1

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

A gas turbine is a rotary machine. It consists of three main components a
compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine. The air after being compressed
into the compressor is heated either by directly burning fuel in it or by burning
fuel externally in a heat exchanger. The heated air with or without products of
combustion is expanded in a turbine resulting in work output, a substantial part,
about two-thirds, of which is used to drive the compressor. Rest, about one-third,
is available as useful work output.
1.1 Development of Gas Turbine
The concept of turbine prime mover can be traced back to Hero of Alexandria
who lived about 2000 years ago. John Barber, an Englishman, was first to
develop an important design in 1871. The design used an impulse turbine, a
reciprocating compressor, a gas producer and a combustion chamber with
injection. Prof. Dr. R. Stodola, the world famous teacher at the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology (from 1892 to 1929) who established the scientific and
engineering basis for the steam turbine and predicted a bright future for the gas
turbine at a very early date.
The development of gas turbines was hampered for a long time despite this
general theory because of two basic reasons:-
i. The lack of materials to withstand high temperatures.
ii. The lack of thermodynamic and aerodynamic knowledge of flow
mechanism.
2

1.2 Classifications of Gas Turbine
Gas turbines are classified into two main types:
1. Open cycle gas turbine
2. Closed cycle gas turbine
In an open cycle gas turbine [see Fig 1.2 (a)] air is taken from the
atmosphere in the compressor, and after compression its temperature is raised
by burning fuel in it. The products of combustion along with the excess air are
passed through the turbine, developing power and then exhausted into the
atmosphere. For next cycle fresh air is taken in the compressor.
In a closed cycle gas turbine [see Fig 1.2 (b)] air is heated in an air heater
by burning fuel externally. The working air does not come in contact with the
products of combustion. The hot air expands in the turbine and then cooled in
a precooler and supplied back to the compressor. The same working fluid
circulates over and again in the system.

Fig 1.2 (a) Schematic diagram of open cycle gas turbine
3


Fig 1.2 (b) Schematic diagram of closed cycle gas turbine
1.3 Advantages of Gas turbine
1. A gas turbine being a rotary machine has a simple mechanism and higher
operational speed. Due to absence of reciprocating parts such as connecting
rod and piston etc., the vibrations are virtually absent resulting in better and
easy balancing.
2. Because of less number of parts gas turbine is easier to maintain.
3. Capacity of gas turbine seems to be unlimited since the gas turbine still has
immense development possibilities.
4. The lubricating oil consumption is small. The cost of lubricating oil in gas
turbine is about 0.5 to 1 % of the total fuel cost.
5. It is simpler to control the gas turbine.
6. Gas turbine especially the closed cycle gas turbine can burn almost any fuel
ranging from kerosene to heavy oil and even coal slurry. This results in a
great economic advantage.
4

7. In addition to reduced fuel costs, turbine fuels are less volatile, so fire
hazards are reduced. The gas turbine can be used where low quality cheap
fuel is available.
8. Gas turbine is a comparatively rugged machine which can be left uncared
for a long period.
1.4 Disadvantages of Gas turbine
1. The maximum efficiency of simple gas turbine is lower. To obtain higher
efficiencies gas turbine should be provided with regenerator, reheater etc.,
which increases the complexity and cost.
2. The part load efficiency of gas turbine is poor.
3. The gas turbine is not a self starting unit. The power required to start is also
quite high, so an additional motor of high power is necessary.
4. The cost of manufacture of a gas turbine plant, at present, is higher due to
the use of high heat resistant materials and special manufacturing processes
used for blades.
5. The gas turbine is slow in its acceleration response. This is a big
disadvantage for automotive use.
6. Gas turbines run at comparatively higher speeds and require a reduction
gear to be used for normal industrial applications.
7. The gas turbine is sensitive to component efficiencies. Any reduction in
compressor or turbine efficiency will greatly affect the overall efficiency of
the plant so, it require highly matched turbine and compressor combination.
1.5 Applications of Gas turbine
The applications of gas turbine can be divided into three broad categories:
5

1. Industrial
2. Power generation
3. Propulsion
1.5.1 Industrial Gas Turbine
Since the gas turbine has many qualities which an industry prime mover must
have, its use has spread over a wide range of industrial applications ranging from
petro-chemical, thermal-process industries to general utility industries. The lower
man power requirements and the excellent reliability of up to 99% along with its
basic simplicity has made the industrial gas turbine very much popular.
For the industrial gas turbine, selection for a particular application depends
on long life, availability, thermal efficiency, pressure losses and other parameters
of importance for the industry are considered. Generally, the industrial turbine is
a continuous duty unit with large power requirements and long life. The following
is the brief discussion of some of the many industrial applications of the gas
turbine
a) Thermal process industries: For industries which have large mechanical
and thermal energy requirements, the industrial gas turbines are ideally
suited. Examples of such industries are cement, lime, and light weight
aggregate manufacturing unit. The turbine can supply the power needed
while the exhaust gases which contain a large amount of heat can be used
to raise steam for thermal processing.
b) Petro-chemical Industries: These industries are unique in that they
simultaneously need compressed air, hot gases and mechanical power in
various combinations. The gas turbine provides a heat balance for these
requirements which is much superior than all other prime movers. A simple
6

gas turbine plant can produce power supply, compressed air, and the hot
gases or steam simultaneously. In addition to this the gas turbine can be
used to drive a large number of generators, compressors and pumps etc.
c) Gas compression and processing: Gas compression and processing of the
natural gas from gas generation site to users requires the use of high speed
centrifugal compressors. This is because of the small space requirements,
less maintenance and less pipe vibrations and pulsations due to the smooth
discharge of gases from a rotary compressor. The gas turbine is ideally
suited for such applications because it altogether avoids the use of a costly
reduction gear and its mechanically troubles.
1.5.2 Power generation
The rapid development in the gas turbine field has established gas turbine use in
power generation. It is now widely used for base load, peaking and standby
operation. Due to its ability to start from cold and carry the full load in less than
two minutes, it is especially suited for the peaking and standby purposes.
The gas turbine as a part of the combined high efficiency cycle is now
widely used as a base load prime mover. During the last decade the electric utility
industry has experienced a tremendous and continuing load growth. The short
supply time, cheap fuel and higher availability were the main reasons for the use
of gas turbines in mainly peaking and standby load applications.
1.5.3 Propulsion
Of the three modes of transport namely, air, land and water, the gas turbines have
enjoyed phenomenal success for the first, and attracted by this success it has been
applied to the other two fields also.
7

The use of gas turbine for the aircraft field hardly needs any stress. It is
only because of the development in the gas turbine technology that the present
aviation progress has been possible. Turbojet, turboprop, by-pass engine and even
the helicopters are the examples of successful application of the gas turbine in
aviation field.
The great success in the aviation field attracted use of gas turbine in
automobiles and now a large number of automobile models have come up in the
power range of 140h.p. to 300h.p.












8

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS

In order to have an idea of present technological development in the area of
gas turbine, its performance improvement and analysis, a brief survey of
available literature is made.
2.1 Review of Literature
Andreas Poullikkas et al. [1] in his work gave an overview of current and
future sustainable gas turbine technologies. In his research work, the various
gas turbine technologies are described and compared. Emphasis has been
given to the various advance cycles involving heat recovery from the gas
turbine exhaust, such as, the gas to gas regeneration cycle and the combination
cycle. The thermodynamic characteristics of various cycles are considered in
order to establish their relative importance to future power generation markets.
Lingen Chen et al. [2] studied performance, analysis and optimization of
an open cycle regenerator gas turbine power plant. The analytical formulae
about the relation between power output and cycle over-all pressure ratio are
derived taking into account the pressure drop losses. Also, it was shown that
the power output has a maximum with respect to the full flow rate or any of
the overall pressure drops and the maximized power output had an additional
maximized with respect to over-all pressure ratio.
9

Valceres V. R. Silva et al. [3] states that the performance improvement of
a gas turbine can be expressed in terms of minimizing fuel consumption while
maintaining nominal thrust output, maximizing thrust for same fuel
consumption and minimum turbine blade temperature. Additional control
layers are used to improve engine performance.
H. Cohen and G. F. C. Rogers [4] had given the survey for the gas turbine
cycles configuration and study of various possible gas turbine configuration,
detailed account of various aspects of axial flow turbines such as basic
principle, combustion process, work output and factors upon which it depends.
Y. Tsujikawa et al. [5] devoted his study to the analyses of simple gas
turbine cycle, particularly for various gas turbine engines to achieve maximum
performance.
Mallinson et al. [6] investigated the part load performance of various gas
turbine cycles.
D. S. Kumar, V. P. Vasandani and J. H. Horlock [7] gave evaluation and
method of accounting component losses and information about temperature
entropy diagram.





10

Chapter 3
SYSTEM APPROACH

3.1 Simple Open Cycle Gas Turbine
The Brayton or Joule cycle is the most idealized cycle for the simple gas
turbine power plant [see Fig (3.1)]

Fig. 3.1 Schematic diagram of Brayton or Joule Cycle
Atmospheric or fresh air is compressed from p
1
to a high pressure p
2
in the
compressor and delivered to the combustion chamber where fuel is injected
and burned. The combustion process occurs nearly at constant pressure. Due
to combustion heat is added to the working fluid in combustor from T
2
to T
3
.
The products of combustion from the combustion chamber are expanded in the
turbine from p
2
to atmospheric pressure p
1
and then discharged into the
atmosphere as exhaust gases.
11

The turbine and the compressor are mechanically coupled, so the network
is equal to the difference between the work done by turbine and work
consumed by the compressor. To first run the compressor, a starter is needed.
When the turbine starts running, the starter is cut-off.
3.2 Analysis of Simple Open Cycle Gas Turbine
Fig 3.2 shows the simple gas turbine cycle on p-v and t-s diagrams.

Fig 3.2 p-v and T-s plots of simple gas turbine cycle where
p = pressure
v = volume
T = temperature
s = specific entropy
1-2,-3-4, represents Ideal Cycle plot
1-2-3-4 represents Actual Cycle plot
12

The air is compressed from 1 to 2 in a compressor and heat is added to this air
during the process 2 to 3 which takes place in the combustion chamber. Process 3
to 4 represents the expansion of gases in a turbine.
In the ideal cycle, processes of compression (1-2) and expansion (3-4) are
assumed as isentropic and processes of heat addition (2-3) and heat rejection (4-1)
are assumed as constant pressure processes.
The actual performance of the gas turbine plant differs from the brayton
cycle because of the deviations from the ideal cycle. These deviations include
friction, shock, heat transfer and aerodynamic losses in compressor and turbine,
losses in combustion chamber, piping and mechanical losses etc. with such a
large number of variables affecting the performance of the gas turbine plant it will
be really difficult to estimate its performance unless certain assumptions are
made. To simplify the analysis following assumptions are made:
1. There is no pressure loss in the combustion chamber and in piping etc.
2. There is no increase in the rate of mass flow due to the addition of the fuel.
3. The specific heat remains constant at all temperatures and is same for
compressor as well as turbine flow.
4. Radiations and mechanical losses are neglected.
Assuming a flow of 1kg of air the following analysis is made:
Efficiency
Efficiency of the cycle =



Work required for compressor, W
c
= h
2
h
1
= C
p
(T
2
T
1
)
13

Heat supplied in combustion chamber q
A
= h
3
h
2
= C
p
(T
3
T
2
)
Here, C
p
is assumed constant
Work delivered by turbine W
t
= h
3
h
4
= C
p
(T
3
T
4
)
Therefore, Thermal efficiency

=

)

=

{(

) (

)}

)

=
(

) (

)
(

)
(Eq. 3.1)
=

(Eq. 3.2)
The isentropic efficiency of turbine and the compressor are defined as;
Isentropic efficiency of turbine,
t

=



=

(Eq. 3.2 a)
or
t =

)
=
(

)
(

)
(Eq. 3.2 b)
=




14

Now, Isentropic efficiency of compressor,
c

(Eq. 3.3 a)
or
c

)
=
(

)
(

)
(Eq. 3.3 b)
=



From (Eq. 3.2 b) we have,
T
4
= T
3
(T
3
T
4,
)
t

+
t

, (

- [ since

-

Assuming equal pressure ratio for compressor and turbine, we have

, (

-
Similarly, from (Eq. 3.3 b) we get

,.

-
Putting the values of

and

in (Eq. 3.2) we get
15

=

[.

,.

,.

-+

=

, -

, - +
where, R = .

or =

)
()

(Eq. 3.4)
For an ideal cycle;

Therefore,
=

)
()

(Eq. 3.5)
Thus, it is evident that the ideal air standard efficiency is independent of turbine
inlet temperature and depends only on pressure ratio and the value of the ratio of
the specific heats. However, in an actual cycle, with irreversibilities in the
compression and expansion processes, the thermal efficiency depends both upon
the pressure ratio as well as turbine inlet temperature, besides being affected by
compressor and turbine efficiencies.
Work Ratio
The work done is represented by the work ratio which is defined as the ratio of
the net work output to that of the work done by the turbine.
16

Work Ratio =



=

)

=
(

)
(

)

=

+
=

Work ratio =

(Eq. 3.6)
The net work output,
W =

()

( ),

] (Eq. 3.7)
Thus, the work output of a simple cycle depends on turbine and compressor inlet
temperatures and pressure ratio.
For ideal simple cycle gas turbine plant (Eq. 3.6)
Work Ratio
ideal
=

(Eq. 3.8)
and Net work output
ideal
=

( )(

) (Eq. 3.9)
17

We see that the work specific output (defined as the work done per kg of the
working medium) the cycle, efficiency and air rate (defined as the air flow per
unit output) are the three parameters which decide the size of given machine.
Higher the cycle efficiency and higher the air rate, lower is the machine size.













18

Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MODELLING

4.1 Effect of thermodynamic variables on the performance of simple gas
turbine
From Eq. 3.4 it can be seen that under the assumptions made above there are five
main thermodynamic variables affecting the performance of a simple gas turbine
plant. These are compressor and turbine inlet temperatures, T
1
and T
2
, the
pressure ratio,

, and compressor and turbine efficiencies

.
4.1.1 Effect of Turbine Inlet Temperature
The ideal air standard efficiency of a simple gas turbine plant is independent of
turbine inlet temperature. From (Eq. 3.4) we can say that, the turbine inlet
temperature greatly affects the efficiency of an actual plant. An increase in
temperature T
3
increases the work output from the turbine which tends to increase
the thermal efficiency at a given pressure ratio but at the same time the heat
supplied in the combustion chamber increases which decrease the efficiency. The
rate of increase in the turbine work is greater than the rate of increase in heat
added and hence for all pressure ratios increasing the turbine inlet temperature
increases the cycle efficiency at a steady but decreasing rate.
4.1.2 Effect of Compressor Inlet Temperature
For a given peak temperature the effect of compressor inlet temperature is two
fold. An increase in T
1
increases the work input to the compressor, thereby,
19

reducing thermal efficiency, but at the same time temperature T
2
is increased and
the heat supplied for obtaining a given value of T
3
reduces which tends to
increase the efficiency. The work output of turbine is not affected by T
1
. Since the
rate of increase of compressor work is greater than the rate of reduction in heat
supply, net effect of increasing T
1
is a decrease in efficiency of the simple gas
turbine plant. The net work output decreases with an increase in T
1
. A reduction
in T
1
increases the shaft output as well as efficiency.
4.1.3 Effect of Pressure Ratio
Higher pressure ratio cycles are more sensitive to the efficiency of the
compressors and turbines. As the pressure ratio increases the work done in turbine
increases and less heat is rejected to the atmosphere, so the efficiency and work
done both increases. But beyond a certain value of pressure ratio the efficiency of
compression reduces, more compression work is required and compressor outlet
temperature increases.
The optimum pressure ratio can be calculated for a given value of
compressor and turbine efficiencies and turbine inlet temperature with the help of
(Eq. 3.9).
For an ideal cycle, with isentropic compression and expansion the work
output is given by:
W =

( )(

) (Eq. 3.9)
Differentiating above equation with respect to R assuming T
3
and T
1
to be
constant, we get
20

R = (

(Eq. 3.10)
or r
p
=

= (

()

The optimum pressure ratio for maximum work output can be obtained by
differentiating (Eq. 3.7) and equating it to zero.

( ) .

/ .

R = (

= (

()
(Eq. 3.11)
The above equation denotes the optimum pressure ratio for maximum work
output.
4.1.4 Effect of Turbine and Compressor Efficiencies
From (Eq. 3.4) it is evident that the cycle efficiency greatly depends on the
efficiencies of the turbine and the compressor. For a given value of turbine and
compressor inlet temperatures the efficiency of a simple cycle is linearly
proportional to the turbine efficiency. The effect of compressor efficiency is not
linearly related in that it affects the heat supplied as well as the work output. A
decrease in the compressor efficiency decreases the heat supplied but this
decrease in heat supplied is more than offset by the increase in compressor work.
A change of 1% in the efficiencies of compressor and turbine can result in
3 to 5% change in cycle efficiency. Usually the turbine has a higher efficiency
than the compressor and the turbine develops much more power than the
21

compressor consumes ( the net output is the difference between the turbine and
compressor work), a loss in turbine efficiency reduces the cycle efficiency by a
larger amount than would be the case if compressor efficiency is reduced by the
same amount.
4.2 Performance Evaluation and Improvement in Simple Gas Turbine
The efficiency and the specific work output of the simple gas turbine cycle is
quite low inspite of increased component efficiencies. Therefore, certain
modifications in the simple gas turbine are necessary, and for that we can look
towards three main processes regeneration, intercooling and reheating
4.2.1 Regenerative Gas Turbine Cycle
One of the main reasons for the low efficiency of a simple gas turbine plant is the
large amount of heat which is rejected in the turbine exhaust. Due to limitations
of maximum turbine inlet temperature and the pressure ratio which may be used
with it, the turbine exhaust temperature is always greater than the temperature at
the outlet of compressor. So, if this temperature difference is used to increase the
temperature of the compressed air before entering the combustion chamber and,
thereby, reducing the heat which must be supplied in the combustion chamber for
a given turbine inlet temperature, an improvement in efficiency can be attained.
This utilization of the heat in turbine exhaust can be affected in a heat exchanger
called Re-generator. Fig.4.2.1 shows a schematic diagram of such an
arrangement. The exhaust gases from the turbine pass through the regenerator and
give their heat to the compressed air before it enters the combustion chamber,
thereby, reducing the amount of heat which must be supplied in the combustion
chamber to get a given turbine inlet temperature T
3
. Thus, regeneration improves
22

fuel economy. The power output will be slightly reduced because of the pressure
losses in regenerator and its associated pipe work.

Fig 4.2.1 Schematic diagram of Regenerative Gas Turbine Cycle
For a regenerative gas turbine cycle the p-v and T-s diagrams are shown in
Fig 4.2.2.

Fig 4.2.2 p-v and T-s plots of Regenerative gas turbine cycle
23

For complete regeneration
T
3
= T
5
and T
2
= T
6

The efficiency of the regenerator cycle with ideal regenerator is given by:
Efficiency =

)

=
(

) (

)
(

)

=
(

)
(

)

=
(

(Eq. 4.1)
For isentropic compression and expansion,
Efficiency =

(Eq. 4.2)
Thus, we see that the efficiency of a regenerative gas turbine cycle depends upon
the turbine and the compressor inlet temperature and the pressure ratio used. For a
given inlet pressure and pressure ratio the cycle efficiency increases with increase
in turbine inlet temperature because more generation can be affected. The
efficiency decreases with an increase in pressure ratio with a given turbine inlet
temperature. This explains the regenerative gas turbine cycle in which the
efficiency decreases with an increase in pressure ratio for a given turbine inlet
temperature.
24

4.2.2 Intercooled Gas Turbine Cycle
A regenerator does not change the work output of a gas turbine cycle. So to
increase the work output two possible methods are:
1. By reducing the work of compression
2. By increasing the work done by the turbine
Intercooling is used for decreasing the work done on the compressor. This
possibility of reducing the compressor work arises from the fact that the constant
pressure lines converge on T-s diagram as the temperature is reduced. So if the
total compression is divided into a number of stages the total compressor work is
smaller than that for a single stage compression for the same total pressure ratio.
Fig. 4.2.3 shows the schematic diagram of a two-stage intercooled gas turbine.


Fig 4.2.3 Schematic diagram of Two-stage Intercooled Gas Turbine Cycle
Fig 4.2.4 shows T-s diagram for two-stage intercooled gas turbine.
25


Fig 4.2.4 T-s plot of Intercooled Gas Turbine Cycle
The charge from the first stage is cooled before it is led to the second stage.
This process, called intercooling, reduces the inlet temperature of second stage,
resulting in reduction in compression work. If the charge is cooled to its initial
temperature it is called perfect intercooling. For minimum work of compression
the pressure ratio for each stage should be same with charge cooled to its initial
temperature between the stages.
Intercooling will always increase the net work output of the cycle, and due
to lower compressor outlet temperature there will be more scope for regeneration.
However, for the same reason, the fuel supplied to obtain a given turbine inlet
temperature will also increase. Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the
intercooled cycle is less than that for a simple cycle. One more reason of loss in
efficiency is that heat is supplied at lower temperature. There is also a loss of
pressure in the intercooler.
26

Intercooling is useful when the pressure ratios are high and the efficiency
of the compressor is low. At low pressure ratios it is not so important and
regeneration can be used to recover a substantial amount of heat from exhaust
gases.
4.2.3 Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheating
Another method of increasing the specific work output of the cycle is to use
reheating to increase turbine work. The gain in work output is obtained because
of divergence of constant pressure lines on T-s diagram with an increase in
temperature. Thus for the same expansion ratio if the exhaust from one stage is
reheated in a separate combustion chamber and expanded, more output will be
obtained by expansion in a single-stage. Reheating is generally done up to the
upper limit of temperature T
3
. Usually reheating up to two stages is done. With
open cycle gas turbine the limit of reheating is the oxygen which is available for
combustion.
Fig 4.2.5 shows schematic diagram of reheating gas turbine cycle and Fig 4.2.6
shows the corresponding T-s diagram.


Fig 4.2.5 Schematic diagram of Reheat Gas Turbine Cycle
27


Fig 4.2.6 T-s plot of Reheat Gas Turbine Cycle
The efficiency of a reheat cycle is lower than the corresponding intercooled
cycle because in case of reheat, due to limitations of turbine inlet temperature, the
heat added does not affect the work output, while intercooling reduces the
compressor work, the specific output of a reheat cycle is greater than that of a
corresponding intercooled cycle. Efficiency of both reheat and intercooled cycle
is less than that of a simple cycle while the work output is greater.
4.2.4 Gas Turbine with Regeneration, Intercooling and Reheating
Both the methods of increasing specific output, i.e. intercooling and reheating can
be used in conjunction with a generator to get high specific output and high
efficiency gas turbine plant. Intercooling decreases the compressor work and
because of reduced compressor outlet temperature extra heat is needed to raise the
temperature to turbine inlet temperature. However, if a regenerator is used this
disadvantage can be converted into an advantage in that now more regeneration is
28

possible. Fig 4.2.7 shows a gas turbine cycle with regeneration, intercooling and
reheating.

Fig 4.2.7 Schematic diagram of Gas turbine cycle with Regeneration, Intercooling and
reheating
Thus, a combination of regeneration, intercooling and reheating can
improve the performance of the plant. Fig 4.2.7 shows a T-s diagram for a gas
turbine cycle with regeneration, intercooling and reheating. Combustion in gas
turbines typically occurs at four times the amount of air needed for complete
combustion to avoid excessive temperatures. Therefore, the exhaust gases are rich
in oxygen, and reheating can be accomplished by simply spraying additional fuel
into the exhaust gases between two expansion states.
The working fluid leaves the compressor at a lower temperature and the
turbine at a higher temperature, when intercooling and reheating are utilized. This
makes regeneration more attractive since a greater potential for regeneration exits.
Also, the gases leaving the compressor can be heated to a higher temperature
29

before they enter the combustion chamber because of the higher temperature of
the turbine exhaust.
The gas enters the first stage of the compressor and is compressed
isentropically to an intermediate pressure and cooled at constant pressure. It is
then compressed in the second stage isentropically to the final pressure. The gas
now enters the regenerator, where it is heated at a constant pressure. In an ideal
regenerator, the gas will leave the regenerator at the temperature of the turbine
exhaust. The gas enters the first stage of the turbine and expands isentropically
where it enters the reheater. It is reheated at constant pressure, where it enters the
second stage of the turbine. The gas exits the turbine and enters the regenerator,
where it is cooled at a constant pressure. The cycle is completed by cooling the
gas to the initial state (or purging the exhaust gases). Fig 4.2.8 shows T-s plot for
Gas Turbine cycle with Regeneration, Intercooling and reheating.

Fig 4.2.8 T-s plot of Gas Turbine Cycle with regeneration, intercooling and reheating

30

Chapter 5
RESULT AND CONCLUSION

The demand of energy in the developing regions of the world has witnessed
pronounced increase in recent past years. Much of the growth in new electricity
demand is expected to come from countries of the developing world. Therefore, it
is important to find new technologies for power generation that have high
efficiency and specific power output, low emissions of pollutants, low
investment, and low operating and maintenance cost. Industrial gas turbines are
thus one of the well established technologies for power generation.
5.1 Summary of Improvements in Basic Gas Turbine Cycle with
various Modifications
Table 5.1 shows the general trends of effect of various modifications on work
output and efficiency of the cycle.
MODIFICATIONS EFFECT ON
WORK OUTPUT
EFFECT ON
EFFICIENCY
Regeneration No change Increase
Intercooling Increase Decrease
Reheating Increase Decrease
Regeneration, Intercooling and Reheating Increase Increase
Table 5.1 Improvements in Basic Cycle by various Modifications
31

This comparison is general in nature and not exact because of
interdependence of many parameters, for example, the compressor and turbine
efficiencies depend upon the pressure ratio and the losses in combustion chamber
and pipelines etc., depend upon pressure ratio and the temperature of combustion.
The efficiency of the basic cycle with regeneration at first, increases but
after certain pressure ratio it starts falling. And ultimately it falls to a level where
regeneration is useless because at that point the temperature of air is equal to the
temperature of hot gases. Any further increase in pressure ratio will result in heat
flow from air to hot gases.












32

Chapter 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Mottram, A.W.T.: The gas turbine-recent improvement and their effect on
the range of applications, 8
th
World Energy Conf. Bicharest, 1971.
2. Polisuchuk, V. L. and Chernys hev, P. S.: The present position and the
future of gas turbine power plant construction, Thermal energy, Vol. 13,
No. 5, 1966, p. 1.
3. Speippel, C.: The development of the Industrial Gas Turbine Proc I.M.E.
Vol. 80, Pt. 1, p. 217.
4. Bowden, A. T.: The gas turbine with special reference to Industrial
applications, Jr. Roy. Soc. Arts, March 1947.
5. Gasparovic, N. and Hellemans J. G., Gas Turbine with heat exchanger and
water injection in the compressed air, Proc. I.M.E. 1970-71, Vol. 185
6. On the theory of Brayton Cycles, ASME Paper No. 70, GT 130, 1970.
7. Hafer, A. A., Cycle Arrangements and Exhaust Heat recovery for small
Gas Turbine Units, Sym. on the Role of the Small Gas Turbine, Dept.
Mech. Engg. Polytechnic Inst. Of Brooklyn, USA, Oct. 1955.
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and Evaluations, ASME paper 69, GT-116.
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10. Stewart, J. C., Techniques for evaluating Gas Turbine heat Recovery
applications, paper presented at ASME spring meeting, San Francisco,
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