anomalies: a population-based study. Lancet 2010; 375:649. 2. Bird TM, Hobbs CA, Cleves MA, et al. National rates of birth defects among hospitalized newborns. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006; 76:762. 3. Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, et al. National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999-2001. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006; 76:747. 4. Talner CN. Report of the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program, by Donald C. Fyler, MD, Pediatrics, 1980;65(suppl):375-461. Pediatrics 1998; 102:258. 5. Wren C, Reinhardt Z, Khawaja K. Twenty-year trends in diagnosis of life-threatening neonatal cardiovascular malformations. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008; 93:F33. 6. Gregory J, Emslie A, Wyllie J, Wren C. Examination for cardiac malformations at six weeks of age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 80:F46. 7. Samnek M, Slavk Z, Zborilov B, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and outcome of heart disease in live-born children: a prospective analysis of 91,823 live-born children. Pediatr Cardiol 1989; 10:205. 8. Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA, Ferencz C. Failure to diagnose congenital heart disease in infancy. Pediatrics 1999; 103:743. 9. Wu MH, Chen HC, Lu CW, et al. Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth in Taiwan. J Pediatr 2010; 156:782. 10. Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, et al. Congenital heart disease: prevalence at livebirth. The Baltimore- Washington Infant Study. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121:31. 11. Tanner K, Sabrine N, Wren C. Cardiovascular malformations among preterm infants. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e833. 12. Reller MD, Strickland MJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al. Prevalence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr 2008; 153:807. 13. Wren C, Irving CA, Griffiths JA, et al. Mortality in infants with cardiovascular malformations. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171:281. 14. Ishikawa T, Iwashima S, Ohishi A, et al. Prevalence of congenital heart disease assessed by echocardiography in 2067 consecutive newborns. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:e55. 15. Khoshnood B, Lelong N, Houyel L, et al. Prevalence, timing of diagnosis and mortality of newborns with congenital heart defects: a population-based study. Heart 2012; 98:1667. 16. Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1890. 17. yen N, Poulsen G, Boyd HA, et al. Recurrence of congenital heart defects in families. Circulation 2009; 120:295. 18. Liu S, Joseph KS, Lisonkova S, et al. Association between maternal chronic conditions and congenital heart defects: a population-based cohort study. Circulation 2013; 128:583. 19. Rosano A, Botto LD, Botting B, Mastroiacovo P. Infant mortality and congenital anomalies from 1950 to 1994: an international perspective. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000; 54:660. 20. Boneva RS, Botto LD, Moore CA, et al. Mortality associated with congenital heart defects in the United States: trends and racial disparities, 1979-1997. Circulation 2001; 103:2376. 21. Hoffman JI. It is time for routine neonatal screening by pulse oximetry. Neonatology 2011; 99:1. 22. Schultz AH, Localio AR, Clark BJ, et al. Epidemiologic features of the presentation of critical congenital heart disease: implications for screening. Pediatrics 2008; 121:751. 23. Chang RK, Gurvitz M, Rodriguez S. Missed diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008; 162:969. 24. Danford DA, McNamara DG. Infants with congenital heart disease in the first year of life. In: The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (Eds), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.2228. 25. Pickert CB, Moss MM, Fiser DH. Differentiation of systemic infection and congenital obstructive left heart disease in the very young infant. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998; 14:263. 26. Ward KE, Mullins CE. Anomalous pulmonary venous connections, pulmonary vein stenosis, and atresia of the common pulmonary vein. In: The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (Eds), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.1445. 27. Wren C, Richmond S, Donaldson L. Presentation of congenital heart disease in infancy: implications for routine examination. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 80:F49. 28. de-Wahl Granelli A, Wennergren M, Sandberg K, et al. Impact of pulse oximetry screening on the detection of duct dependent congenital heart disease: a Swedish prospective screening study in 39,821 newborns. BMJ 2009; 338:a3037. 29. Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Alverson CJ, Correa A. Associations between maternal fever and influenza and congenital heart defects. J Pediatr 2011; 158:990. 30. Alverson CJ, Strickland MJ, Gilboa SM, Correa A. Maternal smoking and congenital heart defects in the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e647. 31. Duff, FD, McNamara, DG. History and physical examination of the cardiovascular system. In: The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (Eds), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.693. 32. Cohen LS, Friedman JM, Jefferson JW, et al. A reevaluation of risk of in utero exposure to lithium. JAMA 1994; 271:146. 33. Pinelli JM, Symington AJ, Cunningham KA, Paes BA. Case report and review of the perinatal implications of maternal lithium use. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:245. 34. Lser H, Majewski F. Type and frequency of cardiac defects in embryofetal alcohol syndrome. Report of 16 cases. Br Heart J 1977; 39:1374. 35. Tararbit K, Houyel L, Bonnet D, et al. Risk of congenital heart defects associated with assisted reproductive technologies: a population-based evaluation. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:500. 36. Romano-Zelekha O, Hirsh R, Blieden L, et al. The risk for congenital heart defects in offspring of individuals with congenital heart defects. Clin Genet 2001; 59:325. 37. Garson A. The electrocardiogram in infants and children: a systematic approach, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1983. 38. Press S, Lipkind RS. Acute myocarditis in infants. Initial presentation. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1990; 29:73. 39. Kimball TR, Daniels SR, Meyer RA, et al. Relation of symptoms to contractility and defect size in infants with ventricular septal defect. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67:1097. 40. Clark BJ 3rd. Treatment of heart failure in infants and children. Heart Dis 2000; 2:354. 41. Tanel RE, Rhodes LA. Fetal and neonatal arrhythmias. Clin Perinatol 2001; 28:187. 42. Perry JC. Supraventricular tachycardia. In: The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (Eds), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.2059. 43. Mehta AV. Rhabdomyoma and ventricular preexcitation syndrome. A report of two cases and review of literature. Am J Dis Child 1993; 147:669. 44. Trippel DL, Parsons MK, Gillette PC. Infants with long-QT syndrome and 2:1 atrioventricular block. Am Heart J 1995; 130:1130. 45. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Segantini A, et al. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1709. 46. Towbin, JA, Greenberg, F. Genetic syndromes and clinical molecular genetics. In: The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Neish SR (Eds), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.2627. 47. Bonnet D, Martin D, Villain E, et al. Arrhythmias and conduction defects as presenting symptoms of fatty acid oxidation disorders in children. Circulation 1999; 100:2248. 48. Yabek SM. Neonatal cyanosis. Reappraisal of response to 100% oxygen breathing. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138:880. 49. Rowe RD, et al. Abnormalities of the cardiovascular transition of the newborn: current views on vascular and myocardial responses. In: Pediatric Cardiology, Godman MJ (Ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York 1981. 50. Kanarek KS, de Brigard T, Coleman J, Silbiger ML. Purulent pericarditis in a neonate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:549. 51. El Hassan N, Dbaibo G, Diab K, et al. Pseudomonas pericarditis in an immunocompetent newborn: unusual presentation with review of the literature. J Infect 2002; 44:49. 52. White PH. Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus and neonatal lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994; 20:119. 53. Abu-Harb M, Wyllie J, Hey E, et al. Presentation of obstructive left heart malformations in infancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1994; 71:F179. 54. Beebe SA, Britton JR, Britton HL, et al. Neonatal mortality and length of newborn hospital stay. Pediatrics 1996; 98:231. 55. Ainsworth S, Wyllie JP, Wren C. Prevalence and clinical significance of cardiac murmurs in neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 80:F43. 56. Rein AJ, Omokhodion SI, Nir A. Significance of a cardiac murmur as the sole clinical sign in the newborn. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2000; 39:511. 57. Arlettaz R, Archer N, Wilkinson AR. Natural history of innocent heart murmurs in newborn babies: controlled echocardiographic study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998; 78:F166. 58. Dunkle LM, Rowe RD. Transient murmur simulating pulmonary artery stenosis in premature infants. Am J Dis Child 1972; 124:666. 59. Danilowicz DA, Rudolph AM, Hoffman JI, Heymann M. Physiologic pressure differences between main and branch pulmonary arteries in infants. Circulation 1972; 45:410. 60. Rodriguez RJ, Riggs TW. Physiologic peripheral pulmonic stenosis in infancy. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66:1478. 61. Chatelain P, Oberhnsli I, Friedli B. Physiological pulmonary branch stenosis in newborns: 2Dechocardiographic and Doppler characteristics and follow up. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152:559. 62. Snider AR, Enderlein MA, Teitel DF, Juster RP. Two-dimensional echocardiographic determination of aortic and pulmonary artery sizes from infancy to adulthood in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:218. 63. Hansen LK, Birkebaek NH, Oxhj H. Initial evaluation of children with heart murmurs by the nonspecialized paediatrician. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154:15. 64. McCrindle BW, Shaffer KM, Kan JS, et al. Cardinal clinical signs in the differentiation of heart murmurs in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996; 150:169. 65. Smythe JF, Teixeira OH, Vlad P, et al. Initial evaluation of heart murmurs: are laboratory tests necessary? Pediatrics 1990; 86:497. 66. MCNAMARA DG. Prevention of infant deaths from congenital heart disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 1963; 10:127. 67. Guignard JP, Gouyon JB, Adelman RD. Arterial hypertension in the newborn infant. Biol Neonate 1989; 55:77. 68. Ing FF, Starc TJ, Griffiths SP, Gersony WM. Early diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta in children: a continuing dilemma. Pediatrics 1996; 98:378. 69. Lees MH. Cyanosis of the newborn infant. Recognition and clinical evaluation. J Pediatr 1970; 77:484. Hoke TR, Donohue PK, Bawa PK, et al. Oxygen saturation as a screening test for critical congenital heart disease: a preliminary study. Pediatr Cardiol 2002; 23:403. 71. Moss AJ, McDonald LV. Cardiac disease in the wheezing child. Chest 1977; 71:187. 72. Ledwith MV, Duff DF. A review of vascular rings 1980-1992. Ir Med J 1994; 87:178. 73. Go RO, Martin TR, Lester MR. A wheezy infant unresponsive to bronchodilators. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 78:449. 74. Singer JI, Isaacman DJ, Bell LM. The wheezer that wasn't. Pediatr Emerg Care 1992; 8:107. 75. Pierpont ME, Basson CT, Benson DW Jr, et al. Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2007; 115:3015. 76. Hartman RJ, Rasmussen SA, Botto LD, et al. The contribution of chromosomal abnormalities to congenital heart defects: a population-based study. Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 32:1147. 77. Massin MM, Astadicko I, Dessy H. Noncardiac comorbidities of congenital heart disease in children. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96:753. 78. Meberg A, Brgmann-Pieper S, Due R Jr, et al. First day of life pulse oximetry screening to detect congenital heart defects. J Pediatr 2008; 152:761. 79. Riede FT, Wrner C, Dhnert I, et al. Effectiveness of neonatal pulse oximetry screening for detection of critical congenital heart disease in daily clinical routine--results from a prospective multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:975. 80. Ewer AK, Middleton LJ, Furmston AT, et al. Pulse oximetry screening for congenital heart defects in newborn infants (PulseOx): a test accuracy study. Lancet 2011; 378:785. 81. Thangaratinam S, Brown K, Zamora J, et al. Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects in asymptomatic newborn babies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379:2459. 82. Ewer AK, Furmston AT, Middleton LJ, et al. Pulse oximetry as a screening test for congenital heart defects in newborn infants: a test accuracy study with evaluation of acceptability and cost- effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 2012; 16:v. 83. Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, et al. Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP. Pediatrics 2009; 124:823. 84. Valmari P. Should pulse oximetry be used to screen for congenital heart disease? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92:F219. 85. Richmond S, Reay G, Abu Harb M. Routine pulse oximetry in the asymptomatic newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 87:F83. 86. Koppel RI, Druschel CM, Carter T, et al. Effectiveness of pulse oximetry screening for congenital heart disease in asymptomatic newborns. Pediatrics 2003; 111:451. 87. Thangaratinam S, Daniels J, Ewer AK, et al. Accuracy of pulse oximetry in screening for congenital heart disease in asymptomatic newborns: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92:F176. 88. Poets CF, Stebbens VA. Detection of movement artifact in recorded pulse oximeter saturation. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156:808. 89. Fouzas S, Priftis KN, Anthracopoulos MB. Pulse oximetry in pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2011; 128:740. 90. Reich JD, Connolly B, Bradley G, et al. Reliability of a single pulse oximetry reading as a screening test for congenital heart disease in otherwise asymptomatic newborn infants: the importance of human factors. Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:371. 91. Kemper AR, Mahle WT, Martin GR, et al. Strategies for implementing screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1259. 92. Mahle WT, Martin GR, Beekman RH 3rd, et al. Endorsement of Health and Human Services recommendation for pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 2012; 129:190. 93. Han LM, Klewer SE, Blank KM, et al. Feasibility of pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease at 2643-foot elevation. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34:1803. 2/10/2014 Congenital heart disease (CHD) in the newborn: Presentation and screening Samuel TY, Bromiker R, Mimouni FB, et al. Newborn oxygen saturation at mild altitude versus sea level: implications for neonatal screening for critical congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:379. 95. Kochilas LK, Lohr JL, Bruhn E, et al. Implementation of critical congenital heart disease screening in Minnesota. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e587. 96. Peterson C, Grosse SD, Oster ME, et al. Cost-effectiveness of routine screening for critical congenital heart disease in US newborns. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e595. 97. Peterson C, Dawson A, Grosse SD, et al. Hospitalizations, costs, and mortality among infants with critical congenital heart disease: how important is timely detection? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2013; 97:664. 98. Martin GR, Beekman RH 3rd, Mikula EB, et al. Implementing recommended screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e185. 99. Garg LF, Van Naarden Braun K, Knapp MM, et al. Results from the New Jersey statewide critical congenital heart defects screening program. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e314. 100. Aisenberg RB, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS, Wolff PH. Developmental delay in infants with congenital heart disease. Correlation with hypoxemia and congestive heart failure. Pediatr Cardiol 1982; 3:133.
Ir Med J. 1994 Nov-Dec;87(6):178-9. A review of vascular rings 1980-1992. Ledwith MV, Duff DF. Author information Abstract Over a period of 13 years 21 patients between the ages of three weeks and 13 years presenting to this centre had a vascular ring. A double aortic arch was present in 11 cases, a right aortic arch with a retroesophageal left subclavian artery in five cases, a right aortic arch with a normal left innominate artery, a Kommerell's diverticulum and a left ligamentum arteriosum encircling the trachea and oesophagus occurred in two cases and an aberrant left pulmonary artery arising from the right pulmonary artery occurred in three cases. The majority (19/21) presented with a history of chronic stridor, although other significant associated symptoms included: recurrent respiratory infection, wheeze, cyanotic episodes and difficulty or pain on swallowing. The barium swallow was the most useful method of investigation and was diagnostic in all of the 95% of cases in which it was performed. Nineteen patients underwent surgery uneventfully although stridor often remained a problem for some time following repair. Six patients (28%) had associated congenital heart disease. Three (14%) patients who did not have surgery died. PMID: 7860261 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/832490