The University of Hong Kong Kwok Ka Chun

Department of Civil Engineering University Number: 2!!""#$"

1. INTRODUCTION
%t is propose& to form a verti'al shaft for 'olle'tion of surfa'e runoff to a &eep tunnel
system( )ase& on in'linometer that there has been a persistent lateral movement in the
system( The ob*e'tive of this report is 'arry out a plan of an a&&itional groun&
investigation an& a&&itional instrumentation to investigate the lateral movement of the
supporting system( +ith the a&&itional groun& investigation an& monitoring, systemati'
appraisal analysis of the groun& 'on&ition beneath the site in or&er to pre&i't the future
movement an& stability of the stru'ture when e-'avate &own to the bottom level to
fa'ilitate the propose& works( .arameters have to be estimate& for numeri'al mo&eling
an& upgra&ing works is also to be envisage& in the final &esign(
2. ADDITIONAL GROUND INVESTIGATION
/n a&&itional groun& investigation is re'ommen&e&( a&&itional verti'al boreholes,
hori0ontal boreholes an& in'line& boreholes une-'avate& si&e 1behin& the verti'al shaft2
an& e-'avate& si&e 1in front of the verti'al shaft2, in or&er to get the information about the
soil strata at the boreholes lo'ation( 3ore information of the &epth of the soil layers
obtaine& from the a&&itional groun& investigation 'an be 'ompare& with the previous
groun& investigation information( / more a''urately groun& profile 'an be mo&ele&(
The &epth of the borehole to be "m below the final e-'avation level( 4oil an& ro'k
samples shoul& be obtaine& from the borehole &rilling( 5or soil, 3a0ier samples whi'h
are less &isturbe& shoul& be taken( 4.T liner samples 'an also be taken from 4.T test, but
these samples are more &isturbe&( 5or ro'k is en'ountere&, ro'k 'ores woul& be obtaine&
by &ouble6tube 'ore6barrel Craelius T26$$(
7rientation of the ro'k *oints set woul& be 'on&u'te& by 'arrying out the impression
pa'ker test or a'ousti' borehole televiewer( The test 'an be &one in the borehole( %n'line&
borehole is re'ommen&e& to inspe't ro'k 'ores to i&entify possible weak planes be'ause
it is known that the ro'k mass 'onsist of verti'al or sub6verti'al *oints( The 'ombination
of verti'al, hori0ontal an& in'line& boreholes enables a more 'omprehensive perspe'tive
of the geologi'al mo&el to presen'e of weak ro'k su'h as the infilling8interbe&&e& layer
%n6situ tests are also re'ommen&e&( 4tan&ar& .enetration Test shoul& be &one at 2m
intervals in &epth for ea'h verti'al borehole to get the 'orrelation parameter(
.ressuremeter tests shoul& also be &one on ro'k in or&er to get the Elasti' mo&ulus of the
ro'k mass( %n6situ tests to be &one in the boreholes, flat *a'k test an& &ilatometer test 'an
be &one in ro'k within the e-'avate& part of the shaft to obtain the in6situ ro'k stresses(
.a'ker test an& soil permeability test to test the permeability of ro'k an& soil layer(
9aboratory tests shoul& also be &one in or&er to obtain the soil an& ro'k parameters( )ulk
&ensity, &ry &ensity, moisture 'ontent, /tterburg limits, parti'al si0e &istribution, tria-ial
test, &ire't shear test shoul& be &one on the soil samples( )ulk &ensity, point loa& test,
un'onfine& 'ompressive test shoul& be &one on the ro'k samples( The properties of the
soil an& ro'k 'an be obtaine& from the fiel& an& laboratory tests( 5rom the tests,
parameters su'h as , ':, ;, E, < 'an be obtaine&( /lso from the ro'k in6situ stress
obtaine&, the K

'an also be estimate&(

C%=9>## ?roun& %nvestigation an& 4oil Testing 6 /ssignment No( $ .age $
The University of Hong Kong Kwok Ka Chun
Department of Civil Engineering University Number: 2!!""#$"
3. ADDITIONAL INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING
%nstrumentation an& monitoring is also important in forming the geologi'al mo&el an& the
pre&i'tion of future movement( =ibrating wire pie0ometer an& stan&pipe in or&er to
obtain the groun&water table an& the water hea& of the lo'ation( They 'an be installe& in
the borehole &rille& in the groun& investigation( 7bservation wells are for monitoring the
groun&water level an& the pie0ometers are for monitoring the pie0ometri' hea&( The
pie0ometri' hea& shoul& be monitore& at &ifferent &epth an& &ifferent soil layer( /s the
CDT an& fra'ture ro'k has &ifferent permeability, the water hea& in the two layers may
be &ifferent as per'he& water table may be built up in the CDT( /lso, the water hea& at
&ifferent &epth within the fra'ture ro'k shoul& also be monitore& in or&er to investigate if
there is groun&water flow within the fra'ture ro'k layer(
9ateral movement an& verti'al settlement are monitore& by in'linometer( %n'linometer is
to be installe& at ("m an& 2m &istan'e from the e-'avation, in or&er to monitor the
&ispla'ement at &ifferent lo'ation 'ause& by the e-'avation(
4. ASSESSMENT ON GEOLOGICAL MODEL
The information of the &epth of the soil layers 'an be obtaine& from the a&&itional
boreholes an& 'ompare& with the previous boreholes to form a geologi'al mo&el( +ith
more borehole &ata available in han&, the groun& profile of the spe'ifi' lo'ation of the
verti'al shaft se'tion 'an be mo&ele&( 3ore a''urately an& reliable mo&el 'an be stu&ie&
for the sub*e't site( an& the variation of the thi'kness of the soil an& ro'k layers an& the
geologi'al stru'ture 'an be stu&ie&( /&&itional se'tions in &ifferent &ire'tions 'an be also
mo&el an& &rawn by the borehole log along the &ire'tions( )y forming the geologi'al
'ross se'tions, the geologi'al features 'an be better i&entifie&( /lso, from the verti'al an&
in'line& borehole &ata, ro'k *oints set may be i&entifie&( /fter the geologi'al mo&el is
forme& as the above soil an& ro'k layer an& ro'k *oint sets, the analysis an& pre&i'tion
'an be &one base& on the geologi'al mo&el as su'h a more a''urate an& reliable results
'an be obtaine&(
5. PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS - ANALYTICAL
3ovement an& assessment on stability of the stru'ture 'an be &one by analyti'al metho&(
The lateral earth pressure in the soil an& the hori0ontal stress in ro'k woul& firstly be
estimate&( The lateral earth pressure woul& be 'al'ulate& by @ankine:s formulation on
lateral earth pressure, by using the effe'tive shear strength parameters obtaine& by the
a&&itional groun& investigation( The hori0ontal stress in ro'k woul& be estimate& from
the K

in &ifferent &epth measure& by the stress measurement mentione& in 4e'tion 2(

5rom the verti'al stress an& hori0ontal stress at &ifferent &epth measure&, the K

'an be
obtaine& from the ratio of hori0ontal stress to verti'al stress( The value of K

woul& be
interpolate& between the measure& points, hen'e the hori0ontal stress profile in the ro'k
'an be 'al'ulate&( The groun& water table in the soil an& ro'k woul& be &etermine& by
the pie0ometri' monitoring results on site( To 'onsi&er the 'riti'al 'ase, the groun& water
level woul& be taken as 2m above the highest level of groun& water level within the
monitoring perio&( /n& $m of per'he& water table above the &ifferent permeable layer
also to be 'onsi&ere&(
C%=9>## ?roun& %nvestigation an& 4oil Testing 6 /ssignment No( $ .age 2
The University of Hong Kong Kwok Ka Chun
Department of Civil Engineering University Number: 2!!""#$"
/fter 'al'ulating the hori0ontal stress a'ting on the stru'ture, the &eformation 'an be
'al'ulate& by estimating the elasti' &eformation of the pipe pile wall un&er the loa&ing
from the groun&( +ith the loa&ing, Elasti' mo&ulus of steel, an& se'tion properties of the
pipe pile wall se'tion, the &eformation 'an be estimate&(
/lthough the 'al'ulation by analyti'al metho& haven:t &ire'tly in'lu&e the effe't of *oint
an& fault 0ones, but the measure& parameter K

have absorbe& the effe't of the fault 0one

in its value( /lso, besi&es the stability an& &eformation of the stru'ture, potential lo'al
failures &ue to ro'k *oint orientation woul& also be analy0e&( +ith the orientation of ro'k
*oint obtaine& from the ?%, the potential failure of the three me'hanism: planar sli&ing,
we&ge sli&ing an& toppling, 'an be i&entifie& by stereonet plotting(
6. PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS - NUMERICAL
Numeri'al analysis woul& be 'arrie& out by 5inite Element 3etho& 15E32 program
.9/A%4( +ith the a&&itional groun& investigation information on the geology an& soil
an& ro'k parameters, the geometry, material an& stru'tural element properties 'an be
mo&el( The &ispla'ement an& stresses woul& be 'ompute& by the program( The program
solves the &ispla'ement at no&es an& estimates the stresses( The &ispla'ement an& stress
within the element is interpolate& by a fun'tion of the no&al values(
+ith the result of the analyti'al an& numeri'al analysis, they are 'ompare& with ea'h
other for verifi'ation( /lso, the 'ase of the present stage woul& also be mo&ele& an& the
result woul& be 'ompare& with the monitore& movement at the present stage in or&er to
verify an& ba'k 'al'ulate the parameters an& 'alibrate of the mo&el(
7. ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS
%n the analysis, the a''ura'y of the parameters is very important, as the result of the
analysis &epen&s on the value of parameters( The parameters woul& be base& on
laboratory test, fiel& test or monitoring( To 'arry out the analysis, the following
parameters woul& be estimate& beforehan&: K

, strength of ro'k mass, elasti' mo&ulus of

ro'k mass, 'hara'teristi' of the *oint properties, an& water table(
K

: /s mentione& in 4e'tion 2, flat *a'k test an& &ilatometer tests woul& be &one in the
a&&itional groun& investigation, from the &ata obtaine& in these tests, the K

at the teste&
lo'ation at &ifferent &epths 'an be 'al'ulate&( Hen'e the K

along the &epth 'an be

interpolate& from these values(
4trength of ro'k mass: /s the ro'k mass is *ointe& ro'k, the strength of ro'k mass woul&
be mo&ele& as 'ontrolle& by Hoek )rown Criterion( The B
'
is obtaine& from the
un'onfine& 'ompressive strength test( Data from .oint 9oa& tests 'an also be utili0e& by
obtaining the 'orrelation of point loa& test results to the UC4 test results for samples with
both tests &one( Hen'e the point loa& test results of the remaining samples 'an be
'onverte& in form of UC4( The ratio of .oint 9oa& to UC4 is usually aroun& $:2 to $:2"
for granite ro'ks in HK( The m an& s parameters of Hoek )rown Criterion 'an be
estimate& by the @3@ on the ro'k obtaine& from ?%( 5or numeri'al analysis, as the
program 'an only enter 3ohr Coulomb property for materials, the Hoek )rown 'riterion
C%=9>## ?roun& %nvestigation an& 4oil Testing 6 /ssignment No( $ .age C
The University of Hong Kong Kwok Ka Chun
Department of Civil Engineering University Number: 2!!""#$"
obtaine& woul& be transforme& to a ':, : value with the failure envelop similar to the
Hoek )rown Criterion with the B
'
, m, s value obtaine& from ?%(
Elasti' mo&ulus of ro'k mass: The Elasti' mo&ulus of the ro'k mass woul& be
&etermine& from the fiel& test results of pressuremeter test( The Elasti' mo&ulus E 'an be
'al'ulate& from the pressuremeter mo&ulus Em obtaine& from the test(
Doint .roperties: The *oint properties su'h as fi woul& be &etermine& by the eEuation with
D@C an& DC4: F G B
n
tan 1
b
H D@Clog
$
1DC48B
n
22( D@C woul& be &etermine& visually with
stan&ar& profiles an& 'ompare with tilt test(
b
an& DC4 is &etermine& by laboratory test(
+ater Table: The groun& water table an& per'he& water table taken in the numeri'al
analysis woul& be base& on the groun&water monitoring results of the a&&itional groun&
investigation 1pie0ometer 8 stan& pipe2 an& the &ifferent impermeable layer( The &esign
groun& water table for the numeri'al analysis woul& be taken as 2m above the highest
water level within the monitoring perio&( .er'he& water table for the numeri'al analysis
woul& be taken as $m above the &ifferent permeable layer(
8. UPGRADING WORKS
The propose& upgra&ing works will be &ivi&e& into two parts( The first part is to re&u'e
the lateral movement, a temporary earth bun& will be propose& to &eposit in front of the
verti'al shaft before the a&&ition groun& investigation stage, an& the volume of the
temporary earth bun& woul& be base& on the &esign results( The se'on& part is provi&e
a&&itional tie ba'k soil nails on the pipe pile wall to in'rease fa'tor of safety to improve
the stability an& verify &ispla'ement after analysis the geologi'al mo&el by using
a&&itional groun& investigation information an& previous groun& investigation
information( @o'k bolts an& soil nails shoul& be a&&e& on the shot'rete portion to prevent
kinemati' failure of ro'k an& slip failure of soil( The &esign for length of tie ba'ks, soil
nails an& orientation of ro'k bolts woul& be base& on the analysis results(
. ASSUMPTIONS
$( K

between measure& points varies linearly(

2( Elasti' 3o&ulus of ro'k obtaine& from .ressuremeter test an& Elasti' 3o&ulus of soil
assume& G $N 1k.a2, a value for .oisson:s ratio n is assume& 1say n G (CC2(
C( %nterbe&&e& layers of CDT83DT behave as ro'k mass for Hoek )rown Criterion(
I( E of the same soil 8 ro'k type is 'onstant, su'h that, the teste& Esoil 8 Ero'k 'oul& be
applie& for the entire layer(
"( The measure& &ispla'ement at the settlement monitoring point an& in'linometer
near to the wall is 'lose to the a'tual &ispla'ement at the wall(
>( 9ateral Earth .ressure a'ting on the wall follows @ankine:s theory an& the soil
mass is at the 'on&ition of plasti' eEuilibrium(
#( %n numeri'al analysis, mo&eling the ro'k mass as a 3ohr6Coulomb material 'an
well simulate the a'tual property of the ro'k(
J( The ro'k mass is *ointe& su'h that the strength of 'an be mo&ele& by Hoek6)rown
Criterion, whi'h is later appro-imate by the a 3ohr6Coulomb ':, : parameter(
!( The ro'k is linear elasti' within the stress range un&er the analysis(
C%=9>## ?roun& %nvestigation an& 4oil Testing 6 /ssignment No( $ .age I