
=k 3
X wl=R
2
dP=dz q
w
g 4
X
l=R
2
dP=dz q
w
g 5
r4 r=R 6
X
Z Z
Xr4dr4dh=
Z Z
r4dr4dh 7
In order to have the simple equation, as in Patankar and Prakash, a new variable is introduced as
U pd X
d h 8
by substituting the dimensionless variables and the above variable we get the following simple form of the
governing equations.
Momentum equation:
j
2
X 1 0 9
Energy equation:
j
2
U X 0 10
A. Al-Sarkhi, E. Abu-Nada / Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transf. 32 (2005) 557564 559
The friction factor, f, in the tube can be calculated as
f D
h
dP=dz q
w
g
,
1
2
q
w
w
2
11
where D
h
is the hydraulic diameter defined as
D
h
2R= NH=p 1 12
where H is the dimensionless fin height, H=l/R.
Reynolds number Re is defined as
Re q
w
w
D
h
=l 13
Finally, using the above dimensionless diameter the friction factor times the Reynolds number, fRe,
and Nusselt number, Nu,
f Re 2D
2
h
=X
R
2
14
Nu h
T
2R =K 15
Fig. 2. Variation of Nusselt number, Nu, with number of fins, N.
Fig. 3. Maximum Nusselt number variation with fin height and number.
A. Al-Sarkhi, E. Abu-Nada / Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transf. 32 (2005) 557564 560
where h
T
is heat transfer coefficient then Nu can be written as
Nu 1=ph
16
where the average dimensionless temperature is defined as
h
t
Q
t
= p2R T
w
T
b
17
h
T
w
T
b
k=Q
t
Z Z
Xhr4dr4dh=
Z Z
Xr4dr4dh 18
where T
b
is the bulk temperature of fluid defined as T
b
=
R R
wTrdrdh/wrdrdh, k is the thermal
conductivity of the fluid and Q
t
is the total heat input per unit axial length which is related to axial
gradient of temperature by
BT=Bz dT
w
=dz dT
b
=dz Q
t
= mmc 19
where m is the mass flow rate in the tube defined as m =qw pR
2
=q
R R
wrdrdd and c is the specific heat of
the fluid.
Fig. 4. Variation of Nusselt number with fin height for certain fin numbers.
Fig. 5. Variation of fRe with number of fins for certain fin height.
A. Al-Sarkhi, E. Abu-Nada / Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transf. 32 (2005) 557564 561
2.3. Computational method
The above governing equations were solved simultaneously using finite volume technique. In this
method the computational domain is divided into a specified number of control volumes surrounding
each grid point. The number of grids used is 2450 (24 in the d-direction and 50 in the r-direction). In
order to apply the governing equations for each grid point, the energy and momentum equations are
applied over each control volume. The resulting solution using this method implies that the integral
conservation (i.e., conservation of mass, momentum and energy) is exactly satisfied for all control
volumes (the whole calculation domain shown in Fig. 1). The convergence criterion was set on the
values of Nu and fRe. When the absolute error between two consequence iterations is less than 110
6
then the convergence is satisfied.
3. Results and discussion
The computations were performed for grid points of 2450. Larger numbers of grids were tested and
similar results were achieved. A total of 110 tests were performed numerically for variable geometrical
configurations. The dimensionless fin height (H=l/R) was varied from 0.1 to 0.9 and the number of fins
Fig. 6. Variation of the parameter fRe with fin heights for certain fin numbers.
Fig. 7. Normalized velocity and temperature distribution variation for the case of H=0.1.
A. Al-Sarkhi, E. Abu-Nada / Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transf. 32 (2005) 557564 562
N was varied from 5 to 80. Results present data comparison for average Nusselt number and fRe
parameter. The pressure gradient and the hydraulic diameter of the geometry are the main factors that
influence the fRe parameter. The variations of Nusselt Number, Nu, with number of fins, N, are shown in
Fig. 2. Nusselt number, Nu, increases with increasing number of fins and reaches a maximum value and
then decreases with increasing N.
Fig. 3 shows the number of fins, N, at which the maximum Nusselt number, Nu, occurs for a certain
fin height, H. This figure is very important such that someone can have a certain height and go vertically
to cross the value of the maximum Nusselt number that could be reached and the number of fins at which
this maximum value of Nusselt number occurred.
Fig. 4 shows Nu versus the dimensionless fin height, H, for certain N numbers. Nusselt increases with
increasing H. The increase of Nu is negligible up to H=0.6. Beyond H=0.6 the increase of Nu starts to be
significant. Fig. 5 shows the variation of the parameter fRe with the number of fins for a certain fin
height. fRe decreases with increasing N. After N=50 the slope of decreasing fRe with increasing N is
small and reaches an asymptotic value.
Fig. 6 shows the variation of fRe with H. fRe decreases slightly with increasing H until about H=0.3
and then starts to increase with steeper slope with increasing H up to a maximum point.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the normalized velocity and temperature distribution for the cases of H=0.1 and
0.9, respectively. For short fin length the velocity distribution is nearly parabolic. For the case of long fin
height the velocity distribution is not parabolic and the flow in the core of the tube at r/R less than about
0.15 is having higher velocity than the flow near the tube wall. For short fin height, the normalized
temperature distribution is nearly parabolic and as the fin height increases the distribution deviates from
the parabolic profile.
4. Conclusions
The present study has performed a numerical investigation of a vertical internally finned tube subjected
to forced convection heat transfer. For best heat transfer, there is an optimumnumber of fins and fin height.
Maximum Nu cannot be achieved at maximum height and fin number. There are certain fin numbers at
certain fin height to achieve maximum Nu, as shown in Fig. 3. In general Nusselt number increases with
increasing fin height. The parameter fRe decreases with increasing number of fins N. The velocity and
temperature distributions inside the tube are strongly a function of the height and number of fins.
Fig. 8. Normalized velocity and temperature distribution variation for the case of H=0.9.
A. Al-Sarkhi, E. Abu-Nada / Int. Commun. Heat and Mass Transf. 32 (2005) 557564 563
Nomenclature
c fluid specific heat
k thermal conductivity of the fluid
l fin height
N number of fins
Nu Nusselt number
f friction factor as in Eq. (11)
fRe parameter f times Re as in Eq. (14)
r radial coordinate
R tube radius
Re Reynolds number
r* dimensionless radial coordinate r/R
T fluid temperature
T
b
fluid bulk temperature
T
w
fin and tube wall temperature
m fluid mass flow rate
w fluid axial velocity
w the mean value of w
z axial coordinate normal to the page
d angular coordinate
h dimensionless temperature (Eq. (3))
U the variable pX
h (Eq. (8)
X dimensionless axial velocity (Eq. (4))
V