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Fluid Dynamics
Viscosity
Dave Foster
Dave Foster
Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Rochester
University of Rochester
Email:
Email:
dafoster
dafoster
@
@
che
che
.
.
rochester
rochester
.
.
edu
edu
2
Chemical Engineering
What do Chemical Engineers Do?
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Research
Research
Chemical
Biotech
Medical
Pharmaceutical
3
OK, first a little background
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids either in
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids either in
motion (Fluid Dynamics) or at rest (Fluid Statics)
motion (Fluid Dynamics) or at rest (Fluid Statics)
Fluids are either gas or liquid
Fluids are either gas or liquid
Solids are NOT fluids
Solids are NOT fluids
Properties of the fluid are things like density,
Properties of the fluid are things like density,
pressure, temperature, and
pressure, temperature, and
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
!
!
4
Fluid a definition
t
t
5
Applications of Fluid Mechanics
Explains
Explains blood flow
in capillaries of a few
in capillaries of a few
microns in diameter to
crude oil flow
crude oil flow
through an 800 mile long, 4 ft diameter pipe
through an 800 mile long, 4 ft diameter pipe
Explains why
Explains why airplane
s
s
are streamlined
are streamlined
with smooth surfaces
with smooth surfaces
Explains why
Explains why golf balls
are made will
are made will
dimpled surfaces for most efficient travel
dimpled surfaces for most efficient travel
6
Effect of Dimples on Golf Balls
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 100 200 300 400
Velocity (Feet per Second)
D
r
a
g
(
P
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
F
o
r
c
e
)
Drag for Sphere
Drag for Golf Ball
7
A List of Some Applications
Coating
Coating
Breathing
Breathing
Blood flow/pipe flow
Blood flow/pipe flow
Swimming
Swimming
Pumps (traditional and
Pumps (traditional and
your heart)
your heart)
Fans
Fans
Turbines
Turbines
Airplanes & Rockets
Airplanes & Rockets
Missiles
Missiles
Ships
Ships
Kidney dialysis machines
Kidney dialysis machines
Heart
Heart
-
-
Lung bypass
Lung bypass
machines
machines
Membrane
Membrane
oxygenators
oxygenators
Engines
Engines
And lots more!
And lots more!
8
For everything FLUID -
Flow is key
Flow is key
How fast
How fast
What direction
What direction
How changing with time (differential
How changing with time (differential
equations)
equations)
Three
Three
Laws
Laws
1. 1.
A body will remain at rest or in motion
A body will remain at rest or in motion
unless acted upon by an external force
unless acted upon by an external force
2. 2.
F = m a
F = m a
3. 3.
For every action there is an equal and
For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
opposite reaction
10
Newtons Law of Viscosity:
dy
dv
=
Shear stress viscosity Shear Strain
11
Viscosity What is it?
A property of a fluid to resist the rate of
A property of a fluid to resist the rate of
deformation
deformation
s
s
resistance to flow (water vs. syrup)
resistance to flow (water vs. syrup)
Takes place when a fluid is acted upon by a shear
Takes place when a fluid is acted upon by a shear
stress
stress
Simply stated, it
Simply stated, it
s how
s how
thick
thick
a fluid is
a fluid is
We easily move through air
We easily move through air
It
It
s
s
10
10
Not if it
Not if it
s 10 inches
s 10 inches
s
s
supposed to have one
supposed to have one
14
Units of Viscosity
One
One
-
-
hundredth of a Poise is a centipoise or
hundredth of a Poise is a centipoise or
cP
cP
15
Viscosity of Some Common Materials
(all are in units of Centi-Poise)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
0.0088
0.0088
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide
0.015
0.015
Air
Air
0.018
0.018
Blood
Blood
0.40
0.40
Gasoline
Gasoline
0.29
0.29
Water
Water
1.0
1.0
Mercury
Mercury
1.5
1.5
Corn Oil
Corn Oil
72
72
SAE 30 oil
SAE 30 oil
290
290
Heinz Ketchup
Heinz Ketchup
50,000
50,000
16
Changing a Materials Viscosity
Easiest ways:
Easiest ways:
Change the Temperature
Change the Temperature
Heat it Up !
Heat it Up !
Strong Effect
Strong Effect
Change the Pressure
Change the Pressure
not as easy
not as easy
Weak Effect: Decrease pressure, viscosity
Weak Effect: Decrease pressure, viscosity
decreases
decreases
17
In a perfect world:
s Law of Viscosity
s Law of Viscosity
Straight line passing
through the origin
dy
dv
=
Slope = viscosity
(Format: y = m x + b)
dv/dy
18
Newtonian Fluids
s Law of Viscosity
s Law of Viscosity
21
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian
Dilatant shear-thickening-
fluid increases resistance with
Increasing applied stress
(ex. Rarely encountered,
Cornstarch + water, Silly putty)
Pseudoplastic shear-thinning-
Fluid decreases resistance with
increasing stress.
(ex: hair gel)
dv/dy
22
Why do we care?