Engineering Magazine

CONTENTS
- Engineering & Technology Development Manager :

* Eng. Magdy Mahmoud
Email. mmahmoud@pgesco.com
Tel. 26185626
- Editor: :
* Dr. Mohamed El-Banhawy
Email. mhbanhaw@pgesco.com
Tel. 26185643
- Editorial Board:
* Eng. Wael Yousef
Email. whyousef@pgesco.com
Tel. 26185812
- Magazine Design:
* Khaled Negm
Email. kmeldin@pgesco.com
Tel. 26186549
Magazine team:
PGESCo is the Tekla Structures - Winner of Middle East 2013...3
Zero Day Vulnerabilities .....5
Modular Switched Mode Power Supplies (Rectifiers), Compared to
convention Transformer/rectifiers.8
Forward Dynamics Model For Designing Large-Size Wind Turbine
Blades ....11
HV Shunt Reactor Protection....16
2
Editors Note..
Since this Magazine has been on PGESCo Intranet on May 2012 until this issue, wed have published 8 issues including about 40 technical
articles written by PGESCo engineering staff, representing their excellence in technology development serving the Egyptian and
International power industry. After each issue we usually feel worried on what we will have for the next issue, but with gratitude to PGESCo
staff; they never fail us, with a number of diversified articles that is against our initial expectations.

In this issue, you will read about how PGESCo Civil Engineering was able to win Tekla Middle East BIM Award, which is an annual
competition among all companies using Tekla Structures software in the Middle East region. The second article in this issue- and for the
first time- is an article by Ahmed Nabil of IT department on the Zero Day Vulnerabilities discussing one of the very important security
subjects on the IT world. The 3rd article by Mohamed El-Nady (Electrical) discusses Modular Switched Mode Power Supplies
(Rectifiers), as Compared to convention Transformer/rectifiers that is used in all power plants projects.

In the fourth article, Ahmed Bayoumi (Plant Design) presents part of his research on the design of Large size Wind Turbine blades, it is
somewhat difficult issue, especially for me as Electrical engineer, but those of you who are interested in this field will find it fascinating.
The last article is written by Alaa Abdu (Electrical) presenting Practical Example on EHV (400 KV) Shunt Reactors Protection System,
applied in IRAQ Baiji project, engineered by PGESCo project team.

I wish you enjoy this issue and well be awaiting your comments and your excellent contribution to appear in our coming issues.
With my best regards;

PGESCo Engineering Magazine I SSUE VI I I Febr uar y, 2014
On The Cover
400 KV Shunt Reactor of Iraq-Baiji Power Plant Project
PGESCo is the Tekla
Structures - Winner of
Middle East 2013
Tekla Structures Software
Tekla Structures is a 3D building information model-
ing (BIM) software used in the building and construction
industries for steel and concrete detailing, precast and cast
in-situ. The software enables users to create and manage
3D structural models and guides them through the process
from the design concept to the construction progress. Also
for an integrated workflow, Tekla software can easily link
with many other software such as; STAAD Pro, SAP
2000, ArchiCAD and SmartPlant 3D.

Having 30 localized environments and 14 user interface
languages, Tekla Structures is considered one of the pow-
erful software solutions that have different configurations
to cover different needs.
Baiji Power Plant 6x160 MW.
The Baiji Power Plant project is located approximately 16.5
km to the North of Baiji City Centre. The site area is ap-
proximately 660,000 m2. The project consists of 3 mod-
ules; each Module consists of 2x160 MW Gas Combustion
units. The power plant was designed to include:
1. Power block consisting of six (6) gas turbines founda-
tions & buildings, control & switchgear building, and
transformers & exhaust stacks foundations
2. Auxiliaries consisting of water treatment area, fuel
treatment and handling area, fuel tank farm, firefighting
pump house, foam building, auxiliary boilers area,
black start & emergency diesel generator building,
compressed air building, and HV GIS & control build-
ings
3. Ancillaries consisting of administration building, work-
shop & store buildings, canteen, firefighting building,
security gatehouse, mosque, bachelors houses and
guard towers
Tekla program, as a PGESCo standard tool for modeling its
mega power plant projects, was used in modeling the rein

forced concrete and structural steel buildings and struc-
tures, in addition to the storm drainage system, roads and
gantry towers in the same model. In order to accommodate
PGESCo drawings standard environment, the civil design
team had to develop specific drawing settings, automatic
macros, attributes, and templates. Then,
with CIS/2 exchange method all concrete and steel models
were imported in SmartPlant 3D to coordinate with archi-
tectural, plant design, mechanical and electrical models. By
applying this process, the team succeeded in reducing the
time and increasing the accuracy which by return improved
the overall performance of production.
Tekla Middle East BIM Awards 2013
Tekla Middle East BIM Awards is an annual competition
among all companies using Tekla Structures in the Middle
East region. The winners are determined by public voting
and a jury consisting of leading BIM experts inside and
outside Tekla. The winners of this competition are entitled
to receiving; Trophy, Certificate, Promotion on the web and
press release during Tekla Middle East User Day.
PGESCo is the 2013 Middle East Winner
1. In this year competition, only two (2) projects out of
(11) won in the Middle East region. PGESCo has won
the Best Concrete Award 2013 for the BAIJI SIM-
PLE CYCLE POWER PLANT project. The list of
3
4
Tekla 3D-Model Snapshot Showing Overall View of the
Civil/Structural Commodities
Tekla 3D-Model Snapshot Showing Full Details of
Reinforcement

PGESCo Civil-Designers Team
Congratulations for winning the TEKLA Best Concrete
Award-2013 for the Middle-East Region
Congratulations for topping 10s and 10s of prestigious
mega-projects on the planet earth and being among the top
seven in the concrete works across the globe
Congratulations for having the TEKLA concrete program
for the first time in 2012 and achieve this exceptional per-
formance in the year 2013
Congratulations for receiving recognition from interna-
tional unbiased experts who appreciate the value of you
and your work

Biography:
Ali Bassyouny is PGESCo Chief-Civil hav-
ing 30 years of work experience18 years
out of them at PGESCo. He obtained his;
B.Sc. and M.Sc. in civil/structural engineer-
ing from Ain Shams University (EGYPT) in
1983 & 1989; one year Diploma in Hydropower Develop-
ment and Management from NTH (Norway) and CSU
(USA) in 1990 & 1994; and one year Diploma in ATQM
from BEC/ilm (EGYPT) in 2013. He also received several
training courses in engineering, power plants and manage-
ment in Egypt, USA and Sweden.

competitors in 2013 included: Baiji Simple Cycle
Power Plant - by PGESCo Baiji, Iraq
2. King Abdulla Sports City - by Sixco - KSA
3. Central Market Re-Development Towers Project - by
William Hare Abu Dhabi, UAE
4. Salalah Airport, Passenger Terminal Building - by
Eversendai - Salalah, Oman
5. Sadara Hyco Reforming Furnace - by Hidada Co. Lim-
ited Al Jubail, KSA
6. Air Traffic Control Tower - by Hadeed Steel Industries
FZC Salalah, Oman
7. Masdar Headquarters - by Eversendai - Abu Dhabi,
UAE
8. Conrad Hotel, 51 story tower - by Al Nasr Engineering
- Dubai, UAE
9. Dubai Creek Crossing - by Emirates Precast Construc-
tion - Dubai, UAE
10. Safco V Urea Stand Alone Project - by Arabian In-
ternational Company - Al Jubail, KSA
11. Jack Up Crane Barge with Accommodation - by Gulf
Piping Company.

Tekla Global BIM Awards 2013
Since PGESCo project is the winner for the Middle East
region, it automatically entered the Tekla Global BIM
Awards 2103 competition with another (45) projects cov-
ering (18) regions and countries across the globe from
Europe in the North to Australia in the South and India in
the East to North America in the West to compete for
the TEKLA Global BIM Awards-2013 under five (5)
categories, as follows:
1. TOTAL BIM Projects (6)
2. ENGINEERING Projects (5)
3. CAST IN PLACE Projects (7)
4. STEEL Projects (21)
5. PRECAST Projects (7)
PGESCo project is competing with six (6) projects under
category (3) CAST IN PLACE Projects as follows:
1. Baiji Simple Cycle Power Plant - by PGESCo Baiji,
Iraq
2. BB&T Ballpark, Knights Stadium - by Wayne Broth-
ers Inc. & Harris Steel - Charlotte, USA
3. Espoo Metro - by A-Insinrit Suunnittelu Oy - Hel-
sinki and Espoo, Finland
4. Knislinge Power Plant - by WSP Bridge & Civil Engi-
neering - Skne, Sweden
5. London Bridge Columns - by Midland Steel - London,
UK
6. Op Santfort Apartment Complex - by Bouwmij
Janssen - Grubbenvorst, The Netherlands
7. Pantin-Terralia, residential building - by BET, CBC &
Vinci - Pantin, France

Zero Day Vulnerabilities
What is Zero-Day Attack?
Normally Hackers and bad people tend to exploit a vulnera-
bility or a hole in your security system to gain unauthorized
access to a system and hack it for different purposes. As se-
curity professionals we tend all the time to ensure that our
systems are fully patched, our devices have the latest firm-
ware, Firewalls are in place with the most efficient rules run-
ning on them and we are using the latest updated software
versions.
However just imagine in your house that you have a vulnera-
bility or a hole in your system. For example, a broken base-
ment window that neither you nor your security guard are
aware of. The thief or intruder gained access to this window
and was able to access the house. You did not become aware
of this vulnerability or broken window until the intruder al-
ready exploited it and used it to attack your home. This is
Zero-Day attacks and Vulnerabilities.
Zero-Day attack is an attack that makes use of an unknown
vulnerability in your computer application, software or hard-
ware. You and the software vendor are not aware of it. Its
called Zero-Day attack because the attack occurs on
Fig 1. Zero-Day attack Life Cycle, Source
http://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/
day Zero of being aware of this vulnerability and attack. The
Vendor or the Software developer who created this program
or software had zero days to discover, address and fix or
patch this security or vulnerability problem.
According to Wikipedia official definition, Zero-day at-
tacks occur during the vulnerability window that exists in
the time between when the vulnerability is first exploited
and when software developers start to develop and publish
a counter to that threat.
Zero-Day Attack Lifecycle
The lifecycle of a zero-day attack and Vulnerability ex-
ploitation is divided into the following seven phases:
1. The vulnerability is being discovered by the bad
guy/Hacker.
2. The hacker exploits this vulnerability and generates his
code or attack to hack this vulnerable system or sys-
tems.
3. The Vulnerability is discovered by the Vendor either
by his own team (while testing the software) or from
the feedback and problems reported by the customers.
4. The Vulnerability is released for the public and every-
one having this software or application should be
aware of it.
5. The first action taken by the Security vendor is to re-
lease an Antivirus new signature or
IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection/Prevention
System) signature to at least stop the at-
tack from hitting your application or sys-
tem.
6. The Next step done by the Security
vendor will be to release a patch or fix to
fully close and solve this problem (Root
Cause Fix).
7. The Last phase will be the client re-
action and time when he received this
patch/fix and when its deployed to his
applications/systems (Incident Re-
sponse). Many Customers will first test
this new patch or fix first before deploy-
ing it (Recommended way).
Zero-Day Statistics in 2013
Based on different statistics from different companies, it
looks like 2013 was the year of Zero-Day exploits and at-
tacks. FireEye has identified seven (7) Zero-Day exploits
during the First half of 2013 while Symantec identified
5
Introduction
Zero day vulnerabilities can be extremely serious security risks. Although there has been a lot of
discussion, blogs and warnings about the Zero-Day vulnerabilities, it is still not common and clear
for most of security teams. In this article I try to explain what is exactly this zero-day exploits and
why is it so dangerous, risky and most importantly I discuss how to protect your assets, systems
and data from this kind of attack. I will go through the main Zero-day attacks and Vulnerabilities
that occurred in 2013 and the main products and software that was highly affected.
6
How to Protect from Such Attack?
Protection against Zero-Day attacks is as if you are search-
ing for a needle in haystack. There is no way to fully pro-
tect against such threats since they are unknown and you
are only aware of them when they hit you. We just cannot
patch our current software and update our Antivirus to pre-
vent them since there are already no patches for them.
So how can we mitigate or protect our systems?
1. Common Vulnerable Software (Java): Based on the
statistics from 2013 and the previous five years, we
can see that some software has been hit by Zero-Day
attacks more than others. This Category includes Java,
Flash Player and Internet Explorer. I am not sure if
there will be future attacks on these products but based
on their back history and number of attacks especially
for the Java I would highly recommend to carefully
monitor this software. I would recommend not in-
stalling Java unless specifically needed. Several Or-
ganizations just install Java by default on their base
golden image which is distributed to all users. Unin-
stall Java (or disable the plug-in if you need Java in-
stalled) and youre less at-risk of zero-day attacks.
Flash Player and Internet Explorer are less vulnerable
than Java, make sure you have the latest versions run-
ning and keep an eye on the updates and Patches.
2. Real-Time Protection IPS: Intrusion Prevention Sys-
tems are not a luxurious option now but a must, espe-
cially for large enterprises or Organizations dealing
with sensitive data. The IPS solution should provide
full protection that includes network-level protection,
application integrity checking, application protocol
Request for Comment (RFC) validation, content vali-
dation and forensics capability.
3. Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) devices: There are
several products on the market that provide compre-
hensive protection against APT and Zero-Day attacks
as FireEye, Symantec and HP TippingPoint. These
devices protect against malicious web based attacks,
email based attacks, block call backs from your inter-
nal network and any other suspicious behavior.
4. IPSEC and Encryption: Applying IPSEC and ensuring
all date is encrypted on transit and when transmitted
across the internet. Encryption on rest and Transit
should be in place, if possible.
5. Software Restriction Policy: Only needed and required
software should be used. The more software and ser-
vices you have on your system increase the attack sur-
face and increase the opportunities of hidden vulnera-
bilities. Systems exposed directly to the internet or on
your DMZ should be hardened with minimum number
of services running. Software Restriction Policies
should be in place to restrict running software against
the organization policy as browsers, plugins and un-
controlled software.
6. Advanced Antivirus Heuristics: Normal antiviruses
based mainly on signatures wont be efficient for such
attack since it is not known and there is no publicly
available signature for this attack. New Antivirus en-
Fig 2 Volume of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities 2006-2011, Source:
http://www.symantec.com/threatreport/topic.jsp?
id=vulnerability_trends&aid=zero_day_vulnerabilities
eleven exploits (11) in the first quarter only of 2013. A full
report for 2013 is not yet published. The main concerns by
both reports are that these attacks cover a wide range of
applications as Oracle Java of course, Microsoft Internet Ex-
plorer, Adobe Flash and Adobe PDF. This is large number of
attacks/vulnerabilities compared to previous years as shown
below.
The Most vulnerable and targeted application is Oracle Java.
Its widely installed on millions of computers and its not peri-
odically or automatically updated on most systems. The below
figure from Kaspersky Labs show the percentage of threats on
various applications and malware evolution in the first half of
2013.
Fig 3 Malware Evolution in 2013 Zero-Day Attacks,
Source:http://www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792316/
Kaspersky_Security_Bulletin_2013_Malware_Evolution#_Toc3
73346266
The most interesting part with these numbers is the business
done with this Zero-Day vulnerabilities, there are very specif-
ic organizations searching and looking for unknown vulnera-
bilities to sell them to any willing buyers to use them in any
manner. The prices for such vulnerabilities is quite high as per
the below table.

7
tensive test on new software or application or software ven-
dor who discovered a flow or a problem in their software ?
I believe there is an ethical social responsibility to disclose
this to enable the Vendor to create a fix for it and for the
end user. The public need to be aware of such threat.
There are several events and conferences that encourage
developers, testers or Ethical Hackers to discover and dis-
close these vulnerabilities as Pwn2Own or Googles
Chrome bug bounty program. They reward hackers for dis-
covering and responsibly announcing these threats.
If its discovered by the Software vendor or application
owner then its his responsibility to patch/fix it as soon as
possible and inform the public to patch their systems.
During 2013 there has been several blogs and discussions
over the internet discussing some NSA (National Security
Agency) Servers codenamed FoxAcid. These servers have a
wide-ranging menu of software exploits (Not known or
publicly
disclosed) at its disposal to tailor the right attack to the tar-
gets it wants to monitor. These servers traps their targets to
connect to them by any mean (Program, website, email
linketc.) and then they can know everything about
this system software and applications used and pre-
pare/Launch the appropriate exploit when needed. For more
information you may check this interesting article
http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/10/nsa-saves-zero-
day-exploits-for-high-value-targets/
This raised the question of how ethically should we do this?
Is it something acceptable? Is it allowed for issues related
to National Security? Are these Customers or organizations
aware that they purchased a software with unknown vulner-
abilities?
Conclusion
Zero-day attacks have been around for long time and will
continue to be there since humans make software and there
will always be errors. They are very difficult to prevent be-
cause of their nature and being unknown vulnerabilities
where there is not any patch or ready-made fix or even anti-
virus signature or firewall rule to detect it.
However, reputation-based technologies, which assign a
score to each le based on its prevalence in the wild and on
a number of other inputs can detect events such as zero-day
attacks and can reduce the effectiveness of the exploits. Al-
so the security professional communities and ethical hacker
should collaborate more efficiently to prevent such threats.

Biography:
Ahmed Nabil is an IT professional with
more than 14 years of experience, special-
ized in IT infrastructure, security, system
administration and IT management. Ah-
med real passion is Networking and Secu-
rity. Ahmed hold a BS, MS, MCITP,
MCSE, CCNP, CWSP, CEH, CHFI, ITIL
and PMP. Ahmed has been recently
awarded the Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP)
award in Enterprise Security You can follow Ahmed on his
blog (http://itcalls.blogspot.com)
gines with Heuristics that detects any suspicious activity
or behavior can block or warn the administrator for this
behavior for further analysis. Most of these Zero-Day
attacks will exploit the vulnerability to run a malware or
inject a virus and these type of activities can be detected
by advanced Antivirus with Heuristics.
7. Keep all Software Updated: Most administrators update
the main famous software as Microsoft, Oracle...etc.
by following their update Cycle. For Example Microsoft
has an update cycle called Patch Tuesday where Mi-
crosoft release its updates on the second Tuesday of eve-
ry month. Oracle do the same but quarterly. Admins tend
to miss other critical software as Adobe, Java, apple,
Mozilla...etc. There are different software available in
the market to check all software for regular updates as
SolarWinds Patch Manager which checks and updates
Microsoft Products and other 3
rd
party products. This
will not prevent Zero-Day attacks and that is why it is
listed as the last technical protection mechanism. How-
ever it will ensure you have the patch as soon as its
available from the vendor.
8. Incident Response Plan: With all previous protection
measure, there is always a possibility of a Zero-Day at-
tack. A well-defined incident response plan with clear
responsibilities and team roles with given procedures and
policies will ensure fast recovery and problem isolation.

Ethical Responsibility and Disclosure
Zero-Day attacks are discovered by either the dark side at-
tackers or Hackers. Those are out of our control as their inten-
tions are mainly bad and they will intend to exploit these vul-
nerabilities to attack and hack systems to gain access for
whatever reasons. Sometimes the hackers who discover these
vulnerabilities sell it to other companies (This is huge busi-
ness running nowadays). I would fully consider this as an or-
ganized crime.
What about Zero-Day attacks that are discovered by the good
and normal guys as the end-users, testing teams running in-
Fig 4: Forbes Sources Price List 0-day vulnerabilities
Source:http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/a-world-of-
vulnerabilities/
Modular Switched Mode Power Supplies
(Rectifiers), Compared to convention
Transformer/rectifiers
AbstractEfficient conversion of electrical power is becom-
ing a primary concern to companies and to society as a whole.
Switching power supplies offer not only higher efficiencies
but also offer greater flexibility to the designer. Recent ad-
vances in semiconductor, magnetic and passive technologies
make the switching power supply an ever more popular choice
in the power conversion arena today.

I. Introduction
Historically, the linear regulator provides the desired output
voltage by dissipating excess power in ohmic losses (e.g., in a
resistor or in the collectoremitter region of a pass transistor
in its active mode). A linear regulator regulates either output
voltage or current by dissipating the excess electric power in
the form of heat, and hence its maximum power efficiency is
voltage-out/voltage-in since the volt difference is wasted.
In contrast, a switched-mode power supply regulates either
output voltage or current by switching ideal storage elements,
like inductors and capacitors, into and out of different electri-
cal configurations. Ideal switching elements (e.g., transistors
operated outside of their active mode) have no resistance
when "closed" and carry no current when "open", and so the
converters can theoretically operate with 100% efficiency
(i.e., all input power is delivered to the load; no power is wast-
ed as dissipated heat).[1]

II. Comparison between convention Transformer/
RECTIFIERS AND high frequency power sup-
plies (Switch mode power SUPPLIES)
Transformer/Rectifier set T/R
In traditional transformer/rectifier sets, the line frequency sig-
nal is fed into the high voltage transformer and thereafter rec-
tified before supplied to load
If the input line feed is 3 phase 50 Hz, the resulting high
voltage signal is a DC superimposed a 300 Hz ripple. This
ripple represents one of the main disadvantages with the
T/Rs. The list below points out some of the disad-
vantages[2]:
T/R is large in size and weight and will require special care
in plant construction
- T/R may contain large dielectric volumes requiring spe-
cial precautions against oil spills.
- Low power factor (0, 65 - 0, 75)
- Low power efficiency (0,75 0,85)
Even with these significant negative effects, the T/Rs have
definitely also positive sides
- Technology well suited for cost efficient re-
sizing/scaling
- Simple and well proven technology
- Well understood technology by relevant user groups
- High reliability in practical applications
- Proven to be cost efficient in many applications

Switch mode power supplies - SMPS
In a switched mode power supply, the line frequency is rec-
tified to a DC before converted to a high frequency AC sig-
nal in a power electronic inverter. The AC signal is fed
into a high voltage transformer and thereafter rectified be-
fore supplied to the load.
8
9
Figure 5: Modular high voltage SMPS basic module with
HV cascade

III. Modular Switched Mode Power Supplies
The Modular Switched Mode Power Supplies concept is a
true modular concept, in that the desired output voltage is
achieved by cascading high voltage transformers, and the
desired output power is achieved by connecting the re-
quired number of modules in parallel.
By connecting high voltage transformers in a cascade con-
figuration, it will increase the output voltage to the desired
level

The operating frequency of SMPS will normally be in the area
20-50 kHz resulting in a very low ripple in the rectified signal.
The relation between ripple amplitude and frequency is de-
fined by the following equation:

Equation (1)
Wheref is the switching frequency and C is the capacitance
in the load connected to the SMPS. So, the ripple amplitude is
inverse proportional with the switching frequency. Compared
with a line frequency 3 phase T/R, feeding a 300 Hz ripple
into the load, an SMPS with a switching frequency of 30 kHz,
feeding a 60 kHz ripple into the load, will according to equa-
tion (1) have a ripple voltage amplitude 200 times lower.
Again, this will dramatically affect the average voltage level
of the load and thereby the potential cleaning efficiency [3].

Since the SMPS operates on high frequencies there is a low
requirement for energy storage internally in the transformer.
Consequently, the size of the high frequency high voltage
transformer may be dramatically reduced compared to the tra-
ditional T/R. Hence, the total size and weight of the SMPS
will be relatively small and accordingly also with a relatively
small dielectric volume.
Based on the above, the main disadvantages with the SMPS
technology as follows:

10
With SMPS technology, its compact size and lighter weight
enable users to make better use of space, which may be
limited at remote sites. Switched-mode rectifiers are easier
and less costly to install than T/R chargers and enable the
consolidation of multiple power conversion products into
an integrated dc power system

V. References
1) Pressman, Abraham. Switching power supply design.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1997.
2) Billings, Keith H., and Taylor Morey. Switchmode pow-
er supply handbook. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1999.
3) Full scale test with Switched Mode Power Supplies on
an ESP at high resistivity operating conditions, Reyes,
Lund, ICESP VIII, 2001

Biography:
Mohamed El-Nady: PGESCo Electrical
Engineering Group Leader. He received
the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Power Engi-
neering from Ain Shams University in
2006.He is interested in DC and UPS sys-
tem design.

Once we have established the desired output voltage by
adding elements to the high voltage cascade chain, we may
introduce the final dimension in the modular concept, de-
ciding the output power rating. This is simply achieved by
connecting the required number of basic modules in paral-
lel feeding the same load [2]
Figure 6: The full modular high voltage SMPS concept
with multiple modules in parallel

IV. Summary
This article has presented the benefits of SMPS technology
for industrial battery chargers (Rectifiers). T/R battery
chargers are used extensively for power stations; for oil and
gas exploration and distribution; for maritime applications
and many others. In each instance, the SMPS alternative
offers significant benefits.

The traditional approach of using T/R chargers has worked
well for many years. But each opportunity to add or replace
a battery charger should be viewed as an opportunity to put
in place the infrastructure for the next several decades.
SMPS technology improves reliability and allows for re-
dundancy where it was previously impractical. It offers sig-
nificantly reduced energy consumptiona goal that will
likely be important to us well into the future.

FORWARD DYNAMICS MODEL FOR
DESIGNING LARGE-SIZE WIND
TURBINE BLADES
1- Abstract
In this paper, the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theo-
ry is used to design the horizontal wind turbine blades.
The design procedure concerns the main parameters of the
axial/angular induction factors, chord length, twist/attack
angles, and local power/thrust coefficients. These factors
in turns affect the blade aerodynamics characteristics and
efficiency at the corresponding nominal speed. NACA 4-
digits airfoil geometry is obtained, using BEM theory, to
achieve the maximum lift to drag ratios. The optimization
of the power coefficient and its distribution versus differ-
ent speeds is carried out by modifying the twist angle and
chord length distribution along the blade span. The dy-
namic characteristics of both the original and optimized
design are examined through forward dynamic simulation
of the blade model. Since large-size wind turbine blade is
considered, the dynamic model is established using the
Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF), which is
suitable for largerotation large-deformation problems. Fi-
nally, in order to verify the dynamic enhancements in the
Aerodynamic/Structural properties, the fluid-solid interac-
tion simulation for both the original and optimized model
is performed using ANSYS code. The obtained results
show a good rank of the proposed optimization procedure
for a practical case of wind data upon Gulf of Suez-Egypt.
Keywords: Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation, Mul-
ti-body dynamics, Wind Turbine Blade, Optimization.

2- What is the problem?
In the case of large-size wind turbine blades, the mass of the
blade is said to increase proportionally with the blade size .
The gravitational and centrifugal forces become critical due
to blade mass. To counteract the weight increase, the de-
velopment of blades goes towards long and relatively flexi-
ble structures. It is obvious that the design process of such
large-size should be based on accurate dynamic modeling of
such blades and precise models of aerodynamic loads. Fur-
thermore, the dynamic model will be used for analysis, iden-
tification and monitoring process. It is found that the incre-
mental finite element method can be used in modeling wind
turbine blades in case of relatively flexible blades (small
deformations), for buckling loads, transversal mode shapes
and frequencies.
The main goal of this work is to give the answer of
why/why not the ANCF is suited for modeling large-size
wind turbine blade application. And how to incorporate it
with the wind turbine performance analysis through a for-
ward dynamics design process to enhance its structural
properties and performance.

3- Why we study this problem?
For accurate design process; it must considers:

The blade flexibility.
Large-rotations and large deformations load cases.
Fluid structure interaction.
WT performance calculation.

Combining these factors together through a design process,
is a necessary step for :

Selecting appropriate materials which enables the
blade to work under many operating and occasional
load cases.
Making the WTB aerodynamics, structural and perfor-
mance characteristics become more efficient.
Studying more static and dynamic load case combina-
tions where the large rotation and large deformation
scenarios are considered.

Figure 1: The proposed WTB design work process.
11
12

Figure 4: 12-Elements complete non-uniform WTB [2]
3- ANCF; Plate element
It is found in the literature [Shabana et.,al], that the ANCF
is very suitable for modeling large-deformation, large-
rotation structures, which is the case of large-size wind
turbine blades. The real geometry of the wind turbine
blade (WTB) is non-uniform and twisted. For 4-noded
plate element, 12 nodal coordinates are used/node. The
nodal coordinate vector of node 1 is: [1]

Figure 2: Plate Element

The nodal coordinates of an element e is by :

in Bayoumy A. H. et al. 2012, The non-uniform wind tur-
bine blade was modeled by ANCF using lofting, and slope
discontinuity problem was manipulated successfully.

Figure 3: Thin plate element
T
1T 1T 1T
T
1 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T
x y z
x y z
( c c c
( =
(
c c c

=
r r r
r r r r r e
T
1T 2T 3T 4T
( =

e e e e e
13

Figure 6: a preliminary and optimized WTB models
5- Forward dynamics model
The dynamic modeling of large-size wind turbine blades
using the ANCF can improve the design process of such
blades. The dynamic characteristics help to predict the dy-
namic loading capacity and energy losses. These two fac-
tors affect, in turns, on the rotor torque, the output power
and consequently the blade efficiency. To optimize the
power extracted by the WTB then the power coefficient of
the WTB must be optimized to its maximum value to meet
the site conditions and achieve a good distribution with
different wind speeds. Using the preliminary input data in
Table 1 except the chord and twist distribution stated
method. The WTB is divided into 30 elements. The objec-
tive is to maximize the output power P at a nominal steady
wind speed by the variation of the chord length distribu-
tion and twist angle along the WTB span elements. As-
sume the chord length changes non-linearly in a 2nd order
relation with the local Speed ratio [3]
Figure 5: Forward dynamics and optimization process

14
Blade [3-4]. The ultimate static test is carried out by pull-
ing a blade to failure point.Three static tests will be inves-
tigated to express the advantages of use the ANCF in mod-
eling large-size wind turbine blades. In ANSYS, the static
analysis can be performed by replacing the transient-
structural module by statics-structural module.
6- Large-Deformations problem : Static loading test
In the static test, which is required as part of blade certifi-
cation, the blade is pulled in the horizontal or vertical axis,
flap-wise in order to measure blade deflection. Static test-
ing will be performed with a combination of computer
controlled servo-hydraulic winches and cylinders connect-
ed through cables to the

Figure 8: Simulation results of static loading test [4]
Figure 7: Static hydraulic load test

15

Author Bibliography
Ahmed H.Bayoumy : He received the B.SC
degree in power Mechanical Engineering
from Benha University in 2008. He is pursu-
ing the M.Sc degree on Modeling, Simula-
tion and optimization of the Large-size Wind
turbine Blade Using ANCF at Cairo University.
1- A Continuum Based Three-Dimensional Modeling of
Wind Turbine Blades Ahmed H. Bayoumy, Ayman A.
Nada and Said M. Megahed, ASME, J. Comput. Nonlinear
Dynam. 8, 031004 (2012) (14 pages);
doi:10.1115/1.4007798.
http://computationalnonlinear.asmedigitalcollection.asme.or
g/article.aspx?articleid=1694110
2- Modeling Slope Discontinuity of Large Size Wind-
Turbine Blade Using Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formu-
lation, ASME Proceedings | 1st Biennial International
Conference on Dynamics for Design, Paper No.
DETC2012-70467, pp. 105-114; 10 pages
doi:10.1115/DETC2012-70467.
http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceedin
g.aspx?articleid=1736660
3- USE OF FORWARD DYNAMICS MODEL FOR DE-
SIGNING LARGE-SIZE WIND TURBINE BLADES
Ahmed H. Bayoumy, Ayman A. Nada, Said M. Mega-
hed.Proceedings of the ASME 2013 International Mechan-
ical Engineering Congress and Exposition IMECE2013
November 15-21, 2013, San Diego, California, USA.
http://asme.pinetec.com/imece2013.
4- Methods of Modeling Slope Discontinuities in Large-
Size Wind Turbine Blades Using Absolute Nodal Coordi-
nate Formulation Bayoumy, Ahmed, Nada, Ay-
man and Megahed, Said. SAGE, Journal of Multi-
body Dynamics. Accepted, publication in progress.

Conclusions and discussions
WTB main parameters are modeled using BEM theory to
meet the site conditions, such parameters are introduced as
the main inputs to an efficient forward dynamic modeling
procedures . Since the ANCF is suited for large-
deformation, large-rotation problems, which is the case of
large blades, consequently, the use of ANCF opens oppor-
tunities to improve the design process of such blades.
The design process of the large size WTB must considers:
Blade flexibility where the large rotations large defor-
mations problem may arise at the large loading scenarios.
the FSI interactions between aerodynamic characteris-
tics and the blade flexible structure; which is represented
in modeling the aerodynamic forces and study its effect on
the blade.

WTB performance which is highly dependant on the
site conditions and the blade geometry.

Recommendations
It is found that In order to improve the dynamic simulation
results; it is suggested to increase the number of elements
along span length. Wind turbine blade made of composite
materials, making them anisotropic, which increase the in-
ternal elastic coupling effect of blade motion. This cannot be
described by the moving frame of reference, especially with
high rotating speeds. Therefore, ANCF helps in modifying
them. Considering different airfoil families and codes selec-
tion along the wind turbine blade span in the optimization
process to enhance the wind turbine blade performance.
lower tip speed results in higher wake swirl losses, so the
effect of the tip speed on the wakes must be considered in
the design process .
Statc load cases Load locaton from the root (m)
Applied load
(KN)
Tip defecton (m)
SAMS2000 ANSYS.
Load case I
5 0.11666
1.358 1.4257
10 0.11666
15 0.11666
Load case II
5 0.33
4.537 Non-convergent soluton 10 0.33
15 0.33
Load case III
5 3.33
15.68 Non-convergent soluton 10 3.33
15 3.33
HV Shunt Reactor Protection
Abstract- Shunt reactors are applied to long, high-voltage
transmission lines to offset the impact of line
charging capacitance to prevent high voltage during lightly
loaded conditions. Shunt reactors are important assets and
demand a robust protection scheme to safeguard them from
abnormal operating conditions. The article provides back-
ground information on HV shunt reactor applications and
types applied on high-voltage transmission systems. It dis-
cusses High voltage shunt reactor characteristics that are
relevant to protection. Finally it provides a practical exam-
ple for protection applied on the EHV (400 KV) Shunt Re-
actors of Iraq-Baiji Power Plant.

I. Introduction
A. Need for Shunt Reactors
HV shunt reactors are the most compact and cost-efficient
means to compensate reactive power generation of long-
distance, high-voltage power transmission lines, or extend-
ed cable systems during light load conditions. Two main
application of the reactor can be identified as:
- Shunt reactors that are continuously in service, generally
used for EHV and long HV lines/cables.
- Switched shunt reactors are applied in the underlying
system and near load centers.
B. Shunt Reactor Connections to High-Voltage Transmis-
sion Systems
High voltage shunt reactors are normally connected to pow-
er system in three locations (see Figure 2). They can be
connected to Line, Bus or Tertiary winding of the power
transformer or auto-transformer.
The line connected reactors are normally connected at
both ends of the line as each end can be energized or de-
energized independently. The shunt reactors can be con-
nected directly to HV lines or via circuit switcher or circuit
breaker to HV lines or buses depends on the application.
The permanently connected reactors are used to prevent
overvoltage appear on long lines due to lightly loading or
open circuit. The switched reactors are used for voltage
control.
These reactors are normally grounded, solidly or via a neu-
tral reactor. The neutral reactor is used where single pole
auto-reclose is applied, to suppress the secondary arc cur-
rent.
II. Shunt Reactor Types
The two general types of construction used for shunt reac-
tors are dry-type and oil-immersed. The following types of
shunt reactors are employed for high-voltage transmission
line applications:
A. Dry-Type
Dry-type shunt reactors are generally limited to voltages
through 138 kV and can be directly connected to a trans-
mission line or applied on the tertiary of a transformer that
is connected to the transmission line being compensated.
Dry-type reactors are air cooled and constructed as single-
phase units mounted on insulating support structures and
sufficiently spaced to prevent the magnetic fields from in-
dividual units from interacting with each other. Due to the
16
Practical Example on EHV (400 KV) Shunt Reactors
Of Iraq-Baiji Power Plant
absence of an iron core, they are not affected by saturation
and inrush.
B. Oil-immersed
The two design configurations of oil-immersed shunt reac-
tors are coreless type and gapped iron-core type. Both de-
signs are subject to low-frequency long time-constant cur-
rents during de-energizing, determined by the parallel com-
bination of the inductance of the reactor and the line capac-
itance. However, the gapped iron-core design is subject to
more severe energizing inrush than the coreless type. Most
coreless shunt reactor designs have a magnetic circuit
(magnetic shield) that surrounds the coil to contain the flux
within the reactor tank. The steel core-leg that normally
provides a magnetic flux path through the coil of a power
transformer is replaced (when constructing coreless reac-
tors) by insulating support structures. This type of construc-
tion results in an inductor that is linear with respect to volt-
age.
The magnetic circuit of a gapped iron-core reactor is con-
structed in a manner very similar to that used for power
transformers with the exception that small gaps are intro-
duced in the iron core to improve the linearity of induct-
ance of the reactor and to reduce residual or remanent flux
when compared to a reactor without a gapped core. Oil-
immersed shunt reactors can be constructed as single-phase
or three-phase units and are very similar in external appear-
ance to that of conventional power transformers. They are
designed for either self-cooling or forced-cooling.

III. Reactor Operating Characteristics
A. Linearity
Fig. 5 shows the magnetizing characteristics of both
gapped iron-core and air- core shunt reactor designs. For a
gapped iron-core reactor, the current displays a linear rela-
tionship with the applied system voltage until a knee point
voltage is reached. Beyond the saturation point, which is
determined by the knee-point voltage, the gapped iron core
becomes saturated and the current is nonlinear with the
operating voltage.
On the other hand, for an air-core reactor of either dry-
type or oil-immersed construction, no saturation of the
core occurs due to the absence of an iron core, and the cur-
rent increases linearly with voltage, as seen in Fig. 5.
B. Shunt Reactor Energization
1. Inrush Phenomena
The energizing of a shunt reactor will, to some degree, be-
have in the same way as energizing of a power transformer.
There will be a transient inrush current. Due to the air gap,
the reactor core keeps no remanence. This makes the inrush
phenomena smoother. However, the damping of the inrush
current is slow due to the low losses in the shunt reactor.
Therefore the primary current might have, long lasting dc
component. The presence of dc component with long time
constant might lead to saturation of the CT some periods
after energizing of the reactor.
17
2. Shunt Reactor Problem
As shown in Fig. 10 the relatively small, but persistent DC
currents in primary currents can sooner or later drive the
current transformers into saturation. If the current trans-
former on the other side of the reactor does not saturate
at exactly the same instant, and to the same degree, the
false differential currents may be high enough to cause
an unwanted disconnection, The problem is that
the fundamental frequency currents which flow in-
to the reactor after its connection to the voltage
source are not much above the normal load cur-
rents. The differential protection is thus waiting
for any differential currents at its best (highest)
sensitivity in section-1 of the operatebias charac-
teristic. The danger of an unwanted operation is
imminent!
C. Harmonics content
Steady state harmonics in reactor current arise from partial
saturation in the magnetic circuit. These effects are in fact
very small, and without practical importance for relaying
and communication interference. Of all harmonics the 3rd
harmonic is the dominant harmonic in shunt reactors during
normal operating condition, due to asymmetries in the reac-
tor windings. The 3rd harmonic can be seen in the neutral
point of the shunt reactor or as residual using all phases

D. Shunt Reactor behavior during external and internal
faults
Shunt reactors are connected in parallel with the rest of the
power network. Shunt reactor can be treated as a device
with the fixed impedance value. Therefore the individual
phase current is directly proportional to the applied phase
voltage (i.e. I=U/Z). Thus during external fault condition,
when the faulty phase voltage is lower than the rated volt-
age, the current in the faulty phase will actually reduce its
18
value from the rated value. Depending on the point on the
voltage wave when external fault happens the reduce cur-
rent might have superimposed dc component. Such behav-
ior is verified by an ATP simulation and it is shown in Fig-
ure 6.

As a result, shunt reactor unbalance current will appear in
the neutral point as shown in Figure 7. However, this neu-
tral point current will typically be less than 1 pu irrespec-
tive of the location and fault resistance of the external fault.
Similarly during an internal fault the value of the individual
phase currents and neutral point current will depend very
much on the position of the internal fault. Assuming that
due to the construction details, internal shunt reactor phase-
to-phase faults are not very likely, only two extreme cases
of internal phase to ground fault scenarios will be presented
here.
In the first case the Phase A winding to ground fault, 1%
from the neutral point has been simulated in ATP. As a re-
sult the phase currents on the HV side (i.e. in reactor bush-
ings) will be practically the same as before the fault as
shown in Figure 8.

19
ues somewhere in the range limited by this two extreme
cases.

IV. Shunt Reactor Protections
A. Typical Protection Configurations
Major fault protection for dry-type reactors can be
achieved through overcurrent, differential, or negative se-
quence relaying schemes, or by a combination of these
relaying schemes. Protection for low-level turn to-turn
faults can be provided by a voltage-unbalance relay
scheme connected at the neutral with compensation for
inherent unbalance of system voltages and the tolerances
of the reactor.

Major fault protection for oil-immersed reactors can be
achieved through overcurrent relaying, differential relay-
ing, or a combination of both. Protection for low-level
turn-to-turn faults can be provided by impedance, negative
or zero-sequence overcurrent, thermal, gas-accumulator,
sudden-pressure relays, or by a combination of these re-
lays.

B. The survey of the philosophy for shunt reactor differ-
ent protection functions can be summarized as follows:
Phase differential function detects all types of shunt faults
but has no possibility to detect turn-tum faults. It can be set
quite sensitive due to a fact that there is no need for bias-
ing. The need for phase differential protection for a given
reactor depends on reactor size and importance of the unit.
Restricted earth fault protection operates for all types of
faults that give zero sequence current. It is used in applica-
tions where the star connection is done internally in the
reactor. It can be set very low, but consideration of the er-
ror in the comparison of the summarized phase currents and
the neutral current should be considered.
Phase overcurrent protection is used as backup for the
phase differential protection or as main protection for
phase-phase faults when restricted earth fault protection is
only used.
Phase overvoltage protection is sometimes used to detect
line overvoltage conditions that may cause damage to the
reactor when it operates at higher voltage levels than the
reactor rated voltage. Consultation with reactor manufac-
turer is needed. A more common use is to monitor the volt-
age on the system and to energize the reactor at a pre-
defined "overvoltage level". If the reactor is already ener-
gized at the same time as the overvoltage level is activated,
the overvoltage function can be used to protect the system
from dangerous overvoltage i.e. disconnect the line and
reactor.
Zero sequence overcurrent protection that measures the
neutral point current can be used as a system backup pro-
tection with low setting and longtime delay. If the current is
combined with measuring the zero sequence voltage, a sen-
sitive backup protection for internal faults can be achieved.

However phase A current at the shunt reactor star point and
common neutral point current will have very big value due
to so-called transformer effect. These currents can be so
high to even cause CT saturation as shown in Figure 9 for
the common neutral point current
This type of the internal fault shall be easily detected and
cleared by the differential, restricted ground fault or neutral
point ground overcurrent protection, but not by reactor HV
side overcurrent or HV residual ground fault protections.
In the second case the Phase A to ground fault, just be-
tween the HV CTs and shunt reactor winding (i.e. shunt
reactor bushing failure) has been investigated. In this case
the currents have opposite properties. The phase A current
on the HV side is very big (limited only by the power sys-
tem source impedance and fault resistance), while the phase
A current in reactor star point will have very small value
due to a fact that phase A winding is practically short-
circuited. As a result, shunt reactor unbalance current will
appear in the neutral point. However, this neutral point cur-
rent will typically have a value around 1 pu (i.e. similar
value as during external ground fault).
That type of the internal fault (i.e. shunt reactor bushing
failure) shall be easily detected and cleared by the differen-
tial, restricted ground fault or HV side overcurrent or resid-
ual ground fault protections. Neutral point ground overcur-
rent protection can operate with the time delay.
For internal ground fault in some other location in-between
these two positions the shunt reactor currents will have val-
20
B. Protection settings calculations philosophy
1. The first step is to ensure that the CTs have been properly
sized. A proper CT is one that is sized to ensure proper
operation of the associated relays for faulted conditions
and to ensure that the relays do not mal operate for exter-
nal faults. The current transformers adequacy will be
checked using equation (1) which states that if Vs is less
than 20, the CT does not go into saturation.

Where:
Is:The current in per unit of the tapped CT primary rating.
ZB:The CT burden in per unit of tapped standard burden.
X/R: the X/R ratio of the circuit driving the current IS.
Vs: The per-unit saturation voltage.
The main factors that affect the evaluation of Vs are Is
multiplied by ZB, which is the voltage developed by the
CT to drive ratio current through the connected burden
circuit, and the X/R ratio, which affects how quickly the
dc offset decays and the current becomes symmetrical. In
most protection application cases, we use this equation to
evaluate the performance of the CT for high-current faults.
In the reactor application case, the current of interest is the
reactor rated current, so it is relatively low.
2. There is no dedicated numerical relay built to protect a
shunt reactor. Because most of the protection functions
implemented in shunt reactor protection are readily avail-
able in a transformer protection relay. Generally the dif-
ferential protection device used for shunt reactor is the
same as for power transformer.
- No need for vector group correction
- No need for zero sequence current elimination
- The inrush currents are measured on both sides and
should theoretically not be seen by the protection as
a differential current.
3. The Shunt Reactor protection scheme uses a low-
impedance percentage differential relay. This element
operates on a slope characteristic based on the ratio of the
operating current to restraint current. In the low imped-
ance principle the CTs are of different ratio. Ratio match-
ing is performed by numerical relay software.
4. The percent differential pickup is the amount of differen-
tial current that might be seen under normal operating
conditions to account for CT inaccuracies and current
variation due to CT ratio mismatch, CT accuracy error,
and Shunt Reactor excitation current.
5. The differential slope setting is to prevent maloperation
due to false differential currents on CT saturation during
high-grade through faults and during normal operation. A
reactor does not experience a high-grade through-fault
current because a fault on the line causes voltage depres-
sion and the current through the reactor is relatively less
than the rated current. So, the slope setting is not as sig-
C. Turn-to-Turn Fault Protection
Detecting turn-to-turn faults in a reactor using electrical
measurements is extremely difficult. For oil-filled reactors,
the sudden pressure (63) and Buchholz (71G) relays pro-
vide mechanical protection for these types of faults. Sensi-
tive electrical protection for these faults is recommended
and is necessary for dry-type reactors.

D. Mechanical Protection Devices
Similar to the power transformers, the mechanical protec-
tion and monitoring devices available for shunt reactor
protection are usually provided as a built-in option in oil-
immersed reactors. For instance, sudden pressure relays
(63) and gas accumulation relays (71G Buchholz relays)
provide sensitive detection of low-grade internal faults, es-
pecially turn-to-turn faults, (71Q) low oil level relays can
be applied to indicate if the oil level falls below a predeter-
mined minimum level. (80Q) indicates a failure of oil cir-
culation to cooling circuits. These mechanical relays pro-
vide excellent complement to the electrical protection ele-
ments previously explained. It is recommended to arrange
that these mechanical relays trip reactor circuit breaker
independently from electrical relays. However signals from
mechanical devices shall be connected to binary inputs of
numerical relays in order to get time tagging information,
disturbance recording and event reporting in case of their
operation.

V. HV Shunt Reactor Protection Example
In previous sections we discussed the purpose, use, types,
and characteristics of high-voltage shunt reactors. In this
section the article describes the protection scheme provided
for EHV (400 KV) Shunt Reactors of Iraq-Baiji Power
Plant.

A. Iraq-Baiji Power Plant EHV (400 KV) Shunt Reactors
In this power plant project, three units of 3-phase shunt re-
actors connected at the end of three long overhead trans-
mission lines at Baiji power plant 400 KV Switchyard in
addition to three 1-phase neutral grounding reactors. For
typical connection between one LSR and NGR with OHTL
and 400 KV GIS refer to Figure 12. The following table
gives technical data for both reactors:
Table I: Iraq-Baiji Power Plant 400KV Shunt Reactor and Neutral
Grounding Reactor technical data.

Data
Line Shunt Reactor
(LSR)
Neutral Grounding
Reactor (NGR)
Type
3-Phase oil immersed
gapped-iron core
1-Phase oil im-
mersed gapped-iron
core
Rated Power 50 MVAR 600 KVAR
Rated Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz
Rated Voltage 400 KV 60 KV
Rated Current 72.2 A 300 A /10 sec
Vector Group YN ---
Cooling Method ONAN ONAN
21
Note: These protection settings shall be revised for solidly
grounded oil immersed shunt reactors connected to OHTL
through HVCB.

nificant as it is in transformers, and the Slope 1 and Slope
2 settings can be left at the relay default values.
6. Inrush current in a shunt reactor doesnt appear as a differ-
ential current like that which appears in a transformer, un-
less the CT saturates after some time due to long DC time
constant. Though the level of second harmonic in many
cases can be relatively high there are many cases with no
or very low content of harmonics. The level of 2nd har-
monic is small in shunt reactors compared to transformers.

7. In order to avoid unwanted tripping of low impedance dif-
ferential protection during Shunt Reactor energization the
following methods might be used:
- 2
nd
harmonic blocking/restraint feature in combination
with cross blocking functionality.
- Adaptive DC biasing.
The 2nd harmonic restraint feature is often available in low
impedance differential protection applied to shunt reac-
tors. This may offer additional protection improvements
in some cases. For numerical low impedance differential
protection a setting of the 2nd harmonic blocking function
as low as 10%, may prevent the restrained differential
function from undesired operation during reactor energiz-
ing.
8. Multifunctional numerical relays provided with an addi-
tional high level unrestrained differential function to offer
secure and fast tripping for such internal faults with high
magnitude fault currents. The instantaneous differential
element acts as an instantaneous overcurrent relay re-
sponding to the measured differential current magnitude.
It should be used in order to secure a fast fault clearance.
9. Multifunctional numerical relays utilize Digital Fourier
Filtering (DFF) technique which effectively suppresses the
dc component of the measured input current. Therefore
protection functions settings can be set more sensitive.
C. Protection Settings Guidelines Summary
Table II provides guidelines for shunt r eact or protection
functions set t i ngs shown in (fig. 11).
TABLE II: Protection Settings Guidelines Summary

Func-
tion
Description
F87R,
Phase
Diff.
Diff. restrained pickup 10% of reactor rated current,
Diff. pickup delay time setting = 0 sec
Slope 1 and 2 = Relay default values
Inrush 2nd Harmonic Restraint = 10%
Diff. unrestrained pickup 200% of react.rated cur-
rent,
pickup delay time setting = 0 sec
F87N,
REF
Pickup 10% of reactor rated current,
Time delay 0.1 sec, Slope 20%
F50,
Phase
OC
pickup delay time setting = 0 sec,
Inrush 2nd Harmonic Restraint = 10%
F51N,
Phase
TOC
Time Dial = 1,
IEC curve = Ext. Inverse
F50G,
Ground
OC
Pickup 10 % of max. permissible ground current,
pickup delay time setting = 2 sec (Definite Time)
22

BIOGRAPHY:-
Alaa Abdou; He received the B.Sc. Degree
in Electrical Power & Machines Engineer-
ing from Cairo University in 2001. He has
over 10 years of extensive work experience
in various aspects of electrical power engi-
neering in industrial projects. in Egypt and Gulf area.
Since he joined PGESCo he worked in Al-Atf, Sidi-
Krir, Al-Shabab, Damietta and West Damietta power
plants projects.
At present he is working as Deputy Electrical Engi-
neering Group Supervisor in Iraq-Baiji power plant
project. He is interested in High voltage substations,
medium and low voltage systems design.
Fig. 12: Real site photo of 400 KV Shunt Reactor of Iraq-
Baiji Power Plant Project..

VI. CONCLUSION
The article has highlighted some important issues of the
applications of shunt reactors and their influence on the
reactor protection scheme. Furthermore it provides the
protection scheme applied on EHV (400 KV) shunt reac-
tors of Iraq-Baiji power plant as a practical application
example.

VII. REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Standard C37.109, IEEE Guide for Protection of
Shunt Reactors.
[2] Cigre WG Report B5.37, Protection, Monitoring and
Control of Shunt Reactors, August 2012.
[3] Carvalho, F., Fabiano L., Lidstrom S., Gajic Z., Saha
M.M. Application of Numerical Relays for HV Shunt
Reactor Protection , 2004 IEEE PES Transmission &
Distribution Conference 8 Exposition Latin America.
[4] ABB Protection Application Handbook, Book No.6, Re-
vision 0.
[5] ABB Power Technologies AB, Sweden. HV Shunt Re-
actor Secrets for Protective Engineers, proceedings of
the 30
th
Annual Western Protective Relay Conference,
Spokane, WA, October 2003.
[6] Faridul Katha Basha and Michael Thompson, Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Practical EHV Reactor
Protection.
[7] Ivo Brn i, Zoran Gaji, Stefan Roxenborg, "ADAPTIVE
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR GENERATORS
AND SHUNT REACTORS.
[8] J. H. Harlow (ed.), Electric Power Transformer Engi-
neering. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 2004.

23
Tekla Engineers in the Civil-Designers Team:
Sherif Hewaidy, Mohamed Khalil, Mamdouh Awad (EGS),
Mohamed Hassan & Mamdouh Saleh

Tekla Structures - Winner of Middle East 2013. Page.3

Engineering Magazine

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Engineering Magazine

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- Engineering & Technology Development Manager :

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