INTRODUCTION

For some time now, topology has been firmly established as

one of the basic disciplines of pure mathematics. Its ideas and methods
have transformed large parts of geometry and analysis atmost beyond
recognition. It has also greatly stimulated the growth of abstract
algebra.The set C(X) of all real-valued function as well as C *(X) of all
real-valued bounded continuous function on a Tynchonoff space X has
a number of natural topology.
One of the most important and significant topology among these
natural topologies is the compact-open-topology .The compact-open
topology made its appearance in a paper by RALPH H.FOX.In this we
define topologies and uniformities for sets of continuous function and
continuity properties for the resulting spaces. ASCOLI in 1883 and
ARZELA in 1889 made a good beginning of Function space.
In chapter1, we have basic definitions that belongs to our
topics.
In chapter2, we study about pointwise topology and the
compact-open topology.
In chapter3, we study about the topology of joint continuity on
compact and uniform convergence. The main result of this section is
that the uniform limit of continuous functions is continuous.


1

In chapter4, we study about equicontinuity, and the elements of
homotopy theorem in this section we have, introduce the basic concept
of homotopy. Intuitively, two mapping are homotopic if one can be
deformed continuously into the other.
Intuitively, two mappings are homotopic if one can be deformed
continuously into other.












2
CHAPTER-
BASIC DEFINITIONS
DEFINITION: 1.1
Let X be a non-empty set .A family T of subsets of X is
said to be a topology on X T satisfies the followings:-
(1) X T.
(2) T.
(3) A T and B T AB T.
(4) , A

T

A

T.(Where is some index set)

The pair (X, T ) is called a topological space. The members of T are
called the open sets in X or T open sets in X.
EXAMPLE:1.1.1
Let X be a set and let T be the collection of all subsets U
of X such that X-U either is countable or is all of X. Then T is a
topology on X.



3
DEFINITION: 1.2
A topology T on a set X is family of subsets of X which
is closed under arbitrary union and finite inter-sections. T since it
is the union of an empty family from T . X T because it is the
intersection of an empty family from T .
DEFINITION: 1.3
Let A be a subset of a topological space X. Then A is
called a closed set in X if its complement A
c
X-A is open in X.
EXAMPLE: 1.3.1
Let X have the discrete topology and let A X. Then A is
open in X. Since X-A is open in X, we infer that A is a closed subset of
X. Thus, every subset of X is both open and closed in X when X has
the discrete topology.
DEFINITION: 1.4
Let X be any set and let T be the family of all subsets of
X. This topology T is known as the discrete topology on X. (X, T ) is
known as the discrete space.
DEFINITION: 1.5
Let X and Y be topological spaces. A function f : XY is
said to be continuous if for each subset v of Y, the set f
-1
(v) is an
open subset of X.
4
DEFINITION: 1.6
Let X have a topology T . A subfamily S of T is called
a sub-base(or subbasis) for T if the collection of all finite intersections
of members of S is a base for T.
DEFINITION:1.7
Let R be the set of all real numbers.
Let B = {all open intervals in R}. Then B satisfies the conditions
(1)X = B.
(2)For every u, v is in B and for each x in uv there exists a w
in B such that x w uv and so B is a base for a topology on R.
This topology on R is called the Usual topology on R.
DEFINITION: 1.8
A topological space (X, T ) is said to be locally compct if
each point x X has atleast one compact neighbourhood.
EXAMPLE: 1.8.1
(1)Every compact space is locally compact.
(2)Let X have discrete topology. Then each point x X
has a compact(open) neighbourhood { x }.so each discrete space is
locally compact.
5

DEFINITION: 1.9
Let x be a point in a topological space X. A set U in X is
said to be a neighbourhood of x if x G U for some open set G in X.
DEFINITION: 1.10
A topological space (X, T ) is said to be regular if for
each point x X and each closed set F in X not containing x, there exit
an open neighbourhood U of x and an open neighbourhood V of F such
that U V =
EXAMPLE: 1.10.1
Every indiscrete space is trivially a regular space ; every
discrete space is regular.
DEFINITION: 1.11
Let be an index set. Let (X
,
U

) be a uniform space for

each . Consider the product X = {X

: }.Let P

: X X

be
the
th
projection map. Then the smallest uniformity U for X such that
the projection p

, are uniformly continuous is called the product

uniformity for X.


6
DEFINITION: 1.12
Let A be a non-empty collections of sets. An indexing
function for A is surjective function f from some set T is called
an index set to A.
The collection A , together with indexing function f is called an
indexed family of sets. Given T , we shall denote the f() by the
symbol A

.
DEFINITION: 1.13
Let
1
: XY X be defined by the equation

1
(x, y) = y;
Let
2
: XY X be defined by the equation

2
(x, y)= y;
The maps
1
and
2
are called the projections of XY onto its
first and second factors respectively.
DEFINITION: 1.15
Let A X. A net {x
n
: n D} is said to be eventually in A
if there exists some m D such that x
n
A for all n m.We say that
the net {x
n
: n D} in A if x
n
A for all n D.


7
DEFINITION: 1.14
Let (X, T ) be a topological space. A net {xn} in X is said
to be converge to a point p of X if {xn} is eventually in every
T -neighbourhood of p. When {xn} converges to p, we write x
n
p.
EXAMPLE: 1.14.1
For the sequence {1, -1, 0.5, -1, 0.75, } the subsequence
{1, 0.5, 0.75 } Converge to 0
DEFINITION: 1.15
Let X be non-empty set. Let U be a non-empty family of
subsets of XX such that
(1) each member U of U contains the diagonal .
(2) U U implies U
-1
U.
(3) U U implies VVU for someV U
(4) U U and V U imply that UV U.
(5) U U and U imply V U.
Then U is called a uniformity for X and the pair (X, U) is called
a uniform space.Members of U are known as entourages.
DEFINITION: 1.16
Let(X, U) be a uniform space. A net{ x
n
: n D } is said to
be a cauchy net if for each U U there exits some n
0
D such that (xn,
x
m
) U for all n n
0
and m n
0
.
8
DEFINITION: 1.17
A topological space X is called a Hausdorff space if for
each pair of distinct points(x and y) in X there exist an open
neighbourhood U of x and an open neighbourhood of V of y such that
U V=

DEFINITION: 1.18
A topological space (X, T ) is called a compact space if
every open cover for X has a finite subcover.

DEFINITION: 1.19
Let X be a non-empty set. A net in X is a function f from a
directed set T into X.It is denoted by(f, X, D, ) or { x
n
: n D}
where x
n
is the image of n, n D under the map f.
DEFINITION: 1.21
Let X be a non-empty set, X=(x
1
,x
2
..x
n
) in
n
. We define
the norm of x by the equation
x = (x
1
2
+x
2
2
++x
n
2
)
1/2
.

DEFINITION: 1.22
A set is said to finite if there is a bijective
correspondence of A with some section of the positive integers.
That is,A is finite if it is empty or if there is a bijection.
f : A {1,2,n}.
9
DEFINITION: 1.23
Let(X,U ) and (Y,V ) be two uniform spaces. A
function f : X is said to be uniformly continuous if for each VV
there is some UU such that (f(x),f( y))V, whenever (x, y)U.
DEFINITION: 1.24
Let X be a non-empty set. A Pseudo-metric on X is a map
d : X X satisfying the following:
For all x, y, z X
(1) d(x, y) .
(2) d(x, x) = 0.
(3) d(x, y) = d(y, x).(Symmetry)
(4) d(x, y)+ d(y, z ) d(x, z).If in addition ,the pseudo-metric d
satisfies.
(5) If d(x, y)=0 then x =y.Then d is called a metric on X.
The real number d(x, y) is called the distance from x to y.
DEFINITION: 1.25
A metric space(X,d) is said to be complete if every
Cauchy sequence in X converges to a point of X.

EXAMPLE: 1.25.1
The real linear with the usual metric is complete.


10
DEFINITION: 1.26
A family C of subsets of a topological space X is called
a cover of X if
X= C =

The family C is then said to cover X. If C consists of
open set only, then C is said to be open cover of X.A open subfamily
C of C is called an (open) subcover if C also covers X.
DEFINITION: 1.27
A function f is called injective (or1-1) if (x
1
, y) f and
(x
2
, y) f imply that x
1
=x
2
.f is said to be surjective (or onto) if range of
f equals y.
A function which is both injective and surjective is called
a bijective function or bijection.


DEFINITION: 1.28
A directed set T is a set with a partial order such that
for each pair of elements of T , there exists an element having
the property that and .
EXAMPLE: 1.28.1
The set of all natural numbers together with the usual is a directed
set.


11
CHAPTER-
POINTWISE
AND
THE COMPACT-OPEN TOPOLOGY

DEFINITION: 2.1
Let {f
n
} be a sequence in (F, T
p
). The sequence {f
n
} is said
to converge pointwise to a function f in F if, for each x in X,{f
n
(x)}
converges to f(x) in Y.

PROPOSITION:2.2
Let {f
n
} be a sequence in F. Let F, have the pointwise
topology T
p
.Then {f
n
} converges to f in the topology T
p
if and only if
{f
n
} converges pointwise to f.

PROOF:
Suppose,
{f
n
} converges to f in the topology T
p
.
Let x X and let U be an open neighbourhood of f (x).Then S(x,U) is
an open neighbourhood of f in F.
Since,
{f
n
} converges to f in the topology T
p
there is a positive integer N
such that f
n
S(x,U)for all n N,whence f
n
(x) U for all n N.

12

Therefore,
{f
n
(x)} converges to f(x) for each x X. Thus {f
n
} converges
pointwise to f.
conversely,
Assume that,
{f
n
} converges pointwise to f in F. Let S(x,U) be any
subbasic open neighbourhood of f in T
p
.
Then U is an open neighbourhood of f (x) in Y. Pointwise convergence
of{f
n
} to f implies the existence of a positive integer N such that
f
n
(x) U for all n N and so f
n
S(x,U) for all n N.
Thus {f
n
}converges to f in the topology T
p
.

Hence proved.
DEFINITION: 2.3
Let x X. Then the function e
x
: FY defined by
e
x
( f ) = f (x) for all f in F is called the evaluation(map) at x.

NOTE: 2.4
e
x
is continuous for each fixed x in the topology T
p
since
e
x
= p
x
, the x
th
projection map.

NOTATION: 2.5
Let A F and let x X. We write A[x]={f(x) : f A}.
13
THEOREM: 2.6
Let F = Y
x
, where X is a set and Y is a Hausdorff space. Let F
have the point-open topology T
p
. Let A F. Then A is T
p
-compact if
and only if
a.A is T
p
closed.
b.For each point x in X, the set A[x] has a compact closure.

PROOF:
Suppose that (a) and (b) hold. By (b), []

is compact.
Hence,
by Tychonoff Theorem, the product space p{[]

: x X} is
compact.
It is evident from diagram that if B is a subset of a product space
{X: }, then B is also a subset of the product of its projections;
That is,
B {p

[B] : }.
Applying this result to the subset A, If p
x
is the x
th
projection of
Y
x
onto Y
x
,
we have
A {p
x
[A]: x A} { p
x
[A] : x X }
= {e
x
[A] : x X} (1)
Also,
e
x
[A]={f(x):f A}= A[x] (2)
14
Thus, from (1) and (2), A { []

: x X}. By (a), A is a closed set

in F. Thus A is a closed subset of the compact space { []

: x X}
and so A is compact in the topology T
p.

conversely,
Suppose that,
A is T
p
compact. Since Y is Hausdorff it follows that {Y
x
:
x X} is Hausdorff, where Y
x
=Y for each x in X. That is, F is
Hausdorff. Thus A is a compact subset of the Hausdorff space F and so
A is T
p
closed in F. This prove (a).
Again, by the continuity of the evaluation e
x
and the compactness
of A, we infer that e
x
[A] is compact for each x X.
But e
x
[A]=A[x] and so A[x] is compact in Y for each x X. Since Y is
Hausdorff it follows that A[x] is closed in Y, so that
A[x]= []

,where A[x] is compact.

Thus []

is compact, thereby establishing(b).

Hence proved.
15
PROPOSITION: 2.7
The point-open topology is the smallest topology with
respect to which all the evaluations e
x
are continuous.

DEFINITION: 2.8
Let X and Y be topological space and let F=Y
x
. Let K be a
compact subset of X and U be an open set in Y.
Let S(K,U)={f F: f (K) U}.Then the topology T
C
on F
for which all sets of the form S(K,U) form a subbase is called the
compact-open topology.
This topology is also referred to as the topology of
compact -convergence

PROPOSITION: 2.9
T
p
T
C
.

PROOF:
Let S(x,U) be any subbase member in the topology T
p
.
Since,
the singleton set{ x } is compact in X, taking K={ x }, we have
S(x,U)=S(K,U), where K is compact in X.
But S(K,U) is a subbase member in the topology T
c
and so
S(x,U) is a subbase member in the topology T
c
also.


16
It then follows the B
p
B
c
, where B
p
and B
c
are bases for T
p
and T
c

respectively and so T
p
T
c.

Hence proved.
COROLLARY: 2.10
The evaluation e
x
is continuous relative to T
c.
EXAMPLE: 2.11

Let F=Y
x
and let X have the discrete topology.
Then T
p
= T
p
. For, by T
p
T
c.

To prove ,
The reverse inclusion let S(K,U) be any subbase member in the
topology T
c
.
Since any infinite subset of a discrete space X is not compact it follows
that compact set K in X must be finite, say, K={x
1
,x
2
,x
n
}.
Now, S(K,U)=S({x
1
,x
2
,x
n
},U)
=S(x
1
,U) x
2
,U) S(x
n
,U) (1)
Also,
S(x
i
,U) is a subbase member in the topology T
p
for i=1,2n.
Thus,from(1),S(K,U) B
p
, where B
p
is a base for T
p
. So a finite
intersection of sets of the form S(K,U) is again inB
p
whence B
c
B
p.

Accordingly, T
p
T
c .
so that T
p
= T
c .
Hence proved.
17


THEOREM: 2.12
Let Y be a Hausdorff space. Then (F, T
c
) is a Hausdorff
space, where F=Y
x
.

PROOF:
Since,
Y is a Hausdorff(Y
x
, T
p
) is Hausdorff because the property of
being a Hausdorff space is productive.
But,
By using known theorem T
p
T
c
.so(F, T
c
) is also Hausdorff.
Hence proved.
THEOREM: 2.13
If Y is regular and each member of F is continuous,
then(F, T
c
) is regular.

PROOF:
We have to prove that,
each open neighbourhood of each member f of F contains
a closed neighbourhood.
Since,
each open nbd of f contains a finite intersection of
neighbourhoods belonging to a subbase.

18
It is enough to prove that,
every neighbourhood of f which belongs to a subbase for
T
C
contains a closed neighbourhood.
Let f F and let S(K,U) be any T
c
open neighbourhood of
f. Then f S(K,U) implies that f (K) U.
Since,K is compact in X and f is continuous, f (K) is compact in Y.
Thus U is a neighbourhood of the compact set f (K) in Y. But Y is
regular.
Hence by
Let X be a regular space. If A is a compact subset of X
and U an open set neighbourhood of A,then there exists a closed
neighbourhood of A such that V U, there is a closed neighbourhood
W of f(K) such that W U.
Now,
g S(K,W)g(K) W
g(K) U, since W U
g S(K,U).
Thus S(K,W) S(K,U).
Again,
f (K) W implies that f S(K,W) and so S(K,W) is
neighbourhood of f. Thus f S(K,W) S(K,U).Also S(x,Y-W) is
T
p
open.
19
Accordingly,
S(x,W) is T
p
-closed.But T
p
T
c
.
Hence S(x,W) is T
c
closed in F.
Consequently,

is alsoT
c
-closed.
Moreover,
h S(K,W)h(K) W
h(x) W xK
hS(x,W) xK
h

and so S(K,W)=

.
Accordingly,
S(K,W) is T
p
-closed in F.
Thus,
for each point f and for each open neighbourhood S(K,W)of f
there exists a closed neighbourhood S(K,W) of f such that
S(K,W)S(K,U). Hence(F, T
c
) turns out to be regular space.

Hence proved.



20
CHAPTER-
THE TOPOLOGY OF JOINT CONTINUITY ON
COMPACTA.
AND
UNIFORM CONVERGENCE.

In this section deals with a study of joint continuity on compacta
and uniformity for a family of functions on a set X to a uniform space
(Y,V). This uniformity is independent of any topology assigned to the
set X.

DEFINITION: 3.1
Let X and Y be topological spaces. Let F be a family of
functions from X to Y. Define e : FXY by e((f, x))=f(x) f F and
x X. If T

is a topology on X for which e is continuous, then T

is said
to be a topology of joint continuity.

DEFINITION: 3.2
Let X be topological space. If A is a subset of X, Then the
restriction e(FA):FAY is given by e((f, x))=f(x) f F and x
A.A topology for F is said to be jointly continuous on a set A if
e(FxA)g is continuous.

21
A topology T

for F is said to be jointly continuous on compacta if it is
jointly continuous on each compact subset of X.
EXAMPLE: 3.3
Let F be a family of continuous function from a
topological space X to a topological space Y. Then the discrete
topology for F is jointly continuous. For, let U be an open subset of Y.
Then
e
-1
[U]={(f, x):e(f, x) U}
={(f, x):f(x) U}
={(f, x): x f
-1
[U],f F}
=U{{f }f
-1
[U]:f F}.f F and since the
topology for F is discrete, {f} is an open set in F. Also f is continuous
from X to Y and U is open in Y imply that f
-1
[U] is open in X. Thus
{f }f
-1
[U] is open in FX and so e
-1
[U] is a union of open sets in
FX.
Consequently,
e
-1
[U] is open. Therefore, e is continuous, whence the
discrete topology for F is jointly continuous.

THEOREM: 3.4
Let T
p
be a topology of joint continuity on compacta and
let T
c
be the compact-open topology on F. Then T
c
T.


22
PROOF:
Let K be a compact subset of X and U, an open set in Y.
Then S(K,U) is a subbase member in the topology.
We claim that S(K,U) T.
Let e:FxXY be defined by e(f, x)=f(x) for all f in F and
x in X.

Since,
T

is jointly continuous on compacta, e
-1
[U] is open in F
K.
So the set V=e
-1
[U] (FK) is open in FK.
Let fS(K,U). Then f(K) U and fF.
Also,
(f, k) {f } K kK
f(k)f(K) U
e(f, k)U be definition of e
(f,k)e
-1
[U]
and so {f }Ke
-1
[U].
Thus {f}KFK and {f }Ke
-1
[U].
Consequently,
{f}xKe
-1
[U] (FxK)=V. Now {f} is compact in F, K is
compact in X and e
-1
[U] is a nbd of {f}x K in the space FxK.

23
Hence, by Wallacss theorem,
there exists a Topen nbd G of f in F such thatGxKe
-1
[U].
Let gG and kK. Then (g, k) GxKe
-1
[U] and so e(g,k) U.
That means, g(k)U. Thus gS(K,U). So gG gS(K,U).
Consequently,
GS(K,U), where G is T open.
Hence S(K,U).

Hence proved.
REMARK: 1.3.5
(1)If X is regular or Hausdorff and each member of F is
continuous on every compact subset of X then T
c
is jointly continuous
on compacta.
(2)If X is locally compact, then a topology is jointly
continuous on compacta if and only if it is jointly continuous.
Therefore,
if X is a locally compact regular space, then the compact-open
topology Tc for a family of continuous functions is the smallest jointly
topology.

DEFINITION: 3.6
Let X be any set and let Y have a uniform V. The product
uniformity U
p
on Y
x
is called the uniformity of pointwise convergence
or the pointwise uniformity.

25
NOTE: 3.7
The topology associated with the pointwise uniformity on
Y
x
is the pointwise topology.
It can be shown that for each V Vsets of the form
B(V)=(f,g):(f(x),g(x)) V x X}
form a base for a uniformity U on Y
x
.

DEFINITION: 3.8
Let X be a set and (Y,V), a uniform space. For each V V
let
B(V)={(f,g):f(x), g(x)) V x X}.
Then {B(V):VV} is a base for a uniformity U on Y
x
. This uniformity
U is called the uniformity of uniform convergence or u.c.uniformity.
The topology T
U
of U

is called the topology of uniform
convergence or u.c. topology.

PROPOSITION: 3.9
The uniformity U of uniform convergence is larger than
the uniformity U
p
of pointwise convergence. Consequently, T
p
T
U
.

PROOF:
Let tX and VV be arbitrary.

26
We know that
B(V)={(f,g):(f(x),g(x)) V xX}
is asubbase member of U

and
S={(f,g):(f(t),g(t)) V}
is asubbase member of U
p.

Also,
B(V)={(f,g):(f(x), g(x)) V x X}
=

B(V) =S.

Thus
B(V) S (1).
This means that each member of the defining base for U is a
subset of member of the defining subase for U
p
.
Now let UU
p
. Then for some subbasic member S of U
p
we have
SU.
But, by (1),
there is a basic member B of U

such that BS. Thus BU.
Since,U is a uniformity with BU we have UU. Thus UU
p
implies
UU
p
and so U
p
U, whence T
p
T
U
.

Hence the result.
27

DEFINITION: 3.10
A net {f
n
} is said to converge uniformly to f in F if {f
n
}
converges to f in the topologyT
U
. Cauchy nets{f
n
} in the uniformity U

are called uniformly Cauchy.

PROPOSITION: 3.11
A net {f
n
}converges uniformly to f if and only if {f
n
} is
uniformly Cauchy and convergence pointwise to f.

PROOF:
Suppose the net {f
n
} converges uniformly to f. Then {f
n
}
converges to f in T
U
.
Let G be any T
p
open neighbourhood of f.
Since ,
T
p
T
U
,we have GT
U
.
So G is a T
U
open neighboughood of f. Hence{f
n
} is
eventually in G. Consequently,
{f
n
} is eventually in every T
p
open neighbourhood of f
and so {f
n
} converges pointwise to f.Uniform convergence of {f
n
}
implies that{f
n
} in uniformly Cauchy.
Conversely,
suppose that {f
n
:nD} is uniformly cauchy and converges
pointwise to f.
28
Let V be any closed symmetric member of V. Observe that B(V)U.
Since,
{f
n
} is uniformly Cauchy, {f
n
} is a cauchy net inU. So
there is some mD such that
nm and pm(f
n
, f
p
) B(V)
(f
n
(x), f
p
(x)) V xX

p
(x) V[f
n
(x)] xX.
Since V is closed, V[f
n
(x)] is closed. Also {f
p
(x)} in
V[f
n
(x)] converges to f(x).
So f(x) V[f
n
(x)] for all n m and for all x X.
Hence
(f
n
,f) B(V) nm and so {f
n
} converges uniformly to f.

Hence proved.

PROPOSITION: 3.12
If (Y,V) is complete, then the uniform space(F, U)
is also complete.

PROOF:
We know that,
A uniform space is complete if and only if
every Cauchy net in the space converges to a point of the space.
29
Suppose,
{f
n
} is a uniformly Cauchy net in F.
Then,
{f
n
(x)} is Cauchy in Y= Y
x
x X. But (Y,V) is
complete.
Hence,
{f
n
(x)} converges to some point f(x) in Y.
Thus we have,
{f
n
} is uniformly Cauchy and {f
n
} converges
pointwise to f .
Hence,
{f
n
} converges uniformly to f.

Therefore,
(F, U

) is also complete.

Hence proved.









30
CHAPTER-
EQUICONTINUITY AND ELEMENTS OF
HOMOTOPY THEORY


In this section, we seen about Equicontinuity and the basic concept of
homotopy.
Intuitively,
two mappings are homotopic if one can be deformed
continuously into other.


DEFINITION: 1.4.1
Let F be a family of functions each on a topological
space X into a uniform space (Y, V ). The family F is said to be
equicontinuous at a point xX if for each VV there exists a
neighbourhood U of x such that
f(U)V[f(x)] for each fF.
In other words,
F is equicontinuous at x if

-1
(V[f(x)]} is a
neighbourhood of x for each V in V.
The family F is said to be equicontinuous if and only if it
is equicontinuous at each point.

31
THEOREM: 4.2
If F is an equicontinuous family of functions, then
the topology T
p
of pointwise convergence is jointly continuous and
hence it is identical with the topology T
U
K of uniform convergence
on compacta.
PROOF:
Let e: FxX Y be defined by e((f, x))=f(x) fF,
xX.
Let VV . Since F is equicontinuous there is a neighbourhood U of x
such that g(U)=V[g(x)] gF (1)
Consider the T
p
nbd S of f defined by
S=S(x, V[f(x)]={hF:h(x) V[f(x)].
If (g,y) SxU, then gS and yU.
Therefore,
g(x) V[f(x)] and so
(f(x),g(x))V (2)
Since,
yU, by(1),g(y) V[g(x)] whence (g(x),g(y)) V.
This combined with (2) gives
(f(x),g(y)) VoV and so g(y) VoV[f(x)].


32
Thus,
(g,y) SxU implies that e(g,y)=g(y) VoV[f(x)] and so
e(SxU)VoV[f(x)]. Thus, for each nbd VoV[f(x)] of f(x) there is a nbd
SxU of (f, x) such that e(SxU) VoV[f(x)].
Therefore, e is continuous.
Consequently,
T
p
is jointly continuous.
By Theorem,
Let T
p
be a topology of joint continuity on compacta and
let T
c
be the compact-open topology on F. Then T
c
T .
we know that,
every jointly continuous topology is larger than the
compact-open topology;
that is T
p
T
c
.
Also by
proposition T
p
T
c
.
Thus T
p
= T
c
.

But by theorem
Let X be a topological space and let(Y, V ) be a uniform
space. Let C denote the family of all continuous functions from X to Y.

33
Then the topology T
U


K of uniform convergence on compacta is the
compact-open topology T
c

.

T
c
= T
U
K.
Thus,
T
p
= T
U
K.

Hence the proved.
THEOREM: 4.3
If the family F is equicontinuous at a point x, then
the T
p
-closure of F is also equicontinuous at x.

PROOF:
Let V be a closed member of the uniformity V of Y
and let xX. Since F is equicontinuous at x there is a nbd U of x such
that
f(U) V[f(x)] fF.
Therefore,
f(y) V[f(x)] yU and fF; that is,
(f(x),f(y)) V (1)
yU and fF.
Now let gF.


34
Then we can find a sequence {f
n
} in F such that
f
n
g(n ).
Hence by(1), (f
n
(x), f
n
(y)) V and so (g(x), g(y)) V .
since V is closed.
Thus,
g(y) V[g(x)] yU.
Hence g(U) V[g(x)] gF.
This shows that F equicontinuous at x.

Hence proved.
THEOREM: 4.4
Let F be a family of functions on a topological
space X to a uniform space(Y,V). If F is compact relative to a jointly
continuous topology, then F is equicontinuous.

PROOF:
Let T

be a jointly continuous topology on F and let
F be compact relative to T. Fix xX.Let V be a symmetric member of
V.
Let e:FxX Y be defined by e(f, x)=f(x) fF and xX.
Since,
T

is jointly continuous e is continuous.



35
Accordingly,
for every nbd V[f(x)] there is a nbd G=G
f
of f and a
neighbourhoob W of x such that
e(GxW) V[f(x)] (1)
Observe that G=G
f
={gF:g(x)V[f(x)]}.
Now,
let gG and w W. Then g(x) V[f(x)]
so that,(f(x),g(x)) V (2)
Also,
by(1),e(g,w)V[f(x)] that is, g(w)V[f (x)] and so
(f(x),g(w)) V (3)
Combaining (2) and (3),(g(w),g(x)) VoV and sog(w) VoV[g(x)] w
W.
Thus,
g(W) VoV[g(x)] gG (4)
Now the family {G
1
:fF} is a cover of neighbourhood for F. But F is
compact and so we can extract a finite subcover {G
1
,G
2
G
n
}so that
FG
1
G
2
G
n
.
Correspondingly,
there exists nbds W
1
,W
2
, W
n
of x such that
g(

) VoV[g(x)] gG
i
.

36

Thus,

(W
i
) VoV[g(x)] and so
g(W
i
) VoV[g(x)].
Put U=

. Then, for all gF, we have

g(U) VoV[g(x)]
Since U is a neighbourhood of x it follows that F is
equicontinuous.

Hence proved

DEFINITION: 4.5
Let X and Y be topological spaces and let C be the
set of all continuous functions from X to Y. Let I=[0,1] have usual
topology and
let f, g C. Then f and g are said to be homotopic if there exists a
continuous map h: XxI Y such that
h(x,0)=f(x)
and h(x,1)=g(x) for each x X.
We say that h is a homotopy between f and g.When f and g are
homotopic we write f=g. The product space XxI is called the
homotopy cylinder.


37
EXAMPLE: 4.5
Let Y be the plane
2
and X,and topological space,
Let f:X
2
and g:X
2
be continuous. Define a map h:XxI
2

by
h(x,t)=(1-t)f(x)+tg(x)
for each x in X and t in I. Then h is a homotopy between f and g.
More generally,
if Y is a convex subset of
2
and X, a topological
space, then the map h:XxI Y defined by
h(x,t)=(1-t)f(x)+tg(x) for each x X, t
I is a homotopy between f and g.

PROPOSITION: 4.6(Pasting lemma)
Let X and Y are topological space; A and B are
closed subsets of X with X=AB. f:A Y and g:B Y are
continuous functions. Suppose that f(x)=g(x) for each in AB. Let h:X
Y be defined by h(x)={f(x),if x A;g(x)},if x B.Then h is
continuous on X to Y.

PROOF:
Let F be any closed set in X. Since f:A Y is
continuous.
f
-1
(F) is closed in A. But A is closed in X. So f
-1
(F) is closed in X.

38
Similarly,
we can show that g
-1
(F) is closed in X. But, from the
definition of h, it is easy to observe that h
-1
(F)=f
-1
(F)g
-1
(F).
So h
-1
(F) is closed in X.
Thus h is continuous.

Hence proved.
DEFINITION:4.7
A topological space X is said to be Contractible if
there exists a point p in X such that,
the identity mapping i:XX is homotopic to the
constant mapping c:X {p}.


THEOREM: 4.8
Let (X,d) be a metric space which is starlike, then X
is contractible.

PROOF:
Since X is starlike there exists a point p in X such
that each xp in X can be joined to p by a unique arc p
x
congruent in d
to a line segment.
Define a map h:XxI X as follows:-
h(x,t) is the unique point y on the arc px such
that d(p,y)=t d(p, x). Clearly h(x,0)=p=c(x), where c is the constant map

39
c:X {p}. Also h(x,1)= x=i(x) for all x.
We know that if X=X,Y=Y are two product
spaces over the same index set and f:X X is continuous for each
in , then the map f:X Y defined by f (x)=y, x={x}y={f (x)} is
continuous.
Applying this result we find that the map h is
continuous. Thus h is a homotopy between the identity map i and the
constant map c.
So X is contractible.

Hence proved.
DEFINITION: 4.9
A subset A of a topological space X is called a retract of X
if and only if there exists a continuous function f:X A such that f(x)=
x for all in A.


PROPOSITION:4.10
Any retract of a contractible space is contractible.

PROOF:
Let X be contractible space and let r:X A be a
retraction of X, A being a subset of X.


40
Then,
r is continuous and r(x)= x for all in A. Since X is
contractible there exists a point p in X such that the identity mapping
i:X X is homoyopic to the constant map c:X {p}.
So there is homotopy h:XxI X such that h(x,0)=i(x)= x
and h(x,1)=c(x)=p for all in X.
Now,
define a map H:AxI A by H(a,t)=r(h(a, t)) for all (a,t)
AxI.
Let c:A{r(p)} be the constant map.
Observe that rA is the identity mapping on A.
Now continuity of r and h implies the continuity of H on
AxI.
Also for each a in A.
H(a,0)=r[h(a,0)]=r(a)=(rA)(a) and
H(a,1)=r[h(a,1)]=r(p)=c(a)
Thus,H is A homotopy between the indentity map rA and the
conatant map c. That is,
rA is homotopic to c and so A is contractible.

Hence proved.

THEOREM: 1.4.11
is contractible.

PROOF:
41
For all x ,
define h: xI by
h(x,t)=(1-t) x.
Then is a homotopy.
h(x,0)= x =i(x)
h(x,1)=0=c(x)
ic
is contractible.
Hence the proof.
THEOREM: 1.4.12
Every contractible space is path connected.

PROOF:
Let p,d X,
where X is any contractible space.
Let c
1
and c
2
be constant functions on X such that
c
1
(x)=p and c
2
(x)=q
for all x in X.
But X is contractible.

Hence there exists a homotopy
h:XxIX


42
such that
h(x,0)=p and h(x,1)=q for all x in X.
Restrict h to the subspace pxI is homeomorphic to I.
Hence h({p},I) is a curve x in X
such that
h(p,0)=p and (p,1)=q
Thus,
X contains a curve between p and q.
Accordingly,
X is path connectd.

Hence proved.
















44







CONCLUSION

In the last six decades, the functional spaces and
the compact open topology has been extenstively studied from
the view point of topology as well as of topological measure
theory.












45

BIBLIOGRAPHY


1.CHANDRASEKHARA RAO .K, TOPOLOGY.
Published by Narosa publication pvt, Ltd.
New Delhi-110 002.

2.JAMES R.MUNKRES, TOPOLOGY.
Second edition.
PHI Learning private Limited.
New Delhi-110 001.

3.KUNDU .S, PRATIBHA GARG,
THE COMPACT-OPEN TOPOLOGY.(Journal)
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi,
New Delhi-110 016.

4.RICHAND ARENS AND JAMES DUGUNDJI,
TOPOLOGY FOR FUNCTIONS SPACES. (Referece)



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