Circular 509 Rev.

August 1995
Swine Feeding Suggestions
2
Feed Grains...........................................................................................................3
Grain Analyses......................................................................................................3
Fineness of Grind..................................................................................................5
Protein Quality.......................................................................................................5
Protein Supplements.............................................................................................6
Commercial Protein Supplements.........................................................................7
Energy Considerations..........................................................................................8
Feeding Considerations.........................................................................................9
Early Weaned Pigs...................................................................................9
Complete Self-Fed Rations......................................................................10
Limit Feeding..........................................................................................10
Split Sex Feeding.....................................................................................11
Pelleted or Crumbled Rations...................................................................11
Whole Processed Soybeans...................................................................11
High Moisture Corn.................................................................................12
Feed Additives.....................................................................................................12
Vitamin and Trace Mineral Premixes...................................................................12
Protein Balanced Corn and Soybean Meal Rations............................................13
Suggested Nuda Oat, Corn and Soybean Rations..............................................14
Nutrient Requirements and Average Analyses of Ingredients Used in
Swine Rations..................................................................................................15
Contents
3
SWINE FEEDING SUGGESTIONS AND
RATIONS FOR SOUTH CAROLINA
John E. Albrecht, Extension Animal Scientist
J. C. McConnell, Professor of Animal Science
Jesse Adams, Area County Agent, Livestock
Feed is the largest single cost item in producing pork. Since it accounts for 60
to 75 percent of the total cost, any saving on feed, though small, may greatly
reduce total cost and increase returns. Adjusting percentage of protein to weight of
the pig, varying the grain according to price and relative value, and determining
the cheapest sources of protein and supplements are management decisions that
will affect net returns. Using high quality feeders that are properly maintained and
adjusted may reduce feed wastage on many farms by 15 percent or more.
The first step to efficient swine production is feeding properly balanced rations.
Clemsons feeding suggestions are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. SUGGESTED FEEDING LEVELS
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Amount to Feed
When to Lb/day Protein, Lysine, Met. Energy,
Feed % % Kcal / Lb.
BROOD SOWS
2
First
2
/3 of gestation 4-6 14 .62 1459
Last
1
/3 of gestation 5-7 14 .62 1459
Lactation 11-Full 16 .85 1459
BOARS
2
Nonbreeding 3-4 14-16 .50 1459
Breeding 5-7 14-16 .50 1459
YOUNG PIGS TO MARKET
8-15
1
Full 22 1.30 1560
10-25 pounds Full 20 1.15 1550
26-45 pounds Full 18 .95 1477
46-125 pounds Full 15-16 .75 1488
126 pounds to market,
barrows Full 14 .64 1488
126 pounds to market,
gilts Full 16 .80 1488
4
Amount to Feed
When to Lb/day Protein, Lysine, Met. Energy
Feed % % Kcal / Lb
REPLACEMENT GILTS
2
180 pounds to 2 weeks
before breeding 4-6 16 .80 1488
2 weeks before breeding
to breeding 6-8 16 .62 1459
1 Complex animal protein ration.
2 Adjust feeding level to condition of the breeding animals.
FEED GRAINS
Swine can use a wide range of feed ingredients efficiently if the ration is
adequately balanced. When the price is favorable, grain sorghum, wheat, triticale
and nuda oats may be used to replace all or part of the corn in swine rations. For
growing-finishing pigs, regular oats may be used for up to 20 percent of the grain
portion of the ration and barley for up to 50 percent. For gestating sows, oats may
replace up to 50 percent and barley up to 75 percent of the grain in the ration. All of
the small grains and grain sorghum must be ground or rolled for efficient use by
swine.
GRAIN ANALYSES
All grains vary in protein concentration depending on the conditions under which
they were grown, and the specific variety planted. For example, corn varieties
commonly grown in South Carolina vary as much as two percent in their predicted
protein composition. In general, varieties predicted to have high yields in bushels
per acre tend to have lower protein values. When drought stress reduces yields,
all varieties tend to have higher protein percentages. To ensure proper blending of
feedstuffs, producers should first have the protein level determined by laboratory
analysis after drying to storage conditions.
Past producer experience in South Carolina indicates that it is critical to sample
for nutrient analysis at each harvest of both triticale and nuda oats. These two
grains have great potential to reduce the need for supplemental protein but may
vary greatly in both fiber and protein content.
When purchasing feed ingredients, compare prices of the various grains and
sources of protein and use the lowest appropriate cost combination in the mix.
Table 2 is a guide for the relative value of the various grains compared to corn for
swine.
5
TABLE 2. RELATIVE VALUE OF VARIOUS FEED GRAINS AND PERCENT OF
EACH TO USE IN SWINE RATIONS AS COMPARED TO CORN
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Grain Lb/Bu Value, % % of Grain Comments
of corn in Ration
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Corn 56 100 100 Very palatable,
excellent
Barley
1
48 85-90 50 Corn substitute,
6% fiber
Grain Sorghum 56 90-95 100 Corn
substitute,
varies in quality
Nuda Oats Not established 100 100 Excellent grain
(30-42) for swine;
high lysine
content; 4%
fiber or less,
but variable
Oats
2
32 75-85 20 Bulky, 11% fiber
Rye
3
56 85-95 20 Not as
palatable
Triticale
3
48 95 100 Excellent grain
for swine with
high lysine
content
Wheat 60 100 100 Excellent grain
for swine
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1 For gestating sows barley may be used for up to 75% of grain portion of the
ration.
2 For gestating sows oats may be used for up to 50% of the grain portion of the
ration.
3 Both these grains are subject to ergot infestations and should be fed to
breeding animals or young pigs with caution.
6
FINENESS OF GRIND
For maximum use by swine, producers should grind corn, wheat, triticale,
barley, rye, oats, and grain sorghum. The fineness of grind is extremely critical
when feeding an all-wheat ration. Wheat becomes either doughy or pasty if it is
ground too finely. It should be rolled or coarse ground for swine. Although there
are few in use in South Carolina, roller crimpers are the preferred mills for small
grains.
The recommended fineness of grind for the various grains is given in Table 3.
TABLE 3. FINENESS OF GRIND FOR VARIOUS GRAINS
*
_________________________________________________________________
Grain Relative Fineness Screen Size
_________________________________________________________________
Barley Medium
3
/16 of an inch
Corn Medium Fine
5
/32 of an inch
Grain
Sorghum Medium
5
/32 of an inch
Oats Medium Fine
5
/32 of an inch
Rye Coarse
3
/16 of an inch
Triticale Coarse
3
/16 of an inch
Wheat Coarse
1
/4-
5
/16 of an inch
_________________________________________________________________
* Speed of grinder as well as screen size will affect particle size of the
ground grains.
PROTEIN QUALITY
Amino acid composition of the protein rather than the total quantity of protein
determines its quality and feeding value. Swine, unlike cattle, must have certain
essential amino acids in the protein before they can use it for maximum feed
efficiency and rate of gain. These essential amino acids for swine are:
arginine histidine isoleucine leucine
lysine methionine threonine tryptophan
valine phenylalanine
Lysine and sometimes tryptophan are present at relatively low levels in most
grains, so protein supplements must be mixed with grain to provide the minimum
lysine needed by the animal. Actually, most protein requirements reflect the
protein level needed to meet the lysine requirement. When using grains other
than corn, check the lysine content to make sure the levels are adequate. Small
grain rations must often have higher protein content than corn based rations in
order to satisfy the lysine requirement.
Research shows that the percent of protein in a ration may be reduced up to
two percent by adding supplemental lysine to maintain a constant percent of
7
lysine. A decision to use supplemental lysine to reduce the percentage of protein
in a ration should be based on cost. Table 4 shows examples of rations, with
and without supplemental lysine, that will meet the lysine requirements of a 45-
75 lb grower (see Table 10). If the protein content is reduced by more than two
percentage points, another amino acid becomes limiting to growth and
production.
TABLE 4. SUGGESTED RATIONS USING WHEAT AND/OR CORN WITH AND
WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE
___________________________________________________________________
Grain, Soybean Meal Grain, Soybean Meal,
and Added Lysine
_______________________________ ___________________
Ingredient Corn Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat
& Corn & Corn
___________________________________________________________________
Wheat, lb -- 1611 814 1770 859
Corn, lb 1597 -- 814 -- 859.6
Soybean meal
(48%), lb 353 289 322 176 228
Premix, lb
*
50 50 50 50 50
Lysine
hydrochloride,lb -- -- -- 4 3.4
___________________________________________________________________
Total lb 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Protein, % 15.3 16.5 15.9 14.4 14.7
Lysine, % .75 .75 .75 .75 .75
___________________________________________________________________
* Premix to supply all minerals, salt, and vitamins; recommended pounds of this
ingredient will vary with the different commercial brands. The difference in
weight between your premix used and 50 lbs should be subtracted or added to
the grain.
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
Protein supplements may be mixed on the farm or purchased commercially.
Soybean meal fortified with minerals and vitamins makes a good protein
supplement for most classes of swine. Base your decision to use either a
commercial or home-mixed supplement on cost comparison and the ability of
your personnel and equipment to mix feeds on the farm.
Table 5 presents a comparison of the high protein ingredients that can be
used for making protein supplements, the amounts to use, and their relative
value as protein sources for swine.
8
TABLE 5. PERCENT OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
TO USE IN SWINE RATIONS OR SUPPLEMENTS
___________________________________________________________________________
Percent of Protein
Source to Use in
Protein Sources Ration Supplement Comments
Cottonseed meal 0 0 Low lysine, gossypol (toxic)
Linseed meal 0-5 0-25 Low lysine, slightly laxative
Peanut meal 0-15 0-50 Low lysine and methionine,
very palatable
Soybean meal 0-25 50-100 Well-balanced amino acids,
very palatable
Fish meal, Menhaden 0-5 0-25 Excellent balance of amino
acids, expensive, good source
of calcium and phosphorous,
baby pig feed
Meat and bone meal 0-5 0-30 Low tryptophan, good source of
calcium and phosphorous
Tankage 0-5 0-30 Low tryptophan, good source of
calcium and phosphorous
Skim milk, dried 0-10 0-20 Excellent quality, expensive,
baby pig feed
Sunflower meal 0-5 0-25 Low lysine
Whey 0-20 0-40 Excellent quality, expensive,
baby pig feed
____________________________________________________________________________
COMMERCIAL PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
Information on the pounds of various commercial protein supplements and
corn required to formulate different swine feeds is given in Table 6.
9
TABLE 6. POUNDS OF COMPLETE SUPPLEMENT REQUIRED WITH CORN
TO FORMULATE COMPLETE FEEDS WITH VARYING LEVELS OF PROTEIN
____________________________________________________________________________
Percent of Percent Protein in Complete Feed
Protein in
Supplement Ingredient 12 14 16 18
____________________________________________________________________________
Corn, lb 1,649 1,443 1,237 1,031
28 Supplement, lb 351 557 763 969
Corn, lb 1,709 1,538 1,368 1,196
32 Supplement, lb 291 462 632 804
Corn, lb 1,742 1,591 1,439 1,288
35 Supplement, lb 258 409 561 712
Corn, lb 1,768 1,632 1,496 1,360
38 Supplement, lb 232 368 504 640
Corn, lb 1,783 1,656 1,528 1,401
40 Supplement, lb 217 344 472 599
_____________________________________________________________________________
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS
Energy can be supplied as carbohydrates, fats, or proteins. Fats contain
about 2.25 times as much energy per unit of weight as do carbohydrates and
protein. Protein supplements should not be used as energy sources because of
cost. Substituting fats for carbohydrates quickly increases the energy density of
a ration. Since swine generally eat to meet their daily energy requirement,
increasing the caloric density of the feed results in a reduction of total
feed intake by pigs on full feed and improves feed efficiency. When energy
levels are increased, the density of minerals, vitamins and amino acids must
also be increased. Energy consumed in excess of that required for body
maintenance, muscle growth, lactation, or reproduction will result in a buildup of
body fat.
Added fat is most beneficial in the ration during hot weather when pigs
naturally eat less feed. The higher energy rations will help keep the energy
intake the same; however, the cost of fat versus grain sources of energy
determines the economic efficiency of high energy diets. Also, the amount of fat
added to a diet is dictated by economics and the physical problems of mixing,
processing, and handling rations containing large amounts of fats. More than
seven or eight percent of added fat slows feed flow in bins and feeders.
10
Research has shown that, in feeding sows, efficiency of reproduction can be
improved by allowing moderate weight gains during gestation and moderate
weight losses during lactation. These are the two periods during the
reproductive cycle when added energy may affect the sows production
efficiency. Adding 4 percent of fat to a gestation ration 21 days before farrowing
may increase the average pigs birth weight and may increase liveability by
raising the fat content in the body of the baby pig. Adding fat to the lactation
ration may stimulate milk flow, maintain sow weight, and improve the conception
of heavy milking sows.
FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS
Early Weaned Pigs
Weaning at 3 to 4 weeks of age (10-15 lb body weight) has become an
industry standard, but this is practical only when an excellent environment can
be maintained for the pig. Since the young pig has an immature digestive
system, weaning to a dry, less palatable, and less digestible ration normally
causes a delay in growth for about one week postweaning. The digestibility of
soybean meal is inefficient at this age. However, after this postweaning lag,
feed consumption and production should return to normal. New improvements in
young pig nutrition, such as the use of blood plasma protein sources, may
decrease this lag, make weaning at even two weeks possible, but it will also
increase the cost per pound of feed. Improvement in pig performance, feed
conversion efficiency at that age, and the limited amount consumed all make
these high quality feeds cost effective.
For pigs weaned at less than four weeks, a prestarter high in milk products
with 22 percent protein and 1.2 to 1.4 percent lysine is recommended since
young pigs cannot utilize carbohydrates from grain efficiently. Research
indicates the pigs intestine and its associated enzymes are not developed
sufficiently to convert starch to glucose efficiently. Animal fat and milk products
help reduce hypoglycemia in the neonatal pig.
For a pig weaned at four weeks, an 18 to 20 percent protein level providing
1.1 to 1.2 percent of lysine is adequate. The ration can be formulated from corn
and soybean meal, but it should also contain 20 to 25 percent dried whey or
equivalent for the first 2 weeks postweaning, after which the whey can be
removed. In some situations, adding up to 6 percent of fat to a corn-soybean-
meal-based ration has helped promote faster growth and better feed efficiency.
Do NOT add additional salt to feeds containing whey.
Dried whey and other dried milk products may be purchased as separate
ingredients or in commercial prestarter and starter premixes.
11
Complete Self-Fed Rations
Simplified rations using corn and soybean meal fortified with minerals and
vitamins generally give the same results as the complex rations where many
different ingredients are added. In addition, these simplified rations are usually
easier to formulate and balance.
Complete rations may be formulated by using grains with soybean meal and
vitamin-mineral premixes or by mixing grain and a commercial protein
supplement. The method of formulation used should depend on current prices,
grinding and mixing equipment on the farm, and the ability of the producer.
Complete self-fed rations work better with automated systems than free-choice
feeding.
Limit Feeding
Gilts and Sows - Limit feeding to 4 to 6 pounds per day in the breeding herd
is a MUST for maximum reproductive efficiency. Start replacement gilts on a
limited feeding program at 180 to 200 pounds. Gestation rations normally work
well for this purpose.
Feeding Bulky or Fibrous Feeds - A form of limit feeding may be used to
lower the energy content of the ration. Bulky rations will usually not reduce the
feed cost and, in many cases, they will cost more since the cost per pound is
about the same and the sow will eat more of the bulky ration. Overfeeding as
well as underfeeding the brood sow will reduce litter size, reduce sow
performance, and decrease profits.
Skip-Day or Interval Feeding - Skip-day or interval feeding of brood sows
and gilts is another method of limit feeding. The breeding herd is allowed
access to self-feeders for 2 to 12 hours every second or third day. Under a third
day feeding system, the gilts will eat approximately 12 pounds of feed, or 4
pounds for each day, and the sows around 15 pounds, or 5 pounds for each day.
The amount of feed can be controlled by the length of time the gilts or sows are
left on the self-feeders. Research shows that reproductive performance is
essentially the same with either skip-day feeding or daily feeding a limited
amount by hand. However, there is greater stress on fences and equipment
with the skip-day method.
Growing-Finishing Pigs - Limit feeding for growing and finishing pigs
generally has not proven satisfactory. Limit feeding of market pigs results in
slower gain, increased labor, and requires more mechanization. If limit feeding
is used, start at around 100 pounds and feed 85 to 95 percent of the normal
amount of feed. Carcass merit, however, is usually increased by limit feeding.
12
Split Sex Feeding
Larger feeding operations may be interested in feeding barrow and gilts
separate rations if they are being fed to heavier weights. Gilts grow more heavily
muscled and leaner than barrows. According to the Feed Industry Red Book,
these differences are minimal until swine reach 75-100 pounds and are not
considered in formulations for growing pigs. After 100 pounds, differences are
significant enough to justify separating the sexes and feeding different diets. The
method of separation is usually determined by the feed delivery and storage
system.
Data indicates that, on the average, barrows consume 0.8 - 1.0 pound more
feed per day; gain 0.1 - 0.3 pound more per day; have 0.2 - 0.5 of an inch more
backfat; and have 2-3 percent of lower carcass muscle percentage than gilts.
Gilts have higher nutrient requirements, especially lysine, because of their
increased lean gain and lower feed intake. These differences may be magnified
by genetic background. Gilts may be finished on a 16 percent protein ration with
0.8 percent of lysine, while barrows will do well on a 14 percent ration with 0.64
percent of lysine.
Pelleted or Crumbled Rations
Pelleting or crumbling a market-hog ration from weaning to market will usually
increase the average daily gain by 2 to 5 percent and improve feed efficiency by
approximately 5 to 10 percent. When a complete ration is purchased, buying a
pelleted one may be more economical than using meal; however, the advantage
of pelleting usually will not offset the cost of hauling grain to the mill and
pelleting a ration. Purchasing a pelleting machine could not be justified with the
volume of hogs handled by most swine producers.
Whole Processed Soybeans
On-the-farm processing of whole soybeans either by cooking or extruding will
make them more usable in swine rations. Research has shown that whole
processed soybeans, due to their increased energy, will increase both rate of
gain and feed efficiency by an average of 6 percent or more compared to
soybean meal.
In deciding whether to use whole processed beans or soybean meal, the cost
of processing, equipment, weight loss of the beans, and handling must be added
to the value of whole soybean meal so that it can be compared to soybean meal
in calculating the cost per unit of gain. It will usually take 2,200 to 2,250 pounds
of raw soybeans to make a ton of whole processed soybeans. Whole processed
soybeans will usually contain 35 to 38 percent protein and approximately 18
percent fat. Raw soybeans should not be fed to growing-finishing swine.
Nutritional deficiencies caused by feeding raw beans make their use inefficient
in most swine rations.
13
High Moisture Corn
High moisture corn may be substituted for dry corn on a dry matter basis with
very little or no effect on the overall performance. High moisture corn, whether
used in mixed rations or fed separately, should not be allowed to accumulate in
the feeder or feeding area where it will become moldy and spoil.
Usually no difference is noted in feed conversion or rate of gain between high
moisture corn or dry corn when computed on dry-matter basis. Therefore, the
decision to use high moisture grain storage or dry storage is mainly an
economical one.
The cost per bushel of storage capacity and the operating cost should also be
compared in making a decision. One fact to keep in mind is that high moisture
corn put in high moisture storage facilities is suitable for FEEDING ONLY and
cannot be sold readily on the open market as dry corn.
FEED ADDITIVES
For current recommendations on feed additives and antibiotics, see Livestock
Leaflet 31, Swine Producers Guide.
VITAMIN AND TRACE MINERAL PREMIXES
Using commercial vitamin and mineral premixes to balance corn-soybean
meal rations on the farm has increased in popularity. Corn and soybean meal
are the major ingredients for most farm feed preparations. Discuss grain
substitutions with your premix dealer, as formulations usually vary depending on
the grain used.
Take extra care to ensure that exact quantities of corn, soybean meal, and the
proper premix are blended together.
Premixes are available in many forms. A complete premix provides all the
necessary vitamins and minerals to balance the energy (corn) and protein
(soybean meal) sources for a certain class of swine. A complete premix
includes salt, calcium, and phosphorous, as well as trace minerals and vitamins.
However, several premixes contain only vitamins, only minerals or combinations
of both. Some premixes contain no calcium, phosphorous or salt. Check the
label for salt inclusion. Salt should never exceed 0.5 % of a swine ration. It is
important to read and understand the label.
Suggested levels of vitamins and minerals to be used in balancing corn-
soybean meal rations are presented in Table 7. Additional information on
minerals and vitamins for swine may be found in the Pork Industry Handbook
(Vitamins For Swine, PIH2 and Minerals For Swine, PIH52).
14
TABLE 7. SUGGESTED LEVELS OF ADDED VITAMINS AND
TRACE MINERALS FOR SWINE RATIONS
1
_________________________________________________________________
Units Needed Per Ton Of Complete Feed
Grower-Finisher Gestation-Lactation
Vitamins
A 3,000,000 I.U. 4,500,000 I.U.
D 300,000 I.U. 500,000 I.U.
E 15,000 I.U. 25,000 I.U.
K
2
3.5 g 3.3 g
Riboflavin 6.6 g 6.0 g
Choline 250 g 250 to 550 g
D-Pantothenic acid 20 g 25 g
Niacin 21 g 35 g
B
12
15 mg 25 mg
Biotin 100 mg 200 mg
Minerals
Iron (Fe)
3
54 g 90 g
Copper (Cu) 9 g 8 g
Manganese (Mn) 10 g 27 g
Zinc (Zn)
3
54 g 90 g
Selenium (Se)
4
100 mg 90 mg
Iodine (I) 180 mg 180 mg
_________________________________________________________________
1 If salt is not included in the premix, add salt at the level shown in Table 10.
2 Menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) or menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite
(MPB).
3 Double this level for pigs up to 45 pounds.
4 Triple this level for pigs up to 45 pounds.
PROTEIN BALANCED CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL RATIONS
TABLE 8a. POUNDS OF CORN AND 48.5% PROTEIN SOYBEAN MEAL
REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS PERCENTAGE PROTEIN RATIONS
________________________________________________________________
Percent Protein in Ration
Ingredient 18 16 15 14 13 12
________________________________________________________________
Corn, lb 1,407 1,555 1,606 1,667 1,718 1,768
Soybean meal
(48.5%), lb 493 385 334 283 232 182
Premix, lb
*
100 60 60 50 50 50
_________________________________________________________________
* Premix to supply minerals, vitamins, and salt. Pounds of the ingredient will vary with
the different commercial brands, which may cause a slight adjustment in the pounds of
grain and/or soybean meal used.
15
TABLE 8b. POUNDS OF CORN AND 44% PROTEIN SOYBEAN MEAL
REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS PERCENTAGE PROTEIN RATIONS
________________________________________________________________
Percent Protein in Ration
Ingredient 18 16 15 14 13 12
________________________________________________________________
Corn, lb 1,344 1,507 1,563 1,632 1,688 1,745
Soybean meal
(44%), lb 556 433 377 318 262 205
Premix, lb
*
100 60 60 50 50 50
_________________________________________________________________
* Premix to supply minerals, vitamins, and salt. Pounds of the ingredient will
vary with the different commercial brands, which may cause an adjustment in
the pounds of grain and/or soybean meal used.
SUGGESTED NUDA OAT, CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL RATIONS
TABLE 9. RECOMMENDED NUDA OAT, CORN AND SOYBEAN RATIONS,
BASED ON 1994 AVERAGE CROP ANALYSES
_____________________________________________________________________________
Swine Category
Ingredient Grower Finisher Gestation Lactation
_____________________________________________________________________________
Nuda Oat, lb 1445 1000 1705 1845
Corn, lb 350 746 130 -
SBM (48%), lb 150 200 100 100
Premix, lb 50 50 50 50
Limestone, lb - - 10 5
LysineHCl, lb - 4 - -
Protein, %
1
16.44 16.03 16.33 16.87
_____________________________________________________________________________
1
Protein is high to provide secondary amino acids.
16
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND AVERAGE ANALYSES
OF INGREDIENTS USED IN SWINE RATIONS
The nutrient requirements for swine are given in Table 10. The average
analyses for the various ingredients commonly used in South Carolina swine
rations are presented in Table 11. These two tables may be used to compute
other ration combinations for swine.
Common sources for minerals are given in Table 12.
Conversion factors for weights and vitamin activities are found in Table 13.
17
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19
TABLE 12. COMPOSITION OF MINERAL SOURCES FOR SWINE
________________________________________________________________
MINERAL Source Mineral
________________________________________________________________
Calcium and Ground limestone (calcium 38% Ca
phosphorous carbonate) or calcite 0% P
Dicalcium phosphate 26% Ca
18.5% P
Steamed bone meal 24% Ca
12% P
Deflourinated rock phosphate 32% Ca
18% P
Monocalcium phosphate 21% Ca
21% P
Iron Ferrous sulfate 20.1% Fe
Ferric ammonium citrate 16.5-18.5% Fe
Ferrous fumarate 32.9% Fe
Copper Cupric carbonate 50-55% Cu
Cupric oxide 79.7% Cu
Cupric sulfate 25.4% Cu
Manganese Manganese carbonate 47.8% Mn
Manganous oxide 77.4% Mn
Manganese sulfate 22.8% Mn
Zinc Zinc carbonate 56% Zn
Zinc chloride 48.0% Zn
Zinc oxide 80.3% Zn
Zinc sulfate 22.7% Zn
Iodine Calcium iodate 65.1% I
Potassium iodide 76.4% I
Cuprous iodide 66.6% I
20
TABLE 13. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR WEIGHTS AND VITAMIN
ACTIVITY
_____________________________________________________________________________
WEIGHT CONVERSIONS
1 pound = 453.59 grams (g)
1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 kilogram = 1000 g
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 mg = 1000 micrograms (mcg)
1 mcg per lb = 2 mg per ton
1 mg per lb = 2 g per ton
1 mg per lb = 2.2046 parts per million (ppm)
1 mg per kg = 1 ppm
.01 percent = 90.8 g per ton
.001 percent = 10 ppm
VITAMIN ACTIVITY CONVERSIONS
.25 mcg of vitamin A = 1 IU of vitamin A
.60 mcg of beta-carotene = 1 IU of vitamin A
1 kg of d-Ca pantothenate = 920.1 g of pantothenic acid
1 kg of choline chloride = 867.9 g of choline
___________________________________________________________________________
21
PRODUCTION NOTES
The Pork Industry Handbook referred to under the section, "Vitamin and Trace
Mineral Premixes," may be purchased directly from Purdue University. Purdue
will send a copy of the Handbook and any additions and/or revisions for the next
three years. This handbook contains over 130 articles. Send a $50 check made
payable to Purdue University to:
Media Distribution Center
Purdue University
301 S. Second St.
Lafayette, IN 47901
Records should be kept on antibiotics added to your feeds. This will help provide
records should your veterinarian want to recommend antibiotics in the future.
The proper sequencing of feed preparation will also help prevent unwanted drug
residues. Always follow a feed containing antibiotics with the mixing of a
nonantibiotic containing grower or gestation feed before mixing a finisher ration.
The screening of grains will help remove trash, broken kernels and noxious
weed seeds. It will also help reduce mycotoxins since the molds grow well on
broken kernels and exposed starch. Producers are encouraged to check corn
for mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxin. These toxins may be checked by either the
South Carolina Department of Agriculture or the Clemson University Feed
Analysis Lab. Consult your local county Extension office for assistance.
To ensure that your mill is properly calibrated, have a one pound of sample
checked for nutrient content periodically. Usually, checking protein, calcium, and
phosphorous is sufficient to make this determination. New crops of grain should
be checked for protein and fiber. Adjustments to your mixing program may save
large amounts of money over a years time and may increase your herds
performance.
TheClemson University CooperativeExtension Service
offersitsprogramsto peopleof all ages, regardlessof race, color, sex, religion, national origin, or disability and isan equal opportunity employer.
Clemson University Cooperatingwith U.S. Department of Agriculture, South CarolinaCounties. Issuedin Furtheranceof CooperativeExtension Work
in AgricultureandHomeEconomics, Actsof May 8 andJune30, 1914